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Course:

Research Methodology

( MGT 602)

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 Instructor

• Ayyaz Mahmood

• Assistant Professor at CIIT

• BS,MBA,MS, PhD(thesis under evaluation)

• 1 years of tea!hin" at #niversity and $ years ofIndustry e%&erien!e'

• Su&ervised a numer of MBA and MS thesis'

• Pulished &a&ers and attended !onferen!es'

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Introduction

•Overview o the course :

•Business resear!h is an or"anized and

delierate &ro!ess throu"h hi!hor"anization e*e!tively learn ne+noled"e and hel& im&rove &erforman!e'

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Introduction

• O!"ectives o the course : 

• To understand and develo& asystemati! a&&roa!h to usiness

resear!h• To em&hasis on the relationshi& 

eteen theory , resear!h and

&ra!ti!e• To Inte"rate di*erent resear!ha!tivities in an orderly fashion

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• Outco#es o the course are 

• To formulate resear!h -uestions

• Develo& theoreti!al frameor+

• Develo& hy&otheses

• .earn to sele!t from di*erent resear!hmethodolo"ies

• Develo& s+ills for data analysis andinter&retation'

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Research Methodology

COURSE OUTLINE:•Course Intro – Building blocks of science in research [1]

•Broad problem area , Preliminary Information ur!ey [ "]•#iterature $e!ie% ["]•#iterature $e!ie%["]•&heoretical 'rame%ork [(]•&heoretical 'rame%ork[(]•)ypothesis *e!elopment [(]•)ypothesis *e!elopment[(]•+lements of $esearch *esign purpose, in!estigation type, researcher interference, study setting-[.]•+lements of $esearch *esign unit of analysis, time hori/on, 0easurement of !ariables- [.,]

•0easurement of !ariables operational definition- []•0easurement of 2ariable cales- []•2alidity and $eliability []•*ata Collection 0ethods Inter!ie%s , 3uestionnaire- [4]•*ata Collection 0ethods 3uestionnaire, obser!ation- [4]•ampling Probability ampling- [5]•ampling 6on Probability ampling- [5]•+7perimental *esign [8]•$efresher on tatistical &erms [9]•Introduction to P•Introduction to P•*ata :nalysis and Interpretation ;etting data ready for analysis- [1

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$usiness Research%cenarios

A' A mana"er oserves that the !ustomers are

not &leasedAre my !ustomers satis/ed from my&rodu!t0servi!e

B' It is oserved that hydro !onstru!tion &ro2e!t

&ro2e!ts tend to have a lo su!!esses rate'3hat !ould e reasons ehind it'

C' The ne &rodu!t introdu!ed is not doin" soell'4ave e sele!ted the ri"ht mar+et, featuresor &ri!e

5or all the aove s!enarios mana"ement needs

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Inor#ation

Reduces

&ncertainty

I don@t kno%

if %e should

reduce our

product pricesA

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Define Business Research

• Business resear!h is de/ned as the systemati! and o2e!tive &ro!ess of "atherin", re!ordin" andanalyzin" data for aid in ma+in" usinessde!isions'

• 6esear!h information is neither intuitive norha&hazardly "athered'

• .iterally, resear!h (re7sear!h) 78sear!h a"ain9

• Business resear!h must e o2e!tive

• Deta!hed and im&ersonal rather than iased

• It fa!ilitates the mana"erial de!ision &ro!ess for allas&e!ts of a usiness

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Research Methods

• Is the ay in hi!h resear!h studies are – desi"ns 

 – &ro!edures

 – y hi!h data is !olle!ted are analyzed'

 – 3e ould e fo!usin" on the surveymethodolo"y in hi!h the resear!h is!ondu!ted y !olle!tin" data and analyzin"them to !ome u& ith ansers to variousissues of interest'

•  The di*erent areas of &rolem !ould e relatedto 5inan!e, A!!ountin", 46, Mar+etin" et!'

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Ty'es o Research

•  To &ur&ose of resear!h are – To solve a !urrently e%itin" &rolem in

the or+ settin"

•(A&&lied 6esear!h )

 – To add to the "eneral ody of +noled"e

• (Basi! 6esear!h)

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• ''lied research is hen resear!h is

done ith the intention of a&&lyin" theresults of it:s /ndin"s to solvin" s&e!i/!&rolem !urrently ein" e%&erien!ed inthe or"anization

•  e'"'

 – To im&rove the attendan!e at an ;or"anization

 – A trans&ort servi!e !an e introdu!ed,4as

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• $asic research done mainly to im&roveour understandin" of !ertain &rolems thatare !ommonly o!!ur in or"anizationalsettin" and ho to solve them

• e'"' – in!rease the &rodu!tivity of !leri!al

or+ers in servi!e industry,

 – in!rease the e*e!tiveness of &ro2e!toriented usiness

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Research hiloso'hy and Choices

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• Im&ortant assum&tions aout the ay inhi!h one vies the orld'

•  These assum&tions e*e!t the resear!h

strate"y and the methods you !hoose and&ra!ti!al !onsiderations'

• 6esear!her !on!erned ith fa!ts, su!h asthe resour!es needed for manufa!turin"ill have di*erent vie on the ayresear!h

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• 6esear!her !on!erned ith the feelin"sand attitudes of the or+ers toards theirmana"ers in that same manufa!turin"

&ro!ess'•  Their strate"ies and methods &roaly ill

di*er !onsideraly and hat is im&ortantand si"ni/!ant

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hiloso'hy o Choices

• Dedu!tive

 – Develo& a theory and hy&othesis (orhy&otheses) and desi"n a resear!h

strate"y to test the hy&othesis

• Indu!tive

 – Colle!t data and develo& theory as a

result of your data analysis

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Characteristics o Good Research

• Pur&osive De/nite aim (4el& redu!e turnover,asenteeism, !om&lete &ro2e!ts on time )

• 6i"or Sound methodolo"i!al desi"n, systemati!

and s!ienti/!' Avoid individual iases'(Mana"er intervies fe em&loyee on their&referen!e for

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• 6e&li!aility A&&lyin" the same method the/ndin" from more than one study su""est thesame results'

• Pre!ision and Con/den!e Study of the holeuniverse of item, events or &o&ulation of interestis not &ossile' But e try to !ome !lose to realityas &ossile (&re!ision)and also e !on/dent of our/ndin"s that they are !orre!t (!on/den!e)'

• =2e!tivity The inter&retation of the results shoulde ased on fa!ts, not on our on su2e!tivefeelin"

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• >eneralizaility A&&li!aility of the /ndin" on avariety of /rms0or"anization

• Parsimony Sim&li!ity in e%&lainin" the &henomenais &referred, rather than mana"in" many fa!tors

and their e*e!t (?@ variaility is e%&lained y ?variales and ? variaility is e%&lained y 1variales)

•  Mana"ement and Behavioral s!ien!e result are not

1 s!ienti/! or e%a!t' 3e deal ith measurin"su2e!tive feelin"s , attitudes, &er!e&tions' Meetin"all the !hara!teristi!s of "ood resear!h is di!ult

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*y'othetic+,eductive Method oResearch

1' =servation

' Preliminary Information "atherin"

E' Theory formulation

?' 4y&othesizin"

@' 5urther data !olle!tionF' Data Analysis

G' Dedu!tion

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Oser!ation

• =ne senses !ertain !han"es are o!!urrin"

• He ehaviors are surfa!in" in anenvironment

• 3hen one !onsiders the situationim&ortant then move to the ne%t ste&

 – '"' Customers are not &leased as they

used to e' Are !ustomers at the storeare "rumlin" or !om&lainin"'

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"reli#inary Infor#ation $athering

• Jno more aout hat has een oserved•  Tal+ to more &eo&le aout it( other em&loyees,

!ustomers)

• Jno hat is ha&&enin" is ha&&enin" and hy'

 – '"' Tal+ to !ustomers if they are ha&&y ith the&rodu!t or servi!e' The !ustomer mi"ht e ha&&yith the &rodu!ts ut the &rolem is that there-uired &rodu!ts are out of sto!+ and sales &ersonare not hel&ful' The salesman in&ut on this issues

reveals that the fa!tory does not deliver on time soin order to satisfy the !ustomer the salesmen!ommuni!ates di*erent delivery dates'

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%y&othesi'ing

• Some testale or edu!ated su&&osition aremade

 – '"'

 – If su!ient inventory is made!ustomers ould e less dissatis/ed!ustomers

 – A!!urate and timely information of thedelivery to the sales &erson !an alsoredu!e the dissatis/ed !ustomer'

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(urther Scientific Data Collection

• Data ith res&e!t to ea!h variale in thehy&othesis need to e otained'

• '"'

 – Measure the !urrent level of !ustomer

satisfa!tion and measure the satisfa!tion levelhen the sto!+s are made readily availale'

 – Measure the !urrent level of a!!ura!y ofinformation to sales &erson on the sto!+ and

the satisfa!tion level of !ustomer and thenmeasure them a"ain on!e the level ofinformation has in!reased'

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,ata nalysis

• Data "athered statisti!ally is analyzed andsee if the hy&othesis have een su&&ortedor not'

 – '"'• Do an !orrelation analysis of the to

fa!tors li+e level of information andsatisfa!tion'

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,eduction

• Arrivin" at a !on!lusion y inter&retin" themeanin" of the results of the data analysis'

 – '"'

 – If the !ustomer satisfa!tion has in!reasey !ertain amount hen the availailityof information and the sto!+'

 – 3e !ould re!ommend that these tofa!tors in

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Reca' lecture

• 3e tried to e%amine hat resear!h is

• 6esear!h Philoso&hies and !hoi!es

• 3e !onsidered the to ty&es of resear!h

• 4all Mar+s of 6esear!h (Pur&osive, ri"or, testale,

re&li!ailty, &re!ision and !on/den!e, o2e!tivity , "enralizailityand &arsimony)

•  The seven ste&s of hy&otheti! dedu!tiveresear!h method

1 >bser!ation

" Preliminary Information gathering( &heory formulation

. )ypothesi/ing

8 'urther data collection

*ata :nalysis

4 *eduction