Michael B. Wilkinson Michael Wilcockson with Hugh N. Campbell

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Introduction

1 Philosophy of religion Chapter 1 Philosophy and its methods 2

1 Introduction 2 2 Philosophy is a conversation 2 3 Naming the parts - essential vocabulary for philosophical thinking 4 4 Sense experience and its problems 9 5 Metaphysics 11 6 Study advice - making notes 11 7 Conclusions 13 Summary diagram: Philosophy and its methods 14

Philosophical language and thought Chapter 2 Ancient philosophy: Plato 16

1 Introduction 16 2 Understanding of Reality 19 3 Objections to the theory of the Forms 24 4 Conclusions 25 Study advice 25 Summary diagram: Plato 26

Chapter 3 Aristotle and causation 29 1 Introduction 29 2 The philosophical views of Aristotle 30 3 The four causes 31 4 The Prime Mover 33 5 The Prime Mover and Plato's Form of the Good 35 6 Objections to Aristotle's theories 35 7 Conclusions 37 Study advice 37 Summary diagram: Aristotle 38

Chapter4 Soul, mind and body 40 1 Introduction 40 2 Is the soul a thing? 41 3 Plato and the soul 42 4 Aristotle and the soul 44

5 Substance dualism 46 6 Other views on the mind-body question 48

7 Materialism 50 8 Objections to theories and conclusions 52

Study advice 53

Summary diagram: Soul, mind and body 53

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The existence of God

Chapter 5 The existence of God: arguments based on observation 1 Introduction 2 The teleological argument 3 Criticisms from Hume 4 Other criticisms 5 Modern versions of the design argument 6 Aquinas' cosmological argument 7 Leibniz and the principle of sufficient reason 8 Objections to arguments from experience 9 Other issues

10 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram: The existence of God based on evidence

Chapter 6 The existence of God: arguments based on reason 1 Introduction

Chapter 7

Chapters

2 St Anselm's' ontological argument 3 Objections to theories 4 A priori and a posteriori proofs of God. 5 Conclusion Study advice Summary diagram: Existence of God based on observation

God and the World

Religious experience 1 Introduction 2 The nature of religious experience 3 Is personal testimony enough to convince others? 4 Types of religious experience 5 How can religious experiences be understood? 6 Objections to theories 7 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram: Religious experience

The problem of evil 1 Introduction 2 The problem defined 3 Theodicy 4 Soul-making theodicies 5 John Hick's version of lrenaean theodicy 6 Richard Swinburne and didactic evil 7 D. Z. Phillips on soul-making theodicy 8 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram: The problem of evil

56 56 59 62 63 65 66 71 74 74 75 76 78

81 81 82 86 90 90 91 92

95 95 97 99

100 107 107 110 110 111

113 113 114 116 120 122 125 127 129 129 129

2 Religion and ethics Chapter 9 The issues of ethics

1 Introduction 2 Person and community 3 Ethical life 4 Theories of ethics Study advice Summary diagram: The issue of ethics

Normative ethical theories: religious approaches

Chapter 10 Aquinas and natural law 1 Introduction 2 Aquinas' four tiers of law .3 Aquinas' natural law 4 The principle of double effect 5 Objections to theories of natural law 6 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram: Aquinas and natural law

Chapter 11 Situation ethics 1 Introduction 2 Joseph Fletcher's situation ethics 3 Fletcher on conscience 4 Objections to theories 5 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram: Situation ethics

Normative ethical theories

Chapter 12 Kantian ethics 1 Introduction 2 Kant's moral teaching 3 Hypothetical imperatives 4 The categorical imperative 5 Objections to Kant's ethics 6 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram : Kantian ethics

Chapter 13 Utilitarianism 1 Introduction 2 Jeremy Bentham and classical utilitarianism 3 Teleology and relativism 4 Peter Singer and preference utilitarianism 5 Objections to utilitarianism 6 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram: Utilitarianism

134 134 135 135 138 142 143

146 146 148 151 157 158 160 160 161

164 164 167 170 171 174 174 175

177 177 179 180 181 186 187 187 188

191 191 192 193

•198 200 203 203 204

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Applied ethics

Chapter 14 Euthanasia 1 Introduction 2 A problem of definition 3 The law and euthanasia 4 Sanctity of life principle 5 Quality of life principle 6 Voluntary euthanasia 7 Non-voluntary euthanasia 8 Application of natural law and situation ethics to euthanasia

Summary diagram: Euthanasia

Chapter 15 Business ethics 1 Introduction 2 Corporate social responsibility 3 Applying ethical theories to business ethics

4 Whistle-blowing 5 Good ethics ·is good business

6 Globalisation 7 Conclusion Study advice Summary diagram: Business ethics

3 Developments in Christian thought

Insight

Chapter 16 Augustine on human nature 1 Introduction 2 The human potential 3 Augustine on human nature 4 Interpreting Augustine today Summary diagram: Augustine on human nature

Chapter 17 Death and the afterlife 1 Introduction

Chapter 18

2 New Testament foundations 3 The parable of the Sheep and the Goats 4 Developments in Christian eschatological teaching 5 Election Summary diagram: Death and the afterlife

Foundations

Knowledge of God's existence 1 Introduction 2 Natural and revealed theology 3 Natural knowledge of God's existence 4 Revealed knowledge of God's existence 5 The natural-revealed theology debate

Summary diagram: Knowledge of God's existence

207 207 207 208 210 212 215 218 219 221

224 224 228 232 233 236 238 242 242 243

248 248 248 249 258 263

266 266 266 272 273 279 283

286 286 286 288 292 295 301

Chapter 19 Jesus Christ 304 1 Introduction 304 2 Jesus Christ's authority 304 3 Jesus the teacher of wisdom 306 4 Jesus the liberator 310 5 Son of God 313 6 Uniqueness 318 Summary diagram: Jesus Christ 320

Living

Chapter 20 Christian moral principles 323 1 Introduction 323 2 Theonomous Christian ethics and practices 323 3 Heteronomous Christian ethics and practices 326 4 Autonomous Christian ethics and practices 330 Summary diagram: Christian moral principles 332

Chapter 21 Christian moral action: Dietrich Bonhoeffer 335 1 Introduction 335 2 Bonhoeffer's life 335 3 Duty to God and duty to the state 338 4 The role of the Church as community 341 5 The cost of discipleship 343 6 Bonhoeffer's relevance today 346 Summary diagram: Dietrich Bonhoeffer 348

Index 351

Photo credits 358