Michael Fix & Jeffrey S. Passel Immigration Studies Program The Urban Institute U.S. Immigration -- Trends & Implications for Schools U.S. Immigration

Michael Fix & Jeffrey S. Passel

Immigration Studies ProgramThe Urban Institute

U.S. Immigration -- Trends& Implications for

Schools

U.S. Immigration -- Trends& Implications for

Schools

National Association for Bilingual EducationNCLB Implementation Institute

New Orleans, LAJanuary 28-29, 2003

THE URBAN INSTITUTE / Washington, D.C.

• Immigration Trends-- Growth of Immigrant Population-- Geographic Dispersion-- Legal Status

• NCLB Funding-- Formulas & Data

• Students & Language-- Growth of Immigrant

Students-- Language Ability-- Students, Schools, Parents

Overview of Policy IssuesOverview of Policy Issues

Selected Key Points:Immigration Trends & Impacts on Schools

Selected Key Points:Immigration Trends & Impacts on Schools


Current In-Flows are Very HighCurrent In-Flows are Very High

0.10.6

1.7

2.6 2.32.8

5.2

3.7

10

7

3.8

2.5

1.00.5

4.1

6.0

9.0

14Millions of Immigrants

* Additional immigrants are mostly illegals and legalized aliens

Europe/Canada (Legal)

Additional*

All Other (Legal)

13-14+(est.)


Immigrant Numbers at Peak --Immigrant Numbers at Peak --

0

10

20

30

40

1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Foreign-Born Population (millions)Percent Foreign-Born of Total

14.8%

31.1 Million(2000 Census)

4.7%11.1%(2000)

Percentage is NotPercentage is Not

40 Million

13%


Who Comes to the U.S.?Who Comes to the U.S.?

• Legal: 600,000-750,000/year

• Humanitarian:70,000-125,000 down to 27,000

• Undocumented:Early ‘90s — 200-300,000 per yearLate ‘90s — 500-800,000 or moreCurrent — ???


Children of Immigrants are ...• 1 in 5 Children

• 1 in 4 Low-Income Children

Demographic ContextDemographic Context Immigrants are ...

• 1 in 9 U.S. Residents

• 1 in 4 Low-Wage Workers


New Immigration Growth CentersNew Immigration Growth Centers

Immigration CategoriesMajor Destinations (67% of Immigrants) (6)

All Other States (23)

New Growth States (1990-2000 > 91%) (22)Top 10 Growth States (135-274%) (10)


Legal Status of ImmigrantsLegal Status of Immigrants

Foreign-Born Population in 2000(Based on March 2000 CPS, Census 2000, & Author’s Estimates)

Legal Aliens (LPR)(10.0 million) 31%

Legal Nonimmigrants(1.5 million) 5%Naturalized Citizens

(10.2 million) 31%Refugee Arrivals*

(2.3 million) 7%

“Undocumented” Aliens(8.5 million) 26%

(Preliminary)* Entered 1980 or later


2000 Composition CategoriesHighest % Undocumented (40-49% of foreign-born) (11)

Lower % Undocumented (20-29%) (13)High % Undocumented (30-39%) (12)

Lowest % Undocumented (<20%) (15)

Dispersal of Undocumented PopulationDispersal of Undocumented Population


Growth in Limited English PopulationGrowth in Limited English Population

Percent Growth in LEP, 1990-2000100% Growth or More (15)

<28% -- All Other States (14)31-65% (includes 6 Major Destinations) (16)

77-96% Growth or More (6)


Limited English Proficient ImmigrantsPoorer on Average

Limited English Proficient ImmigrantsPoorer on Average

13%

33%

14%

20%

36%

19%34%

25%

EnglishProficient

Limited EnglishProficient (LEP)

EnglishProficient

Limited EnglishProficient (LEP)

Income 100-200% poverty level

Income below 100% poverty level

New York City

Los Angel

Los Angeles

Source: Urban Institute, Los Angeles-New York Immigrant Survey (LANYCIS).


6.0% 5.5%

15.1%

20.1%

9.0%

29.4%

25.7%

5.6%

19.5%

23.5%

Foreign-Born

U.S.-Born AfricanAmerican

White, NH All Other LEP Non-LEP

Children of Immigrants (& LEP)Concentrated in Metro Areas

Children of Immigrants (& LEP)Concentrated in Metro Areas

Percent Non-Metropolitan AmongChildren 5-19 Enrolled in K-12, 2000

Children of Immigrants*

Children of Natives*

All ChildrenSource: Urban Institute tabulations fromC2SS PUMS. *Excludes Puerto Ricans.


• Immigration & Language Trends-- Growth in Children of Immigrants-- Characteristics (Poverty)-- Geography & Grade Distribution

• Linguistic Isolation-- Schools & Parents

• Students & Language-- Non-English Trends-- Problem Groups

Late EntrantsLong-Term LEPS

Immigrant Students & EnglishImmigrant Students & English


Immigrant Children Are aRising Share of Students (1 in 5)

Immigrant Children Are aRising Share of Students (1 in 5)

20.1%

6.3%4.8%

15.0%

1.6%

5.2%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

All Children of Immigrants

U.S.-BornChildren of Immigrants

Foreign-Born Children

Share of K-12 Enrollment

Source: Van Hook & Fix (2000); Urban Institute tabulations from C2SS PUMS. Excludes Puerto Ricans.


55 Million Children Enrolled in Grades K-12(March 2000 CPS & Urban Institute Estimates)

Nonimmigrants (0.1 Million)

0.2%

Undocumented (1.0 Million)

2%

Legal Immigrants (1.5 Million)

3%

2nd Generation (7.8 Million)

14%

Children of Natives (44.2

Million)81%

Immigrants (2.7 Million)

5%

20% of School Kids AreChildren of Immigrants20% of School Kids AreChildren of Immigrants

Source: Urban Institute tabulations. Includes Puerto Ricans.


11% 10%

5%

31%

20%24%

20%

5%

20%23%

3%

60%

15%

38%

16%

Mexico Other Latin America Asia Europe or Canada Other

19701990

2000

Origins of Immigrant ChildrenShift Markedly by 2000

Origins of Immigrant ChildrenShift Markedly by 2000

Proportion of K-12 Children of Immigrants(Including 1st & 2nd Generations)



Immigrant Children Increasingly Poor

Immigrant Children Increasingly Poor

30%

17%

12%

22%

48%

42%

33%

10% 11%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

All Children of Immigrants

White, not Hispanic

Percent of K-12 Studentsin Families Below 100% of Poverty

African-American

Foreign-Born Immigrants

But Trend Reverses in Late ’90sBut Trend Reverses in Late ’90s



Foreign-Born Children IncreaseFastest in Grades 6-12

Foreign-Born Children IncreaseFastest in Grades 6-12

3.8%

1.4%1.7%

6.4%

0.8%

1.9%2.1%

0.6%0%

2%

4%

6%

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Grades K-5

Grades 6-12

Recently-Arrived*Foreign-Born Children

Foreign-Born Children

Share of K-5 or 6-12 Enrollment



Spanish Increasingly Prevalent --Sharp Increases in 1990s

Spanish Increasingly Prevalent --Sharp Increases in 1990s

3.4 Million

7.1 Million

0.4 Million 1.5 Million

1.3 Million

2.0 Million

0

2

4

6

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Millions of Children (5-19) Speaking a Language Other than EnglishAt Home

Spanish

Asian Language

Other Non-EnglishLanguage

Source: Van Hook & Fix (2000); Urban Institute tabulations from C2SS PUMS. Includes Puerto Ricans.


47%

35%

16% 14%

1%

36%

28%

8%

1%

Total Mexican Asian

1st Generation (Foreign-Born)

2nd Generation (Native)

3rd+ Generations (Native)

LEP Share Declines by Generation;Second Generation LEP Stays HighLEP Share Declines by Generation;Second Generation LEP Stays HighProportion of K-12 StudentsNot Speaking English“Very Well” (LEP)

Source: Urban Institute tabulations from C2SS PUMS. Excludes Puerto Ricans.


2.6 Million Limited English Proficient Students in Grades K-12

More LEP Children are NativeThan Foreign-Born

More LEP Children are NativeThan Foreign-Born

First Generation900,000

35%

Second Generation1.2 Million

46%

Third+ Generations500,000

19%

Source: Urban Institute tabulations from C2SS PUMS. Includes Puerto Ricans.


287 285

119823

194

154

114

84

330265

53

Foreign-Born 2nd Generation 3rd+Generations

Foreign-Born 2nd Generation 3rd+Generations

10+ years5-9 years

<5 years

Most LEP Children In US for Many Years

Most LEP Children In US for Many Years

Thousands of Childrenby Years Lived in U.S., 2000

Grades K-5 Grades 6-12Source: Urban Institute tabulations from

C2SS PUMS. Includes Puerto Ricans.


4%1%

16%

30%

57%

10%

29%

53%

Less than 1% 1% to 10% 11% to 30% 31% or More

Pct. LEP in Child's School

Non-LEP ChildrenLEP Children

LEP Students AttendLinguistically-Segregated

Schools

LEP Students AttendLinguistically-Segregated

SchoolsPercentage of LEP or Non-LEP Children

Source: Urban Institute tabulations from Schools and Staffing Survey, 1999.


3%

22%

11%

24%

18%

15%

5%

14%

6%

3%

9%

3%

African American White, Not Hispanic Hispanic Asian

U.S. Average

Big 6 Immigration States

New Growth States

Hispanics & Asians more likely to bein Linguistically-Segregated SchoolsHispanics & Asians more likely to bein Linguistically-Segregated Schools

Proportion LEP in school of the“average” student by race or English ability

Source: Urban Institute tabulations from Schools & Staffing Survey, 1999.


53%

7%

66%

6%0%

81%

37%

4%

21%

LEP Children Children Speak English"Very Well"

Children Speak OnlyEnglish

1st Generation (Foreign-Born) -- 63%

2nd Generation (Native) -- 33 %

3rd+ Generations (Native) -- 1%

LEP Children May Not HaveParental English ResourcesLEP Children May Not HaveParental English Resources

Proportion of K-12 Students with No Parent Who Speaks English at Least “Very Well”

Source: Urban Institute tabulations from C2SS PUMS. Includes Puerto Ricans.

Selected Provisions of the NCLB LawSelected Provisions of the NCLB Law


• Census-ACS Data-- Uniformly Defined & Collected-- Based on Speaking Only-- Non-Professional (Parental) Assessment-- Sample-Based, possible Undercount

Data for NCLB Grants to States

Data for NCLB Grants to States

• School-Based Data-- Standards & Collections Vary

Within & Across Schools & States

-- Based on “Whole Child” Approach-- Professional Assessment-- Administrative Counts (Complete)-- Interested Party Generates Data


• School Data finds More Kids-- 400K above Census 5-17-- 400K higher in California

• Funding Formula-- “Fixed Pie” Reduces Disparity-- California Gains-- New York Loses-- Percentage Changes Large

• Regional Patterns-- Western States

Higher-- Eastern States Lower

School vs. Census DataSchool vs. Census Data


Ratio of State LEP to CensusRatio of State LEP to Census

Ratio State LEP to Census LEP<67% (State is Low) (13)

90-100% (5)67-90% (11)

>200% (State is Hi) (6)

100-110% (5)110-175% (11)

$20.5

$1.6

-$1.6 -$2.2 -$3.1 -$3.4-$4.5

-$7.7

$1.8$1.8$4.1

CA FL UT OK NM MA OH PA IL NJ NY

West Gains $ with School Data;East Gains from Census-ACS

West Gains $ with School Data;East Gains from Census-ACS

Change in Fund Allocation to States(in millions of dollars) Based on

$300 Million Allocation usingSchool-Defined LEP Population

Versus 2000 Census-DefinedLEP Aged 5-17 Years

Only Changes of $1.5 Millionor more are shown

For more information,contact:

Michael Fix Jeffrey S. Passel

Immigration Studies Program

Population Studies CenterUrban Institute2100 M St., NW

Washington, DC 20037

Michael Fix Jeffrey S. Passel

Immigration Studies Program

Population Studies CenterUrban Institute2100 M St., NW

Washington, DC [email protected]; (202) 261-5517

[email protected] (202) 261-5678

mailto:[email protected]



Documents

Michael Fix & Jeffrey S. Passel Immigration Studies Program The Urban Institute U.S. Immigration -- Trends & Implications for Schools U.S. Immigration