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Notes 12/02 Class 12: Whither Geography? (The End of the Nation State?) GEO105: World Regional Geography. Michael T. Wheeler Syracuse University, Geography. World War II Losses. World-wide losses, 61m people! Soviet Union, 25m China, 11m Jews, 6m More civilians than soldiers - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Notes 12/02
Class 12: Whither Geography?(The End of the Nation State?)
GEO105: World Regional Geography
Michael T. WheelerSyracuse University, Geography
2
World War II LossesLecture slide 02
• World-wide losses, 61m people!– Soviet Union, 25m– China, 11m– Jews, 6m– More civilians than soldiers
• Destruction of property and structures– Most of coastal China, Russia, Japan destroyed– Germany leveled– The rest of Europe, mixed
• France, mostly escaped. Belgium destroyed.
• United States– Relatively no damage– 400,000 soldiers (few civilians)– ¾ of world’s gold supply– ½ of world’s manufacturing capacity
3
• Economy– Post-War European Collapse
• War aims – fight tyranny and oppression• Leaders
– Mohandas Gandhi (India)– Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)– Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)– Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya)
• Great Britain– Labor government– Left India (rather quickly) in 1947– Tried to prepare Ghana (1957) and Nigeria (1960) for independence
• Others– Dutch forced out of SE Asia (Indonesia) in 1949– Belgium forced out of Congo (1960)– France forced out of Vietnam (1954) and Algeria (1962)
Collapse of EmpiresLecture slide 03
5
Continuing Nationalist / Ethnic Conflicts
Lecture slide 05
2.22 Nationalist conflict around the globe (p. 56)
6
Cold War Exacerbated TensionsLecture slide 06
6.22 Conflict and intervention in Africa (p. 258)
[Unfinished map?]
7
Cold WarLecture slide 07
• 1st World– United States and Canada (NATO)– Western Europe– Japan, Taiwan, Philippines– Israel
• 2nd World– Soviet Union– Eastern Europe– China, [Yugoslavia?, Albania?]– Arab Middle East
• 3rd World– Most of Africa, India, Southeast Asia, (South America?)
8
Non-Aligned MovementLecture slide 08
• Five Pillars1. Respect for territorial integrity2. Mutual non-aggression3. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs 4. Equality and mutual benefit5. Peaceful co-existence
• Leaders, 1950s-60s– Jawaharlal Nehru (India)– Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)– Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia)– Sukarno (Indonesia)
• Today’s Non-Aligned Movement– 116 nations, mostly developing nations
10
Asian Economic ModelLecture slide 10
• Countries1. Japan2. Four Tigers
– South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore
3. Southeast Asia– Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia
4. China (since 1979)5. India
– Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Outsourcing, much-lower tariffs
• Policies– Openness to foreign capital– Export-driven growth (serve western consumers)– Liberal trade regimes (low tariffs)
11
World Economy, 1998
World GDP Comparisons(1998 GDP)
United States
Japan
Germany
France
Great Britain
Italy
Canada
Russia
China
Country 1998 GDP
($ trn)
United States 8.23
Japan 3.78
Germany 2.13
France 1.42
Great Britain 1.36
Italy 1.17
Canada .58
Russia .28
China .96
Total 19.91
Lecture slide 11
12
Future Economic GrowthLecture slide 12
1st Edition: 13.8 Forecasts of regional economic growth through 2010
14
Spaces of Trade?• Global or regional trade
– General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)
Year Place Countries
1947 Geneva 23
1949 Annecy 13
1951 Torquay 38
1956 Geneva 26
1960-1 Geneva
Dillon Round
26
1964-7 Geneva
Kennedy Round
62
1973-9 Geneva
Tokyo Round
102
Lecture slide 14
15
Uruguay Round and the WTO• Uruguay Round
– 1986-94, 123 countries– Tariffs– Non-tariff concerns
• Services, Intellectual Property, Textiles, Agriculture– Creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO)
• 1999: China enters WTO
• United States Economy, 1992– $500 billion from NAFTA and especially the Uruguay
Round• Doha Round, 2001-present
– So far, failed on account of agriculture– Developed countries heavily protect their farmers
Lecture slide 15
16
Regional Trade AssociationsLecture slide 16
2.39 Transnational economic integration, 1945-present (p. 75)
18
Is the World becoming Increasing ‘Global’Lecture slide 18
• Globalization debates (pp. 584-5)– Hyperglobalists
• The end of the nation state, and the denationalization of economies
• Governments become meaningless – facilitate trade– Skeptics
• Contemporary level of integration is nothing new• 19th Century was more integrated
– Transformationalists• Global forces change the local• We don’t know how things will turn out
20
Factors of Globalization (pp. 71-2)
Lecture slide 20
1. New International Division of Labor– Comparative advantage leads countries to specialize in
their most productive sector – more efficient global economy
2. Internationalization of Finance– World-wide securities trading
3. New Technology System – Air travel, telecommunications, Internet
4. Homogenization of international consumer markets– U.S.: Coca Cola, McDonalds, Nike, Hollywood– Europe: Mercedes Benz, Nestlé, Fendi – Japan: Sony, Panasonic, Toyota, Nissan, Honda
5. Proliferation of the transnational corporation– Oil, automobiles, McDonalds
22
Skeptics:
More Integration in the 19th Century
Lecture slide 22
13.6: International capital flows among the core economies, 1870-1995 (p. 586)
23
Transformationalists:
Economic Inequality (within country)
Lecture slide 23
13.8: Inequality in the world-system (p. 587)
24
‘Sustainable Development’ (pp. 595-598)
Lecture slide 24
• Question: Can the whole world enjoy the standards of living of the developed countries?
– Resource limitations• Primarily oil and water
– Over-population?– Environmental pollution
• Deforestation of the rain forests – loss of biodiversity• Pollution of air, water, soil• Food production?• Ozone depletion• Acid rain
27
Global WarmingLecture slide 27
2.13 Detected changes in climate (p. 46)
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)– http://www.ipcc.ch/
33
Review• Global economic system
– 1492-1800: Mercantile colonialism– 1860-1914: Industrial Imperialism– 1945-present: Nation States
• 191 members of the United Nations (U.N.)• The Triumph of the Nation State?
• The problems of the developing world– Huge populations, only going to get much, much larger– Economic development– Security, stable governments, access to water, AIDS
• Lessening of sovereignty– Global trade
• Do national boundaries still matter?– Security threats
• In the wake of 9/11, can countries (e.g. U.S.) preemptively invade other sovereign states?
– Pollution• Air, water, and ozone all cross national boundaries – they require international
solutions
Lecture slide 33