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Vidyalankar Institute of Technology2009-2010
Certificate
This is to certify thatSumedh.M.More(07-336)Sneha Newalkar(07-339)
Prathamesh.B.Sarang(07-349)
Have satisfactorily completed the project entitled
Microprocessor based Digital Visitor Counter
In fulfillment of the Degree of T.E. in ElectronicsEngineering Affiliated to theUNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
For the academic year 2009-10Date: ____________
Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
PAGE INDEX
Topic Page No.ACKNOWLEDMENT ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION
4 5 6
1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
EXPLAINATION 8
2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 152.2 POWER SUPPLY 162.3 FLOW CHART 17
3.
4.
PROGRAM
COMPONENTS DETAILS4.1 4.24.34.44.54.6
RESISTOR CAPACITORTRANSISTORDIODESINTEGRATED CIRCUIT(IC555)INFRARED SENSORS
18
25 25 25 26 26 28
5. CONCLUSION5.1 APPLICATIONS 29
BIBLIOGRAPHY 30
PROJECT PRINTOUTS 31 onwards
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
FIGURE INDEX
Figure Page No.
1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 71.21.3
PIN ConfigurationBlock Diagram
12 13
2.1 Circuit diagram of Digital Visitor Counter 152.2 Power Supply Diagram 16
4.14.2
Pin diagram of IC555Infrared Sensor
27 28
TABLE INDEX
Table Page No.
1.1 Pin Description of AT89C2051 14
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We sincerely acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude to our project guide Prof.
Mrs. Ameya Pethe for the guidance and encourage she gave us for the preparation
of this project without her the project would have been difficult.
We are highly obliged to Mr. Shrikant Velankar,H.O.D(Elecronics) for his
noble spontaneous and timely help that carried out us throughout our endeavour
and finally made a grand success.
We also thank the staff of our electronics department for all the cooperation
and friendly treatment given to us during project.
We are also thankful to our colleagues and all those have extended the necessary help during the course of our work .
ABSTRACT
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
Digital visitor counter is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of counting
Number of Persons/ Visitors in the Room very accurately. When somebody enters
into the Room then the Counter is Incremented by one. The total number of
Persons inside the Room is displayed on the seven segment display module. The
microcontroller does the above job it receives the signals from the sensors, and
this signals operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM
This project we will create counter system for apply.The total number of object is
displayed on the seven segment displays.The system is fully controlled by the 8 bit
microcontroller AT89C2051 which has a 2Kbytes of ROM for the program
memory.
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
INTRODUCTION
The proposed system is based on 8051 μcontroller which is in our syllabus.For doing this project we use some of the software like Eagle software is used for designing the PCB for this project.(Since PCB making is a big process and involves lot of machineries which are expensive, we are going to outsource this to the manufacturer.)
IC8051 is one of the popular Microcontroller. It has only 20 pins and there are 15 input/output lines. The microcontroller has a program memory of 2 Kilobytes. The microcontroller continuously monitor the sensor feed and if somebody enters sensors will provide information to the data processing unit.This counter Sensor consist of 3 Section as follows:Detect Object (Sensor), Data Processing (CPU) and final section Display by LCDmodule.
1. Detect Object (Sensor): Proximity sensor(infrared sensors)2. Data Processing (CPU): For this project we choose microcontroller 80513. Display: For final section Display by seven segment display
Digital visitor counter is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of counting.Number of Persons/ Visitors in the Room very accurately. When somebody enters into the Room then the Counter is Incremented by one. The total number of Persons inside the Room is displayed on the seven segment display. The microcontroller does the above job it receives the signals from the sensors, and this signals operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM. You can reset the counter using switch.
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Figure 1.1: BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
INTEL’S 8051 Architecture
The generic 8051 architecture sports a Harvard architecture, which contains two
separate buses for both program and data. So, it has two distinctive memory
spaces of 64K X 8 size for both program and data.
It is based on an 8 bit central processing unit with an 8 bit Accumulator
and another 8 bit B register as main processing blocks. Other portions of the
architecture include few 8 bit and 16 bit registers and 8 bit memory locations.
Each 8051 device has some amount of data RAM built in the device for internal
processing. This area is used for stack operations and temporary storage of data.
This base architecture is supported with onchip peripheral functions like I/O
ports, timers/counters, versatile serial communication port. So it is clear that this
8051 architecture was designed to cater many real time embedded needs.
The following list gives the features of the 8051 architecture:
Optimized 8 bit CPU for control applications.
Extensive Boolean processing capabilities.
64K Program Memory address space.
64K Data Memory address space.
128 bytes of onchip Data Memory.
32 Bi directional and individually addressable I/O lines.
Two 16 bit timer/counters.
Full Duplex UART.
6 source / 5 vector interrupt structure with priority levels.
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
Onchip clock oscillator.
Now you may be wondering about the non mentioning of memory space
meant for the program storage, the most important part of any embedded
controller. Originally this 8051 architecture was introduced with onchip, `one
time programmable' version of Program Memory of size 4K X 8. Intel delivered
all these microcontrollers (8051) with user's program fused inside the device. The
memory portion was mapped at the lower end of the Program Memory area. But,
after getting devices, customers couldn't change any thing in their program code,
which was already made available inside during device fabrication.
Central Processing Unit
The CPU is the brain of the microcontrollers reading user's programs and
executing the expected task as per instructions stored there in.
Its primary elements are an 8 bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
Accumulator (Acc), few more 8 bit registers, B register, Stack Pointer (SP),
Program Status Word (PSW) and 16 bit registers, Program Counter (PC) and Data
Pointer Register (DPTR). The ALU (Acc) performs arithmetic and logic functions
on 8 bit input variables. Arithmetic operations include basic addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. Logical operations are AND, OR, Exclusive OR as
well as rotate, clear, complement and etc. Apart from all the above, ALU is
responsible in conditional branching decisions, and provides a temporary place in
data transfer operations within the device. B register is mainly used in multiply
and divide operations. During execution, B register either keeps one of the two
inputs and then retains a portion of the result. For other instructions, it can be
used as another general purpose register.
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
Timers/Counters
8051 has two 16 bit Timers/Counters capable of working in different modes. Each
consists of a `High' byte and a `Low' byte which can be accessed under software.
There is a mode control register and a control register to configure these
timers/counters in number of ways.These timers can be used to measure time
intervals, determine pulse widths or initiate events with one microsecond
resolution upto a maximum of 65 millisecond (corresponding to 65, 536 counts).
Use software to get longer delays. Working as counter, they can accumulate
occurrences of external events (from DC to 500KHz) with 16 bit precision.
In our project we are using 8 bit microcontroller AT89C2051, it is the advanced 8
bit microcontroller from ATMEL, which incorporates Flash Rom, and Timer etc.
Features of AT89C2051:
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
2 Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
2.7 V to 6 V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Two-Level Program Memory Lock
128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM
15 Programmable I/O Lines
Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters
Six Interrupt Sources
Programmable Serial UART Channel
Direct LED Drive Outputs
On-Chip Analog Comparator
Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
Description
The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer
with 2 Kbytes of Flash Programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM).
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile
memory technology and is compatible with theindustry Standard MCS-51Ô
instruction set and pinout. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which
provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications.
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
Figure1.2: PIN Configurations
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
Figure 1.3: Block Diagram
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
Table 1.1:PIN DESCRIPTION OF AT89C2051
VCC Supply voltage.
GND Ground.
Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide
internal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pullups. P1.0 and P1.1
also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1),
respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The Port 1
output buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly.
When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When
pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they
will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also
receives code data during Flash programming and program verification.
Port 3 Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bidirectional I/O pins with
internal pullups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-
chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The
Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3
pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as
inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the
functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below.
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and
programming verification.
RST Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1s as soon as RST goes high.
Holding the RST pin high for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device. Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or
clock cycles.
XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION
Figure 2.1 Circuit Diagram of Digital visitor counter.
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
2.2 Power Supply
Figure 2.2. Power Supply Diagram
AC230V
D1
D2
1000uF/25V
C1D4
D(1-4)=1N4007
D3
230/ 9V AC+5V1
2
3LM7805
IC1
Gnd
47uF/25V
C2
+12V
The microcontroller and other devices get power supply from AC to Dcadapter through 7805, 5 volts regulator.
The adapter output voltage will be 12V DC unregulated. The 7805/7812 voltage regulators are used to convert 12 V to 5V/12V DC. Vital role of power supply. The adapter output voltage will be 12V DC unregulated. The 7805/7812 voltage regulators are used to convert 12 V to 5V/12V DC.
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
2.3. Flowchart
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
3.PROGRAM
$MOD52
DIS_A EQU P1.5DIS_B EQU P1.4DIS_C EQU P1.3DIS_D EQU P1.1DIS_E EQU P1.2DIS_F EQU P1.6DIS_G EQU P1.7DIS1 EQU P3.3DIS2 EQU P3.4 DIS3 EQU P3.5LDR1 EQU P3.0LDR2 EQU P3.1BUZZER EQU P1.0
DSEG ; This is internal data memory
ORG 20H ; Bit adressable memory BITS: DS 1
UP BIT BITS.0 DWN BIT BITS.1COUNT: DS 1SPEED: DS 1VALUE_1: DS 1VALUE_2: DS 1VALUE_3: DS 1COUNTER: DS 1STACK: DS
1 ; Stack begins here CSEG ; Code begins here
;---------==========----------==========---------=========---------; PROCESSOR INTERRUPT AND RESET VECTORS;---------==========----------==========---------=========---------
ORG 00H ; Reset JMP MAIN
ORG 000BH ;Timer Interrupt0
JMP REFRESH
;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&; MAIN PROGRAM;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&MAIN:
CLR BUZZERMOV SPEED,#00HMOV COUNT,#00HMOV VALUE_1,#00HMOV VALUE_2,#00HMOV VALUE_3,#00HMOV COUNTER,#00H
CLR DIS1CLR DIS2CLR DIS3
MOV TMOD,#01H;enable timer0 for scanningMOV TL0,#00HMOV TH0,#0FDH SETB ET0SETB EASETB TR0
AJMP ZAZA
ASSA: AJMP ASAA
ZAZA:SETB LDR1
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
JNB LDR1,ASSA
CALL DELAYSETB LDR2JNB LDR2,$
;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&; UP COUNTER;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
SETB BUZZERINC COUNTERMOV R5,COUNTER
DOIT: MOV A,#10CLR CSUBB A,R5JC ZX1JZ AQ1 INC VALUE_1AJMP CVC
AQ1: MOV VALUE_2,#01HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVC
ZX1: MOV A,#20CLR CSUBB A,R5JC ZX2JZ AQ2INC VALUE_1AJMP CVC
AQ2: MOV VALUE_2,#02HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVC
ZX2: MOV A,#30CLR CSUBB A,R5JC ZX3JZ AQ3INC VALUE_1AJMP CVC
AQ3: MOV VALUE_2,#03HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVC
ZX3: MOV A,#40CLR CSUBB A,R5JC ZX4JZ AQ4INC VALUE_1AJMP CVC
AQ4: MOV VALUE_2,#04HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVC
ZX4: MOV A,#50CLR CSUBB A,R5JC ZX5JZ AQ5INC VALUE_1AJMP CVC
AQ5: MOV VALUE_2,#05HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVC
ZX5: MOV A,#60CLR CSUBB A,R5JC ZX6JZ AQ6INC VALUE_1AJMP CVC
AQ6: MOV VALUE_2,#06HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVC
ZX6: MOV A,#70CLR CSUBB A,R5JC ZX7JZ AQ7INC VALUE_1AJMP CVC
AQ7: MOV VALUE_2,#07HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVC
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
ZX7: MOV A,#80CLR CSUBB A,R5JC ZX8JZ AQ8INC VALUE_1AJMP CVC
AQ8: MOV VALUE_2,#08HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVC
ZX8: MOV A,#90CLR CSUBB A,R5JC ZX9JZ AQ9INC VALUE_1AJMP CVC
AQ9: MOV VALUE_2,#09HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVC
ZX9: MOV A,#100CLR CSUBB A,R5JC ZX10JZ AQ10INC VALUE_1AJMP CVC
AQ10: MOV VALUE_3,#01HMOV VALUE_2,#00HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVC
ZX10: MOV A,COUNTERCLR CSUBB A,#100JZ AQQ1JC ZXX1MOV R5,AAJMP DOIT
AQQ1:MOV VALUE_3,#02HMOV VALUE_2,#00HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVC
ZXX1: MOV VALUE_1,#00HMOV VALUE_2,#00HMOV VALUE_3,#00H
CVC:;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
CALL DELAYCLR BUZZERJB LDR2,$AJMP ZAZA
ZAZAA: JMP ZAZAASAA: SETB LDR2
JNB LDR2,ZAZAA
CALL DELAYSETB LDR1JNB LDR1,$
;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&; DOWN COUNTER;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
SETB BUZZERDEC COUNTERMOV R5,COUNTERMOV A,R5INC ACJNE A,#00H,DOIT1MOV VALUE_1,#00HMOV VALUE_2,#00HMOV VALUE_3,#00HMOV COUNTER,#00HAJMP CVCV
DOIT1:MOV A,#10CLR CSUBB A,R5JC AZX1JZ AAQ1 MOV R6,VALUE_1CJNE R6,#00H,GHGMOV VALUE_2,#00HMOV VALUE_1,#09HAJMP CVCV
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
GHG:DEC VALUE_1AJMP CVCV
AAQ1:MOV VALUE_2,#01HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVCV
AZX1: MOV A,#20CLR CSUBB A,R5JC AZX2JZ AAQ2MOV R6,VALUE_1CJNE R6,#00H,GHG1MOV VALUE_2,#01HMOV VALUE_1,#09HAJMP CVCV
GHG1:DEC VALUE_1AJMP CVCV
AAQ2:MOV VALUE_2,#02HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVCV
AZX2: MOV A,#30CLR CSUBB A,R5JC AZX3JZ AAQ3MOV R6,VALUE_1CJNE R6,#00H,GHG2MOV VALUE_2,#02HMOV VALUE_1,#09HAJMP CVCV
GHG2:DEC VALUE_1AJMP CVCV
AAQ3:MOV VALUE_2,#03HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVCV
AZX3: MOV A,#40CLR CSUBB A,R5JC AZX4JZ AAQ4
MOV R6,VALUE_1CJNE R6,#00H,GHG3MOV VALUE_2,#03HMOV VALUE_1,#09HAJMP CVCV
GHG3:DEC VALUE_1AJMP CVCV
AAQ4:MOV VALUE_2,#04HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVCV
AZX4: MOV A,#50CLR CSUBB A,R5JC AZX5JZ AAQ5MOV R6,VALUE_1CJNE R6,#00H,GHG4MOV VALUE_2,#04HMOV VALUE_1,#09HAJMP CVCV
GHG4:DEC VALUE_1AJMP CVCV
AAQ5:MOV VALUE_2,#05HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVCV
AZX5: MOV A,#60CLR CSUBB A,R5JC AZX6JZ AAQ6MOV R6,VALUE_1CJNE R6,#00H,GHG5MOV VALUE_2,#05HMOV VALUE_1,#09HAJMP CVCV
GHG5:DEC VALUE_1AJMP CVCV
AAQ6:MOV VALUE_2,#06HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVCV
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
AZX6: MOV A,#70CLR CSUBB A,R5JC AZX7JZ AAQ7MOV R6,VALUE_1CJNE R6,#00H,GHG6MOV VALUE_2,#06HMOV VALUE_1,#09HAJMP CVCV
GHG6:DEC VALUE_1AJMP CVCV
AAQ7:MOV VALUE_2,#07HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVCV
AZX7: MOV A,#80CLR CSUBB A,R5JC AZX8JZ AAQ8MOV R6,VALUE_1CJNE R6,#00H,GHG7MOV VALUE_2,#07HMOV VALUE_1,#09HAJMP CVCV
GHG7:DEC VALUE_1AJMP CVCV
AAQ8:MOV VALUE_2,#08HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVCV
AZX8: MOV A,#90CLR CSUBB A,R5JC AZX9JZ AAQ9MOV R6,VALUE_1CJNE R6,#00H,GHG8MOV VALUE_2,#08HMOV VALUE_1,#09HAJMP CVCV
GHG8:DEC VALUE_1AJMP CVCV
AAQ9:MOV VALUE_2,#09HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVCV
AZX9: MOV A,#100CLR CSUBB A,R5JC AZX10JZ AAQ10MOV R6,VALUE_1CJNE R6,#00H,GHG9MOV VALUE_3,#00HMOV VALUE_2,#09HMOV VALUE_1,#09HAJMP CVCV
GHG9:DEC VALUE_1AJMP CVCV
AAQ10: MOV VALUE_3,#01HMOV VALUE_2,#00HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVCV
AZX10: MOV A,COUNTERCLR CSUBB A,#100JZ AAQQ1JC AZXX1MOV R5,AMOV A,COUNTERCJNE A,#199,JKJKMOV VALUE_3,#01H
JKJK:AJMP DOIT1
AAQQ1: MOV VALUE_3,#02HMOV VALUE_2,#00HMOV VALUE_1,#00HAJMP CVCV
AZXX1: MOV VALUE_1,#00HMOV VALUE_2,#00HMOV VALUE_3,#00H
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
CVCV:
;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
CALL DELAYCLR BUZZERJB LDR1,$AJMP ZAZA
;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&; 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&DISP:
MOV R2,SPEEDCJNE R2,#00H,AAS1CLR DIS_ACLR DIS_BCLR DIS_CCLR DIS_DCLR DIS_ECLR DIS_FSETB DIS_GRET
AAS1: CJNE R2,#01H,AS2CLR DIS_BCLR DIS_CSETB DIS_ASETB DIS_DSETB DIS_ESETB DIS_FSETB DIS_GRET
AS2: CJNE R2,#02H,AS3CLR DIS_ACLR DIS_BCLR DIS_DCLR DIS_ECLR DIS_GSETB DIS_CSETB DIS_F
RETAS3: CJNE R2,#03H,AS4
CLR DIS_A CLR DIS_BCLR DIS_CCLR DIS_DCLR DIS_GSETB DIS_ESETB DIS_FRET
AS4: CJNE R2,#04H,AS5CLR DIS_BCLR DIS_CCLR DIS_FCLR DIS_GSETB DIS_ASETB DIS_DSETB DIS_ERET
AS5: CJNE R2,#05H,AS6CLR DIS_ACLR DIS_CCLR DIS_DCLR DIS_FCLR DIS_GSETB DIS_BSETB DIS_ERET
AS6: CJNE R2,#06H,AS7CLR DIS_ACLR DIS_CCLR DIS_DCLR DIS_ECLR DIS_FCLR DIS_GSETB DIS_BRET
AS7: CJNE R2,#07H,AS8CLR DIS_ACLR DIS_BCLR DIS_CSETB DIS_DSETB DIS_ESETB DIS_FSETB DIS_G
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
RETAS8: CJNE R2,#08H,AS9
CLR DIS_ACLR DIS_BCLR DIS_CCLR DIS_DCLR DIS_ECLR DIS_FCLR DIS_GRET
AS9: CJNE R2,#09H,AS10CLR DIS_ACLR DIS_BCLR DIS_CCLR DIS_DCLR DIS_FCLR DIS_GSETB DIS_ERET
AS10: MOV SPEED,#00HAJMP DISP
;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&REFRESH:
INC COUNTMOV R4,COUNT
QA1: CJNE R4,#01H,QA2MOV SPEED,VALUE_1SETB DIS1CLR DIS2CLR DIS3CALL DISP AJMP DOWN
QA2: CJNE R4,#02H,QA3MOV SPEED,VALUE_2CLR DIS1SETB DIS2CLR DIS3CALL DISP AJMP DOWN
QA3: CJNE R4,#03H,QA4MOV SPEED,VALUE_3CLR DIS1CLR DIS2
SETB DIS3CALL DISP AJMP DOWN
QA4: MOV COUNT,#01HMOV R4,COUNTAJMP QA1
DOWN: MOV TL0,#0FFH;reload the timer for scanningMOV TH0,#0F2HRETI
;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
DELAY:MOV R1,#0FFH
RE1: MOV R2,#5FHRE: NOP
DJNZ R2,REDJNZ R1,RE1RET
END
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
4. COMPONENTS DETAILS
4.1. Resistor
Resistor is a component that resists the flow of direct or alternating electric
circuit.
Resistors used in electric circuits are cylindrical. They are often color
coded by three or four color bands that indicate the specific value of resistance.
Resistors obey ohm’s law, which states that the current density is directly
proportional to the electric field when the temperature is constant.
4.2. Capacitor
Capacitor or electric condenser is a device for storing an electric charge.
When one plate is charged with electricity from a direct current or
electrostatic source, the other plate have induced in it a charge of the opposite
sign; that is, positive if the original charge is negative and negative if the original
charge is positive. Capacitors are produced in a wide variety of forms. Air, Mica,
Ceramics, Paper, Oil, and Vacuums are used as dielectrics depending on the
purpose for which the device is intended.
4.3. Transistor
Transistor is a device which transforms current flow from low resistance path to
high resistance path. It is capable of performing many functions of the vacuum
tube in electronic circuits, the transistor is the solid state device consisting of a
tiny piece of semi conducting material, usually germanium or silicon, to which
three or more electrical connections are made.
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4.4 Diode
Diode is a electronic device that allows the passage of current in only one
direction. The diodes commonly used in electronic circuits are semiconductor
diodes. There are different diodes used in electronic circuits such as Junction
diode, Zener diode, Photo diodes, and tunnel diode. Junction diodes consist of
junction of two different kinds of semiconductor material. The Zener diode is a
special junction type diode, using silicon, in which the voltage across the junction
is independent of the current through the junction.
4.5. Integrated Circuits
Timer IC (555)
It is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation.
Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time
delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor
and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency
and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one
capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the
output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.
Features:
Direct replacement for SE555/NE555
Timing from microseconds through hours
Operates in both astable and monostable modes
Adjustable duty cycle
Output can source or sink 200 mA
Output and supply TTL compatible
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
Temperature stability better than 0.005% per °C
Normally on and normally off output
Applications:
Precision timing
Pulse generation
Sequential timing
Time delay generation
Pulse width modulation
Pulse position modulation
Linear ramp generator
Figure 4.1 PIN Diagram of Timer IC:
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
4.5. Infrared sensors
The TSOP17.. – series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is designed as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a microprocessor. TSOP17.. is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting all major transmission codes.
Figure 4.2 Infrared sensor
Features Photo detector and preamplifier in one package Internal filter for PCM frequency Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance TTL and CMOS compatibility Output active low Low power consumption High immunity against ambient light Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps) Suitable burst length 10 cycles/burst Output active low
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5. CONCLUSION
5.1 Application
Visitor counter. The counter sensor majority apply in industry or factory. Vehicle parking (Counting commodity or counting a car in/out of parking)
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Microcontroller Based Digital Visistor Counter
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] D. Neamen, Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design. New Mexico: Times
Mirror Higher Education Group Inc., 1996, pp. 69.
[2]Microchip, AT89C2051 Data Sheet, Microchip Technology Inc., 2003
[3] Help for The 555 Timer Chip,
http://www2.ebtech.net/~pais/555_Timer_Help.html.
[4]“ FREE Microcontroller projects”,
http://www.8051projects.info/proj.asp?ID=36
[5]eHow.com,“How to Write a Bibliography”,
http://www.ehow.com/how_2859_write-bibliography.html
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