MICROCONTROLLER BASED PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION:

In spite of the improvement of communication link and despite all progress in advanced communication technologies, there are still very few functioning commercial wireless monitoring systems, which are most off-line, and there are still a number of issues to deal with.The project we developed will provide wireless monitoring of patient and informs the doctor and Care-taker immediately wirelessly when variation in health condition occurs. Parameters in his health Condition include body, room temperature, blood-level, respiration, heart-beat, emergency, help, and Blood- empty, call-timing. We used radio-waves as it does not require line-of-sight, pass through walls, ceilings, Buildings, obstacles etc Future-scope include can be used to detect pain in various part of body.

OBJECTIVE& SCOPE:

In this project our object is to develop a “Patient Monitoring System” that is capable to transmit the patient’s heartbeat and temperature collected by microcontroller unit and display it on the LCD.

This project is very useful for continuous monitoring of the patient’s heartbeat this is a very useful product in hospital.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

In our project "microcontroller based patient monitoring system using wireless technology". We measure basic parameters temperature, heart rate using sensors and this micro controller. The microcontroller is connected to the power supply and the value of these three parameters is transmitted wirelessly. In receiver side we have receiver connected to the controller and power supply. An RS232 cable is connected to the controller and pc. With the help of pc we can monitor we can monitor temperature and heart rate and these parameters transferred to doctor's cabin with the help of modem.

At the receiving end a receiver is used to receive the data and it is decoded and fed to Microcontroller, which is then displayed over the LCD display. If there is a dangerous change in patient's status an alarm is also sounded.

BLOCK DIAGRAM: Light Source

LDR Sensor

LM358 AMPLIFIER

DRIVER CIRCUIT

Buzzer

DIGITAL CKT

Respiration Sensor

Temprature sensor

A2D CONVERTER

LCD DISPLAY

POWER SUPPLY

Micro Controller

MICROCONTROLLER (AT89C2051): 

Compatible with MCS®-51Products• 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory– Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles• 2.7V to 6V Operating Range• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz• Two-level Program Memory Lock• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM• 15 Programmable I/O Lines• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters• Six Interrupt Sources• Programmable Serial UART Channel• Direct LED Drive Outputs• On-chip Analog Comparator• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes• Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

When we have to learn about a new computer we have to familiarize about the machine capability we are using, and we can do it by studying the internal hardware design (devices architecture), and also to know about the size, number and the size of the registers.

A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-volatile memory for the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit also called a "computer on a chip," billions of microcontroller units (MCUs) are embedded each year in a myriad of products from toys to appliances to automobiles. For example, a single vehicle can use 70 or more microcontrollers. The following picture describes a general block diagram of microcontroller.

89C2051:

The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory (EPROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides

a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

OPERATION AMPLIFIER (LM 358):

The LM158 series consists of two independent, high gain; internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation

from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.

Application areas include transducer amplifiers; dc gain blocks and all the conventional op amp circuits, which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. For example, the LM158 series can be directly operated off of the standard +5V power supply voltage which is used in digital systems and will easily provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional ±15V power supplies. The LM358 and LM2904 are available in a chip sized package (8-Bump micro SMD) using National’s micro SMD package technology.

Features:

Available in 8-Bump micro SMD chip sized package, Internally frequency compensated for unity gain Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated) Wide power supply range:

— Single supply: 3V to 32V— or dual supplies: ±1.5V to ±16V

Very low supply current drain (500 A)—essentially independent of μsupply voltage

Low input offset voltage: 2 mV Input common-mode voltage range includes ground Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage Large output voltage swing

Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO):

Connection Diagram:

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD):

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electro-optical amplitude modulator realized as a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It is often utilized in battery-powered electronic devices because it uses very small amounts of electric power.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With no liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer.

The surfaces of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is unidirectional rubbed using, for example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid crystal alignment is then defined by the direction of rubbing. Electrodes are made of a transparent conductor called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO

BUZZER:

A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or shows. Buzzer is a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder like a Son alert which makes a high-pitched tone.

POWER SUPPLY:

REGULATOR IC (7805):

It is a three pin IC used as a voltage regulator. It converts unregulated DC current into regulated DC current.

Pin Description of 7805:

1. Vin2. GND3. Vout

BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

APPROACH TOWARDS PROJECT:

Therefore, there is a strong need for investigating the possibility of design and implementation of an interactive real-time wireless communication system. In our project, a generic real-time wireless communication system was designed and developed for short and long term remote patient-monitoring applying wireless protocol. The primary function of this system is to monitor the temperature and Heart Beat of the Patient and the Data collected by the sensors are sent to the Microcontroller. The Microcontroller transmits the data over the air.

In spite of the improvement of communication link and despite all progress in

advanced communication technologies , There is still very few functioning

commercial Wireless Monitoring Systems, which are most off-line, and there are still a number of issues to deal with.Therefore, there is a strong need for investigating the possibility of design and implementation of an interactive real-time wireless communication system. In our project, a generic real-time wireless communication system was designed and developed for short and long term remote patient-monitoring applying wireless protocol. The primary function of this system is to monitor the temperature and Heart Beat of the Patient and the Data collected by the sensors are sent to the Microcontroller. The Microcontroller transmits the data over the air.At the receiving end a receiver is used to receive the data and it is decoded and fed to Microcontroller, which is then displayed over the LCD display. If there is a dangerous change in patient's status an alarm is also sounded.

The greatest learning experience in this project comes from the design and construction of “PC Based Appliance Controller” which answer a lot of questions regarding the real implementation of embedded system, Microcontroller, LCD.

During the development of our project we studied and analyzed many real world applications of Electronics and Software Engineering. Some of the theoretical knowledge that was inculcated in us within our engineering program, which we have applied practically, is:

1. Use of voltage regulation and filtering in power supply.2. Study of LCD.3. Study of Microcontroller.

Preparing requirements gathering information and analysis of system to be initialed, and done background reading on technical/business concepts, familiarize with customer's methodology and tools to be used, Identifying inputs are sensor and outputs for our system speaker and lcd . Relating determine relationship between inputs and outputs. Prepare software requirements specification document Review requirements specifications and acceptance criteria Obtain customer sign-off for the requirementsComponents required in this project are as follows:

1. 8-bit Microcontroller (89c2051).2. Operation Amplifier LM 358.3. Encoder IC HT 12E.4. 16x2 LCD.5. Buzzer.6. Voltage regulator 78XX.7. Resistors, Capacitors, Diode (IN 4007).

ADVANTAGES:

1. It is highly accurate and precise and also very reliable.2. Monitoring save the life and protect the health and life can be saved.3. It helps in faster detection of input sensors4. It will reduce the extra consumption of electricity5. It is portable and hence can be placed anywhere.6. The use of a microcontroller increases its scope of applications and

modifications.7. The microcontroller can be reprogrammed if any modification is

required.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. The sensors are costly2. If power supply fails circuit won’t work

APPLICATIONS:

1. Saves human life2. Helps doctor and nurse3. Food automation in any industry to provide full proof security of food4. Home security system is also useful for household purposes.5. The system can also be used in scientific laboratories, institutions,

chemical plants; at railway food stalls stations, etc.