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Microbial determinants of chronic respiratory disease Geraint Rogers Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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Page 1: Microbial determinants of chronic respiratory · PDF fileMicrobial determinants of chronic respiratory disease ... • GIT dysbiosis Slides may not be reproduced without the ... GIT

Microbial determinants of chronic respiratory diseaseGeraint Rogers Slides may not be reproduced without the 

express permission of Geraint Rogers

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World Health Organization, Fact sheet 310, 2014

Burden of lower respiratory infections

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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• Protracted bacterial bronchitis• Cystic fibrosis• Non CF bronchiectasis• COPD• Primary ciliary dyskinesia• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Roy et al., Nature 2014 505:412‐416Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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Inflammation

Airway damage

Altered mucus secretion

Bacterial colonisation

Disease progression

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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Development of culture-independent analysis

Rogers et al., Thorax doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl‐2014‐205826

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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Role of inter-species interactions

Faust et al., PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8(7):e1002606.

Significant co‐occurrence and co‐exclusion relationships among the abundances of clades in the human microbiome

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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Whiteson et al., ISME J. 2014 Jun;8(6):1247‐58. 

Clinical importance of inter-species interaction

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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The unexpected consequences of treatment

“oral flora”

P. aeruginosa

Ceftazidime E‐test strip

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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Whiteson et al., ISME J. 2014 Jun;8(6):1247‐58. 

IV antibiotics start IV antibiotics end

days

Relative abun

dance (%

)

‐1‐14 3 75 10 2114 28

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**Rogers et al., The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2014 doi:10.1016/S2213‐2600(14)70213‐9

H. influenzae P. aeruginosa

Change in relative abundance of P. aeruginosa and H. influenzae in bronchiectasis patients treated with erythromycin for 12 months

*Rogers et al., ISME J, 2014 2014 Jul 18. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2014.124Slides may not be reproduced without the 

express permission of Geraint Rogers

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Joana Ricou“Other Self. The human microbiome” “Tube within a tube”

Impact of non-respiratory human microbiota on lung disease

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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Gut dysbiosis and respiratory disease progression in CF

Reduced bicarbonate levels 

• Reduced pancreatic enzyme efficiency

• Precipitation of bile salts

• Malabsorption• Chronic inflammation• GIT dysbiosis

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*Bruzzese et al., PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87796.

What is the impact of systemic antibiotic therapy in these vulnerable patients?

Lactobacillus GG resulted in a greater increase in FEV1**

**Bruzzese et al., Clinical Nutrition. 2007;26:322‐328.

Reduced SCFA production• Reduced anti‐inflammatory 

effect• Reduced energy intake• Reduced hepatic function• Reduced gut motility• Disruption of blood glucose 

levels

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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Gut microbiota development

Birth Death

GIT m

icrobiota 

complexity

Mode of delivery

Weaning

Unstable UnstableStable

Diet, genetics, illness, antibiotics, environment

Diet, illness, changing GIT physiology

• Metabolism/nutrition/obesity• Neurodevelopment• Immune development

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Ampicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole, vancomycin, neomycin 

1 3 5 7 10 21

• Gut microbiota• Immune cell production• Immune modulatory gene expression

Deshmukh et al., Nat Med. 2014 May;20(5):524‐30.

Dysbiosis affects immune function

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Bacterial load Circulating neutrophils

Dysbiosis affects immune function

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Bone marrow neutrophils Hematopoietic stem cell and lineage progenitor cells

Dysbiosis affects immune function

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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Abx exposure reduces survival following bacterial challenge

Dysbiosis affect immune function

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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Dysbiosis affects immune function

*Namasivayam et al., Pediatrics. 2009;123:1132‐1141.

• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is associated with preterm birth

• Preterm birth is associated with gut dysbiosis

• BPD is associated with reduced 1L‐17 expression*

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

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Dysbiosis and vaccine efficacy

Oh et al., Immunity. 2014 Sep 18;41(3):478‐92.

Does GIT dysbiosis influence response to infection later in life?

Tlr5‐/‐WT

Trivalent inactivated 

influenza (TIV) vaccine

Assessment of TIV‐specific IgG and IgMantibody response

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Oh et al., Immunity. 2014 Sep 18;41(3):478‐92.

4 weeks abx

WT

Trivalent inactivated 

influenza (TIV) vaccine

germ free

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

Page 22: Microbial determinants of chronic respiratory · PDF fileMicrobial determinants of chronic respiratory disease ... • GIT dysbiosis Slides may not be reproduced without the ... GIT

Oh et al., Immunity. 2014 Sep 18;41(3):478‐92Slides may not be reproduced without the 

express permission of Geraint Rogers

Page 23: Microbial determinants of chronic respiratory · PDF fileMicrobial determinants of chronic respiratory disease ... • GIT dysbiosis Slides may not be reproduced without the ... GIT

Oh et al., Immunity. 2014 Sep 18;41(3):478‐92Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers

Page 24: Microbial determinants of chronic respiratory · PDF fileMicrobial determinants of chronic respiratory disease ... • GIT dysbiosis Slides may not be reproduced without the ... GIT

Does microbial exposure in early life influence our immune response to infective challenge in the long term? 

Antibiotic ablation of gut microbiotaPCV13 or BCG

Assess antibody responses relative to 

controls

David LynnEMBL Australia Group Leader

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Preterm neonatesEstimated that approx. 13 million preterm infants are born each year worldwide (9.6% of all births)*

*Lawn et al., Lancet 365:891‐900, 2005 **Clark et al., Pediatrics, 2006;117:1979

Drivers of dysbiosis in infants• Antibiotic exposure• Feeding/diet• Mode of delivery• Early infection• Non‐antibiotic therapy

How common is disruption of the microbiome in early life?

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Implications of early life dysbiosis for respiratory health in infancy

Pneumonia kills an estimated 1.1 million children under the age of five years every year – more than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined (WHO, 2013).

What are the implications of early life dysbiosis for long term respiratory health? 

Moore H et al., J Paediatr Child Health. 2007 Jun;43(6):451‐7.

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Microbial determinants of chronic respiratory disease – a summary

Adaptive immunity

Immune modulation

Host metabolismInfective respiratory

microbiota

GIT microbiota

Disease progression

• Time• Other microbes – fungi, viruses, archaea• Host genetics/lifestyle Slides may not be reproduced without the 

express permission of Geraint Rogers

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“Hey, we have the tools, we have the talent!”Ghostbusters, 1984

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A/Prof David Lynn

Lex Leong Jocelyn Choo Gianny Scoleri Brendan Kennedy 

Dr Renee Smith A/Prof David Serisier Dr Kenneth Bruce

Slides may not be reproduced without the express permission of Geraint Rogers