Micropalaeontologic and palaeofloristic content of Sarmatian from southern Moldavian Platform – backbulge depozone

8/12/2019 Micropalaeontologic and palaeofloristic content of Sarmatian from southern Moldavian Platform backbulge depoz

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Micropalaeontologic and palaeofloristic content of Sarmatian from

southern Moldavian Platform backbulge depozone

Mihai BRNZIL1, Gabriel CHIRIL1, Mihaela JITARU1

1University Al. I. Cuza from Iai, Departament of Geology, Bd. Carol I, nr. 20A, 700505, Iasi, Romania, e-mail: [email protected],[email protected]

Abstract. Southern part of the Moldavian Platform has been developed in complex conditions, partiallysimilar, with northern part, in a marine environment corresponding to the last stage of evolution of theforeland basin of the Eastern Carpathians, with an obvious tectonic control. In Stnia-Vldniceleborehole were identified microfauna taxas as: Quinqueloculina karreri, Q. consobrina, Elphidium

macellum, E. minutum, E. punctatum, E. crispum, E. aculeatum, E. regina regina, E. regina caucasica,Articulina problema, A. glabra, A. sarmatica, Porosononion subgranosus confirming the presence of theSarmatian, starting with Buglovian, Volhynian and most of the Bessarabian. Identified palynomorphsfrom the analyzed samples are represented by taxa as: Pityosporites labdacus, Pityosporites alatus,Pityosporites insignis, Pinuspollenites miocaenicus, Abiespollenites sp., Myricipites bituitus,Tricolpopollenites liblarensis, Tricolporopollenites henrici, Carpinipites carpinoides,Engelhardtioidesmicrocoryphaeus, Leiotriletes sp. a.o. The method used for paleoclimatic estimations is CoexistenceApproach. The values calculated by us, using coexistence approach method are: MAT 16.517.2 C,MAP 13001355 mm/yr, WMT 23.628.5 C, CMT 9.612.5 C.

Keywords. Sarmatian, Moldavian Platform, backbulge, micropalaeontology, palynomorphs.

Introduction

Analyzed samples, from this study, are from Stnia-Vldnicele borehole (Neam County)located nearby the tectonic limit, which divide Moldavian Platform from Brlad Platform by Flciu Plopana fault (Ionesi, 1994) (Fig. 1). Lithological column of the well have intercepted entirely Sarmatiandeposits, from the limit of the Badenian anhydrite until the Cryptomactra clays (lower Bessarabian andthe beginning of the upper Bessarabian).


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Fig.1 Location of Stnia-Vldnicele borehole

Geological settings

The Moldavian Platform supported a foreland type basin evolution during the Sarmatian, as thelast phase within the transformation of the Carpathian geosynclinal area. There have been identifiedcharacteristic depozones (wedge top, foredeep, forebulge and backbulge) that due to particular facialconditions allowed the evolution of some specific faunal assemblages (Grasu et al., 2002). Within allnon-biotic factors, the water salinity evolved towards a freshwater one, representing along with thesedimentary process, the main cause that had a great influence on the foraminifers assemblages(Brnzil, 2005). The Intra-Volhynian tectogenesis, especially taking part in the external zone of theCarpathians, have strongly affected the evolution of the Paratethys basins. In the terminal part of theBadenian, the Moldavian Platform has functioned as continental area, the sedimentation process lastinguntil the lower Sarmatian (Buglovian)( Brnzil, 2005, Brnzil& abr, 2005)

Beginning with the Lower Sarmatian, in the Eastern Carpathian foreland, because of the

advancement of the orogeny above the top of the Moldavian Platform, a series of characteristicdepozones were outlined. Based on sedimentological criteria, from west to east, four depozones havebeen identified: wedge-top, foredeep depozone, forebulge and backbulge. The basinal waters have amuch lower salinity as compared with that during the Badenian (Brnzil, 1999; Grasu et al., 2002).

Southern part of the Moldavian Platform has been developed in complex conditions, partiallysimilar, with northern part, in a marine environment corresponding to the last stage of evolution of theforeland basin of the Eastern Carpathians, with an obvious tectonic control. Deposits of this intervalbelong to the first stage of evolution of the foreland basin where the subsidence was polarized fromNorth-East to South-West and was inducted by the influence of the Carpathian thrust (Ionesi, 1994,


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Ionesi et al., 2005). In such conditions we have seen the presence of the microfauna and paleofloraassemblage corresponding to the backbulge depozone.

Fig. 2 Lithologic column of Stania-Vldnicele borehole.


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Micropalaeontological assemblage

Micropalaeontological assemblage identified in samples from Stnia-Vldnicele borehole hastwo aspects, distinctive for Miocene biofacies from Moldavian Platform; one aspect regarding marineand the second one related to brackish deposits. In the sample 301 from 975 m, located under Badeniananhydrite, micropalaeontological content is exclusively marine been represented by benthic and

planktonic foraminifera, which developed under normal salinity, with many taxas and many individuals.From this sample were determined: Uvigerina perornata, Bulimina elongata, Globigerina brevispira,Orbulina universa, Cibicides lobatulus, C. dutemplei, Entoselenia marginata, Melonis pompilioides,

Pullenia bulloides, Sphaeroidina austriaca, Spiroplectamina sp., Quinqueloculina sp.In the deposits located above Badenian anhydrite, the lithology is predominantly composed of

shale, sands, sandstones with thin lamination of limestone. Samples P 301-309, from the interval 140-950 m are attributed to Sarmatian. Micropalaeontological assemblage has brackish characteristic, and thenumber of taxas is lower. Cibicidestaxa (Cibicides badenensis, C. lobatulus) are present only in sample309 (950 m), alongside with reworked taxas: Ammonia beccarii, Quinqueloculina sp., andGlobigerinasp. In the analyzed samples between 140 and 890 m, although micropalaeontological assemblage is poorand is represented by miliolidae and unionidae; Quinqueloculina karreri, Q. consobrina, Elphidiummacellum, E. minutum, E. punctatum, E.crispum, E. aculeatum, E. regina regina, E. regina caucasica,

Articulina problema, A. glabra, A. sarmatica, Porosononion subgranosus.

Micropalaeontological assemblage identified in the analyzed samples from Stnia-Vldnicele

borehole is assigned to Badenian (sample P 310 from 975 m) and to Sarmatian (samples P 301-309 from140 to 975 m), been possible even an distribution on stages. The assemblage determined from sample309 (from 950 m) can be attributed to Buglovian, samples P 305-308 (from 550-895 m) are assigned toVolhynian and samples P 301-304 (from 140-550m) are attributed to Bessarabian.

Table 1. Micropalaeontological assemblage from analyzed samples of Stnia-Vldnicele boreholeTaxa P

301P302

P303

P304

P305

P306

P307

P308

P309

P310

Uvigerina perornata Pischw. X

Bulimina elongatad'Orb. X

Globigerina brevispiraSubb. X

Orbulina universa d'Orb. x

Cibicides dutemplei (d'Orb.) x

Entoselenia marginata(W et B) x

Melonis pompilioidesF.et H. x

Pullenia bulloides(d'Orb.) x

Sphaeroidina austriaca d'Orb. x

Spiroplectamina sp. x

Quinqueloculina sp. x x

Cibicides lobatulus W.et J. x x

Cibicides badenensisd'Orb. x

Quinqueloculina karreri Reuss. + +` +

Quinqueloculina consobrinad'Orb. + + + +Articulina problemaBogd. + + + +

Articulina sarmatica(Karrer)

Articulina glabra(Cushm.) + + +

Elphidium macellum (F.et M.) + + + + +

Elphidium minutumReuss. + + + + + +


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Elphidium punctatum +

Elphidium crispum(Linne) + + + +

Elphidium aculeatumd'Orb. + + + + + +

Elphidium regina reginad'Orb. + + + + + +

Elphidium regina caucasica Bogd. + + +Porosononion subgranosus(Egger) + + + + + +

Porosononion martkobiBogd. + + + +

Ammonia beccariiL. + + + + x x

Legend high frequency; + low frequency

Palynological study

Analysis of the pollen content from samples is the principal technique available for determiningvegetation response to past terrestrial environmental change. The technique has been in use for nearly acentury, initially as a method for investigating past climatic changes. More recently, the importance for

vegetation change of processes such as human impact, successional change and other biotic and abioticfactors have been recognized. The palynological study was made using 10 collected from Stnia-Vldnicele borehole (RBN 4 borehole) from interval between 140 - 975 m (Fig. 2). The quantity ofsediments for analysis was approximately 50 g for each sample. Those have been treated with HCl (37%)to remove the carbonate and afterward with HF (48%) to remove the silicate minerals. The separation ofpalynomorphs from the residue resulted from the chemical reaction described above, was made withcentrifugal action using as heavy liquid ZnCl2with density 2.00 g/cm

3. The organic fraction resulted wasinserted in a mixture of glycerine and gelatine, 1-2 drops been mounted on the palynological shim. Thevisualisation of the palynomophs was accomplished with a microscope with transmitted light LeicaDM1000, using the amplification of x100, x400.

Palynological assemblagePalynological assemblage present in the Stnita Vldnicele borehole (Table 2) is represented

by a dinoflagelate assemblage (Operculodinium, Spiniferites, Spirogyra, Tytthodiscus) present in lowquantities and a continental assemblage with Gymnospermatophytae (Abiespollenites, Pityosporites,Cedripites, Inaperturopollenites, Podocarpidites, Zonalapollenites), Angiospermatophytae(Graminidites, Caryapollenites, Engelhardtioidites, Intratriporopollenites, Tricolporopollenites),Pteridophytae (Laevigatosporites, Leiotriletes, Polypodiaceoisporites, Verrucatosporites). Fromcontinental assemblage dominante are Gymnospermatophytae taxas (Pityosporites) andAngiospermatophytaetaxas (Caryapollenitesand Tricolporopollenites).

Dinoflagellate assemblage. This assemblage is mainly composed from Operculodinium,Spiniferites, Spirogyra and fewreworked species of Phytoplankton. Higher percentage and diversity ispresent in sample 303, from 485 m (Fig. 3). Operculodinium is generally reported as a cosmopolitanspecies that might have low relative abundances in the tropics and high relative abundances in regionswith cold/temperate waters such as the North Atlantic (Wall et al. 1977; Marret & Zonneveld, 2003).This species is distributed within a very broad range: temperature (-2.10 C and 29.60 C) and salinity(16.136.8 0/00).

Continental assemblage. Ivanov et al., 2002, 2007, showed that vegetation of the middle andupper Badenian of Forecarpathian basin (central Paratethys, NW Bulgaria) was characterized by regularoccurrence and abundance of thermophilous species whereas during Sarmatian, subtropical elements likeEngelhardia, Reevesia, Itea, Castanopsis, Symplocaceae, Arecaceae tend to decrease and temperateelements such asAlnus, Carpinus, Betula,Corylus, Fagus have an increasing trend. A similar vegetationchange is observed in the Sarmatian deposits Stnia-Vldnicele borehole. During Sarmatian favourableconditions existed in the Forecarpathian Basin for the development of mixed mesophytic forestcharacterized by predominance of warm-temperate and subtropical elements together with manypaleotropical elements. Based on the palynological assemblage we have separated following biocenosisfor continental palynomophs: swamp assemblage, mixed mesophytic forest, terrestrial herbs and fernsassemblage (Fig. 3).


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Fig. 3 Main biocenosis from analyzed samples of Stania-Vldnicele borehole (Diagram accomplishedwith Tilia graph 2.0.2)


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Swamp assemblage. Aquatic plants like Typha indicate the presence of freshwater in thedepositional environment. Swamp forest defines the lakeshore vegetation with moderate amounts ofCupressaceaeand a low amount of riparian genus Salix.

Mixed mesophytic forest is well represented by species of fossil pollen, such as Carpinus,Quercus, Ulmus, Betula, Carya, Acer. Pinaceae is very abundant in the mesophytic forest. The groundcover vegetation of mixed forest is made up of herbaceous plants and the presence of ferns indicate

humidity (Leiotriletes, Laevigatosporites, Polypodiaceoisporites a. o.).Ferns assemblage is represented by Laevigatosporites, Leiotriletes, Polypodiaceoisporites,

Stereisporites a. o.Herbs assemblage. This assemblage consists of seven taxa mainly constituted of ground-cover

vegetation in the mesophytic forest. Caryophyllaceae, and Chenopodiaceaeare the dominant groups inthis assemblage.

Table 2. Palynological assemblage identified in Stnia-Vldnicele borehole.

PhytoplanctonP301

P302

P303

P304

P305

P306

P307

P308

P309

P310

Deflandrea phosphoritica Eisenack 1938

(reworked)x

Operculodinium sp. x x x

Spiniferites sp. x x

Spirogyrasp. x

Tytthodiscus sp. x x

Pteridophyta

Cicatricosisporitessp. x x x

Echinatisporis sp. x x x x x xEchinatisporis wiesansis KRUTZSCH1963 x x x xLaevigatosporites gracilis WILSON WEBSTER 1946

x x x

Laevigatosporites haardti (POTONIE et VE

N. 1934) Th. et PFLUG, 1953 subsp.haardtiKRUTZSCH 1967 x x x x

Laevigatosporites sp. x x x x x

Leiotriletes sp. x x x

Leiotriletes wolffi brevis KRUTZSCH 1962 x x x x

Leiotriletes wolffi wolffi KRUTZSCH 1962 x x x x

Polypodiaceoisporites saxonicus

KRUTZSCH 1967x

Polypodiaceoisporitessp. x x x

Stereisporites sp. x x x

Trilobosporites weylandiDring 1965 x x

Triplanosporites sinuosus (PFLUG. 1952)TH. PFLUG 1953 x x x x

Verrucatosporites cf.favusPOTONIE 1931 x

GymnospermatophytaAbiespollenites absolutusTHIERGART1937

x x x x

Abiespollenites cedroides (THOMSON1953) KRUTZSCH 1971

x x x


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Abiespollenites latisaccatus (TREVISAN1967) KRUTZSCH 1971

x x x x x x x

Abiespollenites maximus KRUTZSCH 1971 x x x

Abiespollenites sp. x x

Cedripites lusaticus KRUTZSCH 1971 x x x

Cedripites miocaenicus KRUTZSCH 1971 x x x x x

Cedripites sp. x

Cupressacites bockwitzensis KRUTZSCH1971

x x x

Cycadopites miocaenicaNAGY 1969 x x x x x x

Ginkgo sp. x x x

Inaperturopollenites concedipites

(WODEHOUSE 1933) KRUTZSCH 1971x x x x x

Inaperturopollenites hiatus (POTONI1931) THOMSON et PFLUG 1953

+ + + + + + + + x

Inaperturopollenites microforatusKRUTZSCH1971

x x x

Inaperturopollenites sp. x x x x xPiceapollenites neogenicusNAGY 1969 x x

Piceapollis praemarianus KRUTZSCH1971

x x x x x

Piceapollis sp. x x x

Pinuspollenites longusNAGY 1985 x x x x

Pinuspollenites miocaenicusNAGY 1985 x + x x x

Pityosporites alatus (POTONI 1931)THOMSON et PFLUG 1953

+ + x x + x x

Pityosporites cedrisacciformis KRUTZSCH1971

x x x x x

Pityosporites insignis (NAUMOVA ex

BOLCHOVITINA 1953) KRUTZSCH1971

+ x x x x

Pityosporites labdacus (POTONI 1931)THOMSON et PFLUG 1953

+ x x x x x

Pityosporites microalatus (POTONI 1931)THOMSON et PFLUG 1953

x x x

Pityosporites minutus (ZAKLINSKAJA1957) KRUTZSCH 1971

x x x x

Pityosporitessp. + + + + + + + + x x

Podocarpidites gigantea (ZAKL. 1957)NAGY 1985

x x

Podocarpidites nageiaformis (ZAKL. 1957)KRUTZSCH 1971

x x x x

Podocarpidites sp. x x xSciadopityspollenites serratus(POTONIEet VEN. 1934) THIERGART 1937

x x x

Sciadopityspollenites sp. x x x

Sciadopityspollenites varius KRUTZSCH1971

x + x x

Sequoiapollenites minor KRUTZSCH 1971 x x x

Zonalapollenites minimus KRUTZSCH + x + x


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1971

Zonalapollenites rueterbergensisKRUTZSCH 1971

x x x x x

Zonalapollenites sp. x x x x x

Zonalapollenites verrucatus KRUTZSCH

1971+

Angiospermatophyta. Monocotyledonatae

Arecipites sp. x x x

Graminidites media (COOKSON 1947)POTONI 1960

x x x

Graminidites sp. x x x x x

Monocolpopollenites sp. x x x x

Monocolpopollenites tranquillus

(POTONI 1934) THOMSON et PFLUG1953

x x x x x

Typha angustifolia LESCHIK 1956 x x x

Angiospermatophyta. DicotyledonataeAceripollenites rotundusNAGY 1969 x

Aceripollenites sp. x x x x x

Alnipollenites verus (POTONI 1931)POTONI 1934

x x

Betulaepollenites betuloides (PFLUG 1953)NAGY 1969

+ x x x

Carpinipites carpinoides (PFLUG 1953)NAGY 1985

x x x

Caryapollenites simplex (POTONI 1931)KRUTZSCH 1960

+ + + + + + + + x

Caryapollenites sp. + + + + + + + +

Chenopodipollis multiplex (WEYLAND et

PFLUG 1957) KRUTZSCH 1966 + + x x xCyrillaceaepollenites exactus (POTONI1931) POTONI 1960

x x x

Cyrillaceaepollenites megaexactus

(POTONI 1931) POTONI 1960x x

Engelhardtioidites microcoryphaeus

(POTONI 1931) THOMSON etTHIERGART ex POTONI 1960

+ + + + + + x x x

Ericipites ericius (POTONI 1931)POTONI 1960

x x x

Eucommiapollis eucommi (PLANDEROVA1990) PETRESCU 1999

x x x x x x x

Faguspollenites minorNAGY 1969 x

Faguspollenites sp. x x x xIlexpollenites margaritatus (POTONI1931) POTONI 1960

x x x

Intratriporopollenites instructus (POTONI1931) THOMSON et PFLUG 1953

x x x x

Juglanspollenites maculosus (POTONI1931) NAGY 1985

x x

Juglanspollenites sp. x x x x x


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Liquidambarpollenites sp. x x

Magnolipollis sp. x x x

Momipites punctatus (POTONI 1931)NAGY 1969

x x

Myricipites bituitus (POTONIE 1931)

NAGY 1969+ + + + + + +

Platycaryapollenites sp. x x x x x

Porocolpopollenites vestibulum (POTONI1931) THOMSON et PFLUG 1953

x x

Pterocaryapollenites stellatus (POTONI1931) THIERGART 1937

+ + x + + + + + x

Quercopollenites granulatusNAGY 1969 x x

Quercopollenites petreaNAGY 1969 x x x x x

Quercopollenites roburNAGY 1969 x x x x

Quercopollenites sp. x x x

Salixipollenites helveticus NAGY 1969 x x x xTricolpopollenites liblarensis(THOMSON1950) THOMSON et PFLUG 1953 subsp.Liblarensis x x x x xTricolporopollenites cingulum (POTONIE1931) THOMSON et PFLUG 1953 subsp.pusillus(POTONIE 1934) THOMSON etPFLUG 1953 x x x x xTricolporopollenites henrici (POTONI1931) KRUTZSCH 1960 x x x x x xTricolporopollenites marcodurensis

PFLUG et THOMSON 1953 x x x x xTricolporopollenites microhenrici

(POTONI 1930) KRUTZSCH 1960 x x x x x

Tricolporopollenites sp. + + + + + + + + x x

Ulmipollenites undulosusWOLFF 1934 x x x x xZelkovaepollenites potoniiNAGY 1969 + + x x

Zelkovaepollenites sp. x + x + + x x +

Zelkovaepollenites thiergartiNAGY 1969 + + + + + + + +

Gombaspora (Hyphomycetes)(Fung) xLegend: x low frequency + high frequency

Conclusions

Micropaleontological assemblage identified in the analyzed samples from Stnia-Vldniceleborehole is assigned to Badenian (sample 310 from 975 m) and to Sarmatian (samples 301-309 from 140

to 975 m), been possible even an distribution on stages. The assemblage determined from sample 309(950 m) can be attributed to Buglovian, samples 305-308 (from 550-895 m) are assigned to Volhynianand samples 301-304 (from 140-550m) are attributed to Bessarabian.

Regarding palynological assemblage, subtropical elements like Engelhardia, Reevesia, Itea,Castanopsis, Symplocaceae, Arecaceae tend to decrease and temperate elements such as Alnus,Carpinus, Betula, Corylus, Fagus have an increasing trend. During Sarmatian favourable conditionsexisted in the Forecarpathian Basin for the development of mixed mesophytic forests characterized bypredominance of warm-temperate and subtropical elements together with many paleotropical elements.Based on the palynological assemblage we have separated following biocenosis for continental


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palynomophs: swamp assemblage, mixed mesophytic forest, terrestrial herbs and ferns assemblage.Dinoflagelate assemblage is represented by Operculodinium, Spiniferites, Spirogyra and few reworkedspecies of Phytoplankton with higher percentage and diversity is present in sample 303, from 485 m.

Acknowledgements

This work has been supported by Romanian Ministry of Education, Research and Innovation under aPN-II-IDEI No. 975/2008 research grant, directed by prof. dr. Mihai Brnzil. Gabriel Chirilwants tothank to dr. Daniel Tabara to given help in the preparation and determination of palynomorphs.

References

BrnzilM., 1999, Geologia prii sudice a Cmpiei Moldovei. Ed. Corson, Iai.BrnzilM., abrD., 2005, The palynological content of Lower Basarabian (The clays with Cryptomactra) on the

Moldavian Platform. Anal. t. Univ. Al. I. Cuza Iai, geol., T. XLIX L (2003-2004), 277 291, Iai.Brnzil M., 2005, Foraminifera assemblages of the backbulge depozone from the Moldavian Platform - the

Basarabian -, Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, vol. IV, Iai, 45 - 54.ChirilG., 2008, Studiul paleofloristic al Sarmaianului din bazinul Vii Rca. Tezde doctorat, Universitatea Al.

I. Cuza Iai.Chiril G., abr D., 2008, Palaeofloristic study of the Volhynian from Rca (Moldavian Platform) -

Palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironment implications. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, vol. VI, Iai, 29 - 42.

Grasu C., BrnzilM., Miclu C., BoboI., 2002, Sarmaianul din sistemul bazinelor de foreland ale CarpailorOrientali. Ed. Tehnic, Bucureti, p. 407.Ionesi L., 1994, Geologia unitilor de platformi a Orogenului Nord - Dobrogean, Ed. Tehnic, Bucureti.Ionesi L., Ionesi B., Lungu A., Roca V., Ionesi V., 2005, Sarmaianul mediu i superior de pe Platforma

Moldoveneasc. Editura Academiei Romne, p. 558.Ivanov D., Ashraf R. Mosbrugger V., Palamarev E. 2002, Palynological evidence for Miocene climate change in

the Forecarpathian Basin (central Paratethys,NWBulgaria), Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 178(2002) 1937.

Ivanov D., Ashraf A., Mosbrugger V., 2007, Late Oligocene and Miocene climate and vegetation in the EasternParatethys area (northeast Bulgaria), based on pollen data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology255 (2007) 342360.

Marret F., Zonneveld K. A. F. 2003, Atlas of modern organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst distribution. Review ofPalaeobotany and Palynology, 2003. V. 125. P. 1200.

Mosbrugger, V., Utescher, T., 1997. The coexistence approach - a method for quantitative reconstructions ofTertiary terrestrial

palaeoclimate data using plant fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 134, 61-86.

Popescu Gh., 1995, Contributions to the knowledge of the Sarmatian foraminifera of Romania. Romanian Jornal ofPalaeontology, 76, 85-98.

abr D., 2008, Palinologia Sarmaianului mediu i superior din Platforma Moldoveneasc. Editura UniversitiiAl. I. CuzaIai, 319 p., 23 pl.

abr D., Chiril G., Paraschiv V. 2009, The Sarmatian macro- and microflora from Stans Hill Bozieni(Moldavian Platform).

Analele Stiintifice ale Universitatii Al. I. Cuza Iasi, Geologie. Tomul LV, Nr. 2, 2009, pag. 19-37.Wall D., Dale B., Lohman G.P., Smith W.K., 1977, The environmental and climatic distribution of dinoflagellate

cysts in the North and South Atlantic Oceans and adjacent seas. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2, 121-200.


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Plates caption

Plate I

1-3.Melonis pompilioides(Ficht. et Moll). 1. Side view x315; 2. Detail view of fig. 1 x800; 3. Edge viewx340

4. Pullenia bulloides(dOrb). Edge view x5505. Sphaeroidina austriacadOrb. x3606. Cibicides pachiderma (Rzehak). Side view x6007. Cibicides dutemplei(dOrb). Side view x4208.Ammonia beccarii(Linne). Side view x440

Plate II

1, 2. Cibicides badenensis(dOrb). (1. Side view x600; 2. Edge view x560;)3. Cibicides lobatulus(Walker & Jacob). Side view x400.4-6. Quinqueloculina karerri Reuss. (4. Apertural view x760; 5. side view x400; 6. Detail of fig 5x1300)7.Articulina problemaBogd. Side view x180.8.Elphidium minutum(Reuss). Side view x500.

9.Elphidium macellum Fichel et Moll. Side view x340.10.Elphidium crispus (Linne). Side view x300.

Plate III

1-6. Porosononionsubgranosus (Egger). 1, 3, 4, 5 Side view (fig 1 x650, fig. 3 x450, fig. 4. x540, fig. 5.x500); 6. Detail of fig 4. X1000; 2. Edge view x400)7.Elphidium aculeatumd'Orbigny. Side view x420.8.Elphidium regina caucasica Bogd. Side view x220.9.Elphidium regina regina (Linne). Side view x200.10. Porosononion martkobi (Bogd). Side view x200.

Plate IV

1.Tytthodiscus sp.2.Zonalapollenites verrucatus KRUTZSCH 19713-6.Zonalapollenites neogenicus KRUTZSCH 19717.Abiespolleniteslatisaccatus (TREVISAN 1967) KRUTZSCH 19718.Pityosporites labdacus (POTONI 1931) THOMSON et PFLUG 1953

Plate V

1.Quercopollenites roburNAGY 19692.Quercopollenites petreaNAGY 19693, 5-8. Quercopollenites sp.4. Quercopollenites roburNAGY 19699.Pityosporites macroinsignis KRUTZSCH 197110. Pityosporites pristinipollinius (TRAV. 1955) KRUTZSCH 197111. Pityosporites insignis (NAUMOVA ex BOLCHOVITINA 1953) KRUTZSCH 197112.Pityosporites labdacus (POTONI 1931) THOMSON et PFLUG 195313.Podocarpidites gigantea (ZAKL. 1957) NAGY 198514.Podocarpidites piniverrucatus KRUTZSCH 1971


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Documents

Micropalaeontologic and palaeofloristic content of Sarmatian from southern Moldavian Platform – backbulge depozone