Microsoft Office 2000 - D4S - Ded4s-de.org/d4scambodia.pdf · 2 Delt University of Technology UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND ECONOMIC

rkSasiT§RKb;ya:geday © km μviFIbrisßanshRbCaCati 2006

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2ISBN-10: 90-5155-027-8 (Delft UT) ISBN-13: 978-90-5155-027-6 (Delft UT) ISBN: 92-807-2712-5 (UNEP)

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Delt University of Technology

UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMMEDIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND ECONOMIC

39-43 Quai André Citroën73739 Paris

CEDEX 15, FranceTel: +33 1 44371450Fax: +33 1 44371474

E-mail: [email protected]: www.uneptie.fr/p

DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYFACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGN ENGINEERING

DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY DESIGNLandbergstraat 15

2628 CE DelftThe Netherlands

Tel: +31 15 278 2738Fax: +31 15 278 2956E-mail: [email protected]

Internet: www.io.tudelft.nl/research/dfs

International Weliterbildung Capacity Building und Entwicklung International, Germany

With financial support fromINWENT-INTERNATIONAL WEITERBILDUNG UNd Entwicklung gGmbh

CAPACITY BUILDING INTERNATIONAL, GERMANY Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 40

53113 BonnGermany

Tel: +49 (0) 228 - 44 60 1106Fax: +49 (0) 228 - 44 60 1480

Internet: www.inwent.org

On behalf of theFEDERAL MINISTRY FOR ECONOMIC

COOPERATONA AND DEVELOPMENT, Germany

DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILIGY A PRACTICAL APPROACH

FOR DEVELOPING ECONOMIES

http://www.uneptie.fr/p

http://www.inwent.org/

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esckþIEføgGMNrKuN GñkRKb;RKg EklMGbec©keTs nigKaMRT Ms. Garrette Clark, UNEP DTIE, France

GñkniBn§ Dr. M.R.M. Crul and Mr. J.C. Diehl Delft University of Technology,The Netherlands Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering RkumRtYtBinitüxagCMnaj nigviTüasa®sþGnþrCati Mr. Smail Al-Hilali, MCPC, Morocco Prof. Dr. Han Brezet, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Prof. Dr.Tijani Bounahmidi, LASPI, Morocco Mr. Lelisa Daba, NCPC, Ethiopia Mr. Bas de Leeuw, UNEP DTIE, France Prof. Dr. Patrik Eagan, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States of America Mr. Juan Carlos Espinosa, Universidad Los Andes, Colombia

Mr. Leonardo Guiruta, MNCPC, Mozambique Mr. Jens Hönerhoff, CEGESTI, Costa Rica Mr. Evert Kok, UNIDO, Austria Mr. Samantha Kumarasena, NCPC, Sri Lanka Mr. Nguyen Hong Long, NCPC,Vietnam Ms. Sophie Loran, UNEP DTIE, France Dr. Diego Masera, UNEP Regional Office for Latin America and the Carribbean, Mexico Dr. Desta Mebratu, UNEP Regional Office for Africa, Kenya Mr. Zhao Ming,Tsinghua University Beijing, China Mr. Sergio Musmanni, CNPML, Costa Rica Dr. Kasimoni Patrick Mwesigye, UCPC, Uganda Ms. Maria Amalia Porta, CGPML, Guatemala Mr. Peter Repinski, UNEP Regional Office of North America, United States of America Mr. Alex Saer Saker, ODES, Colombia Dr. Nurelegne Tefera,Addis Abbaba University, Ethiopia Mr. B.S. Samarasiri, Moratuwa University, Sri Lanka Prof. Dr. John Turyagyanda, Makerere University, Uganda Dr. Sonia Valdivia, UNEP DTIE, France

Gñkrcna nigKUrbøg; Ms. Ana Mestre and Ms. Graça Campelo, SUSDESIGN, Portugal

GñkftrUb Mrs. Carmen van der Vecht,The Netherlands and SUSDESIGN Portugal

GñkKaMRThirBaØvtßú InWEnt - Capacity Building International, Germany

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s þIBIplitkmμs¥at RbB½n§RbsiT§iPaBbrisßan]sSahkm μ nigkarRKb;RKgEbbvdþCIvit. vaKWCaCMhanbnÞab;enAkñúgkarkarBRgIk[mankareCOnelOnCalMdab;mYyéneCIgemXénkarkarBakarbMBul karBRgIkmYyEdl)anBIkarep þatelIdMeNIrkarplitkmμEdlmankMritmYy ¬plitkm μs¥at¦ edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgbBaðaplitpl ¬karrcnam:UdEdlKitKUrdl;brisßan¦ RbB½n§plitpl ¬ D4S edayrYmshkarCamYykarKaMRTEpñkdwkCBa¢Ún karRbmUlplitplEdlQb;eRbIR)as; nigeRbIR)as;smasPaBxøHeLIgvij b¤karEkécñvtßúFatuedIm xøHeLIgvij¦ nigkarEkERbRbB½n§fμ I. kñúgkarBRgIksñaédrbs;saklviTüal½ybec©kviTüa Delft énRbeTshULg; nigRkumCMnajkarxagkarrcnam:UdEdlKitKUrdl;brisßanepSgeTot UNEP )ane)aHBumÖesovePAs þIBIkarrcnam:UdEdlKitKUrdl;brisßaneLIgtamc,ab;edIm EdlenHKWCayuT§sa®s þmYyeqøIytbeTAnwgTsSn³énkareRbIR)as; nigplitkmμmancirPaBenAqñaM 1997. TsSn³énkarrcnam:UdplitpleLIgvij)anrIkraldaltaMgBIeBlenaHmk enAeBlEdl\LÚvenH mancMnYnesovePAenH nigesovePAs þIBIvis½yCak;lak;epSgeTotRtUv)aneKe)aHBumÖCaeRcInPasa. CalT§pl nigEp¥kelIbTBiesaFn_EdlTTYl)an karrcnam:UdEdlKitKUrdl;brisßan)anvivt þeTAmuxtamry³TsSn³f μIénkarrcnam:UdedIm,Ibrisßan (DfE)

eq<aHeTArkTsSn³d¾TUlMTUlaymYyén D4S EdlTsSn³enHRKb;dN þb;elIbBaðaEbbsmasPaBcirPaBsgÁm nigesck þIRtUvkarkñúgkarGPivDÆn_tamrebobfμ I edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarrbs;GtifiCnenAkñúgrebobeRbIR)as;FnFantictYc. karGnuvt þn_TsSn³ D4S KWRtUveFVIya:gNaedIm,IplitplitplmYyEdlKitKUrdl;brisßan ehIy\LÚvenHRtUvBüayameqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarrbs;GtifiCntamry³viFIsa®s þEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§mYymancirPaBmYy. skmμPaBrbs; UNEP enAkñúgEpñk D4S rYmmankarGPivDÆn_énesovePATMenIbfμI²CalkçN³sakls Mrab;Gñkrcnam:Ud nigGñkmanCMnajepSgeTotEdlkMBugeFVIkargarenAkñúgvis½yénkarGPivDÆn_plitpl]sSahkmμ nigsMrab;Gñkd¾éTeTotEdlp þl;[nUvkarENnaM nigKaMRTdl;karvivt þénTsSn³ D4S. vamanRbeyaCn_sMrab;GñkEdleTIbEtcab;ep þImkargarBak;B½n§nwgkarrcnam:UdEdlKitKUrdl;brisßan eBalKWGñkEdlmankarcab;GarmμrN_xøaMgkñúgkarEkERbplitplfμIedIm,I[mancirPaB. yuT§sa®s þCak;EsþþgsMrab;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©enH KWBwgEp¥kelITsSn³d¾FMmYYyénkarrcnam:UdedIm,I[mancirPaB EdlenHKWCakarENnaMCasaklmYy b:uEn þepþatEtelIesck þIRtUvkarCak;lak;rbs;Rkumh‘untUc nigmFümenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. CamYynwgPaBrIkcMerInTaMgGs;enAkñúgTsSn³ D4S kic©xitxMRbwgERbgEdl)ankMNt;eKaledArYcmYycMnYnRtUv)aneFVIeLIgsMrab;eFVIkarENnaMBIplRbeyaCn_én D4S cMeBaHBaNiC¢km μ nig Gn þrkarIBaNiC¢km μkñúgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©. ]t þmPaBénkarsÞg;mtirbs;mCÄmNÐlmYycMnYn)anbgðajfa D4S

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KWCaRbePTesvakmμmYyEdleKGaclk;eTA[]sSahkm μ. karekIneLIgnUvkarykcitþTukdak;énkic©xitxMRbwgERbgkñúgkarRKb;RKgkarpÁt;pÁg;tamExSbN þajelIkarEklMGkareRbIR)as;FnFan)anBRgwgbEnßmdl;esckþIRtUvkarenH. enARbeTsGPivDÆn_c,ab;RKb;RKgsMNl;enAeBlbeBa©j)anp þl;nUvkarelIkTwkcit þsMrab;Rkumh‘un edIm,I[eFVIkarKiteLIgvijnUvGVI nigrebobEdlBYkeKkMBugEtrcnam:UdplitplehIyenARbeTsmanesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_ral;plitplmanninñakareTArkm:UdKMrU ¬cMlgtam¦m:UdEdlmanRsab;enAelITIpSar. Rkumh‘unmankarRBYy)armÖ GMBIkarnaMcUleTAkan;TIpSarRbeTsGPivDÆn_. BYkeKRtUvEtBicarNaelIs þg;darTIpSarfμ IEdlRtUvnaMeTA. CaTUeTA mankgVHxatkaryl;dwgTUeTAenAkñúgRkumh‘un GMBIrebobEklMGRbsiT§iPaB nigrebobEk lMGbrisßanenAeBlEtmYy. RbeTsmanesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_manesck þIRtUvkarepSg²Kña nigbnÞan;EfmeTot. karyl;dwgGMBIkarGnuvt þn_énkareRbIR)as;FnFanTak;TgnwgRbsiT§iPaB b¤brisßanKWenAmankMritTab. kareFVITMnak;TMngCamYyRkumh‘unenARbeTsGPivDÆn_GaceFVIeTA)and¾RbesIrtamry³Gn þrkarIdUcCakarbegáItmCÄmNÐl ¬]TahrN_ mCÄmNÐlplitkmμs¥atCatirbs;GgÁkarGPivDÆn_]sSahkmμshRbCaCati nigkmμviFIbrisßanshRbCaCati¦ b¤tamry³ExSbN þajpÁt;pÁg;EdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYyRkumh‘unFM²rYmTaMgRkumh‘unEdlmancMruHCatisasn_. karRBYy)armÖcMeBaHkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigbMpøajbrisßand¾qab;rh½s)anKUsbBa¢ak;BIsk þanuBlenAkñúgRbeTsmanesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_kñúgkardak; bBa©ÚlKñanUvTsSn³ D4S eTAkñúgkarGPivDÆn_BaNiC¢kmμ. TsSn³ D4S KWCayuT§sa®s þmYyEdlmansmtßPaBelatrMelagelIFnFan niglMnaMénkarGPivDÆn_EdlbegáIt[mankarbMBulEdlvaEtgEtekIteLIgenARbeTsGPivDÆn_. edaymanGaNtþiKWRtUveFVIkarCasaklkñúgkarkarBarbrisßan nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk CaBiessenAtambNþaRbeTsmanesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_ UNEP KWCasßabn½mYykñúgcMeNamsßab½nGnþrCatisMxan;²EdlmankarCab;Bak;B½n§kñúgkarGPivDÆn_yuT§sa®sþenH. BRgagÉksarényuT§sa®sþ D4S enHKWRtUv)anerobcMeLIgCakarsakl,g nigRtUv)anEklMGedayEp¥k elIlT§plénvKÁbNþúHbNþalmYyEdlKaMRTeday InWEnt enAExtula qñaM 2005 EdlmantMNagmkBI 9 RbeTs. kare)aHBumÖenH)anENnaMGMBITsSn³ D4S nig)anKUsbBa¢ak;BIrebobGnuvtþvaenAkñúgRkumh‘un. yuT§sa®sþenHGacRtUveKeRbIR)as;enAkñúgRkumh‘un EsVgrkkic©xitxMGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþ D4S enAxagkñúgRkumh‘un ¬tamry³bNþajpÁt;pÁg; b¤Rkumh‘unÉkraCümYy¦ nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edayGnþrkarIEdleFVIkarCamYyRkumh‘un. KMnitpþÜcepþImpSBVpSaydMbUgénTsSn³ D4S nigRtUv)aneFVIeLIgtamry³mCÄmNÐlplitkm μs¥atCatiKaMRTeday UNIDO-UNEP EdledIrtYnaTICasßab½nbegÁalkñúgkarksagsmtßPaBenAkñúg 30 RbeTs. edIm,ITTYl)anbEnßmeTotnUvÉksarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal ]TahrN_Bak;B½n§ nigkrNIsikSamYycMnYn nigRtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayEp¥kelIkmμviFIKMeragKMrUEdl)anGnuvtþenARbeTs Costa Rica nigRbeTs Morocco enAqñaM 2006. bTBiesaFn_EdlTTYl)anBIKMeragTaMgenHnigRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlKñaCar)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMCaPasa)araMg nigeGs,ajEdlnigGacdak;bBa©ÚlpgEdr eTAkñúgeKhTMB½rrbs; UNEP enAqñaM 2007. UNEP )anGeBa¢Ij édKUdUcCaRkumh‘unsmaKm]sSahkmμ tMNagrdæaPi)al sa®sþacarüedIm,IcUlrYmCakic©shkarKñaedayeRbIR)as;sMPar³enAkñúgkmμviFIbNþúHbNþalpÞal;xøÜnrbs;BYkeK nigkarbegáItesckþIENnaMelIplitplCak;lak; nigtamvis½yCak;lak;bEnßmGMBIrebobeFVIEpnkarsMrab; nigGPivDÆn_esvakmμ nigplitplcirPaBbEnßm. CaBiess eyIgsUmsVaKmn_pgEdrnUvbTBiesaFn_ nigRbtikmμénkrNIsikSaBIrebobGnuvtþRbesIrbMputnUvTsSn³ D4S enAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg. karpøas;bþÚrTMlab;plitkmμ nigkareRbIR)as;KμancirPaBbc©úb,nñGacTTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_eRcInBIyuT§sa®sþ D4S. eyIgsUmRbemIlemIlfaCalT§plrYménkic©xitxMRbwgERbgrbs;édKUBak;B½n§TaMgGs;esovePAenH nwgcUlrYmcMENk[mankarvilRtlb;énninñakarGviC¢man naeBlbc©úb,nñ. Monique Barbut Director UNEP DTIE

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bBaØatiénkarrcnam:UdRkahVik D4S

karrcnam:UdRkahVik D4S rbs;kare)aHBumÖpSayenHEp¥keTAelIbBaØatiedaycirPaB nigkarKitKUrBIFatubI dUcCa RbCaCn plcMeNj nigPBEpndI. karrcnam:UdRkahVikrYmmanRbFan nigBN’cMnYnbI edIm,I]TahrN_BIFatuTaMgbIenaH.

RbCaCnRtUv)anelIk]TarhN_edaykarbgðajBImnusSEdlmanvb,Fm’ nigCatisasn_epSg².

PBEpndItMNag[smasFatuFmμCatiepSg²rbs;PBEpndI dUcCa Twk f μ edImeQI xSac; nigrukçCati.

plcMeNjRtUv)anbgðajedayTidæPaBbrisßanrbs;sMNg;GKar EdldkecjBI]TahrN_énRbeTs GPivDÆTUTaMgBiPBelak.

karrcnam:UdRkahVikRtUv)anGPivDÆeday SUSDESIGN EdlCasßab½nelIkkMBs;karrcnam:UdedaycirPaB nig RtUv)anbgðajCamYynwgrUbftrbs; Carmen van der Vecht nig SUSDESIGN.

karrcnam:UdedIm,I[mancirPaB

Sus Design

Lgo Sto Antoninho, 3 1200 406 Lisboa

Portugal Tel l Fax: + 351 213 422 200

[email protected] www.susdesign.org

Photos by: Carmen van der Vecht

[email protected] www.streetarts.info

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EpñkTI 1etIGVICa D4S ? ehtuGVIeKGnuvtþ D4S ?

1- esck þIENnaM 1>1 TMnak;TMngénTsSn³karrcnam:UdedIm,I[mancirPaB D4S...............................................15

1>2 etIesovePAenHeqøIytbGñkNa? ..................................................................................18 1>3 etIesovePAenHerobcMeLIgedayrebobNa ? ................................................................18 2- karrcnam:UdedIm,I[mancirPaB ( D4S )

2>1 plitpl nigcirPaB....................................................................................................23 2>2 plitpl nigTidæPaBbrisßan-TMnak;TMngCamYyPBEpndI.................................................25 2>3 karKitBIktþavdþCIvit nigkareFIV[RbesIreLIg.................................................................27 2>4 plitpl nigTidæPaBsgÁm-TMnak;TMngCamYyRbCaCn....................................................28 2>5 ehtuGIV)anCaRkumh‘unRtUvemIleTAelI D4S ? ................................................................29

3- karbegáItplitplfμI 3>1 karbegáItfμ I...............................................................................................................33 3>2 kMriténkarbegáItfμI.....................................................................................................33 3>3 dMeNIrkarGPivDÆplitpl.........................................................................................36 3>4 karbegáIteKalneya)ay...........................................................................................37 3>5 karbegáItKMnit............................................................................................................43 3>6 karTTYlsÁal; ...........................................................................................................44 3>7 karGPivDÆn_plitplenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_..........................................................45

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EpñkTI 2rebobGnuvtþ D4S ?

4- t®mUvkarvaytémøelIKeRmag D4S 4-1 kRmit 1 ³ KeRmag.........................................................................................................52 4-2 kRmit 2 ³ sßanPaBesdækic©Cati........................................................................................52 4-3 kRmit 3 ³ kRmitrbs;EpñknimYYy² (Meso) .......................................................................52 4-4 kRmit 4 ³ kRmitrbs;Rkumh‘un .........................................................................................53 4-5 t®mUvkarkarvaytémøKeRmagskmμPaB D4S........................................................................65

5- karrcnam:UdfI μ D4S

CMhan 1 ³ karbegIátRkum nigkareFVIEpnkarKeRmag.......................................................................68 CMhan 2 ³ kareRbIR)as; SWOT nigeKalbMNgsRmab;Rkumh‘un...................................................70 CMhan 3 ³ kareRCIserIsplitpl............................................................................................72 CMhan 4 ³ kareRbI D4S sRmab;eRCIserIsplitpl.....................................................................73 CMhan 5 ³ karvaytémøehtub:HBal; D4S..................................................................................73

CMhan 6 ³ karGPivDÆn_karrcnam:Udsegçb D4S...........................................................................78

CMhan7 ³ karbegIát nigkareRCIserIsKMnit..................................................................................80 CMhan 8 ³ karGPivDÆn_TsSn³.................................................................................................83 CMhan 9 ³ karvaytémø D4S...................................................................................................84

CMhan 10 ³ karGnuvtþn_ nigkartamdan......................................................................................84

6- KMrU D4S

6>1 esckþIepIþmkareFVIKMrU D4S..................................................................................................87 6>2 sar³RbeyaCn_énkareFVIKMrU D4S .........................................................................................88 6>3 kareFVIKMrU D4S kñúgkarGnuvtþn_kareFVIKMeragKMrUkñúgeragcRkFM².....................................................88 6>4 etI®tUvGnuvtþKeRmagkareFVIKMrU D4S edayrebobdUcemþc ? .........................................................89 6>5 kareFVIKMrU D4S CaCMhan²..................................................................................................90 6>6 KMrU D4S sRmab;RkumplitplCak;lak; ...............................................................................97

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EpñkTI 3ÉksareyagBI D4S

7- t®mUvkarvaytémøelIKeRmag D4S 7>1 karksagRkum D4S enA Fabrica Venus Guatemala.......................................................104

7>2 SWOT karviPaKelIplb:HBal; nig yuT§sa®sþ D4S enA Talleres Rea Guatemala...............106 7>3 KMeragExSsgVak;;plitkmμenARkumh‘un Hacienda el Jobo, El Salvador...............................109

7>4 TidæPaBsgÁméncirPaB³ KMeragksagBIsMNl;GaCIvkm μEr:enAkñúgGaRhVikxagt,Úg.....................110 7>5 plitplfμ I nigkareRbIR)as;eLIgvij ³ RAGBAG enAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa nigenA Netherlands......................................................112

7>6 karrcnam:UdplitpleLIgvij³db)aøsÞikenARkumh‘un Microplast Costa Rica.......................113

7>7 karrcnam:UdplitpleLIgvij³ ]sSahkmμevcx©b; MARKSS

enATIRkug KAMPALA RbeTs UGANDA...............................................................116 7>8 karbegáItplitplfμ I³ GMBUlePøIgeRbIfamBlRBHGaTitüsMrab;TIpSarRbeTskm<úCa....................118

7>9 karrcnam:UdplitpleLIgvij³reTHrujsMrab;meFüa)ay dwkCBa¢ÚnksiplCnbTenAkñúgRbeTs GHANA...............................................................120

7>10 Tinñn½yeRbobeFobsMrab;TUrTwkkkéneragcRk]sSahkmμ Waiman RbeTs Costa Rica.........122

7>11 Tinñn½yeRbobeFob³ Intermech Cassava Grater Tanzania...........................................123

7>12 Tinñn½yeRbobeFob³ Philips Computer Monitor..........................................................125

7>13 ]TahrN_BIkmμviFIKaMRTKMerag D4S CaGnþrCati³ Rkumh‘un InWEnt...............................127

8- viFIeFVItamkarBiesaFn_rbs; D4S ..............................................................................130

9- karbegIátbec©keTs.....................................................................................................138

ÉksarsMrab;GanbEnßm........................................................................................................148

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kMBugekIneLIgya:gqab;rh½s enAkñúgry³eBlb:unμan TsvtSknøgmkenH. ]sSahUbnIykm μ karebIkcMhr TIpSar tMrUvkar ¬xagKuNPaB¦ x<s;BIGtifiCn nig kMeNInénkarRbkYtRbECgrvagRkumh‘unkñúgRsuk nig sakl)anbegáIt[mantMrUvkard¾F¶n;F¶rmYysMrab;dMeNIr karrcnasm½<n§ cMeBaHkarEkERbm:UdplitplenAkñúg ]sSahkm μ. ]sSahkm μminGacdMeNIrkar)ankñúg ry³eBlyUrGEgVg)aneT ebIsinCaK μankarEkERbm:Ud plitpldUcCaEpñkdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_plitpl nig EpñkRKb;RKgTaMgmUl. ]sSahkm μGn þrCatimanRbti km μtbeTAnwgdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_enH eday)anbegáIt EpñkEkERbm:UdplitplpÞal;rbs;eK b¤edaymankar BieRKaHeyabl; CamYYyCMnajkarxagEkERbm:Udplit plxageRkA. Rkumh‘unFMb¤ mFümCaeRcInya:gtic k¾manCMnajkarxagEkERbm:Udplitplmñak;enAkñúgRkumEpñkRKb;RKgrbs;eKEdr. enARbeTsmanesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_ sar³ sMxan;ényuT§sa®s þEkERbm:Udplitpl KWkMBugEtekIn eLIgya:gqab;rh½spgEdr. Ca]TahrN_enARbeTs \NÐayuT§sa®s þEkERbm:Udplitpl )ankøayeTACacM eNHdwgya:gsMxan; CaBiessbnÞab;BITIpSar\NÐa)an ebIkcMhr[mankarRbkYtRbECgCalkçN³Gn þrCati.

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de.org. esckIþsegçbBIÉksare)aHBumÖpSaymanenAkñúgrUb PaB1

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D4S enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ

CMBUk 1 – esckþIepþIm CMBUk 2 – karrcnam:UdedIm,I;[mancirPaB ( D4S )

CMBUk 3 – begáItplitplf μI

CMBUk 4 – t®mUvkarvaytémøelIKeRmag D4S CMBUk 5 – karrcnam:UdedIm,IcirPaB ( D4S )

CMBUk 6 –KMrU D4S

CMBUk 7 – krNIsikSa D4S enAkñúgRbeTsesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆ CMBUk 8 – viFIeFVItamkarBiesaFn_rbs; ( D4S )

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B½t’manbEnßmmanenAkñúg CD nWg eKhTMB½r www.D4S-DE,ORG

rUbPaB 1- esckþIsegçbBIÉksare)aHBumÖpSay

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2>1 plitpl nigcirPaB KMrUénkareRbIR)as; nigplitkmμbc©úb,nñenHR)akdCa KμanesßrPaB. dMeNIrkarekIneLIgénsaklPavUbnIy km μ nigBaNiC¢kmμesrIKaMRTedaybec©kviTüaB½t’man viTüaTMenIb )anpøas;bþÚrmUldæanRKwHénTsSnIyPaBEpñk ÉkCnenAkñúgesdækic©énRbeTsGPivDÆn_ nigkMBug GPivDÆn_kMBugpþl;kalanuvtþPaBfμ I nigkarRbkYtRbECg edIm,IeFIV[cirPaBRbesIreLIg. Rkumh‘unFM nigtUc)an xitxMKYr[cab;Garm μN_ edIm,IelIkeLIgBIbBaðacirPaB taMgBIEpñkeRkam. tamry³karRKb;RKgExScgVak;pÁt; pÁg; r)aykarN_sarCIvkmμ nigkarTTYlbTdæan GnþrCati Rkumh‘unkMBugbegáInRbsiT§PaBénplitkm μ bc©úb,nñ nigkarrcnam:Udplitpl nigesvakmμfμIedIm,I [RsbtamtMrUvkarrbs;GtifiCn.

yuT§saRsþkartMrg;TiseTArkplcMeNjdMenIr karedayeQ μaHCaeRcIn. karrcnam:Udplitpleday cirPaB RtUv)aneKsÁal;pgEdrfa karrcnam:Udeday cirPaB b¤ D4S rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgbBaØatiepSgeTotén karrcnam:Udedayminb:HBal;dl;brisßanEdlRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;CasaklBIviFI EdlRkumh‘uneFIVkaredIm,I begáIn RbsiT§PaB KuNPaBplitpl nigkalanuvtþPaB TIpSar ¬kñúgRsuk nignaMecj¦ enAxN³eBlEdlRtUv begáIndMeNIrkarbrisßandMNalKñapgEdr. enAkñúgRb eTsGPivDÆn_CaeRcInedaysarEtkaryl;dwgBIskþanu

nuBlRbsiT§PaB nigkarRBYy)armÖBIbrisßankMritx<s; kic©xitxMRbwgERbgBI D4S RtUv)anpSarPa¢b;eTAnwg bBaØatiTUlMTUlaydUcCa PaBcMruHénplitpl esvakmμ karbegáItRbB½n§fμ I nigkic©xitxMRbwgERbgepSgeToteday Ep¥kelIvdþCIvitplitpl. enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ karKaMRTbec©kviTüakMritmFümKWRtUvkar edIm,IbBa©ÚlBI TsSn³ D4S .

GgÁkarCaeRcIn)anGPivDÆn_]bkrN_ nigviFIsa RsþCaeRcInedIm,ICYyRkumh‘un ¬nigGñkEdleFIVkarCamYy Rkumh‘un¦ [KiteLIgvijBIrebobrcnam:Ud nigplit plitpledIm,IbegáInplcMeNj nigkarRbkYtRbECg nigkñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH edIm,Ikat;bnßyehtub:HBal; brisßan. CalT§pl nigedayEp¥keTAelIbTBiesaFn_ EdlTTYl)an karvivtþn_énkarrcnam:Udedayminb:HBal; dl;brisßanedIm,IRKbdNþb;elIbBaðaFMCagenH dUcCa FatuéncirPaBsgÁm nigtMrUvkaredIm,IGPivDÆn_viFIf μ I [RsbtamtMrUvkarGtifiCntamviFIeRbIR)as;FnFantic. D4S dMeNIrkarenAeRkamrUbPaBénrebobbegáItplit plébtg TsSn³EdlRbkan;ykBIrebobRbesIrbMput [RsbtamtMrUvkar-sgÁm esdækic© nigbrisßaneTAtam kMritCaRbB½n§. FatuKnøwHTaMgbIéncirPaBKWsMedAeTAelI RbCaCn PBEpndI nigplcMeNj.

FatuKnøwHTaMgbIenHpSaP¢ab; CamYykarbgáIt plitplfμ I ¬emIlrUbPaB 2¦.

karrcnam:UdedIm,I[mancirPaB ( D4S )

D4S Ep¥keTAelIbnSMénkarbegáItplitplfμI nigcirPaB. enAkñúgCMBUkenH tYnaTIéncirPaBnig sarsMxan;rbs;vaenAkñúgkarbegáItplitplfμIRtUv)anbkRsay.FatuKnøwHbIéncirPaBKWPBEpndI RbCaCn nigplcMeNj. TMnak;TMngrvagFatuKnøWHBIrdMbUg-TidæPaBbrisßan nigsgÁm-nigkar begáItplitplfμIRtUv)anBnül;. TidæPaB plcMeNjnwgRtUv)anBnül;enAkñúgCMBUk 3 . mUlehtu nigkalanuvtþPaB faetIehtuGIV)anCaRkumh‘unKYrEtBinitüelI D4S [)anlMGit.

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karbegáItplitplfμ IpSarP¢ab;edaypÞal;eTA nigcirPaBedaycMNucTaMgBIrtMrg;TiseTArkbMErbMrYl

nigGnaKt. cirPaBTak;TgeTAnwgsuxumalPaBén GnaKt. karbegáItplitplfμ ITak;TgeTAnwgkarbegáIt plitplfμ I nigesvakmμEdlnwgmantMélEtenAeBl EdlvasmRsbenAkñúgGnaKtenH. enAkñúgCMBUkenH RtUv)anykcitþTukdak;eTAelITidæPaBéncirPaB. enA kñúgCMBUk 3 viFIsaRsþepSg²kñúgkarbegáItplitplf μ I RtUv)anbkRsay nigdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_plitpl RtUv)anBnül;.

edIm,I[mancirPaB karbegáItplitplfμ IRtUv EtsmRsbCamYycMnYnénkarRbkYtRbECg EdlpSar P¢ab;nwgRbCaCn PBEpndI nigplcMeNj³ esckþI sgÇwmrbs;sgÁm nigkarEbgEcktMélesμ IKñatamExS cgVak;tMélCasakl nigkarbegáItfμ IRtUvEtdMeNIrkarenA kñúgsmtßPaBTTYlyk)anrbs;RbB½n§eGkULÚsIu.

karRbkYtRbECgenHCan;Kña nigRtUv)anEbg Eckxus²KñaenAelIesdækic©énBiPBelak. PaBxusKña cMbgKW³ RbCaCnGaemriceRbIR)as;CamFüm 17 dg eRcInCagCnCatimiucsiuckU nigrab;rydgeRcInCagCn Cati Congo. ]TahrN_énkarRbNaMgRbECgéncir PaBrab;bBa©ÚlTaMg³

> begáItkalanuvtþPaB[RsbtamtMrUvkarsgÁm nigPaB esμ IKña ¬RbCaCn¦ A- RbeTsGPivDÆn_ > begáInTIRkugkargardl;CnCatiPaKtic > begáInsuvtßiPaB nigsuxumalPaB > karTTYlyk nigkarbBa©ÚlCnCatiPaKtic > kat;bnßycMNUlminesμ IPaBKña B-RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ > BRgwgcMnYnkm μkrEdlmanCMnaj > kat;bnßycMNUlminesμ IPaBKña > begáInlkçxNÐkargar > lubbM)at;kMlaMgBlkm μkumar > kat;bnßyPaBminecHGkSr > esvakm μsuxPaBCamUldæan > TwkpwkmansuvtßiPaB > kat;bnßykarekIneLIgcMnYnRbCaCn > begáInlkçxNÐrbs;RsþI > lubbM)at;karpøas;bþÚrkEnøgRbCaCnkñúgRTg;RTayFM RsbCamYynwgsmtßPaBTTYlykrbs;eGkULÚsIu ¬PBEpndI¦ A- RbeTsGPivDÆn_ > kat;bnßykareRbIR)as;famBlpUsIul ¬karERbRbYl GakasFatu¦ > kat;bnßykareRbIR)as;sarFatuBul > sMGatTIkEnøgBulnana > begáInkMriténkarkarBar karEkécñeLIgvij nigkareRbI R)as;eLIgvij

RbCaCn

plitpl

rUbPaB 2 ³ RbCaCn plcMeNj PBEpndI i i

PBEpndIR)ak;cMeNj

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B-RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ > kat;bnßykarbeBa©j]sμ ½nBIeragcRk]sSahkm μ > eFIVRbRBwtþkmμsMNl;rav > bBaÄb;kareFIVGaCIvkmμFnFanfamBlkekIteLIgvij nigTwk > bBaÄb;karkab;éRBeQI kar)at;bg;dI kMNUt karxUc xatRbB½n§eGkULÚsIu > kat;bnßykardutGacm_eKa nigGus

begáIttMéles μ IKñacMeBaHGtifiCn nigGñkBak;B½n§enAkñúg ExScgVak;tMélskl ¬plcMeNj¦ A-RbeTsGPivDÆn_ > plcMeNj > tMélsMrab;Rkumh‘un GñkBak;B½n§ > tMélsMrab;GtifiCn > m:UEdlénkartaMgBiB½BN’BaNiC¢km μ B-RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ > karEbgEckesμ IKña nigTMnak;TMngeTAnwgExScgVak; tMélskl > TMnak;TMngrbs; SMEs cMeBaHRkumh‘unFM nigRkumh‘un cMruHCatisasn_ > ]sSahUbnIykmμénplitkmμ TMhMesdækic© > tMélesμ IKñacMeBaHTMnij nigvtßúFatuedIm > kalanuvtþPaBcMeBaHPaBCam©as; nig\NTancMeBaH shRKin

KMnitkarbegáItplitplfμ InwgminEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþn_ RbsinebIKMnitTaMgGs;enaHtMrUv[RsbeTAtam lkçN³vinicä½yxagelI. dUcenH FatuTaMgLayéneKal bMNg nigeKaledAénKMerag D4S RtUvkarkMNt;[)an c,as;las;.

karerobcMKMerag D4S edayRbugRby½tñGac rYmcMENkya:geBjeljdl;Rkumh‘unkñúgeBlGnaKt. BaNiC¢kmμEdlcg;køayCa nig¼b¤enAEtRbkYtRbECgnwg RtUvkarelIkeLIgBIbBaðacirPaB.Rkumh‘unFMk¾dUcCaGtifiCn rdæaPi)al nigGgÁkarGnþrCati kMBugEtEktMrUvtam tMrUvkarcirPaBeTAkñúgExScgVak;pÁt;pÁg;rbs;xøÜn. kar bNþak;Tun enAkñúgyuT§saRsþkarbegáItplitplf μ IGac pþl;plRbeyaCn_ry³eBlmFüm nigEvg.

enAkñúgkMLúgeBlGPivDÆn_plitplf μ I b¤kar rcnam:UdeLIgvijénplitplEdlmanRsab; Rkumkar garGPivDÆplitpl RtUv)anRbQmmuxCamYynwg lkçN³vinicä½yénkarrcnam:UdepSg² dUcCaKuNPaBkar KitKUrBIsuxPaB suvtßiPaB esaP½NPaB .l. CamYy nwgyuT§saRsþ D4S lkçNvinicä½yEpñkbrisßan nigsgÁm RtUv)anbBa©Úl eTAkñúgdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_plitplpg Edr karkat;bnßyehtub:HBal;rbs;plitpltamry³ vdþCIvitrbs;va.

2>2 plitpl nigTidæPaBbrisßan-TMnak; TMngCamYyPBEpndI enAcugTsvtSqñaM 1980s nigedImTsvtSqñaM 1990s

cirPaBcMbgKWbBaðabrisßan. kic©xitxMRbwgERbgdMbUg epþateTAelIkarbegáInbec©kviTüaeFIVRbRBwtþkmμcugeRkay. bnÞab;mk ykcitþTukdak;elIkareFIV[RbesIreLIgnUv plitkm μtamry³TsSnHnanadUcCa bec©kviTüas¥at plitkm μs¥at nigRbsiT§PaBeGkULÚsIu. karrMkil bnÞab;eTot KWeTAelIehtub:HBal;plitpldUcenHRtUv ykcitþTukdak;eTAelIvdþCIvitplitplTaMgmUl.bBaØati dUcCa karrcnam:Udedayminb:HBal;dl;brisßan nigkar rcnam:UdedayKitBIbrisßanRtUv)anGPivDÆ nigGnuvtþ.

ehtub:HBal;brisßanGacRtUv)anEbgEckCabI RbePTcMbg²dUcCa³ karxUcxateGkULÚsIu b:HBal;

26

dl;suxPaBmnusS nigkarxUcxatFnFan ¬emIltarag 1 ¦. RbePTénehtub:HBal;TaMgenHmanTMnak;TMng CamYy SMEs enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ dUcCaGW RtUBIkasüúg kareRbIR)as;dIFøI karBuleGkULÚsIu karb:H Bal;dl;suxPaBmnusS nigkarxUcxat\n§n³pUsIul nig Twksab.

viFIepSgeTotedIm,Icat;fñak;RbePTepSg²én ehtub:HBal;brisßan KWerobcMvaeTAtamkMritTMhMPUmi saRsþ-fñak;mUldæan tMbn; tampøÚvTwk TIVb nigskl. CatYya:g kMritTMhMFMCagFnFankan;EteRcInEdlGac rYmcMENkeTAdl;ehtub:HBal; nigeRbIR)as;ry³eBl EvgCagedIm,IEktMrUv[RbesIreLIg-GaRs½yeTAelImUl ehtuénkarEkERbbBaða. bBaðafñak;mUldæandUcCakar bMBulTwk karbMBuldI nigkarTukdak;sMNl;RtUv)an edaHRsayedayeCaKC½yenAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkm μ. bBaðaskldUcCakarERbRbYlGakasFatu GacRtUv)an edaHRsay edaykarerobcMdMeNaHRsayRbesIrbMput enAkMritskl. bBaðakarxUcxatminGacRtlb;eRkay )anminGacRtUv)anedaHRsayedayRsYleLIy ebIeTaH CaekIteLIgenAfñak;mUldæank¾eday ¬bBaðaRsTab;dI xagelI¦. RbePTénehtub:HBal; 1- karxUcxateGkULÚsIu karekIneLIgkMedABiPB elakb¤karERbRbYl GakasFatu

karbEnßm]s½μnpÞHkBa©k;eTAbriyakasBIkardut\n§n³pUsIul karGnuvtþksikm μ nig]sSahkmμ. plb:HBal;³ karERbRbYlsItuNðPaB karekIneLIg nUv]btþiehtuBüúH PaBrehasßan CMgWtMbn;RtUBic kar pøas;bþÚrcrnþsmuRT karekIneLIgkMBs;TwksmuRT

karxUcxatRsTab;GUsUn karxUcxatRsTab;GUsUn mNÐlGakass¶b;bNþal mkBIkarbeBa©j]s½μn CFCs plb:HBal;³ ekIneLIgnUvbrimaNkaMrsμIBN’sVay bNþal[ekIneLIgkarekItCMgWmharIk bnßyplit PaBrbs;rukçCati saraysmuRT nigPav³manCIvit enAry³kMBs;x<s;

ePøógGasIut karbMElgCaGasIuténkMNeday]s½μns‘ulpYric nigsarFatuepSgeTot CacMbgmkBI\n§n³pUsIul. plb:HBal;³ elah³rlayBIdIEdlBuldl;rukçCati

nigsarBagÁkaykñúgTwk

GWRtUBIkarsüúgTwk karbEnßmbrimaNsarFatuciBa©wmelIseTAkñúgTwk naM [duHnUvsarayCaeRcIn nigCapllM)akdl;kar bnßyGuksIuEsnEdlman. plb:HBal;³ sMlab;RtI nigsarBagÁkaykñúgTwk epSgeTot

karpøas;bþÚrTICMrk ¬kareRbIR)as;dIFøI¦

karEktMrUvrUbrag b¤karbMpøajCMrkFm μCatiedIm,I ksikm μ éRBeQI pøÚvfñl; nigkarekIneLIgnUvTIRkug plb:HBal;³ CamUlehtucMbgénkar)at;bg;CIv³cMruH

karbMBulRbB½n§ eGkULÚsIu

karRsUbsarFatuBuledayrukçCati stV nigPav³man CIvitepSgeTot. manplb:HBal;CaeRcIn

2- karb:HBal;dl;suxPaB mnusS s μÚk nigkarbMBulxül; ]s½μnGasUtGuksIut nig VOCs begáIt)anCa]s½μn

GUsUnRsTab;eRkam sarFatubMBulxül;epSgeTot rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgPaKl¥itFUlI nigs<an;F½rDIGuksIut. plb:HBal;cMeBaHmnusS³ekIneLIgnUv]btþiehtuCMgWhWt nigbBaðasuxPaB epSg²eTot

sarFatub:HBal;dl; suxPaB

sarFatuEdlminbNþal[ekItCMgWmharIkrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgsarFatueFIV[rlak Es,ksarFatueFIV[Rkin nigsarFaturaraMgdl;Gr½mUn

sarFatubNþal[ ekItCMgWmharIk

sarFatuEdlbNþal[ekItCMgWmharIk sarFatu EdleFIV[manbMErbMrYlEhSn ¬PaKeRcInCasarFatu eFIV[ekItCMgWmharIk¦. Teratogens bNþal[b:H Bal;dl;karrIklUtlas;énGMRb‘Íy:ug

3- karxUcxatFnFan \n§n³pUsIul GRtaénkareRbIR)as;bc©úb,nñéneRbg ]s½μn FüÚgfμ

bMElg\n§n³eTACasarFatu famBlnig CO2 enA el,Ónrab;landgelOnCagFm μCatiEdlGacCMnYsnUvGagsþúkfamBl

Twksab kareRbIR)as;TwksabelIdI b¤TwkeRkamdIbMElgva eTACaTMrg;EdlminGacTajykmkvij)an. kar TTYl)annUvTwks¥ateRbIR)as;KWCabBaðaekIteLIg ya:gelOnenAGnþrCati.

sarFatuEr: Er:elah³RtUv)anbMElgeTACaelah³nigsMelah³ EdlRtUv)anrgGuksIutkmμb¤ra:y)a:ydUcCasMNl; EdlminRtUv)anEkécñeLIgvijeLIy.

dIRsTab;elI ksikm μ nigéRBeQIhUreRcaHdIRsTab;elIenAkEnøg CaeRcInenAel,ÓnelOnCagdMeNIrCMnYsvaeday FmμCati

tarag 1 ³ RbePTehtub:HBal;eGkULÚsIu

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2>3 karKitBIktþavdþCIvit nigkareFIV[ RbesIreLIg viFIsaRsþ D4S Ep¥keTAelIkarKitBIvdþCIvitplitpl. vdþCIvitplitplcab;epþþþImCamYynwgkarTajykkarEk écñ nigkarpÁt;pÁg;vtßúFatuedIm nigfamBlRtUvkarsMrab; plitpl. bnÞab;mk RKbdNþb;elIplitkm μénplit pl karEckcay kareRbIR)as; ¬nigkareRbIR)as;eLIg vij nigkarEkécñ¦ nigkarTukdak;cugeRkay. ehtu b:HBal;brisßanRKb;RbePTekIteLIgenAkñúgdMNak;kal epSg²énvdþCIvitplitpl nigKYrEtTuksMrab;viFIcMruH. ktþaKnøwHKWkareRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedIm ¬Twk FnFanmin kekIteLIgvij famBlenAkñúgdMNak;kalvdþCIvit nImYy²¦ nigTinñplplitkmμ ¬sMNl; Twk kMedA nig karbeBa©j]s½ μn¦ nigktþaepSg²dUcCa sUrsMelgrMBaJ½r kaMrsμ I nigeGLicRtUma:ejTic. ]TahrN_vdþCIvitGavmYy³ GavCabnSMénGMe)aHFmμCati nigsMeyaK.edIm,IplitGM e)aHFm μCatieKRtUvkar ¬]TahrN_³ kb,as¦ fam Bl CI Twk nigfñaMsMlab; stVl¥it.cMeBaHkarplitGMe)aHsMeyaKRtUvkar\n§n³pUsIul. enAkñúgdMNak;kalbnÞab; GMe)aHRtUv)anpSMeTACa

sMelokbMBak; b¤RkNat;. kñúgkMLúgeBldMeNIrkar enH Twk famBl nigsarFatuKImIRtUv)aneRbIR)as; edIm,IplitsMelokbMBak;[manBN’ niglkçN³epSg eTot. BIsMelokbMBak;GavRtUv)anplit ehIybnÞab; mkRtUv)anevcx©b; nigEckcayeTAhaglk;ray. eRkayBIGñkeRbIR)as;TijGavehIyKat; b¤nagnwge)aH ecalsMbkevcx©b; nigeRbIR)as;Gav. kñúgkMLúgeBl dMNak;kaleRbIR)as;GavRbEhlCaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Rb EhlCa 100 dg nige)akKk; nigsMgYt nigRbEhl CaRtUvG‘ut. dMNak;kalnimYy² manehtub:HBal; brisßan EdlCalT§plmkBIkareRbIR)as;sarFatukat; Ek¥l Twk nigfamBl. CacugeRkayenAeBlEdlEpñk xøHénGavcas; swkricril vaRtUv)ane)aHecal. vaGac RtUv)aneKykeTAeFIVkMb:usedaysarEtEpñksMeyaK nig RbEhlCamingayRsYlkñúgkarEkécñeLIgvijedaysarEtsarFatucMruH. kñúgkMLúgeBlvdþCIvitrbs;vaEpñkxøH énGav RbEhlCaeFIVdMeNIrrab;Ban;KILÚEm:Rtcab;taMg BIplitkmμsMelokbMBak;EdleFIVenAGasIu plitkmμenA GaRhiVkxageCIg niglk;rayenAGWr:ub.

karEbgEckvtßúFatuedIm nigplitkm μenAerag cRk KWCadMNak;EtBIrKt;énvdþCIvit. enAkñúgkrNI CaeRcIn dMNak;kalEbgEckeRbIR)as; nigTukdak;man ehtub:HBal;brisßanF¶n;F¶rCagplitkmμeTAeTot. kar RbQmmux nwgbBaðabrisßancMeBaH D4S KWkarrcnam:Ud plitpl Edlkat;bnßyCaGb,brmanUvehtub:HBal; brisßankñúgkMLúgeBlvdþCIvitplitplTaMgmUl.

cirPaBk¾TamTarpgEdrnUvkarykcitþTukdak; eTAelItMrUvkarcMeBaHGnaKtCMnan;eRkay mann½yfa ehtub:HBal;brisßanbc©úb,nñKYrEtRtUv)anbnßyk¾dUcCa

rUbPaB 3 ³ vdþCIvitplitpl

RbGb;3 ³ karKitBIvdþCIvitplitpl

28

ehtub:HBal;eTAelIGnaKtCMnan;eRkay. sMBaF brisßansklmanTMnak;TMngedaypÞal;eTAnwgTMhMRbCaCn EdlkMNt;BIkMriténkareRbIR)as;cMeBaHmnusS mñak;² nigvtßúFatuedIm nigRbsiT§PaBfamBl Edl plitÉktaénkareRbIR)as;nImYy². bc©úb,nñenH va RtUv)an)a:n;sμanfa sMBaFbrisßanKYrEtRtUv)anbnßy edayBak;kNþal. edayKitBIGRtaénkMenInenAkñúg RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_RbsiT§PaBplitpl nigdMeNIr karRtUvkareFIV[RbesIreLIgbYndg. enAkñúgBiPBelak EdlmanRbCaCn 9 ekadi nigkMriténkareRbIR)as;Edl x<s;CageBlbc©úb,nñenHmann½yfatMrUv[manvtßúFatu edIm nigfamBlekIneLIgBI 10 eTA 20 dg¡ .

RbePTénktþaénkarKitbgðajTMhMkic©karEdlGacQaneTArkcirPaB nigtMrUvkarsMxan;edIm,IbegáIn dMeNIrkarplitkm μ plitpl nigRbB½n§. cMeBaHplit pl karrcnam:UdeLIgvijénplitplEdlmanRsab; kñúgry³eBlxøI GacnaM[RbesIreLIgBI 2 eTA 4 dg. edIm,ITTYl)an emKuNry³eBlEvgBI 10 eTA 20 dg karbegáItplitplfμ IRsLagmanPaBcaM)ac; ¬emIl CMBUk 3¦. TaMgenHrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarGPivDÆplitplfμ I mYy eFIV[RbesIreLIgnUvplitplk¾dUcCaesvakm μ rbs;va nigGPivDÆn_nUvmuxgarCaRbB½n§f μ ImYyénplit pl nigesvakm μ. emIlrUbPaB 4 bgðajBIkMritxusKña énplRbeyaCn_brisßan nigkMriténtMrUvkarkarbegáItfμ I.

ÉksarenHepþateTAelIkarbegáItf μ IelIplit plEdlmanRsab; karrcnamU:deLIgvij nigTinñn½y eRbobeFobplitplEdlmanRsab; cab;taMgBIviFI TaMg enHCaviFITUeTAEdl SMEs enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ kMBugeFIVeBlbc©úb,nñenH. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday tMrUvkarbegáItplitplfμ IRsLagmYynwgbnþekIneLIg. yuT§saRsþenH nigyuT§saRsþBak;B½n§déTeTotRtUv)an bgðajlMGitenAkñúgÉksar karrcnam:UdedIm,IcirPaB³

karENnaMCaskl UNEP, 2006.

rUbPaB 4 ³ kMriténplRbeyaCn_rbs;brisßan nigtMrUvkarbegáItf μI

2>4 plitpl nigTidæPaBsgÁm-TMnak;TMng CamYyRbCaCn cirPaBénTidæPaBsgÁmRtUv)anTTYlkarykcitþTukdak; ekIneLIgenAkñúg 10 qñaMcugeRkayBIRbB½n§pSBVpSaydUc CatYya:génGtßbTriHKn;BIbBaðaBlkmμkumar siT§ikm μkr nig RkumCnCatiPaKtic. yuT§saRsþRkumh‘unrab; bBa©ÚlTaMgTMnYlxusRtUvrbs;saCIvkm μkñúgsgÁm eday bEnßmeTAelIGaTiPaBEpñkesdækic© nigbrisßan.

]bkrN_EdlmansarRbeyaCn_cMeBaHTidæPaB esdækic©sgÁmsgÁm EdlmanTMnak;TMngcMeBaHcirPaB RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbPaB 5 .

enAelIGkS½Qr TidæPaBsgÁmmanTMnak;TMng ExScgVak;pÁt;pÁg;plitplRtUv)anbgðaj. bBaðaxag eRkamenH manTMnak;TMngcMeBaHRKb;GñkEdlBak;B½n§ TaMgGs;³ > siTi§mnusS karkarBarsiT§CamUldæanrbs;km μkr dUcCasiT§ikñúgkar dwknaMCIvit[manesckþIéføfñÚr esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©j mtielICMenOedayÉkraCü nigKμankarerIseGIgBUC sasn_ karerIseGIgelIeynD½r nigRkumCnCatiPaKtic.

RbePTTI 3 ³ karbegáIt muxgarf μI

RbePTTI 4 ³karbegáItRbB½n§f μ I

RbePTTI 2 ³ karrcnam:Ud

eLIgvij RbePTTI 1³

kareFVIKMrU D4S

eBlevla ¬ qñaM ¦

ktþaEk

lMGRbs

iT§PaBe

GkULÚs

IU

29

> kat;bnßyBlkmμkumarmkGb,brma > suxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBenAkEnøgeFIVkargar¼karRKb; RKgFnFanmnusS karlMeGogeTArkKuNPaBkEnøgeFIVkarkan;EtRbesIr eLIgya:gelOn PaBcMruHénkEnøgeFVIkargar kalanuvtþ PaBénkarGb;rMeBlvisSmkal nigtulüPaBénCivit kargarcMeBaHkm μkr. > GPi)alkic© nigkarRKb;RKg begáItRbB½n§enAnwgkEnøg nigdMeNIrkarénTMnYlxusRtUv cMeBaHGñkBak;B½n§ nigrdæaPi)al. > tmøaPaB nigkarbBa©ÚlédKUBaNiC¢km μ kMritEdlRkumh‘uncUlrYmCaédKUBaNiC¢kmμrbs;xøÜn edayGnuvtþn_tamyuT§saRsþcirPaBrbs;Rkumh‘un. > karlubbM)at;nUvGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarsIusMNUk ¬emIl Éksar³ cirPaB 2005¦

enAelIG½kSedkTidæPaBsgÁmrbs;Rkumh‘unenAkñúgmUldæanCMuvijRtUv)anbkRsayBIkMritTab ¬enAkñúg Rkumh‘unxøÜnÉg¦ eTAkMritkNþal ¬shKmn_Edlman Rkumh‘unenAkñúgenaH¦ eTAkMritx<s; ¬RbeTsEdlman Rkumh‘unenAkñúgenaH b¤saCIvkm μqøgRbeTsEdlenAkñúg kMritCaskl¦ . > karlUtlas;énesdækic©kñúgRsuk viFIsaRsþ EdlRkumh‘unEckrMElkplcMeNjBIkar bNþak;TunCamYyédKUBaNiC¢kmμkñúgRsuk b¤pþl;CaviFI

edIm,I[mankarrIkcMerInEpñkesdækic©dl;shKmn_mUl dæan. > karGPivDÆn_shKmn_ karKaMRTrbs;Rkumh‘untamry³karpþl;nUvesvakm μsux PaB karGb;rM Twk nigGnam½y CYykñúgkarRbqaMg nwgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgshKmn_ nigelIkkMBs;Cn GenþaRKam nigsiTi§mnusS. > karbBa©ÚlGñkBak;B½n§ edaykarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyGñkBak;B½n§EdlminEmnEpñkBaNiC¢kmμelIbBaðaKnøwHéncirPaB³ vaGacenAkñúg TMrg;CakarsnÞnaCamYyédKUkñúgsgÁm ¬GgÁkareRkA rdæaPirdæaPi)al rdæaPi)al RkumshKmn_¦ > karEbgEckesdækic©

karEbgEckesdækic© CayuT§saRsþedIm,IEck rMElkPaKh‘unBaNiC¢km μEdl)aneRCIserIseTAkñúgtMbn;EdlRsbCamYyskmμPaB Edl)anerobcMedIm,IKaMRT dl;Rkumh‘unxñattUc nigGacbt;Ebn)anEdlP¢ab;Ca mYyKña nigpþl;GaTiPaBKuNPaBplitkmμ. vaGac pþl;KuNsm,tþicirPaBdUcCasgÁmcMruH begáInKuNPaB CIvitykcitþTukdak;elIRTBüsm,tþi tMbn;Gtibrmakmμ mUlFnsgÁm nigmanKMnitrYmKña.

2>5 ehtuGIV)anCaRkumh‘unRtUvemIleTAelI D4S ? cirPaBTMnYlxusRtUvrbs;saCIvkmμkñúgsgÁm nigninñakar

rUbPaB 5 ³ TMnak;TMngTidæPaBsgÁmeTAnwgcirPaB

GñkpÁt;pÁg;shKmn_karlUtlas;énesdækic©kñúgRsuk karGPivDÆshKmn_

Gñklk;ray

suxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB FanFanmnusS karRKb;RKg

tmøaPaB nigGaCIvm μ édKUBak;B½n§

tMbn;¼RbeTs karbBa©ÚlGñkBak;B½n§ karEbgEckesdækic©

Rkumh‘un

30

EdlBak;B½n§KWCaEpñkénkmμviFIBaNiC¢km μ edIm,IbegáIn cMnYnRkumh‘unTUTaMgBiPBelak. yl;BIrebobbBa©Úl TsSn³enHeTAkñúgEpnkarBaNiC¢km μ GacCaEpñksMxan; énBaNiC¢km μedayeCaKC½y. sMBaFcMeBaHkarbBa©Úl tMrUvkarcirPaBnwgmkBIrdæaPi)al édKUBaNiC¢km μ GgÁ kareRkArdæaPi)al nigRkumRbCaBlrdæ. karCMruj Twkcitþ ¬b¤sMBaF¦ edIm,IGnuvtþ D4S GacmkBITis edABIrepSgKña³ mkBIBaNiC¢km μxøÜnÉg ¬karCMruj épÞkñúg¦ b¤BIeRkARkumh‘un ¬karCMrujBIEpñkxageRkA¦. CaFm μta karCMrujTaMgenaH RtUv)anP¢ab;eTAnwgTidæPaB mYykñúgcMeNamTaMgbI eTaHbICamanPaBCan;Kñarvag

cirPaBénTidæPaB RbCaCn PBEpndI nigplcMeNj. kardwgBIkarCMrujEdlman\T§iBlCageKGacpþl;CaB½t’man mantMéleTAelIRbePTEdlRbesIrbMputénKMerag D4S nigskm μPaBedIm,Icab;epþIm. tarag 2 bgðaj BIkarCMrujsamBaØnana.

CaTUeTA bTBiesaFn_CamYyeragcRk]sSah km μenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ KwfakarCMrujépÞkñúg manPaBdac;xatedIm,Icab;epþImKMerag D4S CaCag karCMrujBIxageRkAedaysarEtkarCMrujBIxageRkAman karGPivDÆn_ticenAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_nana.

karCMrujBIxagkñúgcMeBaH D4S

- smPaBsgÁm³ GacbnßyhaniP½yelIbBaðasgÁm nigkMlaMgBlkm μ. CalT§pl vaGaceCosvagnUv bBaðabMNul nigkitþis½BÞ. - eKalneya)aysgÁmrwgmaM³ GacbegáInkarCMrujTwkcitþkmμkr. GacbegáInkarCMrujTwkcitþkmμkr. kmμkrGacTTYl)anfamBl nigbTBiesaFn_BIKMeragsgÁm nigkmμviFIEdlcab;epþImedayRkumh‘un. - GPi)alkic© nigRbB½n§RKb;RKgelITidæPaBsgÁm³ GaceFIV[smiT§iplRkumh‘unkan;EtemIleXIjcMeBaHGñkBak;B½n§ nigm©as;PaKh‘un.

TidæPaBRbCaCn

TidæPaBPBEpndI

- TIpSarébtg³ karrcnam:Ud nigplitkmμplitpl CamYynwgkarbEnßmtMélbrisßan GacCMruj[mantMélelIma:k nigkitþis½BÞ. - karyl;dwgBIbrisßan³ GñkRKb;RKgEtgEtdwgBI sar³sMxan;énbBaðabrisßan nigcg; cat;viFankarN_CabnþbnÞab;.

TidæPaBplcMeNj

- TTYl)anGtifiCnfμI³ karGegátbgðajfaGtifiCn mankarekIneLIgkñúgkarTijplitplRbkbedayRkmsIlFm’ - begáInKuNPaBplitpl³ TMnukcitþ nigmuxgarEtgEteTACamYynwgplitpl EdlsmRsb - snSMsMéc³karkat;bnßytMélGaceFIV[kareRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedIm famBlkaryk éføelIkareFIVRbRBwtþkm μsMNl; RbB½n§dwkCBa¢Ún nigEckcay. - CMruj[ma:kkan;EtmantMél nigkitþisB½Þ - karbegáItplitplfμI³ lT§PaBfμIBIkarbegáItplitplfμIGacEsVgrkdMeNaH Rsay[RsbtamtMrUvkar nigcMNUlcitþrbs;GtifiCn. - PaBxusKñaénma:k - kalanuvtþPaBfμIcMeBaHkarbegáIttMél

karCMrujBIxageRkAcMeBaH D4S

TidæPaBRbCaCn

- KMnitsarFarN³ GtifiCnenAelIBiPBelakmankarcab;GarmμN_xøaMgeLIgeTAelIkarkuhkénplitplEdleKTij naM[Rkumh‘unKitKUreTAelIbBaðabrisßan nigsgÁm. - sMBaFBIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al³ CaeRcInqñaMmkehIy eragcRk]sSahkmμRtUv)an TTYlkarbenÞasBI NGOs cMeBaHkarGnuvtþpÞúy nigehtub:HBal;EdlBak;B½n§ nwg brisßan. ]TahrN_³ PaBminTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Rkumh‘unRbEhlCanaM[man yuT§nakarminRBmTij EdlbNþal[mankarxUcxatKYr[kt;sMKal;eTAdl;kitþis½BÞ Rkumh‘un.

TidæPaBPBEpndI

- tMrUvkarbTbBa¢a eTAelIbrisßannwgekIneLIgenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ nigGacbgçM[Rkumh‘unmanCMhrkan;EtlMeGog - tMrUvkarbgðaj[dwgBIB½t’man brisßandl;GñkpÁt;pÁg; nigGtifiCnGaccab;epþIm dMeNIrkareFIV[RbesIreLIgenAkñúgRkumh‘un - EpnkarsøaksBaØaébtg³ GacCaFatubEnßmsMrab;yuT§saRsþTIpSarRkumh‘un. - tMrUvkarBIGtifiCn dUcCasuvtßiPaBkMritBultic nigGacEkécñeLIgvij)an rbs;plitplGacCakarelIkTwkcitþcMeBaH D4S. plitplminGacTTYl)anBinÞúl¥ cMeBaHEpñkenHnwgminRtUv)anCab;CaCMerIsl¥enAkñúgkarsakl,grbs;RbCaCneT. - sMBaFBIRkumkarBarbrisßan )anbgçM[eragcRk eCosvagnUvsarFatudUcCa CFCs

BIplitplrbs;xøÜn. vaCaGgÁkarmanviC¢aCIv³x<s;nwgbnþpSBVpSayBIPaBeRKaHfñak; cMeBaHbrisßanBIplitpl. - sMBaFBIshKmn_Citxag EtgEttMrg;;TiseTAelIbrisßan nighaniP½ysuvtßiPaB rbs;Rkumh‘un nigGacmanehtub:HBal;;F¶n;F¶relIplitkm μ nigplitpl.

31

TidæPaBplcMeNj- Fmμniyam nigbTdæanelITidæPaBcirPaBénplitpl nwgbnþkan;EttwgEtgCagmun nigbgçM[Rkumh‘unbegáInplitplxøÜn. - ynþkar]btßmÖFn mansMrab;RbeTsxøHedIm,IeFIV[RbesIreLIgnUvcirPaB TidæPaBplitpl nigplitkm μ. enAeBlCamYyKñaenH ]btßmÖFnelIfamBl nigvtßúFatuedImkMBugbBa©b bgçM[Rkumh‘unbegáInRbsiT§PaBfamBl nigvtßúFatu edIm. - karRbkYtRbECgBIGñkpÁt;pÁg;nana kMBugvivtþn_ b¤enAEtenAkñúgExScgVak;pÁt;pÁg; CMruj[Rkumh‘unmancirPaBCag. - tMrUvkarGtifiCn edIm,ImansuxPaBl¥ suvtßiPaB nigCaplitpl Edlman TMnYlxusRtUvelIbrisßan nigsgÁmkMBugekIneLIgenAkñúgRbePTplitplCak; lak; - karRbkYtRbECgTIpSar kMBugekIneLIg dUcCakarRbkYtRbECgekIneLIgenA kMritmUldæan nigskl. ]sSahkmμRbEhlCarkemIlkarEklMG karbegáItf μI EdlRbEhlCarab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarBinitüeLIgvij elITidæPaBcirPaBénplit pl.

tarag 2 ³ ktþaCMrujxagkñúg nigxageRkAsMrab; D4S

32

33

3>1 karbegáItfμ I karbegáItplitplfμ I mansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;kar ekIneLIgnUvesdækic©rbs;RbeTsmYy nigsMrab;kar RbkYtRbECgkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμ. Rkumh‘unEdlRbti btþikñúgBiPBelakmYy EdlmankarERbRbYlya:gqab; rh½yEdltMrUvkar nigkarcg;)anrbs;GtifiCnminfit efr nigédKURbkYtRbECgekIneLIgedaysarEtRbB½n§TI pSaresrI nigsaklParUbnIykmμ. cMeBaHRkumh‘unEdl rYmbBa©ÚlkarbegáItplitplf μ I RbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB enAkñúgdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_rbs;eKenaH Gacmanpl cMeNjya:gxøaMgkñúgkarRbkYtRbECg.

karbegáItplitplfμ I KWCaTsSn³d¾FMTUlay mYyEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIkñúgbribTepSg²Kña. manniym n½yCaeRcInEdleK)ankMNt;sMrab;Bakü :karbegáIt plitplfμ I :. niymn½ymYyd¾sMxan;enaH KW : kar Gnuvtþn_rbs;]sSahkm μb¤BaNiC¢kmμnUvGVIEdlfμ IKWsMedA eTAelIplitplfμ I dMeNIr b¤viFIsaRsþplitkmμfμ I TIpSar b¤RbPBpÁt;pÁg;plitplf μ I TMrg;BaNiC¢km μfμ ImYykareFVI CMnYj b¤karerobcMhirBaØvtßúfμ I :.

niymn½yénBakü karbegáItplitplfμ IPaK eRcInbBa¢ak;BI :PaBfμI : nig : PaBeCaKC½y : . man karEvkEjkepSg²Kñarvag plitpl nigdMeNIrkar begáItplitplfμ I nigeBlxøHkñúgcMeNamTIpSarBaNiC¢ km μ nigkarRKb;RKgkarbegáItf μ I. ]TahrN_³

> karbegáItplitplf μ I KWCakarbgðajnUvplitplfμ I EdlmanlkçN³ nig¼b¤eRbIR)as;karGnuvtþfμ IEdlxus EbøkBIplitplEdlmanRsab;enAelITIpSar. > karbegáItdMeNIrkarf μ I KWCakarENnaMnUvrebob plitkm μfμImYy EdlminFøab;eRbIBImunmk nig¼b¤rebob eRbIR)as;plitplBaNiC¢kmμedIm,IeFVI[dMeNIrkarplitkm μmanRbsiT§PaBCagmun b¤GacplitnUvplitplfμ I b¤eFVI[plitplkan;EtmanPaBRbesIrCagmun. > karbegáItTIpSarfμ I Cab;Tak;TgnwgkareRCotcUlTIpSar fμ I meFüa)ayfμ I²kñúgkarbMerIGtifiCn nig¼b¤karBRgIk TIpSar. > karbegáItRkumh‘un nigkarRKb;RKgf μ I Bak;B½n§nwgkar begáItRbB½n§pþl;fμ I rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgf μ I viFIsaRsþTMnYl xusRtUvkñúgkarTukdak; nigFnFanmnusSCaedIm EdlCH \T§iBlCaviC¢mandl;karlk;plitpl.

karepþatsMxan;enAkñúg D4S enaH KWeTAelIkar begáItplitplf μ I nigkarbegáItTIpSarfμ I. karbegáIt dMeNIrkarf μ I CaTUeTAvaTak;TgeTAnwgplitkm μs¥at nig karbegáItkarRKb;RKgfμ IsMrab;RbB½n§RKb;RKgbrisßandUc Ca ISO 14000.

3>2 kMriténkarbegáItfμI karbegáItfμ IekItmaneLIgkñúgkMritxus²Kña nigGacEbg EckvaCabIkMritdUcCa³ karbegáItf μ IelIplitplEdl

karbegáItplitplfμI D4S KWGaRs½yeTAelIbnSMénkarbegáItplitplfμI nigcirPaB. karyl;BIbBaØtiþmUldæanénkarbegáItplitplf μIGacCYykñúgkarGnuvtþKeRmag D4S. kñúgCMBUkenHnwgBiPakSaBIviFIsaRsþepSg²KñakñúgkarbegáItplitplf μI nigbkRsayBIdMeNIrkarkñúgkarGPivDÆn_plitpl . karyl;dwgc,as;BIcMNucTaMgGs;enHGacCaRbeyaCn_kñúgkareFVIvaytMélBItMrUvkar ¬CMBUkTI4¦ edIm,IkMNt;nUvkMriténkarbegáItplitplfμI nigviFIsaRsþkarrcnamU:dedIm,IcirPaBsMrab;karcUlrYmrbs;Rkumhu‘nnanakñúgKeRmagbgðajepSg².

34

manRsab; karbegáItplitplfμ IRsLag nigplitpl mUldæan ¬rUbPaB 6¦. RbePTnImYy² KWPaBsMxan; rbs;va mankarekIneLIg nigmingaysMerc)an. >1 karbegáItfμ IelIplitplEdlmanRsab;³

tMrUv[mankareFVI[RbesIreLIgCaCMhan²elIplitpl EdlmanRsab; nigTMenaredIm,IBRgwgnUvsßanPaBTIpSar énRkumh‘unnanaEdl)anbegáItkñúgvis½y]sSahkm μ. >2 karbegáItplitplfμ IRsLag³

KWeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrelIplitpl b¤dMeNIrkarEdlman Rsab;TaMgRsug. haniP½y nigtMrUvkarvinieyaKTun sMrab;karbegáItplitplEbbenHCaFm μtaGacBicarNa)anfax<s;CagvinieyaKTunsMrab;karrcnam:Ud elIplit plEdlmanRsab; k¾bu:EnþvaCa»kaseRcInsMrab;Rkum h‘unkñúgkarQancUlkñúgTIpSarfμ I. >3 karbegáItmUldæanf μ I³

KWvaGaRs½yelIcMeNHdwgEpñkviTüasaRsþfμ I² nigkar ebIk]sSahkm μfμ I²EdlCamUlehtuénkarpøas;bþÚrCaKMrUmYy. karrYmcMENkxagviTüasaRsþ nigbec©kviTüa KWmansar³sMxan;Nas; enAkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgénkar begáItmUldæanfμ IenH.

kic©xitxMRbwgERbgPaKeRcInénkarbegáItf μ I Kw ekItmaneLIgenAkñúgRkumh‘un EdleFVIkargarBITsSn³ vis½y énkarbegáItf μ IelIplitplEdlmanRsab;b¤kar begáItplitplfμ IRsLag. manlT§PaBCaeRcInkñúg karbegáItfμ IrvagTsSn³vis½yTaMgenH. karbegáIt plitplmUldæanCaTUeTAekItmanEtenAkñúgRkumhu‘ncMruHCatisasn_FM² cegáamRkumh‘un b¤km μviFIRsavRCavCati nigGnþrCati edaysarvaRtUvkarFnFanmnusS nigmUl FnvinieyaKeRcIn. cMeBaH D4S kñúgkarGPviDÆn_esdækic© minsUvmanPaBBak;B½n§eTkñúgkrNIenH.

karbegáItfμ IelIplitplEdlmanRsab; b¤kar begáItplitplf μ IRsLagedayeCaKC½yenaH RtUvkar nUvkarKitepSg²KñarebobrbbkñúgkareFVIkargar nigkar TTYlyknUvhaniP½y. edIm,IEsVgyl;kan;Etc,as;nUv RbePTkarbegáItf μ ITaMgBIrenaH eyIgnwgeFVIkarBiPakSa bEnßmdUcxageRkamenH³

3>2>1 karbegáItf μ IelIplitplEdlmanRsab;

RbePTénkarbegáItfμ IenHmankarpøas;bþÚrtictYcenAeBlmYy ehIyeBlxøHsMedAeTAelIkarrIkcMerInbnþbnÞab;. plitplsamBaØmYyGaceFVI[RbesIr)an ¬GacCakar Rbtibtþil¥RbesIr b¤éføedImTabCag¦ tamry³kareRbI R)as;smasFatu b¤sMPar³EdlGacRbtibtþikar)anx<s;. plitplsaMjaMuEdlrYmbBa©ÚlRbB½n§bec©keTsbnÞab; bnSMGaceFVI[RbesIreLIgedayeFVIkarpøas;bþÚredayEpñkenARtg;kMritmYyénRbB½n§bnÞab;bnSM. karbegáItf μ IelI plitplEdlmanRsab;minrYmbBa©ÚlkarbNþak;TunCacMbg b¤haniP½y. bTBiesaF_ nigRbtikm μtbBIGñkeRbI R)as;mansar³sMxan; nigRbEhlCaRbPBcMbg sMrab;KMnitbegáItf μ I. ]TarhN_ tMrUvkarrbs;GtifiCn GacRtUv)ankMNt; nigbEnßmlkçN³eTAplitplEdl manRsab;.

karbegáItfμ IelIplitplEdlmanRsab;

karbegáItplitplfμ IRsLag

karbegáItplitplmUldæan

karbegáItfμ I

rUbPaB 6 ³ kMritxusKñaénkarbegáItfμ I

35

karbegáItfμ IelIplitplEdlmanRsab; nig karrcnamU:dplitplEdlmanRsab;eLIgvij KWman sar³sMxan;TaMgxagesdækic© nigBaNiC¢kmμdUcCakar begáItplitplf μ IRsLagpgEdr. karbegáItf μ IelI plitplEdlmanRsab; nigkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUv karrcnamU:dRtUv)aneKsÁal;dUcCa :nMb½ug nigb½r : énkar GPivDÆplitplfμ IsMrab;Rkumhu‘nCaeRcIn. Rkumh‘un CaeRcInminBüayamrukrkkarbegáItplitplfμ IRsLag enaHeT edaysMGageTAelImUlehtuepSg²KñadUcCaeK RtUvEteFVIeTAtamTMhM nigFnFanEdleKman lkçN³ rbs;]sSahkm μ kMriténPaBcaM)ac;karsikSaRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_ b¤cMnYnénhaniP½yEdlman. sUm,IEt Rkumh‘un EdlmanPaBeCaKC½ykñúgkarbgðajnUvkar begáItplitplfμ IRsLagenaH KWeKminsUveFVIvajwk jab;eT. KMeragkarbegáItfμ IelIplitplEdlmanRsab; CaFm μtaeFVIeTAtamrcnasm<½n§ nigdMeNIrkarEdlGac TsSn_Tay)anedaysarEtkMriténhaniP½y Edlman Tab.

3>2>2 karbegáItplitplfμ IRsLag karbegáItplitplfμ IRsLagCab;Tak;TgnwgkarGPivDÆénEpñksMxan;rbs;karrcnamU:dfμ I² dUcCakarpøas;bþÚr smasFatuénplitplmYyedaypSMCamYynwgsßabtükrfμ ImYysMrab;pSarP¢ab;smasFatuTaMgenaH. CalT§ pl KWCakarsMKal;elIplitplfμ ImYyEdlelcecj ya:gc,as;BIPaBxusKñaBIExSsgVak;plitplrbs;Rkum h‘unEdlmanRsab;.

kMritminCak;lak;x<s;KWvaCab;Tak;TgnwgKMeragkarbegáItplitplfμ IRsLagenH CaBiessenAdMNak; kaldMbUg. edaysarEtkMritminCak;lak;x<s;enHehIy eTIbdMeNIrkarTaMgmUlminGaceFVIkarbkRsayeTAtam

lMdab;lMeday)aneT. karbegáItplitplfμ IRsLag KWRtUv)anRbQmmuxnwgPaBminCak;lak;enAkMritepSg²Kña. edIm,ITTYl)annUvPaBeCaKC½y PaBminCak;lak; TaMgGacRtUv)ankat;bnßyeTAtamcMNucxageRkamenH³ >PaBminCak;lak;xagbec©keTs³ KWCabBaðaTaMgLay EdlTak;TgnwgkarsMerc)an nigPaBRtwmRtUvénkar Gnuvtþn_cMeNHdwgEpñkviTüasaRsþ nigPaBCak;lak;xag bec©keTs. > PaBminCak;lak;xagTIpSar³ KWCabBaðaTaMgLay NaEdlTak;TgnwgtMrUvkar nigkarcg;)anrbs;GtifiCn.

karGPivDÆn_GaCIvkm μfμ I plitpl nig¼b¤ dMeNIrkarEdlEkERbesdæ kic©rbs;GaCIvkm μmYy

karrukrknUvbec©kviTüafμ I

karvivtþyUr²mþg nigminbnþ rhUt

buKÁl nigRkumpøÚvkarnigeRkA pøÚvkarEdlmanmuxgarxus ²Kña

karKUsbBa¢ak; éføedIm b¤lkçN³Rb esIreTAelIplitpl esvakm μ b¤ dMeNIrkar EdlmanRsab;

bec©kviTüa GaCIvkm μelIbec©kviTüaEdlmanRsab;

Knøg karvivtþn_ExSRtg; nigCabnþ

GñkedIrtYsMxan; RkumpøÚvkarEdlman muxgarxus²Kña

eBlevla ry³eBlxøI ry³eBlmFümeTA ry³eBlEvg

haniP½y nigeCaKC½y

GacBüakrN_)an minGacBüakrN_)an nigPaBminCak;lak;x<s;

dMeNIrkar mU:EdlpøÚvkar dMNak;kaldMbUg

mU:EdleRkApøÚvkarGacbt; EbnenAdMNak;kaldMbUg edaysarkMritminCak;lak; x<s;

tarag 3 ³ kareRbobeFobBIkarbegáItfμIelI plitplEdlmanRsab; nigkarbegáItplitplf μIRsLag

karbegáItfμ IelIplitplEdlmanRsab; karbegáItplitplfμ IRsLag

36

> PaBminCak;lak;xagRKb;RKg³ sMedAeTAelIkarTb; Tl;nwgkarRKb;RKg EdlbNþalmkBICMelaHrvag GMNacénRkumRKb;RKg nigRkuménkarbegáItplitpl fμ IRsLag. > PaBminCak;lak;EpñkFnFan ³ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgPaB minbnþrbs;KMeragEdlCH\T§iBldl;mUlFnrbs;KMeragbuKÁlik nigtMrUvkarxagkarRKb;RKg. karbegáItplit plfμ IRsLagRtUvkarnUvFnFanCaeRcIn dUcCasmtß PaBxagbec©kviTüakMritx<s; karsikSaRsavRCav nig karGPivDÆxøaMg nigCMnajeRcIn cMENkÉkarbegáItfμ I elIplitpl EdlmanRsab;vijRtUvkarFnFanTaMgenH ticCag.

3>2>3 karbegáItplitplfμ I dMeNIrkarkarbegáItplitplf μ I Cab;Tak;Tges‘rIén dMeNIrkarrg EdlRKb;RKgedaydMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_ plitpl nigsmiT§ipl ¬rUbPaB 7¦.

karbegáItplitplfμ I = karGPivDÆn_plitpl + smiT§ipl enAkñúgkfaxNÐ½xageRkam KWCakarsegçbBIdMeNIrkar GPivDÆplitplCaCMhan².

3>3 dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_plitpl

karGPivDÆn_plitplGackMNt;)anfaCa : dMeNIrkar bMElgKMnitbec©keTs b¤tMrUvkarTIpSar nig»kasén plitplfμ I nig»kasenAelITIpSar :. varYmmanTaMg yuT§saRsþ karRKb;RKg karbegáItCaKMnit karbegáIt nigvaytMélplitpl nigEpnkarTIpSar nigBaNiC¢km μ elIplitplfμ ImYy.

dMeNIrkarkarGPivDÆn_plitpl KWCakic©kar Edl)ankMNt; nigmansNþab;Fñab;CaCMhan² nig

dMNak;kal EdlbkRsayBIrebobRkumhu‘nmYyEdl bMElgBIKMniteTACaplitplnig¼b¤esvakm μ EdlGac lk;;)an. dMeNIrkarkarGPivDÆn_plitplGacRtUv)an bMEbkCabIdMNak;kal³ karbegáIteKalneya)aykar riHrkKMnit nigkarGPivDÆn_twgruwg ¬rUbPaB 7 ¦.

ral;CMhanTaMgGs;manskm μPaBBIrRbePT xusKña ¬emIlrUbPaB 8¦. RbePTTI 1 KWskm μPaBmin RsbKña nigTI2 KWskmμPaBEdlRsbKña. viFIsaRsþenH kMNt;nUvB½t’manBak;B½n§RbkbedayKMnitécñRbDit nig bnÞab;mkeFVIkarvaytMélva. viFIsaRsþminRsbKñaEsVg rkKMnitnigrYmmanTaMgkarrukrkB½t’manedIm,IrukrkbBaða edIm,IkMNt; rkGtßn½yrbs;vaedIm,IbegáItKMnit nigedIm,I bUkbBa©ÚlnUvbBaØatiepSg². viFIbBa©ÚlKñaCMruj[man tMélkñúgkarvinicä½y nigrab;bBa©ÚlviFIsaRsþepSg²edIm,I [B½t’manmanGtßn½y kMNt;BIcMNucGaTiPaBeRbob eFobdMeNaHRsay vaytMélKMnit nigbdiesFn_ b¤ eRCIserIsbBaØatiNamYy. dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_plit plEtgEtCadMeNIrkarRtg;. eTaHbICaya:genHk¾eday enAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_ vaRtUv)ankMNt;edaydMeNIrkarRtg; CamYynwgvdþpÞÜn² mann½yfaRkumrcnam:UdEtgEt Rtlb;eTArkdMNak;kaldMbUg nigsMerccitþenAkñúg dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_plitpledIm,IvaytMéleLIgvijnUv karsMerceBlmun.

37

3>4 karbegáIteKalneya)ay dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_plitpl cab;epþImCamYynwgkar begáIteKalbMNg nigyuT§saRsþ. karGPivDÆn_plit plfμ I b¤karrcnam:UdplitpleLIgvijedayminman eKalbMNgc,as;las; nigyuT§saRsþplitplRb EhlCanaM[plitplbraC½y nigkarxatbg;. cMeBaH ehtuplenH vamansar³sMxan;cMeBaHRkumh‘unedIm,I kMNt;BITsSn³vis½y eKalbMNg vtßúbMNgnig yuT§saRsþbegáItfμ I ¬plitpl¦ ¬rUbPaB 9 ¦. 3>4>1 esckþIEføgBIebskkmμ ebskkmμrbs;Rkumh‘unKWCamUlehtuEdleKkøayeTACa GIVmYy. ebskkmμenHRtUv)anbgðajCaTMrg;CaesckþI EføgBIebskkm μ EdlepJICaGtßn½yéneKalbMNg cMeBaHnieyaCit nigKMeragrUbPaBrbs;Rkumh‘uncMeBaH

GtifiCn. esckþIEføgBIebskkm μkMNt;BIeKalbMNg b¤eKalbMNgTUlMTUlayCagenHedIm,ImandMeNIrkar. vaedIrtYnaTICakarENnaM enAeBlEdlmanPaBminRtwm RtUv. vaminmanRkbx½NÐeBlevla nigGacmandUcKña RKb;TsvtS RbsinebIbiunRbsBVkñúgkarEkERb.

rUbPaB 8 ³ viFIsaRsþCMhan²énkarrcnam:UdkMNt;BIskmμPaBepSg² nigkarbBa©ÚlKña

rUbPaB 8 ³ viFIsaRsþCMhan²énkarrcnam:UdkMNt;BIskmμPaBepSg² nigkarbBa©ÚlKña

karbegáIt eKalbMNg

nigyuT§saRsþ

eKalneya)ay plitpl

karbegáIt nig eRCIserIsKMnit

KMnitmux CMnYjfμ I

rcnam:Ud plitpl

karGPivDÆn_ plitpl

kareFIVEpnkar TIpSar

Epnkar plitkm μ

karrcnam:Ud plitpl

Epnkar TIpSar

plitkm μ karEckcay nigkarlk;

kareRbIR)as;

karbegáIteKalneya)ay karEsVgrkKMnit kareFVIVEpnkarplitpl karGPivDÆn_edaytwgEtg

karGPivDÆn_plitplkarbegáItf μI

karTTYlsÁal;

karbegáItCMerIs eKalneya)ay

karcab;epþIm pÞúyKña RsbKña pÞúyKña RsbKña pÞúyKña RsbKña pÞúyKña RsbKña eKal neya)ay

KMnit plitplfμI

karrcnam:Udplitpl

skm μPaB muxCMnYjf μI

karbegáIteKalneya)ay karEsVgrkKMnit karGPivDÆn_d¾twgrwg karTTYlsÁal;

karvaytMél nigeRCIserIs karvaytMél nigeRCIserIs karvaytMél nigeRCIserIs

karbegáItKMnit plitpl

karbegáItdMeNaHRsayrcnam:Ud

karbegáItCMerIs nigyuT§saRsþTIpSar

rUbPaB 9 ³ ebskkmμ TsSn³vis½y eKalbMNg nigyuT§saRsþ

yuT§saRsþ

eKalbMNg

TsSn³vis½y

ebskkmμ

38

enAeBlkMNt;BICaesckþIEføgBIebskkmμ Rkumh‘unGacKitKUredayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgTidæPaBxøH b¤ TaMgGs;dUcxageRkam³ > PaBRtwmRtUv¼sIlFm’rbs;shRKas > tMrUvkarrUbPaBCasarFarN³ > yuT§saRsþKnøwHCH\T§iBldl;BaNiC¢km μ > karbkRsayBITIpSareKaledA > karbkRsayBIplitpl¼esvakm μ > TItaMgPUmisaRsþ > karrMBwgTukénkarrIkcMerIn nigplcMeNj

3>4>2 esckþIEføgkarN_BITsSn³vis½y

esckþIEføgkarN_BITsSn³vis½ybkRsayBIrbobRKb; RKgrbs;Rkumh‘un edayKitBI 10 b¤ 20 qñaM RbsinebI RKb;ya:gdMeNIrkardUcsgÇwmTuk. esckþIEføgkarN_BI TsSn³vis½yKWxøI c,as;las; eFIV[nwkeXIjBIGIVEdl Rkumh‘uncg;køayeTACa nigTTYlenAeBlNamYykñúg eBlGnaKtedaybBa¢ak;kñúgn½yRbkYtRbECg.TsSn³ vis½ysMedAelIRbePTénkartaMgcitþEdlTUlMTUlay

karKitedayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgGs; nigkarKit. vaCa rUbPaB EdlRkumh‘unmankñúgeKalbMNgmunnwgkMNt; edIm,IQaneTAdl;va. vabkRsayBIkarnwkeXIjdl; GnaKt edayminkMNt;c,as;BIGtßn½yEdlnwgRtUv)an eRbIR)as;edIm,ITTYl)anva.

TsSn³vis½ycMeBaHRkumh‘unfμ I b¤RTg;RTaytUc bgðajBIeKalbMNgenAkMritx<s; nigKYrEtRsbCamYy eKalbMNgBaNiC¢km μrbs;sßabnik. TsSn³vis½yKYr EtbBa¢ak;BIGIVEdlsßabnikRsm½y cg;[muxCMnYjrIk cMerInmantMél mankmμkr nigkarrYmcMENkeTAsgÁm. TsSn³vis½yenH RbEhlCaRsBicRsBildUckaryl; sbþi b¤c,as;las;dUcCaeKalbMNg. TsSn³vis½y RbEhlCamankartaMgcitþedIm,I³ > GPivDÆplitpl b¤esvakmμfμ I > bMerIGtifiCntamry³esvakm μEdl)ankMNt; > R)akdBIKuNPaB nigcMelIytbcMeBaHesvakmμ GtifiCn > pþl;lkçxNÐkargarrIkraydl;kmμkr b¤ > R)akdfakarrIkcMerInEpñkhirBaØvtßú nigcirPaBénRkum h‘unedIm,ICaplRbeyaCn_dl;GñkBak;B½n§. 3>4>3 eKalbMNg nigvtßúbMNg eRkayBIkMNt; ¬b¤kMNt;eLIgvij¦ nUvebskkmμ nig TsSn³vis½y vaKWCaeBlevlaedIm,IbegáIteKalbMNg nigvtßúbMNgGnuvtþsMrab;GgÁPaBedayEp¥kelIGMNHGMNagenH. eKalbMNgEtgEtxVHPaBc,as;las;. vtßúbMNgKWedIm,IbegáItRkbxNÐeBlevla nigTMhMc,as; las;. ]TahrN_ vtßúbMNgénTisedA kMenIncMNUl RbcaMqñaMKYrEtmanPaBRbNaMgRbECgEtGacTTYl)an. vak¾KYrEtGacvas;Evg)an dUcenHRkumh‘unGacRtYt BinitükarrIkcMerIn nigeFIVkarEktMrUvtamRtUvkar.

esckþIEføgBIebskkm μéneragcRkplit)aøsÞikenA Tanzania

> ebskkmμrbs;eyIgKWedIm,IkøayeTACaGñkpÁt;pÁg;enAlMdab;BiPBelakéndMeNaHRsayCa km μsiT§i nigkarbegáItf μ IenAkñúgTIpSarGaRhVikkNþal nigxagekIt. > eyIgnwgmancMNUleTVKuNerogral;bIqñaM > eyIgnwgTTYlBanrgVan;CaédKUEdll¥CageK eKcMeBaHGñkBak;B½n§TaMgGs; nigelIsBIkar rMBwgTukrbs;BYkeK. RbGb; 2 ³ ]TarhN_énesckþIEføgBIebskkm μ

39

enAeBlEdlRkumh‘unkMNt;BIvtßúbMNgrbs; xøÜnehIy vaGacviPaKBIsßanPaBbc©úb,nñedIm,IbegáIt)an CaEpnkaryuT§saRsþ edIm,IQaneTAdl;vtßúbMNg. vaGac eFIV)ancMeBaH]TahrN_CamYynwgkarviPaKBIPaB xøaMg PaBexSay kalanuvtþPaB nigkarKMramkMEhg ¬SWOT¦ b¤edayvaytMéldMNak;kalvdþCIvitplit pl.

3>4>4 karviPaKBI SWOT

edIm,ITTYl)aneCaKC½y BaNiC¢kmμRtUvkarkareyaK yl;BIPaBxøaMg nigTIkEnøgénPaBexSay. BaNiC¢kmμ RbkbedayeCaKC½yksagPaBxøaMg EktMrUvPaBexSay nigkarBarRbqaMgnwgPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH nigkar KMramkMEhg. eKk¾RtUvyl;BIbrisßanBaNiC¢kmμrYm nig »kasf μ IeGay)anelOnCagédKURbkYtRbECg.

• GvtþmanénCMnajsMxan; • ma:kGn; • karEckcayminRKb;TIkEnøg • GtifiCnmincUlcitþplitpl • plitpl¼esvakm μminKYre[Tukcitþ • RTg;RTaytUc • karRKb;RKg

• karpøas;bþÚrcMNUlcitþrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; • karbiTTItaMgPUmisaRsþTIpSar • PaBTMenIbénbec©kviTüa • karpøas;bþÚreKalneya)ayrdæaPi)al • karhUtBn§ekIneLIg • bMlas;bþÚrrcnasm<½n§GayuRbCaCn • bNþajEckcayf μ I

karKMramkMEhg

viC¢man GviC¢man

PaBxøaMg PaBexSay

• CMnajbec©kviTüa • ma:knaMmuxeK • bNþajEckcayeRcIn • PaBesμaHRtg;rbs;GtifiCn¼TMnak;TMng • KuNPaBplitkm μ • TMhM • karRKb;RKg

• karpøas;bþÚrcMNUlcitþrbs; • esrIPaBénPUmisaRsþTIpSar • PaBTMenIbénbec©kviTüa • karpøas;bþÚreKalneya)ayrdæaPi)al • karykBn§Tab • bMlas;bþÚrrcnasm<½n§GayuRbCaCn • bNþajEckcayf μ I

kalanuvtþPaB

rUbPaB 10 ³ karviPaKBIma:RTIs SWOT

40

viFIsaRsþCYysMrYlkñúgdMeNIrkarenHKWkarviPaKBISWOT. PaBxøaMg KWCakarsn μt;rbs;Rkumh‘unfa vaGacCYyedIm,I [sMerc)annUvvtßúbMNg. PaBxøaMgRtUvEtrkSaksag eLIg b¤manskþanuBl. PaBexSay KWCakarsn μt;rbs;Rkumh‘unfaCH\T§iBl GviC¢mandl;vtßúbMNg. PaBexSayRtUvbgáarb¤bBaÄb;va. kalanuvtþPaB KWCalkçxNÐxageRkAEdlCYyedIm,I TTYl)annUvvtßúbMNg. kalanuvtþPaBRtUvkarkarpþl; GaTiPaB nigmanbrimakmμ. karKMramkMEhg KWCalkçxNÐxageRkAEdlCH\Ti§Bl GviC¢mankñúgkarTTYl)annUvvtßúbMNg. karKMramkMEhg RtUvkartbtvij b¤bnßymkGb,brma.

elIsBIenHeTAeTot Rkumh‘unGacBinitürk smtßPaBcMbgrbs;xøÜnCasmtßPaBTaMgLayNaEdl manEtmYy nigEdlpþl;[xøÜnnUvKuNsm,tþiedayELk ¬emIlrUbPaB 10¦.

3>4>5 TsSn³vis½yTIpSarcMeBaHvdþCIvit plitpl plitplfμ I rIkcMerIntamry³lMdab;éndMNak;kalCa eRcInenAelITIpSar BIkarENnaMcUlTIpSaelIkdMbUgrhUt karlk;dl;kMritGtibrma nigFøak;cuHvij ¬emIlrUbPaB 11¦. eRkayBIry³eBlénkarGPivDÆn_plitplRtUv )anENnaMcUlTIpSar. bnÞab;mkmanGtifiCnkan;Et eRcIneLIg². cugbBa©b; TIpSarmanesßrPaB nigplit plRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;. bnÞab;mk eRkayBIry³ eBlmYy karGPivDÆtamTan;plitpl nigcab;epþIm manGñkRbkYtRbECgsMxan;² karlk;plitplenaH k¾ fycuuH nigcugbBa©b;RtUv)andkecjBITIpSarvij. va mansar³sMxan;sMrab;Rkumh‘un[dwgBIdMNak;kalNa Edlplitpl enAkñúglMdab;énkarcab;epþImkarbegáItfμ I tameBlevla.

TsSn³vis½yvdþCIvitplitplenHBITIpSarminKYrRtUv)anRcLMCamYyyuT§saRsþcirPaBénvdþCIvitplit pl ¬minmankarbeBa©jsMNl;¦ dUcEdlbgðajenA kñúgCMBUk 2.

rUbPaB 11 ³ vdþCIvitplitpl ¬ TsSn³vis½yTIpSar¦

3>4>6 KMlatyuT§saRsþbegáItf μ I karbegáItplitplfμ Imansar³sMxan;edIm,IdMeNIrkar nig rIkcMerInenAkñúgTIpSarRbkYtRbECg. edaysarEt ninñakarénkarlk;plitplfμI²fycuH edaysarEtkar GPivDÆn_rbs;KURbkYtRbECg KMlatyuT§saRsþbegáItfμ I GPivDÆ edaymankarraraMgBIkarrIkcMerIn. KMlatyuT§ saRsþ GacRtUv)anvas;EvgdUcCakarrMBwgTukxusKñaBI R)ak;cMNUlEdlcg;)an nigplcMeNjBIEpnkarrbs; plitplfμ I nigvtßúbMNgrbs;Rkunh‘un¬dUcEdlGHGag enAkñúgesckþIEføgBITsSn³vis½y¦ ¬emIl rUbPaB 12¦.

RbsinebImanKMlat rvagkarlk;enAeBlGna Kt nigkarlk;EdleRKagTuk Rkumh‘unnwgRtUvGPivDÆ b¤TTYlnUvCMnYjf μ I nigskm μPaBbegáItfμ IedIm,IbMeBjnUv KMlatyuT§saRsþenH.

karlk

;plitp

l

karcab;epþIm karrIkcMerIn karrIkcMerIn dl;kMBUl

karFøak;cuH

rUbPaB 12 ³ KMlaténkarbegáIttfμI

cMNUl

eBlevla

TsSn³vis½y

plitpl B plitpl C

KMlat

41

3>4>7 rUbmnþbegáItplitplfμ I enAeBlEdlmanB½t’manc,as;las;BIRkumh‘un nig brisßanrbs;vaehIy CMerIsyuT§saRsþbegáItplitplfμ I Cak;lak;GacRtUv)anGPivDÆeLIg. manyuT§saRsþ karbegáIt ¬plitpl¦ fμIepSg²cMeBaHRkumh‘unsMrab; begáItfμ I edIm,I[kan;EtmanPaBRbkYtRbECg ¬emIl rUbPaB 13¦. PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;Rkumh‘unkñúgry³ eBlEvgmanTMnak;TMngedaypÞal;CamYYynwgsmtßPaBGPivDÆplitplfμ Irbs;xøÜn.

enAxN³eBlEdlRkumh‘unmanCMerIsepSg²

edayBwgEp¥keTAelIsßanPaBrbs;Rkumh‘un RbePT yuT§saRsþTUeTA EdlGacGnuvtþn_edayTUlMTUlayenA kñúgRkumh‘un. mU:EDlbegáItf μ Irbs; Ansoff nig Porter

KWCayuT§saRsþBIr EdlRkumh‘un nigGgÁkarGacGnuvtþ )anedIm,IviPaKBIsßanPaBplitkm μbc©úb,nñrbs;Rkumh‘un ¬nig Rkumh‘unRbkYtRbECg¦ nigpþl;CaTisedAeTAyuT§ saRsþbegáItplitplf μ I. 3>4>8 ma:RTIsénkarrIkcMerIn ma:RTIsénkarrIkcMerInrbs; Ansoff KWCa]bkrN_mYy EdlGacCYy[Rkumh‘uneRCIserIsplitpl nigyuT§

saRsþkMenInTIpSar. Rkumh‘unGacelIkeLIgBIKMlat karbegáItfμ IenAkñúgviFIbYnepSgKña EdlEp¥keTAelIbnSM énTIpSar nigkarbegáItplitplfμ I³

dMbUg Rkumh‘unGackMNt;BIkalanuvtþPaBén dMeNIrkarrIkcMerIn. ma:RTIskarrIkcMerInesñInUvyuT§saRsþ sMxan;bI³ > yuT§saRsþeRCotcUlTIpSar- EpñkRKb;RKgEsVgrkviFI edIm,IBRgIkcMENkTIpSarénplitplfμ I²enAkñúgTIpSar bc©úb,nñ > yuT§saRsþGPivDÆTIpSar- EpñkRKb;RKgEsVgrkTI pSarfμ IsMrab;plitplfμ I². > yuT§saRsþGPivDÆplitpl- EpñkRKb;RKgBicarNa BIlT§PaBbegáItplitplf μ I.

PaBcMruHGacpþl;nUvkalanuvtþPaBya:gl¥eRkABI Rkumh‘un. RbePTcMruHbIGacman. Rkumh‘unGacEsVg rkplitplfμ IEdlmanGnþrkm μrvagbec©kviTüa nig¼b¤ TIpSarCamYynwgExSbnÞat;plitplEdlmanRsab; ebI eTaHbICaplitplEsVgrkGtifiCnfñak;fμ I. TIBIrRkum h‘unRbEhlCaEsVgrkplitplfμ IEdlEsVgrkGtifiCn bc©úb,nñ eTaHbICaminBak;B½n§nwgExSbnÞat;plitpl bc©úb,nñtambec©kviTüa. CacugeRkayRkumh‘unRbEhl CaRtUvEsVgrkBaNiC¢kmμfμ I EdlminmanTMnak;TMngCa mYybec©kviTüaplitpl b¤TIpSarrbs;Rkumh‘unbc©úb,nñ.

rUbPaB 13 ³ yuT§saRsþbegáItplitpl fμIedIm,IbiTKMlaténkarbegáItfμI

yuT§saRsþ karTT

YlsÁal

;

TIpSarfμ I

plitplfμ I

karrcnam:UdeLIgvi

sßanPaBbc©úb,nñ eBlevla

TsSn³vis½y

rUbPaB 14 ³ ma:RTIsénkarrIkcMerInrbs; Ansoff (Ansoff, 1968) ;

yuT§saRsþ eRCotcUl

TIpSar

karGPivDÆn_ TIpSarf μI

karGPivDÆn_ plitplfμ I

PaBcMruHTIpSarf μI

TIpSar bc©úb,nñ

plitplbc©úb,nñ plitplfμ I

TIpSar bc©úb,nñ

TIpSarf μI

plitplfμ Iplitplbc©úb,nñ

haniP½y kMritmFüm

haniP½y kMritTab

haniP½y kMritx<s;

haniP½y kMritmFüm

42

3>4>9 ma:RTIsyuT§saRsþRbkYtRbECg skþanuBlyuT§saRsþEdlmanRbeyaCn_epSgeTotKW ma:RTIs Porter EdlbkRsayBIRbePTyuT§saRsþRbkYt RbECgdUcCa tMélsrubénPaBdwknaM karykcitþTuk dak; nigPaBxusKña ¬emIlrUbPaB 15¦³ > PaBnaMmuxeKxagtMél-Rkumh‘unxitxMRbwgERbgedIm,I sMerceGay)annUvtMélplitkm μ nigEckcayTabbMput dUc enHeKGacmantMélTabCagédKURbkYtRbECg ehIyGacTTYl)annUvcMENkTIpSa)aneRcInCag. Rkum h‘unGnuvtþyuT§saRsþenH RtUvEtBUEkxagvisVkmμ kar Tij karplit nigkarEckcay. yuT§saRsþenH RtUv karCMnajTIpSartictYc. >PaBxusKña - Rkumh‘unykcitþTukdak;elIkarTTYl )andMeNIrkarl¥enAkñúgkarkMNt;BIplRbeyaCn_rbs; GtifiCn EdlkMNt;edayEpñkcMbgénTIpSar. Rkumh‘un Büayam[QanmuxeKnUvKuNPaB bec©kviTüa esvakm μ nigrebobrcna .l. Rkumh‘unrkSaPaBxøaMgEdlpþl; nUvKuNsm,tþiEpñkRbkYtRbECg. dUcenH Rkumh‘un Edlcg;QanmuxeKEpñkKuNPaBnwgplit b¤TijnUv FatupSMl¥CageKdak;vacUlKñaedayCMnaj nigBinitü Bic©½yedayRbugRby½tñ. > karykcitþTukdak; - Rkumh‘unykcitþTukdak;elI bMENkTIpSartUcceRg¥ótmYy b¤eRcIn CaCagemIleTA

TIpSarFMTUlay. Rkumh‘undwgBItMrUvkarénEpñkTaMgenaH nigEsVgrkTaMgPaBnaMmuxeKxagtMél b¤TMrg;xusKñaenA kñúgTIpSareKaledA.

RbePTyuT§saRsþTaMgbIenH GacbnSMcUlKña ¬emIlrUbPaB 15¦.

Rkumh‘unKYrEtvaytMélelIlMdab;énplitpl enAeBlbc©úb,nñ nigGnaKtCamYymU:EDlTaMgBIrenH. 3>4>10 haniP½y nigkareRCIserIsyuT§ saRsþ Rkumh‘unnwgRbQmmuxnwgeKalbMNgcMrUgcMras; Edl BüayamedIm,IGtibrmakmμénPaBeCaKC½yEpñkesdækic© enAeBlEdlkat;bnßyhaniP½y. manPaKrytictYc b:ueNÑaHénKMeragkarbegáItplitplf μ I Edl)ancUleTA dl;TIpSar. PaBxusKñaénKMeragkan;EteRcIn haniP½y kan;EtmaneRcIn ¬emIlrUbPaB 14 ¦. haniP½yénPaB braC½yGacRtUv)anbnßy[ticbMputRbsinebI³ > karbegáItfμ IedayEp¥keTAelIvtßúbMNg nigyuT§saRsþ ry³eBlmFüm nigEvg ³ > karbegáItfμ IsmRsbcMeBaHTMhMRkumh‘un nigFnFan > RbB½n§begáItf μImanedIm,IbBa©ÚltMrUvkarf μ I nigbMErbMrYl >karbegáItfμ IRtUv)ancab;epþImedayTIpSar nigminEmn edaykarGPivDÆn_bec©keTseT > karbegáItfμ IykcitþTukdak;elITMnak;TMngkñúgExScgVak; éntMél ¬vamankarlM)akCagkñúgkarcMlgyk¦ b¤ > karbegáItfμ ICYykMNt;nUvPaBxusKñarbs;Rkumh‘unBI KURbkYtRbECgrbs;Rkumh‘un

enAcugbBa©b;éndMNak;kalenH Rkumh‘unKYr EtGaceRCIserIsyuT§saRsþkarbegáItplitplfμ I Edl smRsbbMputcMeBaHTsSn³vis½y nigbrisßanépÞkúñúg nigeRkA.

rUbPaB 15 ³ ma:RTIsyuT§saRsþ Porter (Porter, 1980)

eKaledA TIpSarFM

sMbuk TIpSar

tMélnaM muxeK

karykcitþ Tukdak;elI

tMél

karykcitþ Tukdak;elI PaBxusKña

PaBxusKña

KuNsm,tþiénkarRbkYtRbECg

tMélTabCag PaBxusKña

KuNsm,tþién karRbkYtRbECg

43

3>5 karbegáItKMnit dMNak;kalbegáItKMniteyageTAelIEpñkRbkbedaykarécñRbDiténdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_plitpl EdldMeNaH RsayRtUv)andak;eTAeFIVeLIg nigeRbIR)as;edIm,IbegáIt CadMeNaHRsayfμ I.

karbegáItKMnitmanbBa©Úlbec©keTsepSg²nigRbCaCncUlcitþRbePTepSgKñaénbec©keTsTaMgenaH. viFIsaRsþ CatUya:grab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarbegáItnUvCMnaj RsavRCav nigPaBécñRbDit. karRKb;RKgKMnitman sarsMxan;enAkñúgdMNak;kalenH edaysarEtmanKMnit CaeRcInEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIg nigRtUvkareRCIserIs nigPaBcMruHénKMnitTaMgenaH. edayEp¥kelIbnSMénKMnit bBaØatiplitplRtUv)anesñIeLIg. 3>5>1 CMnajRsavRCav dMNak;kaldMbUgéndMeNIrkarbegáItKMnitKW GPivDÆ CMnajRsavRCav. cMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_CMnajRsavRCav enHPaBxøaMgényuT§saRsþépÞkñúgrbs;Rkumh‘unKWCakEnøgRbesIrbMputEdlRtUvcab;epþIm. ]TahrN_ PaBxøaMg rbs;Rkumh‘undUcCa sßanPaBhirBaØvtßú cMeNHdwgeTA elIbec©kviTüaCak;lak; b¤rebobénkarnaMecj. eday bnSMnUvPaBxøaMgrbs;Rkumh‘un CamYynwgkarbgðajBI kalanuvtþPaB nigninñakarenAkñúgkarviPaKBI SWOT

CMnajRsavRCavcMeBaHKMnitplitplf μ I GacRtUv)an begáIteLIg ¬emIlrUbPaB 16 ¦.

edIm,IeRbIR)as;lT§plBIma:RTIs SWOT va RtUvEtEktMrUveTAtamma:RTIsCMnajRsavRCav ¬emIl rUbPaB 17 ¦. enAelIGkS½redk ¬BIRkeLan A eTA F¦ kalanuvtþPaB kMNt;BIxagedImenAkñúgkarviPaKBI SWOT RtUv)ansresrcUl. bnÞab;mk PaBxøaMgépÞkñúg RtUv)andak;enAkñúgRkeLan 1 eTA 8 enAelIGkS½rQr. edaybnSMénPaBxøaMgépÞkñúgnwgkalanuvtþPaBEpñk

xageRkAKMnitplitplf μ IRtUv)anbegáIteLIg.

CalT§pl Rkumh‘unRbEhlCamanCMnaj RsavRCavCaeRcIn. edIm,IsMrbsMrYlkarvaytMél nig kareRCIserIsCMnajRsavRCavRbesIrCageK karBinitü emIl[)anlMGitmansar³sMxan;Nas;. eRkayBI eRCIserIsCMnajRsavRCavEdll¥CageKehIy KMnit plitplRtUv)anbegáIteLIg. 3>5>2 EpñkRbkbedaykarécñRbDit EpñkRbkbedaykarécñRbDitGaceFIV[manplitkm μénKMnitplitplf μ ICaeRcIn. RKb;KMnitTaMgGs; minfaGn; b¤RbesIrya:gNaenaHeTKYrEtRtUv)anRbmUl. GaRs½y eTAelICMnajRsavRCav RkumGPivDÆplitplGac GnuvtþRbePTbec©keTsécñRbDitepSg² edIm,IbegáIt KMnitplitpl.

CMBUk 9 bgðajBIbec©keTsécñRbDitepSg²[ )anlMGitCamYynwg]TahrN_.

rUbPaB 16- CMnajRsavRCavEdlbnSMPaBxøaMg nigkalanuvtþPaB énma:RTIs SWOT (Bvu nig Valhenburg, 2000)

CMnaj RsavRCav

»kasTIpSar karKMramkMEhgBITIpSar

cMNucxøaMg rbs;Rkumh‘un

cMNucexSay rbs;Rkumh‘un

44

3>5>3 karGPivDÆn_RTwsIþ karGPivDÆn_TsSn³eFIVeLIg edayKMnitécñRbDitEdl begáIteLIgedaybBa©Úlva nigGPivDÆbEnßmedIm,Ivay tMél. TsSn³enHRtUv)ansresrya:gc,as; nigRtUv karkarbkRsayBIKMnitplitplf μ I rab;bBa©ÚlTaMg lkçN³dMbUg plRbeyaCn_rbs;GtifiCn nigbec©k viTüaEdlRtUvkar. karbegáItRTwsIþGacrYmbBa©ÚlTaMg³ > niymn½yénTIpSareKaledA nigGtifiCn > kMNt;BIkarRbkYtRbECg nigbegáItrUbmnþyuT§saRsþ énkarRbkYtRbECg > GPivDÆplitplbec©keTsdMbUg nigkalviPaKkñúg kareFIVetsþ > )a:n;sμanFnFanRtUvkarcMeBaHkarGPivDÆplitpl nig > begáItEpnkarBaNiC¢km μdMbUg

eRkayBIkareRCIserIsRTwsIþRbesIrbMputehIy RtUvsikSava[)anlMGiteTot.

3>6 karTTYlsÁal; karGPivDÆn_plitplminEmnCadMeNIrkarEtÉgeT. RsbeTAtamdMeNIrkarGPivDÆplitpl karGPivDÆn_ plitkm μ nigEpnkarTIpSark¾RtUveFIVeLIgEdr ¬rUbPaB 18 ¦.

Epnkarplitkm μpSarP¢ab;edaypÞal;eTAnwg karrcnam:Ud nigp Þúymkvij. ]bkrN_Edlman nigtMrUv karbNþak;Tun KYrEtBicarNakñúgkMLúgeBldMNak;kal rcnam:Ud. karRKb;RKgplitkm μnwgRtUvkaredIm,IeFIV EpnkarBIkarENnaMénbMErbMrYlplitkmμ EdlCa lT§plecjBIIkarpøas;bþÚrkarrcnam:Ud .

rUbPaB 17 ³ ma:RTIsCMnajRsavRCavénRkumh‘uncMNIGahar

»kasxageRkA

A B C D E F

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

PaBxøaMg

ényuT§s

aRsþxag

kñúg

begáInkarBisar nMPIsa

karpþl; mðÚbcMNIGahar

ebIk saklviTüal½y

begáIncMNab;Gam μN_ cMeBaHGaharman

pasuxPaB

>>>>

>>>>

nMb½ugPIsa nMb½ugKuNPaBx<s;

kEnøgplitkmμ FMTUlay

manTMnak;TMngl¥ nwgkarlk;edjéfø

hagminb:HBal; dl;brisßan

>>>>

>>>>

ebIktUblk;enA kñúúgbrievN

saMgvicman KuNPaB

bWhÁWbEnø

dwkCUndl;pÞH

>>>>

45

vamansar³sMxan;kñúgkarrkTIpSarplitplfμ I EdlCatMrUvkar nigbMNgR)afñarbs;GtifiCn. dUcenH manRbeyaCn_kñúgkarEsVgyl;BIB½t’mankarviPaKTIpSar Gtþcritrbs;GtifiCn ninñakar nigsßanPaBeBl GnaKt eKalneya)ayrdæaPi)al karRBYy)armÖBIbri sßan bec©kviTüafμ I nigvtßúFatuedIm. eKalneya)ay nigtMrUvkarRkumh‘unKYrEtRtUv)anKitBicarNa. Epnkar nwgpþl;CakarENnaMedIm,IsMerccitþBIkarrcnam:Ud nig TIpSar.

enAeBlEdlkarrcnam:UdRtUv)ankMNt;ehIy vamansar³sMxan;kñúgkarkMNt;PaBxøaMg tMél nigkar EbgEckénplitpl. yuT§saRsþCaeRcIn RtUvkar GPivDÆedIm,ITidæPaBTaMgenH. 3>7 karGPivDÆn_plitplenAkñúgRbeTs kMBugGPivDÆ CaTMlab; skm μPaBGPivDÆplitplRtUv)anykcitþ Tukdak;enAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆn_. eTaHbICaya:genHk¾ eday skm μPaBTaMgenHkan;Etmansar³sMxan;eLIg sMrab;karRbkYtRbECgCaGnþrCati ehIyRbeTskMBug GPivDÆn_kMBugcab;epþImykcitþTukdak;elIkarksag CMnajenH.

rhUtdl;TsvtSqñaM s1970 RbeTskMBug GPivDÆmaneKalneya)ay]sSahPavUnIykm μ Edl ]btßmÖFndl;plitplkñúgRsuk ehIyedIrtYnaTICa r)aMgdl;plitplnaMcUl. elIsBIenHeTAeTot mankar cUlrYmBIrdæya:geBjeljkñúgkarplit nigmankarcUl rYm¬edayEpñk¦BIrdædMeNIrkar shRKas manninñakar eTArkplitkmμCaCagTIpSar. esdækic©minEmnTIpSar esrIeFIV[mankarelIkTwkcitþtictYcdl;Rkumh‘unkñúgkar begáItfμ I.

CagenHeTAeTot RbeTskMBugGPivDÆkan;Et mankarRBYy)armÖeLIgCamYynwgkarrcnam:UdpSBVpSay BaNiC¢kmμ nigkarGnuvtþn_ CaBiessenAkñúgsaklPa vUbnIykmμTIpSar. ]TarhN_ enARbeTsGasIuGaeKñy_ skm μPaBrcnam:UdplitplCapøÚvkar RtUv)anbegáIt eLIgRsbeTAnwgeKalneya)ayGPivDÆ]sSahkmμ . ]TahrN_eCaKC½ymYyKWenARbeTskUer:xagt,Úg. edaysarEtkaredIrtYrbs;TIpSarbreTs nigRkumh‘un cMruH Catisasn_kUer:xagt,Úgcab;epþImEbgEckplitpl epSg² edaybBa©ÚlkarbegáItplitplfμ IeTAkñúgeKal neya)ayesdækic©. CalT§pl kUer:xagt,Úg)an GPivDÆn_BIRbeTs EdlmankarRbkYtRbECgelIbec©k viTüaGn; mankarkMNt; nigtMélnaMmuxTabenAkñúg TsvtSqñaM s1960 eTACaRbeTsRbkYtRbECgelIyuT§ saRsþrcnam:Ud tamtMrUvkarGtifiCn nigbBa©Úlrebobf μ I (rUbPaB 19) .

enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ skm μPaBGPivDÆ plitplCaeRcIn KWCaRbePTyklMnaMtamCamYynwg bMErbMrYlplitpltictYc CaCagkarbegáItfμ I. Gñk GPivDÆplitplenAEtCaGñk “ niymm:Ud ” CMnYs[ “ GñkbegáItplitplfI μ ” .

karRsavRCavbgðajfa SMEs enAkñúgRbeTs kMBugGPivDÆ manGk,kiriyaxusKñacMeBaHkarrcnam:Ud plitpleFobCamYy SMEs enAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆ. PaBxusKñaEdl)ansegáteXIjmandUcCa³ > ninñakarénkareFIV[RbesIreLIgeTAelIplitpl EdlmanRsab; > RBYy)armÖCamYyrUbragxageRkArbs;plitplCa CagelImuxgarrbs;va > CayuT§saRsþedIm,Ircnam:UdedayEp¥keTAelITMlab; bec©kviTüataMgBIbUraNCaCagTMlab;écñRbDit b¤begáItf μ I

46

> ninñakardMeNaHRsaykarrcnam:UdEdlminmanGaTi PaBeTAkñúgTIpSar ¬GnþrCati nigkñúgRsuk¦ > kgVHxatviFIsaRsþ nigbTBiesaFn_edIm,IeRbob eFob nigvaytMélyuT§saRsþCMerIscMeBaHbBaðarcnam:Ud nig

> karlM)akkñúgkarGPivDÆn_KMeragc,as;las;eday lMGit

TidæPaBTaMgenHbgðajBItMrUvkaredIm,Iksag smtßPaBenAkñúgkarGPivDÆn_plitpl. CMBUkeRkay nwgpþl;CaCMhan²nUvkarENnaMelIrebobkMNt; nig GnuvtþnUvkic©RbwgERbgBIRbePTxusKñarbs; D4S.

rUbPaB 18 ³ skm μPaBRsbKña³ karGPivDÆn_plitpl karGPivDÆn_plitkmμ nigEpnkarTIpSar

rUbPaB 19 ³ karGPivDÆn_rbs;RbeTskUer:xagt,ÚgBIPaBQanmuxeKéntMél

eTAPaBQanmuxeKénkarrcnam:Ud ¬Chung, 2004¦

KMnitmux CMnYjf μI

rcnam:Ud plitpl

karGPivDÆn_ plitpl

kareFIVEpnkar TIpSar

Epnkar plitkm μ

karrcnam:Ud plitpl

Epnkar TIpSar

plitkm μkarEckcay nigkarlk; kareRbIR)as;

bec©kviTüaTab

bec©kviTüamFüm

bec©kviTüax<s;

karplit]bkrN_

fμ I (DEM)

tMélnaMmuxeK

srub

karkMNt;tMél GñkeFIVRtab; tameK

plitkmμsrub

PaBxusKña

karrcnam:Ud rUbPaB

GñkEksMrYl

karCYlsrub

karykcitþTukdak;

karrcnam:Udtam GñkeRbIR)as;

Pioneer

$80

$5,000

$10,000

qñaM

1969s

1990s

2000s

GNP kMritbec©kviTüa KMrUénkarplit yuT§saRsþeragcRk yuT§saRsþkarrcnam:Ud

47

48

PBEpndI

49

50

EpñkTI 2 rebobGnuvtþ D4S

51

52

karyl;dwgBIsßanPaBesdækic©Catinwg ³ cUlrYmpþl; eKaledAdl;KeRmag D4S eFVICacMNuccab;epIþmedIm,I kt;sMKal;Rkumh‘unsmRsbsRmab;KeRmagsakl,g nigCYykñúgkarGPivDÆn_smÖar³hwVkhat; D4S [)an smRsb . KeRmagbgðaj D4S kñúgRkumh‘unKW®tUv Tak;TgTaMgRsugeTAnwgkarKitTukrbs; KeRmag D4S .

4 sMNYrCabnþbnÞab; nwgecjCalT§plkñúg

KeRmagGnuvtþ D4S EdlepþatelIEpñk]sSahkm μ nig GnuvtþtRmUvkarvaytémøsRmab;smÖar³hwVkhat; D4S

¬emIlrUb 20¦. kRmitTaMg4 nigmUldæandMbUgsRmab; BicarNaKW ³ kRmit 1 ³ KeRmag > etIeKalbMNgrbs;KeRmagKWGVI ? > etIGñkNaCaGñkTTYlpl ? > etIeKalbMNgénkarpøas;bþÚrcMeNHdwgsRmab;cMNuc énRkumnimYy²KWGVI ? - eKalbMNgCak;lak; nigcMNucepIþmrbs;Rkum

kRmit 2 ³ sßanPaBesdækic©Cati (Macro)

> etIGVICacMNUlCati ? > etIGVICalMdab;énkarGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS ? > etICMhrRbkYtRbECgénRbeTs nig]sSahkm μrbs; eKy:agdUcemþc ? > etIkarnaMecj nigkarcUlrYmrbs;vamann½yy:ag dUcemþcEdr ? > etIGVICakarrYmcMENkEpñkksikmμ]sSahkm μ nig esvakm μeTAelIesdækic©Cati ? > etIkarGPivDÆn_]sSahkm μénRbeTsdl;kRmitNa ? > etIGVICamuxgar nigkarb:HBal;rbs; SMEs nig]sSah km μFM²kñúgesdækic©Cati ? > etIGVICamuxgar nigkarb:HBal;énEpñkeRkApøÚvkar ( Informal Sector ) elIesdækic©Cati ? > etIGVIKWCakarekItecjcirPaB EdlTak;TgeTAnwg karplit nigkareRbIR)as; ? - kareRCIserIsEpñkBak;B½n§ nigTMhMRkumh‘un kRmit 3 ³ kRmitrbs;EpñknimYy² (Meso) > etIEpñkmYy²dMeNIrkary:agdUcemþc ? > etIGVICayuT§sa®sþécñRbDitrbs;EpñknimYy²naeBl bc©úb,nñ ? > etIGVICasmtßPaB®sUbykkarécñRbDitrbs;Rkumh‘un kñúgEpñknImYy² ? > etIxøHGVITak;TgnwgcirPaBkñúgEpñknimYy² ?

t®mUvkarvaytémøelIKeRmag D4S KWviFIedaHRsayCaCMhan²edIm,IelIkEpñkGaTiPaB]sSahkmμelIKeRmagbgðajrbs; D4S [manRbsiTi§PaB . PaBeCaKC½yénKeRmag D4S TamTar[mankaryl;dwgeRCABIlkçN³ nigt®mUvkarénesdækic©Cati nig]sSah kmμkñúgRsuk . karGnuvtþn_KeRmag D4S GacEckecjCa4dMNak;kal ³ kt;sMKal; lkçN³ nigt®mUvkarrbs;KeRmag esdækic©Cati Epñk]sSahkm μ nigRkumh‘un .

t®mUvkarvaytémøelIKeRmag

Rkumh‘un esdækic©Cati Epñk

tMrUvkarlkçN³vinicä½y tMrUvkarlkçN³vinicä½y

tMrUvkarlkçN³vinicä½y

rUbPaBTI 20 ³ lkçN³vinicä½y nigt®mUvkarrbs; Cati Epñk nigRkumh‘un

53

> etIGVICaskþanuBlsRmab;karEkécñplitpl nig D4S

kñúgEpñknimYy² ? > etIGñkNaCaGñkcUlrYmkñúgEpñknimYy² ? - kareRCIserIsRkumh‘un kRmit 4 ³ kRmitrbs;Rkumh‘un (Micro) > etIGVICayuT§sa®sþécñRbDit¬plitpl¦ rbs;Rkumh‘un naeBlbc©úb,nñ ? > etIGVICasmtßPaB®sUbykkarécñRbDiténRkumh‘un nimYy² ? > etImanviTüasßanRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_kñúgRsuk EdlCYyKaMRTdl;ExSsgVak;écñRbDitplitpl ? > etImansalarcnam:Ud ¬]sSahkm μ¦ kñúgRsukEdl Cab;Tak;TgGacCYy ? - smÖar³hwVkhat;smRsbénkarGPivDÆn_ 4-1 kRmit 1 ³ KeRmag - etIehtuGVI)anCaKeRmag D4S ®tUvcab;epIþm ? - etImankarCYyKaMRTBIRkumh‘uneRkARsukkñúgbribTén karEklMGRbkbedaycirPaBExSsgVak; Edl)anpþl; [? - etIKeRmagmankarKaMRTBIGgÁkarGnþrCati b¤eT? ]TahrN_ UNEP CYybNþúHbNþalsmtßPaBkñúg viTüasßanCatiplitkmμs¥atrbs; UNIDO-UNEP . KeRmagnImYy²maneKalbMNg nigTisedArbs;va . ]TahrN_ ³ enAkñúgKeRmag A karykcitþTukdak; GaceTAelIkarbegIátcMeNHdwg D4S enAkñúgRkum Edl)ankMNt;CaTUeTA enAeBlEdlKeRmag B cg; bgðajBIRbeyaCn_brisßan nigesdækic©rbs; D4S

sRmab;]sSahkm μ edayGnuvtþKeRmagbgðajkñúg Rkumh‘unkñúgRsuk . CaTIbBa©b; KeRmag C GacmanTis

edAksagsmtßPaB edaypþl;CakarhwVkhat;y:agxøaMg . manTisedA nigviFIedaHRsayEdlGaceFVICaeRcInrbs; KeRmag D4S ehIyTisedA nigviFIedaHRsaynimYy²nwg RtUvkarkarepÞrcMeNHdwgd¾Cak;lak; . dUecñHehIy kar yl;dwgelIKeRmagTaMgmUlKWCakUnesarmYy . > etIGVICaeKaledArbs;KeRmag? > TMB½rkargar N1 CaerOy² KeRmagmaneKalbMNgepSg²Kña . etIeKal bMNgTaMgenaH®tUvkarRbePTcMeNHdwg nighwVkhat; dUcKña ? tMNagrdæaPi)alGaccab;Garm μN_eTAelIcMNuc epSgéncMeNH D4S ebIeRbobeFobnwg]sSahkr. GñkRKb;RKgeragcRkmant®mUvkarepSg eRcInCagGñk rcnam:UdkñúgEpñkGPivDÆplitpl. t®mUvkarB½t’man GacykmkBinitüsRmab;cMNucedAnimYy² . etIBYk eK®tUvEtyl;BIKMnitTUeTA (know-what) ? b¤k¾BYk eKKYrEtyl;fa ehtuGVIvamansar³sMxan; (know-

why) ? etIBYkeKGacnwg®tUvkarGnuvtþn_ (know-

how)? ¬emIlrUb 21¦ .

> etIGñkNaCaGñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_sMxan;Cag ?

yl;BIGVIxøH?

yl;faehtuGVI?

dwgBIrebobGVIxøH?

yl;kEnøgNaxøH? dwgfaeBlNa ?

rUbPaBTI 21 ³ etI®tUvkaryl;y:agdUcemþc ?

54

> TMB½rkargar N1

> etI®tUvkarkaryl;dwgeRCAb:uNÑasRmab;GVIEdl)an edATuknimYy²rbs;Rkum ? know-what? know-why? know-how?

> TMB½rkargar N1

4-2 kRmit 2 ³ sßanPaBesdækic©Cati CaCMhanbnÞab; sßanPaBesdækic©Cati nigkRmit GPivDÆn_]sSahkm μCatiéncMNucedArbs;RbeTs nwg ®tUvrukrk . edIm,IKaMRTbBaðaenH KW®tUvRbmUlsißtiEdl Tak;Tgnwgesdækic© nig]sSahkm μCati . edIm,I[gay

®sYlyl;GMBIB½t’man KW®tUvRbmUlTinñn½yBIRbeTs 3 eTotedIm,IeFVIkareRbobeFob ¬emIltarag 4¦ . Rb eTsTaMgenaHGacCaRbeTsCitxagb¤RbeTs Edl)an Gnuvtþl¥ ¬eCaKC½y¦ kñúgtMbn; b¤enAkEnøgepSg²kñúg BiPBelak . 4-2-1 ³ karRbmUlTinñn½y Tinñn½yGacRbmUleday®sYltam on-line Tinñn½y mUldæansaFarN³dUcbgðajxageRkam³

km μviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati (UNDP) { r)aykarN_ GPivDÆn_mnusS} > http://hdr.undp.ogr/statistics/data/

KnwøHGPivDÆn_ nigsißtiTinñn½yrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak > ttp://www.worldbank.ogr/data/ countrydata/countrydata.html

viFIvaytémøcMeNHdwgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak > http://info.worldbank.ogr/etools/kam 2005/home.asp

esovePAkarBiténBiPBelak CIA

> http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/ factbook/

evTikaesdækic©BiPBelak (WEF) r)aykarN_karRb kYtRbECgTUeTA > http://www.weforum.ogr/gcr

viTüasßanFnFanBiPBelak (WRI) ninñakarEpndI > http://earthtrends.wri.org/

UNICEF {karEføgrbs;ekμgBiPBelak} > http://www.unicef.ogr/infobycountry/ index.html

> RbmUlTinñn½yesdækic© nigsgÁmsRmab;RbeTs. > TMB½rkargar N2

taragRbeTs RbeTs A RbeTs B RbeTs C

plitplkñúgRsuksrubKitCadUløar

snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS

plitplkñúgRsuksrub smPaBkmøaMgTij KitCadUløar

.l.

tarag 4 ³ ]TahrN_xøHénsißtiRbeTsBITMB½rkargar

http://hdr.undp.ogr/statistics/data/

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/

http://www.unicef.ogr/infobycountry/

55

CMhanbnÞab; Tinñn½yesdækic© nigsgÁmnwg Binitü nigviPaKCalmi¥t . dUcEdlGaceXIjrYcmk ehIysUcnakrN_®tUvRbmUledayGgÁkarCaeRcIn sRmab;eKalbMNgepSg² . eKeRbIRsedogKña fIVebI KμanCMnajviTüasa®sþk¾eday . sUcnakrN_TaMgenH nwgCYyCaRbeyaCn_kñúgkareRCIserIsEpñk]sSahkmμ nigRkumh‘unepSg² nigBnül;viFIsa®sþnaeBlbc©úb,nñ EdlTinñn½y®tUv)anRbmUl nigerobry . 4-2-2³kMeNInplitplkñúgRsuksrub(GDP) sUcnakrN_esdækic© nigkarGPivDÆn_d¾éTeTotrbs; RbeTsGacpþl;RbeyaCn_yl;dwgCaeRcIn dl;kRmit écñRbDitplitpl nigbriyakasesdækic©kñúgRbeTs. kRmit GPivDÆn_rbs;RbeTsmYy CaerOy²QrelI lkçN³vinicä½yCaeRcIn EdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgR)ak;cMNUl CIvPaB nigPaBgayrgeRKaHrbs;esdækic©Cati .

R)ak;cMNUl CaerOy²bBa¢ak;kñúgkMeNInplit plkñúgRsuksRmab;mnusSmñak;² . CIvPaBKWbBa¢ak; edaysnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) rbs;kmμviFI GPivDÆnn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati (UNDP) . lkçN³Ca eRcIneTotGacrkeXIjenAkñúgsUcnakrN_TaMgenaH dUc Ca kRmitGb;rM nigsmasPaB]sSahkm μ . R)ak;cMNUlCatiGacbBa¢ak;tamviFICaeRcIn b:uEnþCaFm μta bBa¢ak;enAkñúg GDP nigsmPaBkmøaMg Tij (PPP) kñúgmñak;² . GDP eRbICMnYstémøsmÖar³ elITIpSar nigesvaEdlbegIáteLIgkñúgRbeTsmYy ehIykñúgry³eBlkMNt;mYy nigrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgR)ak; cMeNjBIRkumh‘unbreTsTaMgGs; nigGñkeFVIkarbreTs TaMgGs;EdlenAkñúgRbeTsenaH . PPP KWCaRTwsIþ GRtabþÚrR)ak; mkBIdwgBIsmPaBkmøaMgTijénrUbiyb½NÑ mYykñúgkarTMnak;TMngeTAnwgrUbiyb½NÑepSgeTot .pÞúyBIGRtabþÚrR)ak;BiteRbIsRmab;rUbiyb½NÑkñúgTIpSarpøÚvkar

¬pÞúyeTAnwgpSarggwt¦ GRtabþÚrR)ak; PPP KWKitBITMnak; TMngrUbiyb½NÑ QrelIcMnYnrbs;EdlrUbiyb½NÑGac Tij)an . CaTmøab; témøénmuxTMnijnwgBicarNa nig fwøgEføgRsbeTAtamsar³sMxan; rbs;vaenAkñúgEpñk esdækic© . GRtabþÚrR)ak; PPP KWdwgkareRbobeFobCIv PaB[)anRbesIr .

UNDP cat;cMNat;fñak;RbeTsTaMgenaHCa RbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUlx<s; mFüm nigTab . rUbPaB 22 xageRkam enHbgðajBImFümPaB GDP nig GDP

PPP sRmab; RbeTs 3 EdlmanRkumR)ak;cMNUlCati . dUcGaceXIjmkehIy karxusEbøkKñarvagRbeTsman R)ak;cMNUlx<s; R)ak;cMNUlmFüm nigTabmankar xusKñaCaxøaMg .

FnaKarBiPBelak)ancMNat;fñak;RbeTsTaMg

Gs;CaRkumR)ak;cMNUlcMnYn 4 eyageTAtamkMeNIn cMNUlCatisrub (GNI) mñak;² ¬2004¦ ³

RbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUleRcIn $ 10066 >

RbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUlelIsBImFüm $3226 - $ 10065

RbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUleRkamBImFüm $ 826 - $ 3255

RbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUlTab < $ 825

Tab mFüm x<s;

plitplkñúgRsuksrubkñúgmnusSmñak;²

rUbPaB 22 ³ GDP nig GDP PPP sRmab;Rkum R)ak;cMNUlCatiTaMg 3 RbePT (UNDP 2005)

56

karcat;cMNat;fñak;RbeTsrbs;FnaKarBiPB elakGacrkeXIjenAeKhTMB½r: www.worldbank.org/data/country/class/.

RbePTR)ak;cMNUlEdlRbeTsnImYy² Ca erOy²pþl;[kñúgsnÞsSn_TI1 sRmab;Epñk]sSahkm μFM nigsmasPaBéneragcRkTaMgenaH . ]TahrN_ RbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab vis½yksikm μrYmcM ENky:agxøaMgcMeBaHkMeNInplitkmμkñúgRsuksrub nig Rkumh‘unxñattUcEdlelceLIgCageK . enAeBlEdl karsikSa)anrkeXIjTMnak;TMngrvagR)ak;cMNUl nig sUcnakrN_ÉeTot vaCakargay®sYlbgðajfa TMnak; TMngenH KWenAq¶ayBIlMdab; nigCaTUeTA . ]TahrN_ enARbeTsFM²dUcCa \NÐa nigcin kRmiténkar GPivDÆn_mankarxusKñay:agxøaMgkñúgtMbn;nImYy² . enA RbeTs\NÐamanRkumh‘unbec©kviTüax<s; ICT Edlsißt enAtMbn; Bangalore nigenAeBlCamYyKñaenaHenA Bengal xaglic eKeXIjkmμkreFVIkarenAeragcRk RkecAmankRmitbec©keTsTab . dMNak;kalGPivDÆRbeTs CaerOy²man karTak;TgeTAnwgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© k¾b:uEnþvamanTM nak;TMngy:agCitsiñT§pgEdr eTAnwgkarGPivDÆn_sgÁm kñúgEpñkGb;rM EfTaMsuxPaB nigGayukalmFüm . eyageTAtamdMNak;kalGPivDÆn_RbeTseKGaccat;Ca 4 RkumdUcteTAenH ³ > LDC : RbeTsmankarGPivDÆn_tictYc RbeTsRkCageKbMputcMnYn 50 kñúgBiPBelak ¬PaK eRcInenAtMbn; Sub-Sahara TIVbGa®hiVk¦ KWdUcEdl GgÁkarshRbCaCati)ankMNt; . > DC : RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ > NIC : RbeTs]sSahUbnIykm μfI μef μag RbeTsEdlbþÚrBIvis½yksikmμ eTACaesdækic©]sSakm μ

CaBiessEpñkplit . ]TahrN_naeBlbc©úb,nñman dUcCaRbeTs TYrKI éf m:aeLsIu miuksickU nig GaRhiVkxagt,Úg . > IC : RbeTs]sSahUbnIykm μ b¤GPivDÆn_ RbeTsPaKeRcInenAGWr:ub GaemrikxageCIg Cb:un nig GU®sþalI .

n½yénBakü LDC KWCYnkalRcLMKñanwgBakü LLDC RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_elIdIceg¥ót Land

Locked Developing Countries ) . karRbtibtiþesdæ kic©rbs;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_elIdIceg¥ótbgðaj [eXIjkarb:HBal;edaypÞal; b¤RbeyalénsßanPaB PUmisa®sþelIEpñkesdækic©sMxan;²epSg² . RbeTs GPivDÆn_elIdIceg¥ót CaTUeTAKWCaRbeTsRkIRkCageK bMputkñúgcMeNamRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ EdlmanGRta kMeNInTabbMput nigCaTmøab;KWBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgeTA elIR)ak;cMNUlBIkarnaMecjd¾tictYcrbs;eK . eTaHCa y:agNak¾edayRbeTs 30 énRbeTsGPivDÆn_elIdI ceg¥ót KW 16 cat;Ca RbeTsGPivDÆn_tictYcbMput . n½yfaesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_ eRbIkñúgkare)aHBumÖpSay enHsMedAelIRbeTsGPivDÆn_tictYckMBugGPivDÆn_ nig RbeTsman]sSahkm μfI μefμag . KMnit D4S én KMrU nig KMrUKWGacGnuvtþ)anenARbeTs]sSahkm μ nigRbeTs GPivDÆn_pgEdr . b:uEnþ GaRs½yelIkRmityl;dwgx<s; nigbTBiesaFn_kñúgkarplitTak;Tg karxMRbwgviFIedaH RsaybEnßmeTotGacykmkBicarNa enAkñúgkar GPivDÆn_KeRmag .

> etIGVICa GDP nig GDP PPP sRmab;RbeTs EdleRCIserIs ? > TMB½rkargar N3

> etIRbePTR)ak;cMNUlrebobNaEdlsmlμmnwg RbeTs ? > TMB½rkargar N3

http://www.worldbank.org/data/country/class/

57

4-2-3 ³ snÞsSn¾GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI)

GñkcUlrYmCaeRcInenAkñúgsgÁmCECkKñafa RKan;EtkMeNInplitplkñúgRsuksRmab;mñak;² KWmin EmnCaxñatRKb;RKan;énPaBeCOnelOnénkarGPivDÆn_ RbeTseT. snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) rbs; km μviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCatiKWCasarmYy EdlmanbM NgkMNt;TMhMR)akdénPaBeCOnelOnénkarGPivDÆn_. snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS KWCasmasPaBsnÞsSn_ Edlvas;BImFümPaBseRmc)an kñúgRbeTsnimYy²kñúg TMhMCamUldæan 3 énkarGPivDÆn_mnusS ³ GayuEvg nigsuxPaBl¥Caxñatvas;GayukalmFümcab;BIekItmk . cMeNHdwgCaxñatvas;GRtaecHGan nigsresrénmnusS CMTg; nigkarpSMcUlKñarvagkRmitsikSaTI 1 TI 2 nigmhaviTüal½y nigbmaNIyénCIvPaBsmrmüEdl vas;edaykMeNInplitkm μkñúgRsuk edaymnusSmñak;² kñúgsmPaBkmøaMgTij . snÞsSn_KWksageLIgeday eRbIsUcnakrN_EdlmanCaTUeTA nigviFIsa®sþEdl gay®sYl nigmantmøaPaB. enAeBlEdlKMniténkar GPivDÆn_mnusS KWFMTUlayCaglMdab;smasPaBeday ELk²EdlGacvas;sÞg;. snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) pþl;CeRmIsR)ak;cMNUlEdlCaxñatvas;segçb énsuxmalPaBmnusSelak. va)anpþl;RckcUld¾ mansar³RbeyaCn_eTAdl;kareRbIB½t’manEdlmanenAkñúgtaragsUcnakrN_ EdlekItmaneLIgenAxageRkay enAelIEpñkepSg²énkarGPivDÆn_mnusSelak . > etIbribTGPivDÆn_mnusSnaeBlbc©úb,nñrbs;RbeTs cat;kñúgCMBUkGVI ? > TMB½rkargar N3

4-2-4 ³ lMdab;erogkMeNInBIkarRbkYt RbECg (CGI)

ExSsgVak;énkarrIkceRmInesdækic© KWsaMjúaM nigktþaCaeRcIncUlmksEmþgCakarGPivDÆn_RbeTs . evTikaesdækic©BiPBelak xMRbwgcab;ykPaBsaMjúaMenH enAeBlEdlva)ancab;epIþmRbmaNkMeNInlMdab;RbkYtRbECg (GCI) . GCI manbMNgCECkBIkarbiunRbsBV énesdækic©BiPBelakedIm,IseRmckMeNInesdækicRbkb edaycirPaBkñúgry³eBlmFüm nigEvg . vavaytémø karb:HBal;énktþaTaMgenaHEdlRTwsIþesdækic© nigbT BiesaFn_CabnþbnÞab;énGñkeFVIneya)aykñúgTMhMFMeFg énRbeTs)anbgðajBIkarlM)aksRmab;karrIkceRmIn . kMeNInlMdab;RbkYtRbECg KWmanGñkKaMRT 3 RkumRKb;RkumTaMgenaHKWyl;RBm CaTUeTACaGñkTieTon kMeNInesdækic© ³ KuNPaBbrisßanmIRkUesdækic©karEføg énviTüasßansaFarN³rbs;RbeTs nig)anpþl;kMeNIn bec©kviTüay:agsMxan; kñúgExSsgVak;GPivDÆn_RbeTs EdleRtombec©keTsCaeRsc . CDI eFVI[elc eLIgPaBxøaMg nigPaBexSayénesdækic©Cati . tamviFI enHvapþl;]bkrN_edIm,Ipþl;n½ydl;brisßan BaNiC¢kmμ Cati . ]TahrN_ ebIsinCaRbeTsmanlMdab;Tab vaGacbgðajfa Rkumh‘unvinieyaKfIμGacRbQm nwg eRKaHfñak; nigfasmtßPaBCatikñúgkarKaMRTkarpøas;bþÚr bec©kviTüakñúgRkumh‘unnwgkan;Ettic .

> etIGVICacMNat;lMdab;erogkMeNInBIkarRbkYtRbECg rbs;RbeTs ? etIBYkva)anEklm¥kñúgry³eBlb:unμan qñaMcugeRkayeT ? > TMB½rkargar N3

4-2-5 ³ karnaMcUl nigkarnaMecj vamantémøNas;kñúgkarRkeLkemIlkRmitGahr½N nignIhr½NénRbeTs . karcab;GarmμN_BITMhMrbs;va ¬dUcPaKryénkMeNInplitkm μkñúgRsuk¦k¾dUcCaRbePTplitplTaMgenH ¬plitpldMbUg b¤plitplseRmc ¦

58

KWmankarTak;TgKña . TMhMénkarnaMecjrbs;RbeTscg¥úlbgðajfa vamansar³sMxan;y:agdUcemþccMeBaHesdækic©kñúgRsuk . ebIsinkarnaMecjKWsMxan; ¬b¤ebIsineKalneya)ay Cati®tUvelIkTwkcitþkarnaMecj¦ vaeFVI[mann½yedIm,I eRCIserIs ¬skþanuBl¦ Rkumh‘unnaMecj . tam TsSn³vis½yrbs; D4S vacg;dwgxøaMgNas;GMBIRbeTs mYyNamandMeNIrkarplitplnaMecjBIeRBaHTak;Tin c,ab;brisßan b¤skþanuBlnirnþrPaBTIpSar . naMecjplitplseRmc CaCagnaMecjplit pldMbUgKWCaEpñkéncirPaB. naMecjplitplseRmc TamTar[mankarcUlrYmplit BIeragcRkkñúgRsuk nig bBa¢ak;nUvkarbegIáttémøbEnßmkúñgRsuk. yuT§sa®sþ KeRmag D4S GacelIkTwkcitþkarplitvtßúFatuedIm elI bribTkñúgRsukmunkarnaMecj kñúgeKalbMNgelIkTwk citþkarbegIátcMNUlkñúgRsuk. enHGacCYykarGnuvtþn_ kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk .

> etIkRmiténkarnaMcUl nignaMecjmanTMhMy:agdUc emþc ¬dUc ° énkMeNInplitplkñúgRsuksrub¦ enAkñúg RbeTs ? > TMB½rkargar N3

> etITIpSarnaMecjmanTMnijedIm b¤TMnijplitcaM)ac; ? > TMB½rkargar N3

> etIRbeTsEdlnaMecjKWCaGVI ¬RbeTsCitxag b¤ GnþrCati¦ nigTak;TgnwgkarBicarNaBInirnþrPaB ? > TMB½rkargar N3

4-2-6 ³ Epñkksikm μ ]sSahkmμ nig esvakmμ skm μPaBesdækic©enAkñúgRbeTs GacEckecjCaEpñk ksikm μ ]sSahkm μ nigesvakm μ ehIyCaerOy²va P¢ab;eTAnwgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©edaypÞal;. ]TahrN_

skm μPaBesdækic©CaeRcIn kñúgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©xøH mankarsgát;F¶n;elIskmμPaBksikmμEdlb:HBal;dl; Epñk]sSahkm μ eRBaHEdlskmμPaBTaMgenaHepþat eTAelIkarplitTinñplksikm μ . kñúgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©kRmitx<s;rbs; GDP

KWbegIáteLIgedayEpñkesvakm μ . rUbPaBTI 23 bgðajBIkarrYmcMENkTaMg 3 Epñkkñúg GDP kñúgRkum R)ak;cMNUlepSg²KñaénRbeTsTaMgenaH . sar³sMxan;énEpñkesvakm μ KWekIteLIgCabnþ bnÞab;kñúgRkumR)ak;cMNUlTaMgGs; dUcEdlGacsegát eXIjkñúgrUbPaBTI 24 . Rkumrbs;KeRmag GacseRmccitþepþateTAelI EpñkEdlsMxan;naeBlbc©úb,nñ b¤sgwÇmfanwgekIneLIg naeBlGnaKt .

rUbPaB 24 ³ karbegIánkarcUlrYménEpñkesvakm μkñúgkMeNInesdækic©kñúgRsuk (UNDP 2005)

rUbPaB 23 ³ karcUlrYmrbs;EpñknIYy²kñúg kMeNInesdækic©kñúgRsuk (UNDP 2005)

59

> etIGVICaEpñksMxan;CageKkñúgRbeTs ? > TMB½rkargar N3

> etIEpñkGVIEdl®sUbTajsRmab;KeRmag D4S ? > TMB½rkargar N3

4-2-7 ³ karGPivDÆn_]sSahkmμCati manTMnak;TMngedaypÞal; rvagkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©Rb eTsnigskm μPaB]sSahkmμ. esdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_ KWkt;sMKal;eday]sSahkm μEdlmanCMnajTab nig eFVIkaredaykmøaMg. esdækic©GPivDÆn_]sSahkmμeTar Tn;eTArkkargarCMnajmFüm nigx<s;eRbI bec©kviTüa nigFnFanx<s; . TaMgenHKWbgðajeday rUbPaBTI 25 .

dUcEdlrUbPaBTI 25 bgðaj[eXIjesdækic©

eCOnelOn (DC nig LDC) karplitmðÚbGahar nig TMnijeRbIR)as;gay² ¬dUcCaeRKOgsgðarwm¦ RKbsgát; elIskm μPaB]sSahkmμkñúgRsuk . enARbeTs]sSa hkm μfI μ² (NIC) skm μPaB]sSahkmμepþateTAelIkarpþúM karplitCamUldæan nigkarplitplitplmanbec©k viTüasaMjúaM . esdækic©eCOnelOneTarTn;eTArkkarpÁúM

skm μPaB]sSahkmμelImUldæanmUlFn nigcMeNHdwg karRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_ nigkarpliteRKOg eGLic®tUnikTMenIb² . cMNat;fñak;TaMgenHGacCYy pþl;karyl;dwgdMbUg énskmμPaB]sSahkmμkñúgvis½y esdækic© . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday RbeTsFMdUcCacin nig \NÐaGacmankarrYmbBa©ÚlKñaénEpñkTaMgenaH . CaTmøab; RbeTsTaMgenaHxMeLIgy:agxøaMgeTA ExSekag b¤Can;fñak;énkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© nig]sSa hkm μBIkargar edaykmøaMgeq<aHeTAskm μPaBesdækic© mUlFn nigcMeNHdwg nigBIkarplitplitplnaMeq<aH eTAplitplpSMKña . edIm,IqøgputdMNak;kalenH nigRbkYtRbECg kñúgTIpSarfI μ KWcaM)ac;®tUvEklMGKuNPaBTIpSarrcna sm<½n§ nigc,ab; . karbBa©ÚlrebobfI μ KWCaviFImYyedIm,I begIátkarEklMG . dUecñHehIy KeRmag D4S KYreRbI B½t’manEdlRbmUl)anxagelI edIm,IGPivDÆn_yuT§sa®sþ cugeRkaykñúgeKalbMNgpøas;bþÚresdækic©Cati [Qan eLIgdMNak;kalGPivDÆesdækic© nig]sSahkm μ .

> etIRbeTssißtenAkRmitNa ? > TMB½rkargar N3

> etIGVICalkçN³vinicä½yrbs;]sSahkm μkñúgRsuk ? Blkmμ smÖar³ fvika b¤ cMeNHdwgeRcIn ? > TMB½rkargar N3

4-2-8 ³ ]sSahkmμxñatFM nig SMEs EpñkRkumh‘unGacEckecjeTAtamTMhM CaRkumh‘untUc² SMEs nigRkumh‘unFM . TMhMRkumh‘unxusKñamanlkçN³ viFIdMeNIrkar nigsmtßPaBbBa©ÚlrebobfI μxusKñaEdr . n½yénBakü SMEs RKbeTAelIRkumCMnYj lMdab;BIkargarsib,krEtmYymuxlk;rbs;sib,kmμkñúg pSartUc²kñúgPUmi eTACaRkumh‘unvisVkm μsμ úKsμajlk; ecjeTAelITIpSarGnþrCati . lkçN³sm,tiþCaeRcIn GaceRbIedIm,IkMNt;TMhMRkumh‘un dUcCacMnYnGñkeFVIkar

Blkm μ

karEkécñmðÚbGahar

mUlFn

karRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_ karpliteRKOgeGLic®tUnikTMenIb²

karplitma:suInEpñk]sSahkmμ karplitCamUldæan

karpÁúM TMnijeRbIR)as;Fm μta

rUbPaB 25 ³ karsgwÇmTukénskm μPaBesdækic© edayQr elIkarGPivDÆn_RbeTs (KOGUT 2003)

60

témø lk; nigtémø]bkrN_plitkmμ. cMnYnnImYy² TaMgenHGacmanRbeyaCn_ . FnaKarBiPBelakkMNt;Rkumh‘unxñatmFüm dUcEdlRkumh‘unTaMgLaymanbuKÁlikticCag250nak; nig Rkumh‘unxñattUcsRmab;Rkumh‘unNamanbuKÁliktic Cag 50 nak; . enAeRkamEpñk SMEs KWRkum h‘untUc² (micro enterprises) manxøÜnÉgCabuKÁlikRkumh‘un nig Rkumh‘unNaEdlmanbuKÁlikticCag 10 nak; . eday KμanKitdl;kRmitGPivDÆsmamaRtén micro nigCYn kalRkumh‘untUc² KWRbTHeXIjenAEpñkeRkApøÚvkar b¤ esdækic©Rsemalrbs;RbeTs . Rkumh‘uneRkApøÚvkar KWCaRkumh‘unEdldMeNIrkareRkA niy½tkr nigbrisßan c,ab; . Rkumh‘unTaMgenaHmincuHbBaI¢CapøÚvkar nigmin bg;Bn§ . Rkumh‘unTaMgenaHtMNag[ SMEs PaKeRcIn kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ ¬emIlrUbPaB 26¦ . tamkarsikSabgðajfa SMEs cUlrYmcMENk elIsBI 55° én GDP nig 65° énkargarTaMgGs;kñúg RbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUlx<s; ¬emIlrUb 27¦ . KNnI SMEs nigRkumh‘uneRkApøÚvkarelIsBI 60° én GDP

nigrhUtdl; 70°énkargarTaMgGs;kñúgkarGPivDÆn_ esdækic© nigvacUlrYmcMENkelIs 90° énkargar TaMgGs; nigRbEhl 70° én GDP kñúgRbeTsman R)ak;cMNUlmFüm .

kñúgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© karcUlrYmcMENk rbs; SMEs eTAelIEpñkkargar nigkMeNInesdækic©kñúg RsukKWticCagEpñkRkumh‘uneRkApøÚvkar . EpñkeRkApøÚv karkñúg RbeTsTaMgenHKWeCOfacUlrYmbBaI¢R)ak;ecjcUl elIsBIBak;kNþalénkMeNInplitplkñúgRsuk nig begIátRkumh‘untUc² . KeRmagCaeRcInepþatelI SMEs

BIeRBaH lkçN³TaMgenH .

CaTUeTA SMEs EdlbBa©ÚlrebobfIμKWCaqw¥g xñgénEpñkÉkCn nigmantYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarGPivDÆn_ esdækic© . BYkvaEckrMElklkçN³CaeRcInEdleFVI [cab;Garm μN_sRmab;KeRmagécñRbDit . BYkvaGac Rbtikmμy:agqab;rh½s nigeday[pll¥cMeBaHkar pøas;bþÚrTIpSar . karsikSaBIRkumh‘untUc²bBa¢ak;faBYk vaGacdMeNIrkardUcCam:asIuneBareBjeTAedayfamBlsRmab;kMeNInesdækic© nigkareFVIesdækic© . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday BIeRBaHEpñknImYy² KWmanPaBpÞúyKñamineTogTat; nigxusKñay:agxøaMgkñúg

]sSahkmμFM

Epñk SME

Epñk SME pøÚvkar

Epñk SME eRkApøÚvkar

Rkumh‘unxñattUc²buKÁlikticCag 10 Rkumh‘unxñattUcbuKÁlikticCag 50 Rkumh‘unxñatmFümbuKÁlikticCag 250

rUbPaBTI 26 ³ cMNat;fñak;énRkumh‘un

rUbPaB 27 ³ karcUlrYmrbs; SMEs nigEpñkeRkApøÚvkareTAelIkargar nigkMeNInkñúgRsuk (OECD 2004)

61

esdækic©GPivDÆn_ nigesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_skmμPaB ®tUvepþat[cMRbsiT§PaB . SMEs ®tUvEtman smtßPaBP¢ab;eTAnwgTIpSarskl ®tUvrk[eXIjGñk Tijplitplrbs;BYkeK nigGñkpþl;rk[eXIjkEnøg EdlbBa©ÚleTA . enHTamTar[mankarGPivDÆn_CMnaj bec©kviTüaB½t’man nigRsavRCavTaMgGs;enHGacman RbeyaCn_dl;GñkCaédKUBYkeKGacsißtenA SMEs b¤ rvag SMEs nigRkumh‘unFM² . karbBa©ÚlrebobfI μGac beBa©jskm μPaBCas<an eq<aHeTAkan;RbePTKeRmag TaMgenaH . kñúgesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_ SMEs CaerOy² pþl;kIþsgÇwmR)akdniymsRmab;begIánkargar nigbEnßm témøEtb:ueNÑaH . niyayedayxIø SMEs GacrYmcMENk cirPaBsRmab;ehtupldUcteTAenH ³ > SMEs eTarTn;eTAdwknaMkarEckcayR)ak;cMNUlEdl mansmFm’CagRkumh‘unFM² . elIsBIenH BYkva RbmUlpþúMticCagRkumh‘unFM²enAtamTIRbCuMCn nigdUecñH begIátkargarenACnbT . > SMEs rYmcMENkélTukFnFankan;EtRbesIrkñúgesdæ kic©kMBugGPivDÆn_ . BYkvaCaerOy² cab;eRbIviFIplit edayeRbIkmøaMgBlkmμeRcIn nigdUecñHehIyqøúHbBa©aMg FnFanEdlFm μCatipþl;[kñúgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©Edl CakEnøgsm,ÚreTAedaykmøaMgBlkmμ nigRkmUlFn . > SMEs KaMRTkarbegIátsmtßPaBplitkm μ . BYkva CYy®sUbykFnFanplitenARKb;kRmit énesdækic© nigrYmcMENkbegIátRbB½n§esdækic©EdlsVahab; nigmin RTuDenAkñúgenaHRkumh‘untUc nigFMmankarTak;TgKña eTAvijeTAmk . SMEs kñúgesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_rgeRKaHBI bBaða dUcCaxVHmUlFn rkTIpSarhirBaØvtßú mnusSCMnaj karhwVkhat; nigsmtßPaBTIpSar nigbec©kviTüa . eyageTAtamsklPavUbnIykmμ esrIPavUbnIykmμTI

pSarkareCOnelOny:agqab;rh½sénB½t’manbec©kviTüa plit nigkarTMnak;TMngfamBlplitkm μfI μbegIátkar RbkYtRbECgy:aglM)ak . SMEs kñúgRsukRbQmkar RbkYtRbECgénKURbECgGnþrCati EdlcUlmkTIpSar kñúgRsuk . 4-2-10 ³ tYnaTIrbs;EpñkeRkApøÚvkar Epñkplitkm μeRkApøÚvkarRKbeTAelITMhMFMénskm μPaBTIpSarEdlrYmbBa©ÚlRkumBIrEdlFatuedImxusEbøkKña . mü:agvijeTot EpñkRkumh‘uneRkApøÚvkarKWbegIáteLIg edaycritéllkedaHRsaymñak;² nig®KYsarkñúg brisßan esdækic© EdlCakEnøgrk»kas)antictYc . mü:agvijeTotEpñkRkumh‘unminpøÚvkar KWCaplitplén \riyabTsmehtuplrbs;shRKin Edlmanectna eKcecjBIbTbBa¢a . Epñk]sSahkm μminpøÚvkar mantYnaTIy:agsM xan; nigKYrCECkKña . vapþl;kargar nigkat;bnßyGñk Gt;kargareFVI nigGñkrg;caMkargar k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgkrNI CaeRcInkargarpþl;kéRmefak nigsniþsuxkargarTab . vaRTBIeRkamskm μPaBshRKin b:uEnþkareFVI[xUc RbeyaCn_énkarRbRBwtþbTbBa¢a CaBiesskarbg;Bn§ nigbTbBa¢akargar . TMhMénTIpSarkargarminpøÚvkar ERb®bYlBIkar):an;sμanBI 4-6° kñúgRbeTsmanR)ak; cMNUlx<s; 50° kñúgRbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUlTab . TMhM nigtYnaTIrbs;vaekIneLIgkñúgkMLúgeBlesdækic© Føak;cuH nigenAry³eBlEks®mYl nigpøas;bþÚresdækic© . EpñkRkumh‘uneRkApøÚvkar GacEckCalkçN³ eday ³ > kareRbIBlkmμkñúg®KYsar nigBlkmμKμanéføQñÜl ¬kUnCag¦ BwgBak;elIkargareFVIedayéd CaCagdMeNIr karedaym:asIun nig]bkrN_TMenIb²

62

> Cakarbt;EbnGac[mnusScUl nigecjkñúgskmμ PaBesdækic©kñúgkareqIøytbeTAnwgt®mUvkarTIpSar > PaBgay®sYl nigCYnkalkars®mYlmineTog Tat; > karbiunRbsBVkñúgkarEklMGplitplBIrbs; esssl; > manqnÞ³eFVICMnYjCamYyGtifiCnRKb;eBl nig manTIkEnøggayRsYlsMrab;GtifiCn nig > ninñakarbegIátTIpSartUc²EdlRkumh‘unFM²eTAmin dl; . > etIGVICatYnaTIrbs; SMEs nigEpñkeRkApøÚvkarkñúg esdækic©Cati ? etIGVICakarrYmcMENkkñúgkMeNIn esdækic©Cati nigkargar ? > TMB½rkargar N3

> etIRbePTRkumh‘unGVInwgkøayCakaredATuksRmab; KeRmag ? > TMB½rkargar N3

4-2-11 ³ TisedA D4S eTAelIkRmitCati CMhancugeRkayénkRmitCati KWkt;sMKal;eKalbMNg TaMgGs;rbs; D4S kñúgkarTak;TgeTAnwgkRmitplit km μ nigeRbIR)as; . kareRbIR)as; D4S dUcEdl)anerob rab;kñúgCMBUk 2 GaceRbIedIm,IGPivDÆkareRbI D4S Cati .

> etIGVICacirPaBcm,gTak;TineTAnwgkarplit nig kareRbIR)as;enAkñúgRbeTs ? > TMB½rkargar N3

4-2-12 ³ kareRCIserIsEpñknimYy² QrelImUldæaneKaledAKeRmag nigkarviPaKesdækic© Cati nigbribTsgÁm RkumKeRmagGac[Gtßn½y lkçN³sm,tiþkñúgeKalbMNgeRCIserIsEpñk Edlsm RsbbMput .

enAkñúgKeRmag {D4S enAGaemrikkNþal} lkçN³ vinicä½yCabnþbnÞab;)aneRbIsRmab;kareRCIserIsEpñk GaTiPaB ³ 1- tMNag nigEpñksMxan;sRmab;RbeTs 2- mancMENkFMénRkumh‘untUc nigmFümkñúgEpñk 3- Tak;Tgnwgkarb:HBal;brisßan nig 4- bgðajGanuPaBsRmab; D4S kñúgEpñk .

RbGb;GtßbT 3 ³ ]TahrN_énlkçN³ vinicä½y sRmab;kareRCIserIsRbeTs

> kMNt;lkçN³vinicä½ysRmab;kareRCIserIsEpñk. > TMB½rkargar N4

>> eRCIserIsEpñkedayQrelIlkçN³vinicä½y .

> TMB½rkargar N4 4-3 kRmit 3 ³ Epñk

eRkayBIkareRCIserIsEpñkmYyb¤elIsBIenH CaRkum cMNucedAenAkñúgKeRmagenHCaeBl ®tUvrukrknigsMKal; lkçN³BYkvaCalMGit. bnþbnÞab;eTAenHGacCYyrYm cMENk ³ > GnuvtþkarviPaK SWOT sRmab;EpñknimYy² ¬emIlCMBUkTI 3¦ > BiPakSaGMBIviFIbBa©ÚlrebobfI μenAkñúgplitplTUeTA kñúgEpñknimYy²edayeRbImaRTIskMeNIn nigmaRTIs

yuT§sa®sþRbkYtRbECg ¬emIlCMBUkTI 3¦ . > kMNt;ykkareRbI D4S sRmab;EpñknimYy² ¬emIlCMBUk 2¦

> RbtibtiþviPaK SWOT eTAelIEpñknImYy²BiPakSa BIyuT§sa®sþbBa©ÚlrebobfI μ nigkMNt;kareRbIR)as; D4S sRmab;EpñknimYy² . > TMB½rkargar N5

63

elIsBIenHeTot KWmanRbeyaCn_®tUvTak;Tg smaKmn_BaNiC¢km μ nigRkumCMnYjdéTeTotedIm,Icab; ykkaryl;dwgbEnßm EdlTak;TgeTAnwglkçN³én EpñknImYy² . QrelIkaryl;dwgeRCARCHTaMgenHRkum Gac[Gtßn½ylkçN³vinicä½ysRmab;eRCIserIsRkumh‘unsmrmüenAkñúgEpñk .

enAkñúgKeRmag D4S enAGaemrikkNþallkçN³ vinicä½yCabnþbnÞab;)aneRbIsRmab;kareRCIserIs Rkumh‘un ³ TUeTA 1- Rkumh‘untUc b¤mFüm 2- Rkumh‘untMNagsRmab;Epñk 3- m©as;Rkumh‘unCaGñkkñúgRsuk b¤kñúgtMbn; 4- cab;GarmμN_ nig b¤cg;cUlrYmkñúgKeRmagD4S 5- mantYnaTIGPivDÆplitplenAkñúgRkumh‘unrYc CaeRsc nig 6- kar®tUvkar nig»kas D4S edIm,IEklMGplit pl Cak;lak; 7- smtßPaBedIm,IRbtibtiþKeRmag D4S 8-skþanuBl»kasCMnYjsRmab;karrcnaplit plrbs; D4S CafI μ nig 9- erobcM nigrcnasm½<n§ExSsgVak;plitkmμ .

RbGb;GtßbT4³ ]TahrN_énlkçN³ vinicä½ysRmab;kareRCIserIsRkumh‘un

> kMNt;lkçN³vinicä½ysRmab;kareRCIserIsRkumh‘un. > TMB½rkargar N6

> eRCIserIsRkumh‘unedayQrelIlkçN³vinic©½y. > TMB½rkargar N6

4-4 kRmit 4 ³ Rkumh‘un eRkayBIEpñk nigRkumh‘un)aneRCIserIsrYcehIyKWCa eBl®tUvBinitüemIllkçN³ nigesckIþ®tUvkarrbs;Rkum h‘unxøÜnÉg . 4-4-1³ smtßPaBEdlGac®sUbyksRmab; Rkumh‘un cMeNHdwgPaKeRcIn EdlRkumh‘uneRbIkñúgkarbBa©Úl rebobfI μ KWmkBIxageRkA . edayehtufa lT§pl bBa©ÚlrebobfI μPaKeRcIn)anmkBIkarxI© karécñRbDit karbuinRbsBVkñúgkarTajykcMeNHdwgBIxageRkA KWCa EpñkmYyy:agsMxan;énsmtßPaBbBa©ÚlrebobfI μ. dUecñH smtßPaB®sUbykkarbuinRbsBVrbs;Rkumh‘un kñúgkar TTYlsÁal;témøénGVIfIμ B½t’manBIxageRkAeFVI[vaeTACa RsedogKña nigeRbIvarhUtdl;TIbBa©b;énBaNiC¢km μenH KWCaKnwøHénkareFVI . karbegIátsmtßPaBenAkñúgRkumh‘unman 2 dMNak;kal . TI 1 karxitxMbegIánPaBbuinRbsBVrbs; Rkumh‘un edIm,IQandl;cMeNHdwgBIxageRkATamTar[ manvb,Fm’EckrMElkcMeNHdwg . CMhanTI 2 mankar xMRbwgbegIánPaBbuinRbsBVrbs;Rkumh‘unedIm,IeRbIR)as;cMeNHdwgBIxageRkAERbkøayva nigeRbIvaenAkñúgRkumh‘un. karyl;dwgBI ¬bec©kviTüa¦ smtßPaB nigkar ®sUbykcMeNHdwgrbs;Rkumh‘un GacCYykMNt;cMeNH dwgsmRsb nigyuT§sa®sþbBa©ÚlrebobfI μ . eyageTA tamFnaKarBiPBelak ¬emIlrUbTI 28¦ Rkumh‘unGac EckecjCa 4 lkçN³QrelI ¬1¦ kRmitEdlRkum h‘unRtUvdwgBIt®mUvkar®tUvpøas;bþÚrTaMgGs; nig¬2¦ kRmitkaryl;dwgGMBIkarRKb;RKgénGVI®tUvpøas;bþÚr nig ®tUvpøas;bþÚrvaedayrebobdUcemþc .

64

x<s;

kRmitTabbMput KWCaRkumh‘unEdlKμansmtß PaBedIm,IskmμPaBbBa©ÚlrebobfI μ b¤pøas;bþÚr. GaRs½y elIdMNak;kalrbs;Rkumh‘un karKaMRTxusEbøkKñaGac CYypþl;PaBgay®sYl dl;clnarbs;BYkeKBIctuPaK mNÐleqVgxageRkameTAsþaMxagelI ¬BIRbePT 1 eTARbePT 4¦ . bEnßmkarGb;rMkmøaMgBlkm μ nwgCYbPaBgay ®sYlkñúgkarcab;eRbIbec©kviTüabreTs nigGPivDÆva kan;Etqab;rh½s . karbegIát nigtYnaTIénGaCIBkRmit mFüm nigCMnajbec©keTs KWCakarRsUbykCacaM)ac; nigeRbIbec©kviTüaplitkmμ nigeq<aHeTAkan;skmμPaB bBa©ÚlrebobfI μrbs;karRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_ eRkApøÚvkar . > etIRkumh‘unCaRbePTGVI ¬1/ 2/ 3 b¤4¦ ? > TMB½rkargar N7

4-4-2 ³ karkt;smÁal;siTi§ényuT§sa®sþ bBa©ÚlrebobfIμ D4S sRmab;Rkumh‘un karbBa©ÚlrebobfI μGacbBa©ÚlCamYyKñaCakRmit²begIáteLIgeTAtamFnFan nigsmtßPaBEdlmanRsab;enA kñúgRkumh‘un . GaRs½yeTAelIsmtßPaB®sUbyk nig CMnajbec©keTsrbs;Rkumh‘un viFIedaHRsayCabnþ bnÞab;enHKWGacrk)an ³ 1- bec©kviTüaTabrbs; D4S nigmI®kURkumh‘un > CMnYj - esßrrPaBCMnYj nigbegIátsmtßPaBRbkYt RbECg . > karbBa©ÚlrebobfI μ - begIátkaryl;dwgénGanuPaB bBa©ÚlrebobfI μ . 2- Gb,brmabec©kviTüarbs; SMEs > CMnYj - GPivDÆPaBRbkYtRbECg . > karbBa©ÚlrebobfIμ - bBa©ÚlCMnajmUldæanedIm,I CRmujkarcab;eRbI nigkarGnuvtþn_KMnitfIμ . 3- karRbkYtRbECgbec©kviTüarbs;Rkumh‘un > CMnYj - KaMRTkarGPivDÆn_TIpSarGnþrCatiPavUbnIy km μénCMnYj . > karbBa©ÚlrebobfI μ - begIátsmtßPaBbBa©Úlrebob fI μenAnwgkEnøg . 4- karRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_sRmab;Rkumh‘unman fvika > CMnYj- GPivDÆTIpSarGnþrCaticUleTAkan;karpÁt;pÁg; sklCabnþbnÞab; . > karbBa©ÚlrebobfI μ- elIkTwkcitþkarcUlrYmkar RsavRCavnigkarGPivDÆn_CamYybNþajbBa©ÚlrebobfI μGnþrCati karepÞrbec©kviTüa nigsMNayPay .

> etIlkçN³vinicä½ymYyNaEdlsmRsbsRmab;Rkum h‘unxøaMgCageK ? > TMB½rkargar N7

x<s;

Tab

Tab

Rkumh‘unRbePTTI4 mindwgnUvGVIEdlBUkeKmin)andwg?

kar

yl;dwg

BIGVIxøH?

ehIyR

tUvpøas

;bÚþrdUcem

þc?

karyl;dwgBItMrUvkarkarpøas;bþÚr

rUbPaB 28 ³ begIátCaRkuménRkumh‘unTaMgenaHeyageTA tambec©keTsrbs;BYkeK nigsmtßPaB®sUbykcMeNHdwg

Rkumh‘unRbePTTI3 dwgfaGVI b:uEnþmindwgnUvkEnøgNa

RtUveFVIdUcemþc

Rkumh‘unRbePTTI4 sm μtßPaB nig sm μtßPaBTTYlykx<s;

Rkumh‘unRbePTTI2 yl;GVIEdlBYkeKmindwg

b:uEnþmindwgfaCaGVI?

65

viFIedaHRsayCaCMhan² KWCaerOy²®tUvkarcaM)ac;Ca BiesskñúgcMeNam SMEs EdlGacmankarBi)akrk mUlFnedIm,IvinieyaKFM . SMEs GaceFVI[gay®sYl cMNaytic nigéls®mYl[plqab;rh½s. kar[pl l¥tic²TaMgenH¼karpøas;bþÚrplitkm μs¥atkñúgExSsgVak;plitkm μ BIeRBaHkarcMNaytictamEpñkplitkmμ nimYy²Gacbgðaj[eXIjR)ak;cMeNjPøam² . CamYy nwgplRbeyaCn_R)ak;cMeNjRkumh‘un Gacmankargar gay®sYl EdlTTYl)anmUlFnsRmab;GVIEdlsMxan; CageK nigéføkñúgkarpøas;bþÚr ¬dUcCakarrcna nigkar GPivDÆn_ plitpl ¦ . dUecñHehIyKeRmag D4S Gac enACamYyEpñkplitkmμs¥at edIm,IbegIátPaBKYr[eCO nigKaMRTkar®tUvkarsRmab;karxMRbwgFM² . 4-4-3 ³ plitpl b¤smtßPaBrbs; Rkumh‘un plitplRkumh‘un KWCaplitplmYyEdlGPivDÆma:k nigplitplitplrbs;vapÞal;. smtßPaBRkumh‘un pþl;[y:agsMxan;dl;smtßPaBplitkm μrbs;vaeTA[ Rkumh‘un nigGtifiCnd¾éTeTot nigminnaMykplitpl rbs;vapÞal;eTAkñúgTIpSareT . ]TahrN_ Rkumh‘un GacCaGñkEdleFVI[smasPaKskmμeLIgsRmab;Rkumh‘undéTeTot . lkçN³xusEbøk KñaxøH²KW ³

plitplRkumh‘unRtUvmanbTBiesaFn_eRcIn EfmeTotkñúgkarGPivDÆn_plitplfI μ nigkMBugeRtom EfmeTotsRmab;skmμPaBbBa©ÚlrebobfIμ . smtßPaB Rkumh‘un Edlcg;eFVI[eTACaplitplRkumh‘unnwgman smtßPaB nigbTBiesaFn_kñúgRsukmankMNt;kñúgkar kt;sMKal;TIpSarGñkeRbIR)as;cugeRkay karGPivDÆn_ plitpl nigyIeha . BYkeKKYrEtbEnßmEfmeTot kñúgviFIbBa©ÚlrebobfI μ . karbEnßmsmtßPaBRkumh‘un nwg®tUvkarkarKaMRTbEnßmeTot edIm,IbegIánsmtßPaB GPivDÆplitplkñúgRsukrbs;BYkeK .

> etIGVICasmtßPaBGPivDÆn_plitpl nigbT BiesaFn_rbs;Rkumh‘un ? etIBYkvaCaplitplrbs; Rkumh‘un b¤CasmtßPaBrbs;Rkumh‘un b¤rYmbBa©ÚlKña ? > TMB½rkargar N7

4-5 t®mUvkarkarvaytémøKeRmagskmμPaB D4S eRkayBIedIrtamry³dMNak;kalénkarvaytémøt®mUv kar D4S RkumKYrEtmankaryl;y:agc,as;eTAelI KeRmag D4S EdlmanskþanuBl nigKYrEtGaceFVIEpn karGnuvtþn_ D4S sRmab;KeRmag . 4-5-1 ³ EpnTIKMnit EpnTIKMnit (Mind maps) pþl;viFId¾manRbsiT§PaBedIm,I segçbkareRCIserIsB½t’man nigbriyayeTAelIva . BYkvamanplRbeyaCn_sRmab; ³ > segçbB½t’man > bBa©ÚlB½t’manBIRbPBepSgKña > Kittamry³bBaðasaMjúaM nig > karbgðajB½t’man .

plitplRkumh‘un smtßPaBRkumh‘un

rcnam:UdEpñkrcnam:UdepþatelIma:kkarplitbuKÁlikeBlevlaeRKagTukrbs;KeRmag

GtifiCn

rcnam:UdedayxøÜnÉg

rcnam:Udplitplma:kxøÜnÉgpÞal; CaRbB½n§KeRmag Fm μta nigCMnaj ry³eBlmFümEvg Gnamik

)aT¼cas+rcnam:UdedayGtifiCn

bec©kviTüaplit

ma:kGtifiCn PaBbt;Ebn)an karEklm¥ GñkCMnaj ry³eBlxIø sÁal;

eT

tarag 5 ³ lkçN³sm,tiþénplitplTl;nwgsmtßPaBrbs;Rkumh‘un (BUIJS nig VALHENBURG 2000)

66

edIm,IbegIátEpnTIsegátcab;epIþmedaysresrcMNg eCIgEpnTIenAkNþal nigKUrrgVg;mUlCuMvijva ¬emIlrUb 29¦ . sRmab;cMNgeCIgbnÞab;CaeRcInKUrbnÞat;ecj BIrgVg;mUl . ebIsinCamanB½t’manepSg²eTotCarbs; cMNgeCIgbnÞab;xagelIdUcKñaKUrva nigP¢ab;vaeTAnwg bnÞat;cMNgeCIgbnÞab; . cMNuccab;epIþmd¾manRbeyaCn_sRmab;EpnTIKMnit Gac CasMNYrdUcCa ³ GñkNaxøHnwgcUlrYm ? ehtuGVI ? etI RbePTskmμPaBepÞrcMeNHdwgEbbNaEdlGaceFVIeTA )an ? etIGVICaPaBpþl;[Cak;Esþg ? etIGVICaKeRmag eBlevlaesIñsuM ? rUbTI 30 bgðajBIlT§plénEpn karskmμPaB D4S Cati EdleFVIeLIgedaysmaCik buKÁlik NCPC 2 nak; kñúgkMLúgeBlsikçasala .

GVIxøH?

]sSahkm μ

RbCaCn

R)ak;cMeNj

PBEpndI ehtuGVI?

GñkNa?

skm μPaB

? eBlevla?

karRbKl;eGay

karpþl;CMnYy rdæaPi)al

rUbPaBKMerag

rUbPaB 29 ³ karcab;epIþmEpnTIKMnitrbs;KeRmag D4S

rUbPaB 30 ³ ]TahrN_énKeRmagEpnTIKMnit D4S

énRbeTsEdl)anbegIáteLIgkñúgsikçasala D4S

67

68

rebobedaHRsaykarrcnafI μrbs; D4S man 10 CMhan . CMhannimYy² qøúHbBa©aMgEpñkExSsgVak;GPivDÆn_plit pldUcEdlbMPWøenArUbPaBxageRkam . enAkñúgmYy Epñk²CabnþbnÞab;eTAenH CMhannimYy²KWBnül; nig Éksareyag®tUveFVIeLIg edIm,IP¢ab;CamYyTMB½rkargar EdlGacrk)anenAnwg CD-ROM P¢ab;CamYy ¬emIl rUbPaB 31 pgEdr¦ . CMhan 1 ³ karbegIátRkum nigkareFVIEpn karKeRmag Rkumrcnam:UdfI μ D4S nwgTTYlxus®tUvcMeBaHkarbBa©Úl nigGnuvtþTRmg;karrcnam:UdfI μ D4S kñúgkRmiténkar erobcM nigbec©keTs . eTaHCay:agNa Rkum®tUvkar kt;sMKal;GñkEdlenAkñúg nigeRkARkumh‘unTaMgenaH EdlnwgcUlrYmkñúgKeRmag nigkMNt;etImñak;²GaceRbI edayrebobem:ceTIbRbesIr . smaCikRkumrcnam:UdfIμ D4S GaceRCIserIsBIkEnøg epSg² . eKalbMNg KWbBa©ÚlrYmGñkGPivDÆplit pl CMnajbrisßan buKÁlikenAEpñklk; nigTIpSar nigGñkRKb;RKg . ebIsineFVI[smrmü EpñkhirBaØvtßú nigBinitüKuNPaB GaccUlrYmpgEdr . EpñkTIpSar KWsMxan;kñúgskm μPaBrcnam:UdfIμ D4S . bTBiesaFn_

bgðajfaEpñkTIpSar KWCakUnesay:agsMxan;kñúgkar EckrMElkcMeNHdwgGMBIt®mUvkar nigkarcg;)anrbs; GñkeRbIR)as; nigplitplcugeRkaykñúgTIpSar .

viFIsa®sþTaMg 10 CMhansRmab;rcnam:UdfIμ D4S

karrcnam:UdCafIμrbs; D4S dUcEdleQμaHbBa¢ak;R)ab;Rsab; maneKalbMNgrcnaCafIμeTAelIplitplEdlmanRsab;EdleFVIedayRkumh‘un ¬b¤edayKURbkYtRbECg¦ ecjBITsSn³nirnþrPaB . karrcnam:Udf μ I D4S KWCaplRbeyaCn_BiesssRmab;karGPivDÆn_esdækic© BIeRBaHRbePTkMeNInénkarbBa©ÚlrebobfIμplitplenHCab;Tak;TinnwgkarRbfuy nigvinieyaKticbMput . eFVItamTRmg; nigExSsgVak;EdlGacTayTukCamun nigsÁal;faCaviFIedaHRsayFMeFg nigsMxan;bMputcMeBaHEpñkBaNiC¢km μnigesdækic© ¬emIlCMBUk 3¦ . BIeRBaH cMNucedAénkarrcnarbs; D4S KWCaplitplEdlmanRsab;lkçxNÐTIpSar nigkarplitplitplCak;lak;RtUveK)ansÁal;rYcehIy . karEklMGCaskáanuBlrbs;vaGackMNt;cab;BIkareRbIR)as;B½t’mangay®sYldUcCaB½t’manRtLb;BIkEnøglk; bTBiesaFn_ nigkarsakl,grbs;GñkeRbIR)as; nigkarRsavRCavTIpSar . elIsBIenH eRKOgRbdab;sRmab;plitEdlmanRsab; KWCaFmμta smRsbsRmab;karplitplitplrcnafI μ nigehtudUecñHehIytémøvinieyaK hak;dUcCasißtenAkñúgEdnkMNt;smehtupl . karP¢ab;karRbfuyeTAnwgkarxMRbwgrcnafIμ KWticCagebIeRbobeTAnwgrebobedaHRsaybBa©ÚlrebobfIμ D4S y:agFMeFgehIyqab;rh½s .

rUbPaB 31 ³ rcnam:UdCafIμén D4S CaCMhan²

CMhan 1 ³ begIátRkum nigeFVIEpnkarKeRmag

CMhan 3 ³ kareRCIserIsplitpl

CMhan 4 ³ kardwknaM D4S sRmab;eRCIserIs

CMhan 5 ³ karvaytémøehtub:HBal; D4S

CMhan 7 ³ karbegIát nigkareRCIserIsKMnit

CMhan 8 ³ GPivDÆKMnit

CMhan 9 ³ karvaytémø D4S

CMhan 10 ³ karGnuvtþn_ nigkartamdan

CMhan 6 ³ GPivDÆn_yuT§sa®sþ D4S nigKUrbM®BYj D4S

CMhan 2 ³ kardwknaM nigeKalbMNg SWOT

sRmab;Rkumh‘un

TMB½rkargar TI 1

TMB½rkargar TI 2

TMB½rkargar TI 3

TMB½rkargar TI 4

TMB½rkargar TI 5

TMB½rkargar TI 6

TMB½rkargar TI 7

TMB½rkargar TI 8

TMB½rkargar TI 9

69

Rkum®tUvkarkarKaMRTeBjeljBIGñkRKb;RKg nigGñk RKb;RKgplitpl BIeRBaHBYkeKseRmcelIfvika nig yuT§sa®sþplit . KnøwHdéTeTot GñkBak;B½n§enAeRkA Rkumh‘un ¬viTüasßan¼mhaviTüal½yTIRbwkSaEpñkGgÁ kar b¤édKUmkBIRkumkñúgRsuk b¤tMbn;¦ GacsuMedIm,IcUl rYmRkumKeRmag b¤KN³km μaFikarENnaM . emIlCMBUk 4 t®mUvkarkarvaytémø eFVIdUcemþcedIm,Ikt;sMKal;Gñk Bak;B½n§EdlTak;Tin .

EfmBIelIbNþajkargar nigshkarCMnaj karbreTskñúgRkumKeRmag KYrEt®tUvkarenAeBlEdl bTBiesaFn_ b¤cMeNHdwgCak;lak;Gt;manenAkñúgRkum h‘un . »vaTGacpþl;[edaykarrcnam:UdxageRkA b¤ GñkBieRKaHeyabl;bBa©ÚlrebobfIμ . »vaTenHKYrEtman kMNt;sRmab;t®mUvkarEdl)anedAenAkñúgdMNak;kal Cak;lak;nimYy²énKeRmag . karshkarCamYysala rcnam:Ud]sSahkm μkñúgRsukGacCYyKaMRTKeRmag D4S

CamYyGenþvasik b¤nisSitEdlbBa©b;karsikSa . RkumKUrbøg;CafI μ D4S KYrEtkuMFMeBk ¬KYrEtkuM

elIsBI 6 nak;¦ nigKYrmanlkçN³sm,tiþCabnþbnÞab; enH ³ > écñRbDitedIm,IGacbegIátCeRmIsEklMGfIμ > smtßPaBseRmc > CMnajTMnak;TMngCamYyRkum nigGgÁkar > manvin½yCaeRcIn nig > erobcM nigdMeNIrkar)anl¥ . tYnaTIénsmaCikRkumnimYy² GacbBa¢ak;taMgBIkarcab; epIþmKeRmagCamYynwgkatBVkic©Cak;lak; nigkarTTYl xus®tUvedIm,IbrimakmμdMenIrkar .

]TahrN_ ³ Rkumrcnam:UdfI μ D4S )anerobcMenAeragcRk

Venus ¬h½Áretm:aLa¦ CamYymnusSEdlCab;

Tak;TinkñúgkarGPivDÆn_KeRmagnigCamYy²GñkdéTeTot EdlCaFmμtarYmcMENkkñúgKeRmag . emIlvKÁ 7>1 .

> etIEpñkmYyNa nigbuKÁlikmYyNanwgcUlrYmkñúgRkum rcnam:UdfI μ D4S ? etItYnaTICak;lak;rbs;eKenAkñúg RkumKWGVI ? > TMB½rkargar R1

sar³sMxan;GVI²Edl®tUvkarCamunedIm,IPaB eCaKC½ykñúgkarbBa©ÚlkarKUrbøg;fI μ D4S dUcenAkñúgRKb; karGnuvtþn_ExSsgVak; KWedIm,IelIkTwkcitþGñkTak;Tin kñúgKeRmag . manviFIsMxan; 3 énkarbBa©úHbBa©ÚlRb CaCn GMBIkarBak;B½n§rbs;karKUrbøg;fI μ D4S ³ 1- eFVI[elceLIgplRbeyaCn_CMnYj 2- pþl;]TahrN_l¥²rbs;plitplKUrbøg;fIμ nigplRb eyaCn_CalT§plrbs; D4S 3- eFVItaragTLiðkrN_nirnþrPaBeFVI[eCO .bEnßm elIkenH PaBeCaKC½yénKeRmagKMnUrbøg;fIμ D4S Gac eFVI[Rkumh‘uncg;eFVI nigCYybBa©ÚlKMnUrbøg;fIμ D4S eTA kñúgRkumh‘un eRkayBIKeRmagKMrU)anbBa©b; .

skm μPaBdMbUgsRmab;RkumKUrbøg;fI μ D4S KW GPivDÆEpnkarskmμPaBy:agCak;lak; nigkMNt;kar sgÇwmTukEdlGacykmk[ . KeRmagKMnUrbøg;fI μ D4S

PaKeRcIneRbIeBlBI 3 Ex eTA 1 qñaM edIm,IbBa©b;Ga Rs½yeTAelIsmtßPaBbBa©ÚlrebobfI μplitplénRkumh‘un nigPaBsaMjúaMénplitplEdl®tUvKUrbøg;fI μ .

70

> BiPakSaBIeRKageBlevlarbs;KeRmag ³ etIGVInwg RtUvGnuvtþ ? etIry³eBlb:unμanEdlRkumRtUvCYbKñamþg nig etIBYkeKnwg®tUvTak;TgCamYyGñkdéTeToty:ag dUcemþc ? > TMB½rkargar R1

CMhan 2 ³ kareRbIR)as; SWOT nigeKal bMNgsRmab;Rkumh‘un ExSsgVak;KUrbøg;fIμ D4S KW®tUvkarcaM)ac;dUcKñadUcEdl sRmab;ExSsgVak;GPivDÆplitplFm μta . eTaHCa y:agNa eKalbMNgrbs;va KWbBa©ÚlPaBnirnþrPaB . dUcEdlecjCalT§plExSsgVak;KMnUrbøg;fI μ D4SKWbBa©Úl KñaCamYykarGPivDÆn_plitplFm μta nigExSsgVak; CMnYjenAxagkñúgeragcRk . ¬cMNaMPaB RsbKñaeTAnwg KeRmagExSsgVak;kñúgCMBUk 3¦ . eTaHCay:agNa eKalbMNgrbs;Rkumh‘un nigsßanPaB bc©úb,nñrbs;va KYrEtykmkBicarNaenAkñúgKeRmag .

kñúgeKalbMNgseRmcPaBeCaKC½ysRmab; KeRmagKMnUrbøg;fIμ D4S KWcaM)ac;®tUvmanTisedACak;lak; nigesckIþsgÇwmkñúgkarcab;epIþm . etIGVICaeKalbMNg rbs;Rkumh‘un nigRkum ? RkumGaceFVI[R)akdfa eKalbMNgKeRmagkMBugtRmg;tameKalkarN_Epnkar CMnYj nigkarbegIátyuT§sa®sþdéTeTotrbs;Rkumh‘un .

eyageTAelIkarviPaKrbs; SWOT EdlelIk cMNucsMxan;²énsmtßPaBbBa©ÚlrebobfI μkñúgplitplnaeBlbc©úb,nñenAkñúgRkumh‘un nigelITsSn³énkareRbI D4S RkumGackMNt;eKalbMNgKeRmagKUrbøg;fI μ D4S

nigkRmiténmhicäta nigkarbBa©ÚlrebobfI μenAkñúgRkum h‘un .

karviPaK SWOTvamanRbeyaCn_dMbUgcab;ykrUbPaBsßanPaB RbkYtRbECgrbs;Rkumh‘un .tarag matrix SWOT

KWCa]bkrN_manRbeyaCn_edIm,Is®mYldl;ExSsgVak; enH . vaviPaKeTAelIPaBxøaMg nigexSayenAépÞkñúg k¾ dUcCa»kas nigkarKRmamRkumh‘unBIxageRkA.sRmab; B½t’manbEnßmsIþBIkarviPaK SWOT emIlCMBUk 3 . ]TahrN_ ³ karviPaK SWOT )an eFVIeLIgenA Talleres REA

¬h½Áretm:aLa¦ edIm,I kMNt;eKalbMNgCak; lak;sRmab;KeRmag. emIlvKÁ 7>2 .

> kt;smÁal;lkçxNÐxagkñúgnigxageRkArbs;Rkumh‘un nigbMeBjkñúgm:aRTik SWOT . > TMB½rkargar R2

smtßPaBkarbBa©ÚlrebobfI μénplitplenA kñúgRkumh‘un KWQrenAelImUldæanénbTBiesaFn_bBa©Úl rebobfI μénplitplmundMbUg nigkarRbkYtRbECgrbs; buKÁlik . smtßPaBenHCYykñúgkarkt;sMKal;mhicäta bBa©ÚlrebobfI μ D4S [)ansmRsbrbs;Rkumh‘un . > etIGVICaskm μPaBcm,grbs;Rkumh‘un ? karGPivDÆn_ nigkarplitplitpl ¬plitplRkumh‘un¦b¤etIvaeRbI skm μPaBénkarplitedIm,IplitplitplsRmab; Rkumh‘unepSg²eTot¬smtßPaB-Rkumh‘un¦? > TMB½rkargar R2 > CamFüm etIkarrcnam:UdfIμrbs;plitplb:un μan nig plitplfI μb:unμan )anbeBa©jeTAelITIpSarCaerog ral;qñaM ? > TMB½rkargar R2

71

> etIRkumh‘unmanEpñkGPivDÆplitpl b¤CaFm μtaBYk eKeFVIkugRtaesvakm μrcnam:UdBIxageRkA sRmab; GPivDÆplitpl ? > TMB½rkargar R2 kareRbIR)as;karrcnam:UdfIμ D4S

etIehtuGVI)anCaRkumh‘uncg;GnuvtþkarepIþmeLIg D4S ? etIGVIxøHCaGñkCRmuj D4S sRmab;Rkumh‘un ? CYnkal Rkumh‘unGacbgçMedayGñkCRmujBIxageRkA dUcCakar eFVIc,ab; b¤karTamTarpþl;[bnþ²Kña . eTaHCay:agNa CaerOy² KeRmagnwg®tUvCRmujedayt®mUvkarBIxag kñúgRkumh‘undUcCakat;bnßykarcMNay b¤karTTYlxus ®tUvrbs;Rkumh‘un . CaTUeTA manGñkCRmujFM²mYy b¤BIr . TukCaGñkCRmujCaGVI Cak;Esþgk¾edayBYkeKKYr EtepÞógpÞat;kñúgdMNak;kalKeRmagcab;epIþmdMbUgedIm,I BinitüemIlfa etIGñkCRmujdéTeTotmanTak;TinEdr ¬emIlCMBUk 2 edIm,IBinitüemIlTsSn³GñkCRmuj D4S

EdlGacCYykt;sMKal;GñkCRmujsMxan;²sRmab;Rkumh‘un¦ . > kt;smÁal;mYyNaCakareRbIR)as; D4S xagkñúg nigxageRkAEdlTak;TinsRmab;Rkumh‘un nigkMNt; GaTiPaBBYkva . > TMB½rkargar R2

kareRCIserIsGñkCRmuj D4S BIxagkñúg nig xageRkA KWTak;TineTAnwgnirnþrPaBénGñkKaMRTbIepSg² Kña ³ RbCaCn EpndI nigplRbeyaCn_ . enAkñúg KeRmagxøH eKalbMNgKWEsVgrksmPaBd¾l¥kñúgcM eNamBYkeK .

]TahrN_ ³ karplitkabUbBIsRmam CaplitplfIμEdleFVIBI )øasIÞkenARbeTs\NÐa . elIsBIEpñkbrisßan karbegIát cMNUlénEpñksgÁm KWsMxan;bMput . emIl CMBUk 7/5 .

KeRmagdéTeTot KYrEtmancMNucedACak;lak; eTAelIEpñkbrisßan ¬EpndI¦ b¤eTAelIEpñksgÁm ¬RbCaCn¦ .

]TahrN_ ³ EpñksgÁm KWcaM)ac;kñúgkar GPivDÆn_énkarbegIátplit plBIsMNl;énkarCIkEr:enA Ga®hiVkxagt,Úg . karEklMG sgÁmbgðajfa sMxan;xøaMgCag Epñkbrisßan . emIlCMBUk 7/4 .

> BiPakSa ebIsinplRbeyaCn_RbCaCn EpndIKYr mantulüPaBsRmab;KeRmag b¤ ebIsinplRbeyaCn_ 1 b¤ 2 KYrEtpþl;GaTiPaB . > TMB½rkargar R2

eKalbMNgrbs;KeRmag

eRkayBIkarGnuvtþn_karviPaK SWOT Edlpþl;karyl; dwgRbesIrCagénCMhrRbkYtRbECgrbs;Rkumh‘un nig kt;sMKal;GñkCRmuj D4S BIxagkñúg nigxageRkARkum GactRmg;eTAkan;sMNYrCabnþbnÞab; ³

> etIRkumh‘un ®tUvEt eFVIGVI ? BIeRBaHmkBIkarTamTarénc,ab;brisßan b¤t®mUvkar rbs;GtifiCn .

72

> etIRkumh‘un cg; eFVIGVI ? BIeRBaHmkBIkarkat;bnßykarcMNay karEklMGTIpSar b¤sn μt;CamunBIPaBTTYlxus®tUvrbs;Rkumh‘un . > etIRkumh‘un Gac eFVIGVI ? GaRs½yeTAelIfvika nigFnFanmnusSEdlman nig smtßPaBbBa©ÚlrebobfI μénplitpl .

eKalbMNgKeRmag D4S Cak;lak;KWkMNt; edayQrelIkardak;bBa©ÚlTaMgenH . eKalbMNgén KeRmagKMnUrbøg;fIμ D4S GacERb®bYl GaRs½yeTAelI lT§plénCMhanenH . ]TahrN_éneKalbMNgEdl GaceFVI)an KWpþl;enAxageRkam . eKalbMNgEdlGaceFVI)ansRmab; KeRmagrcnam:UdfI μ D4S > bgðajfa PaBnirnþrPaBénplitplGacEklMG > )anseRmckarqøúHbBa©aMgy:ageRCAeTAkñúgkarb:H Bal;nirnþrPaBénvtþCIvitplitpl > TMnak;TMngEpñknirnþrPaBénTIpSarplitpl > bgðajfa D4S GaccUlrYmcMENkkñúgvis½y esdækic© ¬kat;bnßycMNay¦ rbs;Rkumh‘un > erobcMRkumh‘un nigplb½Rtplitplrbs;vaenA eBlCYbkarTamTar[eFVIc,ab;naeBlxagmux > bBa©ÚlnirnþrPaBTIpSar[)an®sYlCamYynwg esßrPaBplitpl nig > kat;bnßytMélTukdak;sMNl;

bTBiesaFn_bgðajfa sRmab;KeRmagmundMbUg

KWKYrerobcMTisedAKeRmag EdlGacseRmc)ankñúgry³ eBlxIø . enHbegIátRKwHénkarKaMRT nigCMnajsRmab; KeRmagnaeBlGnaKt .

> etIGVICaeKalbMNgénKeRmagsakl,g D4S ? > TMB½rkargar R2

CMhan 3 ³ kareRCIserIsplitpl kareRCIserIsplitplGVImYyedIm,IGPivDÆn_KWCaerOy²)aneFVIeLIgedayGMNacenAkñúgRkumh‘un .eTaHCay:agNak¾eday viFIedaHRsayrebobhwñgminKYrecjlT§pl kñúgkareRCIserIsplitpld¾smRsbbMput nigGac kat;bnßy»kasénPaBeCaKC½yKeRmag . ehtudUecñH lkçN³vinic½äykareRCIserIsplitplKYrEteRbIcab;taMg BICMhan 2 . plitplKYrCaplitplmYyEdleFVI [ERb®bYledaykarkt;sMKal;énGñkeRbIkD4S nigkñúg ExSbnÞat;CamYynwgkarecjlT§pléneKalbMNg KeRmag D4S cab;BICMhan 2 .

> eyageTAelICMhan 2 etIGVICalkçN³vinicä½yplit pl ? > TMB½rkargar R3

ebIsinCaGac plitplKYrEt ³ > manskþanuBlRKb;RKan;sRmab;pøas;bþÚr > manPaBgay®sYl ¬edIm,IseRmc lT§pl)anrh½s nigecosvagkarRsavRCavyUrGEgVg¦ nig > CakareFVI[ERb®bYledaykarkt;sMKal;énGñkeRbI D4S sRmab;Rkumh‘un .

> eRCIserIsplitplecjeRkAplbR½tRkumh‘un Edl ®tUvtamkarkMNt;lkçN³vinicä½yénkareRCIserIsplitpl D4S . > TMB½rkargar R3

73

CMhan 4 ³ kareRbI D4S sRmab;eRCIs erIsplitpl CaerOy² Rkumh‘unKWGPivDÆplit niglk;plitpl epSg²KñakñúgeBlEtmYy . GñkeRbIEdlkt;sMKal;kñúg CMhan 2 KYrEtGnuvtþkñúgplb½RtplitplTaMgmUl b:uEnþKYrEtminTak;TineTAnwgplitpleRCIserIs . ]TahrN_ plitpleRCIserIsKYrEteFVI[ERb®bYleday c,ab;brisßan b¤lk;kñúgTIpSarCak;lak;NamYyEdl GtifiCnt®mUv . dUecñH KWCakarl¥edIrtamEpñkGñkeRbI D4S ¬CMBUk 2¦ mþgeTot edIm,IeFVI[mansuBlPaB GñkeRbI D4S sRmab;plitpleRCIserIs . > kMNt;kareRbIR)as;xagkñúg nigxageRkAmYyNa EdlTak;TinsRmab;eRCIserIsplitpl nigkMNt; GaTiPaBBYkva . > TMB½rkargar R4

CMhan 5 ³ karvaytémøehtub:HBal; D4S

PaBeCaKC½yénKeRmagrcnam:UdfIμ D4S KWQrelIkar yl;dwgkarb:HBal;nirnþrPaBénplitpl Edl)an kMNt;Tukkñúgry³eBlénCIvitrbs;va . vdþCIvitplit plGacvaytémøelInirnþrPaBbIKW PBEpndI RbCaCn nigR)ak;cMeNj .

manviFIsaRsþCaeRcIn- brimaN nigKuNPaB sMrab;vaytMélnUvnirnþPaBrbs;plitpl . karviPaK Gaclmi¥tCaTIbMput nigeBlEdleRbIR)as;dUcEdlenA kñúgkrNIénkarvaytémøvdþCIvit . viFIvaytémøcMnYn kan;EteRcIneLIg ¬CaerOy²KaMRTedaykarvaytémø vdþCIvitrbs; software¦ Gacpþl;kar)a:n;sμancMnYnén karb:HBal; . ¬emIlbBaI¢Éksareyag karGan teTAeTot enAÉcugbBa©b;énkare)aHBum<pSayenH¦ .

enAkñúgTMhMénKeRmagrcnam:UdfIμ D4S Edl epþatelI SMEs kñúgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© kareRbIviFI

kareRbIviFIgay² nigviFIvaytémønirnþrPaBKuNPaBKW manlkçN³smRsbCageK . CakareRbobeFob SMEs

manbuKÁlik 2-3 nak; GñkCMnajTinñn½y nig hirBaØvtßúEdlman . elIsBIenH EpñksgÁm CaFm μta GacvaytémøelImUldæanénKuNPaB .

eKalbMNgcm,génkarvaytémøehtub:HBal; D4S KW ³ > yl;dwgEpñknirnþrPaBsMxan;énGayukalplit pl nig > kt;sMKal;GaTiPaBnirnþrPaBénvdæCIvitplitpl.

karvaytémøehtub:HBal; D4S man 5CMhan ³

1- begIátedImeQI ¬rUbmnþragdUcedImeQI¦ ExSsgVak;vdþCIvit 2- kMNt;GñkeRbIR)as; nigtYnaTI 3- kMNt;lkçN³vinic½äykarb:HBal; D4S 4- bMeBjkñúg Matrix karb:HBal; D4S nig 5- kMNt;GaTiPaBcm,génkarb:HBal; D4S . 1- karbegIátrUbmnþragedImeQIénExSsgVak; vdþCIvit mundMbUg RkumKeRmagKYrseRmcelIkEnøgsikSa[)an c,as;las;- sÁal;CaRkummuxgar- nigEdnkMNt;énkar vaytémø . ExSsgVak;edImeQI GaceRbIedIm,Ikt; sMKal;dMNak;kalKnwøHkñúgvdþCIvitplitpl nigRbB½n§ EdlkMNt;. enHGaceFVIedaykt;RtadMNak;kalFM² dMbUgdUcCakarTajykvtßúFatuedIm nigkarplit nig dMNak;kalcugeRkayFM² dUcCakarevcx©b; karEck cay nigdwkCBa¢Ún karlk; kareRbIR)as; karecal nigkareRbIR)as;eLIgvij . edImeQI ExSsgVak;CIvit vilCuMKWsMxan;Nas; BIeRBaHvapþl;nUvÉksarRKb;dMNak; énvdæCIvitrbs;plitpl Edl®tUvkarykmkKitpg

74

Edr . vaGacCYykt;sMKal;dMNak;kalvdæCIvitEdl ebImindUecñHeT GacemIlrMlg . vaCYyRkum[eXIj pgEdr kEnøgmYyNaEdlmankarb:HBal;FMCageK nig Gaccat;TukCakarb:HBal;\Ti§PaBdMbUg dUecñaHehIykar kt;sMKal;EdnkMNt;énKeRmag . karkMNt;GaTiPaB kEnøgsRmab;sikSanwgGaRs½yelIcMnYnktþa dUcCafaetI Rkumh‘unGac b¤minGacman\Ti§BlelIdMNak;kal nig B½t’manEdlmanRsab; .

KWCakarmanRbeyaCn_ nwkKitkñúgcitþBIExS sgVak;edImeQI . enHGaceFVIedayeRbIEpnTIlMhUr sofware b¤edayKUrvaedayéd . CaGnusasn_ ®tUvkt; RtaTItaMgrUbéndMNak;kalvdæCIvitnimYy² ¬emIlrUb 32¦ .

]TahrN_ ³ témøCabnþbnÞab; énKeRmag Edl)anGnuvtþenAeragcRk cRmaj;ERkmTwkedaHeKa Hacienda El Jobo ¬sal;v:ad½r¦.

va)anykmkKitpgEdrnUvEpñkksikmμ karplitnig dMNak;kallk;rayénplitpl . emIlCMBUk 7>3 .

> elIkykcMNucsMxan;²éndMNak;kalrUbmnþedImeQI rbs;ExSsgVak;vdþCIvit nigbgðajTItaMglkçN³rUb . > TMB½rkargar R5 2- kar[Gtßn½yRkumGñkeRbIR)as; nigEpñk muxgar muxgarplitpl nigGñkeRbIR)as;eRbIvareboby:ag em:c-sÁal;dUcCaRkumGñkeRbIR)as;-GacCYykñúgkarkt; sMKal;Epñkmuxgar . rebobeRbIplitpl dUcCakareRbI jwkjab; nigGayukal (Lifespan) Gacmankarb:HBal; KYrkt;sMKal;elIkarvaytémønirnþrPaBénTinñpl CaBi essebIsinplitpleRbIR)as;famBl b¤smÖar³kñúg kMLúgeBleRbIR)as; . vaCakarsMxan; edayykmk KitpgEdr BIkEnøgEdl®tUveRbIplitpltaMgBIkal³ eTs³én tMbn; dUcCakarbegIátGKIÁsnI viFIepSg² ¬FüÚg nuyekøEG‘r b¤famBlkekIteLIgvij¦ Gacman\Ti§Bl elIkarb:HBal;brisßan . RkumGñkeRbIR)as;GacbBa©Úl TItaMg nigry³eBlEdlTak;TinnwgsmÖar³énplit pl . ]TahrN_ plitplnwg®tUveRbIeday®KYsar fñak;mFümG‘UhÁan;dakñúgqñaM 2005 enATIRkug Ugandan

sRmab;mFümPaKmYyem:agkñúgmYyéf¶kñúgry³eBl10 qñaM .

CMhan TItaMg

GñkpÁt;pÁg; RbeTscin

RbeTsrbs;GñkRkumh‘unrbs;Gñk

Gñklk;ray RbeTsGalwøm:g;

dMNak;k

aldMb

Ug dMN

ak;kal

cugeRk

ay

rUbPaB 32 ³ ]TahrN_énEpñkrbs;rUbmnþragedImeQIénExSsgVak;vdæCIvit

75

> [Gtßn½yRkumGñkeRbIR)as; nigEpñkmuxgarén plitpl . > TMB½rkargar R5 3- kMNt;lkçN³vinicä½yehtub:HBal; D4S

vdþCIvitplitpl ¬dUc)anCECkkñúgCMBUk 2¦ rYm bBa©ÚlTaMgkar)anmkénvtßúFatuedIm karplit karEck cay nigkardwkCBa¢Ún kareRbI nigkarBicarNaTIbBa©b; énCIvitplitpl . dMNak;kalnimYy²énvdþCIvit plitpl eRbIR)as;smÖar³ nigfamBl ¬cUl¦ nig beBa©jsMNl; nigkarbMPay ¬ecj¦eTAkñúgbrisßan ¬emIlrUb 33¦ . bEnßmelIsenH dMNak;kalnimYy² rbs;vdþCIvitplitplmankarb:HBal;elIsgÁm ¬RbCa Cn¦ nigTak;TinnwglMhUresdækic© ¬R)ak;cMeNj¦.

Matrix karb:HBal; D4S KWCaviFIénKuNPaB b¤Bak;kNþalKuNPaB Edlpþl;TsSn³énTinñn½ycUl nigecjénbrisßan nigEpñksgÁmenAdMNak;kalnimYy ²énvdþCIvitplitpl . vapþl;KMnit[pgEdrnUvkEnøg EdlRtUvkarB½t’manbEnßm . vaGacCYyRkumeFVIkarvay témøénKuNPaBrbs;vdþCIvity:agqab;rh½s . Matrix

eFVIeLIgedayCYrbBaÄr 7 nigCYrepþkCaeRcIn . CYr bBaÄreqIøytbeTAnwgdMNak;kalepSg²énvdþCIvitplitpl nigCYrepþkRbmUlpþúMelIkarTak;TinlkçN³vinic½äy D4S .

CYrepþk - CaFm μta lkçN³vinicä½ybrisßan rYmbBa©Úl ³ smÖar³eRbIR)as; kareRbIfamBl sMNl; rwg nigkarbMPayCatituksIut . CaFm μta lkçN³ vinicä½ysgÁm rYmbBa©ÚlkarTTYlxus®tUvsgÁm kar GPivDÆn_esdækic©kñúgRsuk b¤kñúgtMbn; nigsgÁm®KYsar niglkçN³kEnøgeFVIkar EdlTak;TineTAnwgkarRKb;RKg FnFanmnusS.karelcecjbBaðaEfmeTotGaceFVIkarBicarNaedaybEnßmCYrepþk . ]TahrN_ rYmbBa©ÚlGVI elcecjfI μdUcCa bBaðaenAnwgkEnøgd¾Cak;lak; b¤PaB

nirnþrPaBEdlelcecjeLIgdUcCa kareRbIR)as;TwkCIv cRmuH karbMPay CO2 témø nigekrþ×dMENlvb,Fm’ . elIsBIenH CYrepþkGacbEnßm nigP¢ab;eTAnwgkarTak;Tin GñkeRbI D4S ¬CMhan 2 b¤ 4¦ .

CYrbBaÄr - GaRs½yeTAelIedImeQIExSsgVak;

vdþCIvitplitpl dMNak;kalnimYy²Gacdak;eQμaH tamviFIepSg² nigcMnYnCYrbBaÄrGacekIneLIg . kñúg rUbPaB 34 vdþCIvitman 6 dMNak;kal . GaRs½yelI sßanPaBBit RkumGacseRmcbEnßm b¤bnßydMNak; kal . ]TahrN_ ebIsinGñklk;raykMBugcab;; Garm μN_kñúgkarb:HBal; D4S énplitpl RkumGac seRmcbEnßmCYrbBaÄr {Gñklk;ray} kñúgcenøaHdMNak; kalkarEckcay nigkareRbIR)as; . tamviFIenH kar Eckcayrbs;Gñklk;ray¬]TahrN_ kareFVI[RtCak; énplitplkñúgpSarTMenIb¦ GaceFVI[Cak;lak;Efm eTotkñúgkarvaytémøkarb:HBal; D4S . kñúgkrNI EdlplitplCab;Tak;Tinkic©snüaCYl Rkumh‘unenA

rUbPaB 33 ³ KMrURckcUl-RckecjénvdþCIvitplitpl

karbeBa©j sMNl;

karbeBa©j

karbeBa©j sMNl;

karbeBa©j

karbeBa©j sMNl;

famBlvtßú FatuedIm

famBl


famBl


karplitvtßúFatuedIm

karEckcay

smasFatuplitkmμ

karEckcay

kartMelIugenAnig kEnøg

76

kñúgKeRmagkEnøgenaH plitplenAEtCakm μsiTi§énkic© snüaCYlRkumh‘undMNak;kal {esva nigkarEfTaM} KYrEtbEnßm .

Canic©kal RbwgrkSa matrix [c,as;las; nigmantmøaPaB . kuMbEnßmCYrbBaÄr nigCYrepþkEfm eTotelIsBIRtUvkar¡

> kMNt;ktþalkçN³vinicä½y D4S¬CYrepþk¦ nigdMNak;kalvdæCIvitM ¬CYrbBaÄr¦Edl®tUvbBa©Úl . bMeBjCYrepþkdMbUgnigCYrbBaÄrdMbUgénkarb:HBal;D4S.

bBaða vtßúFatuedIMm GñkpÁt;pÁg; karplitenA

nigkEnøg karEckcay eRbIR)as; E-O-L

smÖarH

kareRbIR)as; famBl

sMNl;rwg

karbeBa©jCatiBul

karTTYlxusRtUvEpñk sgÁm

karRKb;RKgFanFan mnusS

esdækic©EckrMElk

TWk

CO2

éføedIm

rUbPaB 34 ³ m:aRTikkarvaytémøehtub:HBal; D4S

77

CMhanbnÞab; KWCECkKña nigbMeBjkarecjlT§plrbs; Matrix énkarb:HBal; D4S . CYnkal cMeNHdwgEdl manRsab;enAkñúgRkum KWRKb;RKan; . KMnitKWGgÁúyCuMKña nigCECkBIlkçN³ D4S kñúgCMhanepSg²énCIvitvilCuM . kñúgkrNIxøH karGeBaI¢jCMnajkar D4S KWGacman RbeyaCn_ . ]TahrN_ karCECkEpñkbrisßanGacman RbeyaCn_BIGñkCMnajfamBlkñúgkarcUlrYmRbCuM .

manviFICaeRcInedIm,IbMeBj matrix. RkumGac seRmcvaEfmKuNPaB ¬]TahrN_ )øasIÞk {\n§n³hVÚ sIul} b¤EfmcMnYn {]TahrN_ eRbgsaMg 20 lIRt}¦ . karxitxMminEmnkt;TuksmÖar³ nigExSsgVak;TaMgGs; enaHeT b:uEnþedIm,Ikt;RtaGVIEdlkMBugTak;Tin .

kar[eyabl;xøHedIm,IbMeBj Matrix karb:H Bal; D4S ³ CYrepþksmÖar³ - CYrepþkenH KWmanbMNgsRmab;kt; RtabBaðabrisßan EdlTak;TgeTAnwgplitpl nigvtßú FatuedIm . CYrepþkenH KYrbBa©ÚlB½t’man nigTinñn½y GMBIkareRbIsmÖar³ nigsmasPaB EdlCa³minGacEk écñeLIgvijeFVI[vinasstVelakbegIátkarbMPaykñúgkarplit ¬dUcCa s<an; sMN nigs½gásI¦ EdlminsIuKña nig¼b¤KμanRbsiTi§PaBeRbIR)as;enARKb;dMNak;kalénvdþCIvitplitpl . sMNYrBak;B½n§xøHsRmab;RkumrYm bBa©Úl ³ > etIRbePT nigcMnYnénsmÖar³GVIxøHkMBugeRbIR)as; ? > etIRbePT nigbrimaNkareFVIRbRBitþkmμépÞxagelINa mYyEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as; ? > etIBYkvaGackekIteLIgvij)an b¤ minGackekIt eLIgvij)an ? > etIvtßúFatuedImGacdak;CamYyKña)an ¬sRmab;Ek écñeLIgvij¦)anEdrb¤eT ? > epSg²eTot?

kareRbIR)as;famBl - CYrepþkenH cuHbBaI¢kareRbIR)as; famBlkñúgRKb;dMNak;kalénvdþCIvit . vaGacbBa©Úl kareRbIR)as;famBl sRmab;karpliténplitplxøÜn Ég kardwkCBa¢Ún dMeNIrkar nigkareRbIR)as; b¤kar EfTaM nigkarTajykmkvij . smÖar³bBa©ÚlEdl manfamBlx<s;mancuHbBaI¢kñúgRbGb;dMbUgénCYrbBaÄr . karbegIátkarbeBa©j]s½ μnCalT§plénkar eRbIfamBl KWbBa©ÚlkñúgCYrepþk. sMNYrEdlTak;TinxøHsRmab; RkumrYmbBa©Úl ³ > etIfamBlb:un μankMBugeRbIR)as;kñúgeBlplit ? > etIeRbIR)as;famBlGVI ¬FüÚg hÁas eRbg saMg.l.¦? > etIplitpl®tUvdwkCBa¢ÚnedayrebobNa cm¶ay b:un μan nigtamrebobNa ? > etImansmÖar³famBlxøaMgdUcCaGaluymIj:Úm RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;b¤eT ? > epSg²eTot? CYrepþkénkarRKb;RKgFnFanmnusS - bBaI¢CYrepþkenH EdlskmμPaB®tUvkarEklMG HRM kñúgRkumh‘un . kar elcecjbBaðaBak;B½n§xøHman³ > etIkEnøgeFVIkarmansuvtißPaB nigs¥aty:agdUcemþc ? > karEfTaMsuxPaBkMBugpþl;[buKÁlik nigRKYsarrbs; eK ? > maneKalneya)ayedIm,IbBa¢ak;bBaðaekItmaneLIg dUcCaesrIPaBrbs;smaKm ? > maneKalneya)ayEdlrYbrYmedIm,IlubbM)at;kar garkumar ? > maneKalneya)ayEdlrYbrYmedIm,IlubbM)at;kar Rbkan;BUCsasn_b¤eT ? > mankarhwVkhat; nig»kasGPivDÆenAnwgkEnøg sRmab;buKÁlikkm μkrb¤eT?

78

> epSg²eTot? karGnuvtþn_dUcKñasRmab;bBaðanirnþrPaBdéT

eTotkñúgCYrbBaÄrdMbUgén Matrix karb:HBal; D4S .

]TahrN_ ³ kñúgKeRmag Talleres REA

¬hÁ½retm:aLa¦ Matrix karb:H Bal; D4S tamRbePT)an bMeBjedIm,Ibgðajkarb:HBal; epSg² . ¬emIlCMBUk 7>2¦ .

> bMeBjm:aRTikehtub:HBal; D4S . > TMB½rkargar R5

5-kMNt;GaTiPaBehtub:HBal;sMxan;²rbs; D4S eRkayBIbMeBj matrix BinitüRbGb; nigeFVI[elc eLIgGVITaMgenaHEdlmankarb:HBal; {nirnþrPaB} xøaMg CageK . CMhanbnÞab; KWelIkGaTiPaBkarb:HBal; EdlnwgkøayeTACacMNucedAsRmab;CeRmIsEklMGkarGPivDÆn_ .

> eFVI[elcecjRkumtUc²TaMgenaH b¤skm μPaBkñúgm:a RTikehtub:HBal; D4S Edlmankarb:HBal;x<s;Ca RbcaM . > TMB½rkargar R5

kñúgeBlGPivDÆ matrix CeRmIsénkarEklMG GackøayCaCak;Esþg .

> RbmUlCeRmIsEklm¥Cak;EsþgedIm,IeRbIenAdMNak;; kalbnÞab;énkarbegIátKMnit . > TMB½rkargar R5 CMhan 6 ³ karGPivDÆn_karrcnam:Udsegçb D4S karyl;qøúHeRCAEdl)anmkkñúgCMhanviPaK ¬CMhan

2/4 nig 5¦ KWCacMNuccab;epIþmsRmab;CMhan 6 . yuT§sa®sþsMxan; D4S Bnül;BIyuT§sa®sþ D4S TUeTA 7 EdlRKb;elITisedAEklMGCaeRcIn nigRsbeTAnwgdM Nak;kalénvdþCIvitplitpl ³ 1- eRCIserIsvtßúFatuedImEdlmanehtub:HBal;tic 2- kat;bnßykareRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedIm 3- kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgbec©keTsplitkm μ 4- kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgRbB½n§Eckcay 5- kat;bnßyehtub:HBal;kñúgeBleRbIR)as; 6- kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgvdæCIvitdMbUg nig 7- kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgRbB½n§cugbBa©b;CIvit .

bnÞab;BI)anerobrab;yuT§sa®sþTaMg 7 xagelI rUb 25 k¾bgðajyuT§sa®sþ {0} énkarbBa©b;karrcna plitplfI μ-yuT§sa®sþsMxan;kñúgBnWø énGanuPaBbBa©Úl rebobfI μ . kñúgyuT§sa®sþenH GtifiCn®tUvkarkMNt; karGPivDÆn_énplitplpSMcUlKña nig¼ b¤esvakm μEdl GacCYbkar®tUvkarenHd¾l¥CaTIbMput kñúglkçN³nirnþr PaBkan;EtRbesIr . kare)aHBumÖpSayenHepþateTA elIkarrcnam:UdfIμ D4S nigKMrU D4S minsMedAeTAelI yuT§sa®sþbBa©ÚlrebobfI μdl;b£sKl;eT . karrcnam:Ud edIm,I[mancirPaBd¾TUlMTUlayrbs; UNEP ³ eKal karN_ENnaMCasklqñaM ¬2006¦ manB½t’manbEnßm eTotBIRbFanbTenH .

vdþþCIvitdMbUg

karRtYtBinitüeLIgvijelIkar rcnam:Udplitpl

kareRbIR)as; vtßúFatuedIm

vtßúFatuedImEdlman ehtub:HBal;tic

bec©keTsplitkmμ

RbB½n§Eckcay

ehtub:HBal;kñúg eBleRbIR)as;

RbB½n§cug bBa©b;

rUbPaB 35 ³ yuT§sa®sþrgVg; D4S

79

yuT§sa®sþrgVg;mUl D4S GaceRbIedIm,Ikt; smÁal;yuT§sa®sþrcnam:UdTaMg 7 mYyNaKWsmRsb sRmab;kareRCIserIsplitpl . lT§pléndMNak; kalviPaK KWP¢ab;eTAnwgskþanuBlCayuT§sa®sþEklMG D4S . eTaHCay:agNa lT§plBICMhanTI 2/ 4 nig 5 minKYr naMmuxeKelIyuT§sa®sþEklMGEtmYyb:ueNÑaHeT b¤pÞúyeTAvijKYrTamTar[manTisedAR)akd. lT§pl KYrnaMmuxTisedAEklMGepSg²CagTisedA EdlEbk ecjBIlT§plénGaTiPaBeRbIR)as; D4S ¬TsSn³Gñk CMnYj¦ .

]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIkMBugGPivDÆplitpl eGLic®tUnic edayRkumh‘unenAevotNamsRmab;TIpSar

enAGWr:ub lT§plénkarvaytémøkarb:HBal; D4S Gac elIkykeKalsMxan;énkareRbIR)as;famBl nigkar EckcayCaskl Edlmankarb:HBal;brisßankan;Et FMeLIg . CalT§pl RkumGñkKUrbøg;GacepþateTAelI yuT§sa®sþTI 5 én D4S {karkat;bnßykarb:HBal;kñúg eBleRbIR)as;} nigyuT§sa®sþTI 4 {kareFVIeGayRbesIr eLIgénRbB½n§Eckcay} . mü:agvijeTot lT§pl ecjBIkarvaytémøénkareRbIR)as; D4S GacbBa©b;Edl Tak;Tgc,ab;brisßanc,ab; {ykvij} nigsarFatuRbkb edayeRKaHfñak;KWsMxan; . lT§plenH GacnaMeTArk karseRmccitþelIcMNucedArbs;yuT§sa®sþTI 1 {kar eRCIserIssmÖar³mankarb:HBal;tic} nigyuT§sa®sþTI 7 {kareRCIserIsRbB½n§cugbBa©b;énvdþCIvit} . ¬emIlrUb PaB 36¦enHGacnaMeTArkkareFVIkarseRmccitþsaMjúaM edIm,IeRCIserIsyuT§sa®sþKMnUrbøg; D4S nigkarvay témøénkareFVICMnYjrvaglT§plénkareFVICMnYjepSg². edIm,Is®mYlExSsgVak; kareFVIkarseRmccitþRkumGac eRCIserIsyuT§sa®sþsMxan; 2 BIkarvaytémøkarb:H Bal; nig 2 QrelIkareRbIR)as; D4S . > QrelIlT§plénm:aRTikehtub:HBal; D4S etIGVICayuT§sa®sþ D4S { l¥CageKTaMgBIr } sRmab; CeRmIsEklm¥ ? > TMB½rkargar R6

]TahrN_ ³ enAkñúgKeRmag Talleres

REA ¬h½Áretm:aLa¦ yuT§ sa®sþepSg²)an®tUv eRCIserIsyuT§sa®sþ2 )anGPivDÆQrelI matrix énkarb:HBal; nig 2eTot Ep¥kelIGñkeRbIR)as; . emIlCMBUk 7>2 .

rUbPaB 36 - ]TahrN_énkareRCIserIsyuT§sa®sþ D4S

EdlQrelI 1- GaTiPaBEdlEp¥kelIkarvaytémøehtub:HBal; D4S ¬xagelI¦ 2- GaTiPaBEdlEp¥kelIGñkeRbIR)as; D4S ¬xageRkam¦

karRtYtBinitüeLIgvijelIkarrcnam:Udplitpl

kareRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedIm

vtßúFatuedImEdlmanehtub:HBal;tic

bec©keTsplitkm μ

RbB½n§Eckcay


vdþþCIvitdMbUg

RbB½n§cugbBa©b;

karRtYtBinitüeLIgvijelIkarrcnam:Udplitpl

kareRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedIm

vtßúFatuedImEdlmanehtub:HBal;tic

bec©keTsplitkm μ

RbB½n§Eckcay


vdþþCIvitdMbUg

RbB½n§cugbBa©b;

80

eRkayBIkMNt;eKalbMNgKeRmag nigeRCIs erIsGTiPaB 4 ényuT§sa®sþ D4S RkumGaceFVIkar vaytémøcugeRkay nigeRCIserIsyuT§sa®sþplitpl sRmab;rcnam:UdfI μ D4S .

> etIGVICayuT§sa®sþ D4S rbs;Rkumh‘un nigRkum KeRmagEdl)ankMNt;eTAelIkñúgdMNak;kalbnÞab; én karbegIátKMnit nigGPivDÆTsSn³ ? > TMB½rkargar R6

enAeBlEdlkarnaMpøÚvényuT§sa®sþ D4S ®tUv

)ankMNt; RkumGaceRKagrcnam:Udsegçblmi¥tbEnßm eTot . karrcnam:UdsegçbKYrbBa©Úly:agehacNas; ³ > ehtuplsRmab;eRCIserIsplitpl > karbgðajBIeKalbMNgénsgÁm ¬RbCaCn¦ brisßan ¬EpndI¦ nigesdækic© ¬R)ak;cMeNj¦ > kareRCIserIsyuT§sa®sþ D4S > viFIEdlKeRmagnwg®tUverobcM > smasPaBcugeRkayénRkumKeRmag > Epnkar nigeBlevlasMrab;KMerag nig > fvikaKeRmag ¬buKÁlik nigfvika¦ nigskmμPaB CaEpñk . > rkmeFüa)ayedaHRsaykarrcnam:Ud D4S eday segçb . > TMB½rkargar R6 CMhan 7 ³kareRCIserIs nigkarbegIátKMnit CMhanenHbegIátKMnitedIm,IEklMGnirnþrPaBénplitpl . enAeBlbegIátrYcehIy RkumkMNt;GaTiPaBva nigbnÞab; mkbegIáteRCIserIs niglMGitKMnitplitplfI μ ¬emIl rUbPaB 37¦ .

segçbkarrcnam:Ud D4S nigkareRCIserIsyuT§ sa®sþ D4S KWCacMNuccab;epIþm edIm,Icab;epIþmbegIát KMnitsRmab;CeRmIsEklMG . bec©keTsepSgGaceRbI edIm,IbegIátKMnit ³ 1-kareRbIKMnitCak;Esþg EdleRCIserIskñúgeBlvaytémøkarb:HBal;D4S nigkarvaytémøGñkeRbIR)as; D4S 2- kareRbIyuT§sa®sþrgVg;mUl D4S sRmab;karBiPakSa rkKMnitfI μ 3- kareRbIR)as;c,ab; D4S eméd nig¼ b¤ 4- bec©keTsbegIátdéTeTot . 1- KMnitecjBIkarvaytémøehtub:HBal; D4S nigGñkeRbIR)as; D4S

kñúgeBleFVIkarviPaKén Matrix karb:HBal;D4S nig GñkeRbI D4S CeRmIskarEklMGCak;Esþg)aneRCIs erIsBITMB½rkargar R7 .

]TahrN_ ³ kareRbIR)as;)øasIÞkCafIμ)aneRbI edIm,IbegIátplitplfI μ ¬yuT§ sa®sþTI 1¦ edayRkumh‘un Ragbag ¬\NÐa¦.emIlCMBUk7>5.

CMhanTI 7 kareRCIserIs

nigkarbegáItKMnit

D4S 1 D4S 2 D4S 3 D4S 4 D4S 5 D4S 6 D4S 7

D4S 2 D4S 4 D4S 7

CMhanTI 8 karGPivDÆn_TsSnH

CMhanTI 6 kareRCIserIsyuT§sa®sþ D4S

KMnitTI1 KMnitTI2

plitpl sMerc

rUbPaB 37 ³ ExSsgVak;GPivDÆplitpl D4S

81

2- karbMpusKMnitedayyuT§sa®sþrgVg; D4S yuT§sa®sþrgVg;mUl D4S GaceRbIedIm,Ikt;smÁal;Tis edAyuT§sa®sþKMnUrbøg;smRsb k¾dUcCabegáItKMnitfI μ . CamYynwgKMnitenH yuT§sa®sþ D4S TaMg 7 )anBnøat CaGnuyuT§sa®sþ ³ 1- kareRCIserIsvtßúFatuedImEdlmanehtub:HBal;Tab KW ³ k - s¥at x - EdlkekIteLIgvij K- manpÞúkfamBltic X - RtUv)anEkécñeLIgvij g - EdlGacEkécñeLIgvij)an c - manplb:HBal;sgÁmCaviC¢man ¬]TahrN_begIát cMNUlkñúgRsuk¦

2- karkat;bnßykareRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedIm ³ k - Tm¶n; x - TMhM ¬dwkCBa¢Ún¦ ]TahrN_ ³ karkat;bnßysmÖar³ ¬yuT§ sa®sþTI 2¦ )aneRbIkñúgkrNI sikSaCaeRcIn . emIldb Microplast ¬kUsþarIka¦ CMBUk 7>6 nigkarevcx©b;sRmab;naMecj ¬G‘UhÁan;da¦emIl CMBUk 7>7 . 3- kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgbec©keTsplit k - CeRmIsbec©keTs x - CMhanEt 2-3 K - famBlTab¼s¥at X - sMNl;tic

c - smÖar³tictYc¼s¥at EdleRbIsRmab;KaMRTkarplit q - kEnøgeFVIkarmansuvtißPaB nigs¥at ]TahrN_ ³ brimakmμbec©keTsplit ¬yuT§sa®sþTI3¦ )aneRbIkñúg karplitTwkedaHenAÉ Hacienda El Jobo

¬sal;v:aD½r¦. ]TahrN_)aneFVIenAkñúgkarkat;bnßycMnYnTwkEdleRbIR)as;enAkñúgdMNak;kalplitkm μ. emIlCMBUk 7>3 . 4- kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgRbB½n§Eckcay k - karevcx©b;tic¼s¥at¼GaceRbIR)as;eLIgvij x - rebobdwkCBa¢ÚnRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaBfamBl K - RbsiTi§PaBfamBl X - karcUlrYmBIGñkEckcaykñúgRsuk ]TahrN_ ³

brimakmμRbB½n§Eckcay ¬yuT§ sa®sþTI 4¦ rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkar pøas;bþÚrTRmg;db Microplast nig TMhMsRmab;LaMgEckcay . emIlCMBUk 7>6 .

5- karkat;bnßyehtub:HBal;kñúgeBleRbIR)as; k - kareRbIR)as;famBltic x - RbPBfamBls¥at K - t®mUvkarEdleRbIR)as;tictYc X - kareRbIR)as;s¥at g - KaMRTsuxPaB nig¼ b¤bEnßmtémøsgÁm

82

]TahrN_ ³ kareRbIR)as;famBltic ¬yuT§sa®sþTI 5¦ )aneRbI kñúgkarrcnam:UdénGMBUlfamBlBnWøéf¶ PV enAkm<úCa. emIlCMBUk 7>8 . 6- kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgvdæCIvitplitpl k – PaBKYreCOCak;)an nigPaBCab; x - ®sYlEfTaM nigCYsCul K - eFVIÉktargVas;TRmg;plitpl X – karrcnam:UdTMenIb g - plitplrwgmaM c - Tak;TgnwgRbB½n§esvakm μ nigkarEfTaMkñúgRsuk ]TahrN_ ³

karEfTaM nigCYsCulgay ®sYl¬yuT§sa®sþTI6¦)aneRbI eTAelIt,al;kinfIμén Talleres

REA h½Áretm:aLa¦.emIlCMBUk 7>2 . 7- kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgRbB½n§cugbBa©b;CIvit k - kareRbIR)as;plitpleLIgvij x - karpliteLIgvij¼kardak;eRKOgtubEtgeLIgvij K - karEkécñvtßúFatuedImeLIgvij X - kardutedaysuvtßiPaB (safer incineration) g – BicarNaeTAelIkarRbmUl¼ RbB½n§EkécñeLIgvij kñúg Rsuk ¬ eRkApøÚvkar ¦ . > erobcMsm½yRbCuMbMpusKMnit nigekItmaneLIgCamYy CeRmIs edIm,IEklm¥nirnþrPaBplitpledayeRbIkar eRCIserIsyuT§sa®sþ D4S . > TMB½rkargar R6

3- viFanemédsRmab;yuT§sa®sþ D4S sRmab;yuT§sa®sþ 7 nimYy² {bTbBa¢aeméd})an RtUvbegIáteLIg . TsSn³énbTbBa¢aTaMgenHGacrk eXIjkñúgCMBUk 8 . > ®tYtBinitüviFanemédeLIgvijedIm,I[eXIjfa ebIsin BYkvaelIkTwkcitþCeRmIsEklm¥déTeTot. > TMB½rkargar R7

4- eRbIbec©keTsbegIátdéTeTot karEklMGbnÞab; EdlbMEbkmkBICMhanmun² vaman n½ypgEdr sRmab;GnuvtþkñúgkarbegIátbec©keTsd¾éT edIm,IdMeNIkarkarEklMGCeRmIs .

{karbegIátKMnit} KWCakarbBa¢ak; eRbIedIm,I BiBN’naviFIepSg²énkarKitEdlnaMeTArkKMnitfIμ . kar Kitsmehtuplk¾dUcCakarKitminsmehtupl naMeTA rkKMnitmanRbeyaCn_ . karbegIátbec©keTsGac bMpusKMnitRkum[begIátGVImYy eTaHbICaKMnitlI¶lW¶bMput k¾eday . CMBUkTI 9 pþl;bec©keTsCaeRcIn .

> erobcMkarRbCuMénkarbegIátKMnitécñRbDit nigbegáIt CeRmIsEklm¥. > TMB½rkargar R7

kareRCIserIsKMnitEdl)ansnüa eRkayBIkarbegIátKMnitCaeRcIn vamanRbeyaCn_eday cgBYkvaCacegáam eyageTAtamyuT§sa®sþ D4S 7.

> cgCacegáamCeRmIsEklm¥Edl)anbegáIteLIgGa Rs½yeTAelIyuT§sa®sþ D4S . > TMB½rkargar R7

kareRCIserIsExSsgVak;RbkbedayKuNPaB RtUv)anGnuvtþedIm,IGTiPaBKMnit . CeRmIsEklMG KWvaytémøCabnþbnÞab;sRmab;brisßansgÁm nigkarb:H

83

Bal;¼plRbeyaCn_esdækic© k¾dUcCabec©keTs nigkar erobcMEdlGaceFVI)an . karbEnßmeTAelIlkçN³ vinic½äyxageRkam Rkumh‘unnimYy²Gac[niymn½y bEnßm b¤fwøgEføgBYkvakñúgPaBxusEbøk² eyageTAtam kal³eTs³edayELk² . lkçN³vinic½äyEdlGac eFVI)anGacCa ³ > karrMBwgTukénGtßRbeyaCn_brisßan ¬EpndI¦ > karrMBwgTukénGtßRbeyaCn_sgÁm ¬RbCaCn¦ > karrMBwgTukénGtßRbeyaCn_esdækic© ¬R)ak;kéRm¦ > bec©keTsEdlGaceFVI)an ¬pþl;FnFanEdlman rbs;Rkumh‘un¦ > karerobcMEdlGaceFVI)an . > dwgtémøbEnßménGtifiCn nig > skþanuBlTIpSar .

> etIlkçN³vinicä½ymYyNaKYrEteRbIedIm,IeRCIserIs nig kMNt;GaTiPaBCeRmIsEklm¥ ? > TMB½rkargar R7

CeRmIsEklMGGac®tUvvaytémø nigpþl;témø Tl;nwglkçN³vinic½äynimYy² .

CeRmIsEdlGaceFVI)an CaerOy²Tak;TgeTA nwgeBlevla ³ CeRmIsEklMGxøH nigrcnam:UdfIμGac

GnuvtþPøam² ¬ry³eBlxIø¦ nigdéTeTotRtUvkareBl evlaEfmeTot ¬ry³eBlmFüm nigEvg¦ .

> cuHbBa¢ICeRmIs nig[elxmYyNaedayQrelI karCMBak;Tak;TgeBlevla ¬ry³eBlxIø b¤Evg¦ . > TMB½rkargar R7

CaFm μta kareRCIserIscugeRkayGaceFVIeLIg eRkayeBlEdlKMnit)anecjCarUbragkñúgPaBlMGit EdleKsÁal;Ca {KMnitplitpl} .

CMhan 8 ³ karGPivDÆn_TsSnH enAkñúgCMhanenH kareRCIserIsKMnitplitplKWGPivDÆ eTAkñúgdMeNIrkar nigbnÞab;mkeTAkñúgkarrcnam:Udlmi¥t bEnßmeTot. sar³sMxan;KMnitEdlbegIátmun²KWbBa©Úl eTAkñúgKMnitdMbUg . ¬emIlrUbPaB 37¦

enAdMNak;kalenH nwgmanPaBminCak;lak; GMBIPaBGaceFVI)anénKMnitCaeRcIn . kñúgkarGnuvtþKMnit dMbUgCaeRcInnwgGPivDÆkñúgeBlCamYyKña . vaKYrEt GaceFVIeTA)an edaybBa©ÚlKñaKMnitCaeRcInkñúgkarrcna m:UdEtmYy . bec©keTsenHehAfaRbGb;rUbsa®sþ ¬emIlCMBUk 9 bec©keTsénkarbegIát¦ KWmantémø enAeBlEdlRkumcg;bBa©ÚlKMnitCaeRcInkñúgKMnitdMbUg rbs;plitplmYykñúgviFIRbB½n§ . ¬emIlrUb 38¦

2

1

0 0

-1 -

- -2

+

+ BinÞúviC¢manbMput¼GaceFVI)anl¥

BinÞúviC¢man¼GaceFVI)an

BinÞúGBüaRkwt

BinÞúGviC¢man¼esIÞrEtminGaceFVI)an

BinÞúúGviC¢manbMput¼minGaceFVI)anTaMgRsug

84

]TahrN_ ³

RbGb;rUbsa®sþ)aneRbI sRmab;karGPivDÆn_én GaharBlkmμenARbeTshÁaNa . emIlCMBUk 7>9 .

RkumGaceRbIKMrUsakl,gKMrUedIm nigkareFVI

[dUctamkuMBüÚT½r edIm,IRbemIlemIlbec©kviTüaEdl GaceFVI)an . ]bkrN_TaMgenH pþl;karqøúHyl;eRCA eTAkñúgbec©kviTüaEdlGaceFVI)an ehIyGnuBaØatikar rcnam:UdeTACakareFVIeGayRbesIreLIg.

karRbugRby½tñ RtUvEtpþl;eTAelIPaBGaceFVI )anénhirBaØvtßúsRmab;KMnitfI μpgEdr . RkumKeRmag nwgRtUveFVI[R)akd eTaHCaGtßRbeyaCn_hirBaØvtßú énCeRmIs nigfwøg[esI μcMNayEdlBak;B½n§ .

karxMRbwgbnÞab; KWvaytémø nigeRCIserIsKMnit l¥bMputmunnwglm¥itvabEnßmeTot . minEmnKMnitTaMg Gs;EdlGPivDÆmanGtßRbeyaCn_esI μKñaeT . PaBEdl GacbBa©ÚlénkarbBa©ÚllkçN³vinicä½yl¥²bMput én KeRmagnimYy²KYrEteFVIkarBicarNa .

taragénkareRCIserIs KWCaviFIl¥edIm,Ivay tMélKMnit. RkumeRbIB½t’manelIplitplCak;lak;BI CMhan dMbUg² ¬dUcCakarsegçbkarrcnam:Ud D4S¦ .

RkumkMNt;témøKuNPaBepSg²dUcCa l¥ mFüm minl¥ b¤ dak;BinÞúBI 1 dl; 10 . CamYynwgtémøTaMgenH kar vaytémøsrubGaceFVIsRmab;KMnitnimYy² . ExSsgVak; enHKYrEtRsedogeTAnwgExSsgVak;EdleRbIkñúgkarbegIátKMnit nigdMNak;kaleRCIserIs ¬CMhanTI 7¦ .

bEnßmeTAelIKMnUrbøg;plitpl KeRmagkar plit nigKeRmagTIpSarnwgGPivDÆdUcCaenAkñúgKeRmag bBa©ÚlrebobfI μplitpltamTmøab; ¬emIlCMBUk 3¦ .

CMhan 9 ³ karvaytémø D4S

kareRbobeFobTRmg;plitplénkarrcnam:UdfI μCamYynwg KeRmagplitplmun²CYyeFVI[kar):an;RbmaN nirnþr PaBEdlsmnwgTTYlrbs;plitplfIμ .

> vaytémøGtßRbeyaCn_énGñkeRbIR)as; nigeKal bMNg D4S dUcEdl[Gtßn½ykñúgCMhan 2 . > TMB½rkargar R9

CMhan 10 ³ karGnuvtþn_ nigkartamdan CMhanenHBak;B½n§eTAnwgKMrUedIménkarplit karsak l,g KeRmagkarplitxñatFM nigkarsakl,gTIpSar . sRmab;plitplkarrcnam:UdfI μ D4S vtßúFatuénnirnþr PaB KWkarbBa©ÚleTAkñúgskm μPaBTaMgenaH . kñúgeBl eFVIKMrUedIm nigkarsakl,gRbtibtiþnirnþrPaBbc©úb,nñ énplitpl GaceFVIkarvaytémøsRmab;eBldMbUg . enAeBleFVIkarsakl,gTIpSar RbtikmμGñkeRbIR)as; eTAelIKuNPaBnirnþrPaBénplitpl GaceFVIkarvay témøtamlkçN³vinicä½yxñatKMrU . CamYynwgkaryl; dwgy:ageRCATaMgenaH karpøas;bþÚrRTg;RTaycugeRkay GaceFVIeLIgmunnwgkarbBa©ÚlTIpSarxñatFM .

RsbKñaenaH Rkumh‘un®tUvkarerobcMyuT§sa®sþ TMnakTMng . Rkumh‘unGacseRmcbgðajplRbeyaCn_ nirnþrPaBénplitpl EdlmanEcgy:agCak;lak;kñúg

rUbPaB 38 ³ RbGb;rUbsa®sþsRmab;Gñklk;mðÚbGahartamrfynþ enAhÁaNa

85

karpSayBaNiC¢km μrbs;va b¤Gt; . yuT§sa®sþ TaMgBIrmansar³RbeyaCn_ nigKμansar³RbeyaCn_ . TIpSarEdlmanEcgy:agCak;lak; GacmanRbeyaCn_ ebIsinRkumGñkeRbIR)as;cab;Garm μN_eTAelInirnþrPaB b¤ enAeBlEdlkarEckcayTIpSarmanyIehasmÁal; b¤ nimitþsBaØaRkumh‘un . K μansar³RbeyaCn_ GacCaGVI EdlRkumh‘unKYrtRmUveTAelIkar®tUvkarcg¥úlPsþútag énnirnþrPaB . elIsBIenH CaTUeTAnirnþrPaB KWCaKMnit GrUbIysRmab;GñkeRbIR)as;Edlnwg mann½yy:agxøaMg kñúgkarBRgwgTIpSar .

eRkayBIcab;epþImplitpldMbUg Rkumh‘un GacRtYtBinitükic©karnirnþrPaBplitpl . karTTYl B½t’manRtLb;mkvij nigkarTieTon k¾dUcCalT§pl ekItecjBIkarvaytémød¾skm μ GacbBa©ÚlRtLb;eTA kñúgKeRmagExSsgVak;sRmab;karRtYtBinitüplitpl eLIgvijbEnßmeTot .

86

87

6>1 buBVkfakareFVIKMrU D4S enAkñúgTIpSarPaKeRcIn Rkumh‘unKμankarRbugRby½tñ cMeBaHsßanPaBCak;Esþgénkargarrbs;xøÜn - ®tUvkar yl;dwgBIskm μPaBelcecjrbs;BYkeKedIm,IEfTaMnig¼ b¤Eklm¥sar³RbeyaCn_RbkYtRbECgrbs;BYkeK .enH KWCakarBitsRmab;skm μPaBCMnYjPaKeRcIn Edlman karP¢ab;pÞal; b¤RbeyaleTAnwgmuxCMnYj nigTIpSarGñk eRbIR)as; . enHKWmanTMnak;TMngsRmab;bBaðabrisßan nignirnþrPaBpgEdr . Rkumh‘unRtUvkMNt;faetI KU RbkYtRbECgkMBugeFVIkic©kary:agdUcemþc? etIBYkeK kMBugQrenAkEnøgNa?nigetIGVICakRmitGnuvtþl¥bMput rbs;eragcRk . sRmab;t®mUvkarEbbenH KMrU®tUv bBa¢ak;faCa]bkrN_Edlmansar³RbeyaCn_ . KMrUKW CaExSsgVak;énkic©karEklMGplitpl EdlmanRsab; edayCabnþbnÞab;eFVIkarkt;smÁal;karyl;dwg nigERb RbYleTAtamkarGnuvtþn_d¾l¥ nigExSsgVak;TaMgBIrEdl )anrkeXIjenAkñúg nigenAeRkAkarerobcM . tamTmøab; KMrUKWeRbIeTAelIExSsgVak; nig yuT§sa®sþCaCageRbIeTAelIplitpl nigesvakm μ . kareFVIKMrUyuT§sa®sþbrisßan nigExSsgVak;brisßanKWTU eTACagkareFVIKMrUbrisßanénplitpl nigesvakm μ .kar eFVIKMrUbrisßanGaceFVIeLIgenAelIkRmitCaeeRcIn ehIy GacepþateTAelIplitpl¼esvakm μ k¾dUcCaeTAelI ExSsgVak;¼yuT§sa®sþxagkñúg nigxageRkARkumh‘un

¬emIltaragTI 6¦ . enAkñúgkare)aHBumÖpSayenH kareFVIKMrU D4S

KWeyageTAelIskm μPaBEdlepþateTAelIplitpl nig esvakm μ ¬EpñkxagsþaM¦ kñúgkarrYmbBa©ÚlKñaCamYykar epþateTAelIEpñkbrisßan . viFIedaHRsayKMrU D4S man karepþaty:agxøaMgeTAelIEpñkR)ak;kéRm nigEpndIén TsSn³ D4S nigepþateTAelIEpñkRbCaCnmancMnYntic Cag .

kareFVIKMrU D4S Carcnasm½<n§viFIedaHRsay edIm,IeRbob eFobkic©karbrisßanénplitplRkumh‘uneFobnwgplit plRbECg nigbegIátCeRmIsEklm¥ . edayehtufa

PaKeRcInénesdækic©eCOnelOn karcmøgtam KWviFIGPivDÆplitplfIμ . CaerOy² KMnit plitpl SMEs QrelIplitplEdlmanRsab;enAkñúgRsuk b¤KURbkYtRbECgGnþrCati. viFIedaHRsayKMrU D4S Gnum½trebobRbEhlKñaénTsSn³viTüa ³ eronBIdMeNaHRsayEk lm¥rbs;KURbkYtRbECg . viFIedaHRsayKMrU D4S KWsmRsbCaBiesssRmab;Rkumh‘un EdlGPivDÆplitplfIμ edayQrelIkarcmøgtam plitplEdlmanRsab; .

KMrU D4S

ExSsgVak;¼yuT§sa®sþ plitpl¼esvakmμ

kareFVIKMrUExSsgVak;¼yuT§sa®sþ rbs;Rkumh‘unTl;nwgeKaledA¼ eKalbMNgxagkñúg kñúgeKal bMNgedIm,IerobcM¼BinitüeKal bMNgnigGRtaEklm¥xagkñúg.

kareFVIKMrUplitpl¼esva km μTl;nwgm:Ud¼karbegIátdMbUgkñúgeKalbMNgBinitü emIlkarRbemIlTuk¼eKalbMNg nigGRtaEklm¥ .

xagkñúg

xageRkA kareFVIKMrUExSsgVak;¼yuT§sa®sþ rbs;Rkumh‘unTl;nwgKURbECg TaMgenH kñúgeKalbMNgkMNt; nigvaytémøyuT§sa®sþEdl Gacna eBlGnaKt .

kareFVIKMrUplitpl¼esvakmμ Tl;nwgCeRmIsénkarRbkYt RbECgkñúgeKalbMNgbegIát CeRmIsEklm¥ nigTTYl)an sar³RbeyaCn_EdlRbkYtRb ECg .

tarag 6 ³ RbePTkareFVIKMrUbrisßan

88

KURbkYtRbECgmñak;² CaerOy²eRbIdMeNaHRsayepSg ²edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðadUcKñadUcCaGñkKUrbøg;plitepSg² smasPaB b¤bec©kviTüa kareFVIKMrU D4S pþl;viFI edaHRsayRtlb;mkvij nigENnaMkareronBIplit pld¾éTeTot . bTBiesaFn_bgðajfakñúgkarGnuvtþn_ plitplEtmYy minpþl;BinÞúx<s;elIlkçN³vinicä½yTaMg Gs; nigTl;nwgplitpldéTeTotTaMgGs; . enHman n½yfakareFVIKMrUCeRmIsEklm¥Gac®tUvbegIátCanic© . FatusMxan;énkareFVIKMrU KWCaTsSn³énkar Gnuvtþn_l¥RbesIr ³ karGnuvtþn_TaMgenaHEdlbMeBjcitþ GñkeRbIR)as;PaKeRcIn . eKalbMNgénkarsikSa kareFVIKMrU KYrQrelItMrUvkarrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;eTaH Ca GñkeRbIR)as;enAEpñkxagkñúg ¬EpñkGgÁkar kMritGñk RKb;RKgfñak;x<s; b¤nieyaCik¦ b¤EpñkxageRkA ¬Gñk eRbIR)as; Blrdæ niytkr nitiBn§ RkumGñkbrisßantMbn; nigCati b¤GñkvinieyaK¦ . 6>2 sar³RbeyaCn_énkareFVIKMrU D4S eKalbMNgénkareFVIKMrU D4S KWeronBIkarGnuvtþn_ l¥bMputénGñkdéT . vaKWCa]bkrN_Eklm¥bEnßm . GtßRbeyaCn_EdlmanskþanuBlxøHrYmbBa©Úl ³

> CYyRkumh‘un[yl; nigGPivDÆGakb, kiriyay:agditdl;cMeBaHExSsgVak;CMnYjrbs;eKpÞal; . kareFVIKMrUCYy[)anseRmcelIkareBjcitþ ¬vaKWCakar yl;RBmtamviFIrbs;va¦ nigbBa©úHbBa©ÚlGñkEdlmin eCO . vak¾begIátcMeNHdwgGMBIbBaðabrisßanenAkñúg nigeRkARkumh‘unpgEdr . > karpSBVpSayExSsgVak;EdlenAeRbIénkar eronenAkñúgRkumh‘un nigelIkTwkcitþkarpøas;bþÚr nigkar Eklm¥. kareFVIKMrUGaceFVI[®CYtRCabedIm,Ipøas;bþÚr nig begIát»kas - nieyaCikkøayCaGñkTTYlKMnitfIμkan;Et eRcIneLIg . vak¾elIkTwkcitþkarKitdl;brisßanpgEdr .

> karEsVgrkRbPBfI μsRmab;EklMG nigviFI saRsþCaeRcInkñúgkareFVIGVImYyedayminmankar {écñ RbDitCargVg;mUl}. vapþl;karbegIátsMxan;²edIm,Irk dMeNaHRsayEklm¥brisßan . >karbegIátcMNucÉksareyagsRmab;vas;sÞg;karGnuvtþn_ nigpþl;karRBmanCamunsRmab;karsRmut cuHénrcnasm½<n§témø kareBjcitþrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; rcnasm½<n§bec©kviTüa nigsRmab;ExSsgVak;CMnYj¬emIl RbGb;GtßbTTI 5¦ . vaGacEktMrUvTsSnHminRtwmRtUv GMBIPaBxøaMg PaBexSay nigyuT§sa®sþrbs;KURbkYt RbECg. vaCYyepþatbEnßmeTotelIEpñkbrisßand¾Cak; lak;sRmab;karEklm¥ nigRtUvR)akdfaskm μPaB brisßanRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkic©karCMnYj . 6>3 kareFVIKMrU D4S kñúgkarGnuvtþn_ kareFVIKMrU D4S kñúgeragcRkFM² Rkumh‘unFM²CaeRcIn)aneRbIkareFVIKMrU D4S dUcCameFüa )ayeFVI[R)akdfa karKitKUrbrisßan KWKμankMNt; sRmab;plitplnimYy² EdlKYrEtbiTpøakCaKeRmag BN’ {exov} k¾b:uEnþkarbBa©ÚlTsSn³kan;EteRcIn kan; EtRbugRby½tñ . ]TahrN_ GñkeRbIR)as;eRKOgeGLic ®tUnik Philips eRbIkareFVIKMrU D4S dUcCaktþay:ag sMxan;kñúgkmμviFITsSn³eGkUrbs;BYkeK . vapþl;kar RKb;RKgCamYynwgsþg;daCak;lak; EdlQrelIkar seRmccitþd¾sMxan;sRmab;P¢ab;cUl D4S kñúgExSsgVak; CMnYjEdlmanRsab; . KMnitcm,gKW karTajyktémø B½t’manGnuvtþbrisßan enAeBlEdlva®tUveRbobeFob kñúgcMeNamplitpl .

89

krNI]TahrN_BITUrTsSn_ Sony Rkumh‘un Sony )aneronBIsar³sMxan;énkareFVIKMrUBIxag eRkA BIeRBaHedaysarEtbTBiesaFn_kñúgBak;kNþal qñaM 1990 . enAkñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH TUrTsSn_BN’ Sony mYyenATIpSarGWr:ub)anTTYlGRta {Tijeday manehtupl} BITsSnavdIþGñkeRbIR)as; Dutch kñúg EpñkxøH BIeRBaHkic©karbrisßanrbs;va)anFøak;cuHkñúg ry³eBlxIø EdlmkBIm:UdRbkYtRbECg . enAxag eRkaykare)aHBum<pSayénr)aykarN_TsSnavdIþTIpSarEck 11>5° sRmab;karFøak;cuHm:Udrbs; Sony kñúg RbeTshULg; . enAeBlCamYyKñaenaH karRbkYt RbECgm:Ud 2 Edl)anTTYlkRmitKuNPaB {Tij l¥bMput} )anRbmUlpþúMcMENkKuNRbeyaCn_ 57° nig 100° . bTBiesaFn_enH eFVI[mansnÞúHTwkcitþRkum h‘un Sony enAGWr:ubedIm,Ircnam:UdTUrTsSn_fI μ rbs;BYkeK eTACamansemøgbrisßankan;EteRcIneLIg . TUrTsSn_ Eco fI μrbs; Sony )anTTYlkRmitviC¢mankñúgTsSnav dIþeFVIkarsakl,gGñkeRbIR)as; tamry³kat;bnßykar eRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedIm nig)øasIÞk bnßy t®mUvkareBl evlatemIøg nigtamry³karbegIánkarEkécñplitpl eLIgvij)an . RbGb;GtßbT 5 ³ ]TahrN’BITUrTsSn_ Sony kareFVIKMrU D4S enAkñúg SMEs kñúgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© enAkñúgesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆ PaKeRcInkarcmøgtam ¬ykKMrUtam¦ KWCaviFITUeTAedIm,IGPivDÆplitplfIμ . CaerOy² KMnitplitplRkumh‘untUc nigmFümQr elIplitpl EdlmanRsab;rbs;KURbkYtRbECgkñúg Rsuk b¤GnþrCati . tamTmøab; Rkumh‘unGt;maneRKOg Rbdab;sRmab;karRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_ . plit plmkBI ¬breTs¦ KURbkYtRbECgKW®tUvviPaKyklMnaM tam nigcmøgtam . karsikSaCaeRcInbBa¢ak;fa {kar

cmøg [dUc} énrbs;fI μ nigkarbegIátplitplsaMjúaM CabnþbnÞab;KWCameFüa)aycm,g Edltamry³cMeNH dwgbec©kviTüafI μKWeFVI[RsedogKñakñúgRkumh‘un . kareFVI [dUckøayCaskm μPaBCaRbB½n§ nigkarcmøgKWeFVIeLIg tamKMrUedIm k¾dUcCaeFVIbøg; . ExSsgVak;cmøgtamb¤eFVI [dUcKURbkYtRbECgenH KWenAkñúgCYrCamYynwgKMnitén kareFVIKMrU-eronBIGñkdéT kñúgeKalbMNgEklMGyuT§ sa®sþExSsgVak; nigplitpl . manyuT§sa®sþ 3 sRmab; {GñkeFVItam} edIm,I bBa©ÚleTAkñúgTIpSarRbkbedayeCaKC½y ³ pþl;kñúg témøefak plitpll¥ ¬eFVItam nigEklm¥¦ nigeRbI kmøaMgTIpSarTl;nwgGñkRtYsRtayTn;exSay . Rkum h‘untUc²enAkñúgesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_ CaerOy²xVH smtßPaBedIm,IEklMGplitpl EdlCalT§plplit plmanKuNPaB nigTsSn³brisßanTab . viFIedaH RsayKMrU D4S GacCakareqIøytbd¾smrmüedIm,IRb QmTl;nwgbBaðaEdlelcecjeLIgTaMgBIr nigEklMG plitplkñúgbribTénkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© . 6>4 etIRtUvGnuvtþKeRmagkareFVIKMrU D4S

edayrebobdUcemþc ? BnWø nigBnøatkMENfI μénkareFVIKMrU D4S lkçN³sm,tiþ nigeKalbMNgénlMhat;KMrU D4S Gac xusEbøkKñakñúgeBlnimYy²EdlGnuvtþ vaGaRs½yeTAelI bribT nigkarbiunRbsb;rbs;Rkumh‘uneKalbMNgén karykmkeRbInigkarKitTukCamunrbs;Epñk]sSahkm μ . ]TahrN_ CaerOy² SMEs manFnFankMNt;dUcCa kmøaMgBlkm μ karRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_ nig hirBaØvtßú . CalT§pl BYkeKCaFmμtaxitxMGnuvtþKMrUkñúg rebobgay®sYl{témø efak} edayeRbobeFobeTA nwgeragcRkFM . Rkumh‘un GnþrCatiGacmanfvikaedIm,I Tij nigviPaKelIplitplKURbkYtRbECg . CaerOy²

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SMEs RtUvEtviPaKKMrUQrelIrUbPaBénplitplEdl ykBIkataLúk nigTsSnavdIþ BIB½t’man GiunFWENt ¬dUcCakareFVIkarsakl,gGñkeRbIR)as;¦b¤edayTsSnakartaMgBiBN’ nighag . ]TahrN_ esovePApSBV pSayesIþg²rbs; IKEA )aneRbIR)as;edayRkumh‘un enAGasIueTACa {KMrU} b¤júaMg[cg;KUrbøg;edIm,IGPivDÆ plitpleRKOgsgðarwmedIm,InaMecjeTATIpSarGWr:ub . kñúgEpñkenH bgðajBIxñatKMrUénviFIeFVIKMrU D4S

sRmab;vaytémøplitpl edayK μanKitdl;RbePT plitplb¤]sSahkm μ . viFIsaRsþ KWQrelI 10 dMNak;kalEdlnwgBnül;Calm¥itdUcxageRkam . Ga Rs½yeTAelIbribT nigt®mUvkarviFIGact®mUvtamCa 2 rebob ³ > BnWøkMENfI μTl;nwgBRgIkkMENfI μ. QuténTMB½rkargar EdlmanRsab;eRbIsRmab;eFVIÉk sarenAeBlEdlkMBugqøgkat;dMNak;kalTaMgGs; . enAeBlEdlRkumh‘unmanbTBiesaFn_kñúgkarGnuvtþn_KMrU D4S b¤enAeBlEdlkarviPaKhμt;ct;minGaceFVIeTArYc b¤mincg;TMB½rkargar {TaMgGs;kñúgmYy} Edlpþl; {BnWøkMENfI μ} énviFITaMg 10 y:agrbs;kareFVIKMrU D4S

KWsmrmü sRmab;eRbI . ebIsinmaneBleRcIneTot manbuKÁlik nigfvikaKWkarBRgIkkMENfI μKYr®tUveRCIs erIs . kñúgkrNIenH dMNak;kalnimYy² KWKaMRTeday TMB½rkargarmYy ¬TaMgGs; 10¦ . > lkçN³rUbTl;nwgB½t’man . viFIsaRsþkareFVIKMrU D4S GacGnuvtþelIrUbragplit plEdl)anTij sakl,g ruHerI nigvas;Evg CaBiess sRmab;kareRbIR)as;. kñúgkrNIEdlrebobenHminGac eFVIeTA)an kareFVIKMrU D4S GacQrelIB½t’manEdl RbmUl)anpgEdr CaCagTijplitpl ¬emIlCMhanTI 6 sRmab;B½t’manbEnßm¦ .

enHnaMeTArkkMENfI μepSg²TaMg 4 énkareFVIKMrU ¬emIltaragTI 7¦ . BnWøkMENfIμ QrelIkarRbmUlB½t’ ¬kMENfIμ A¦ KWsißtenAkñúgrebobCagtamkarbuin Rbsb;rbs; SMEs. karBRgIk¼lkçN³rUbkMENfIμ ¬D¦ GacCakarcab;Garm μN_y:agxøaMgsRmab;Rkumh‘unFM² . munnwgeFVIKeRmagKMrU D4S rebobedaHRsaysmrmü CageK ¬A, B, C b¤ D¦ sRmab;Rkumh‘un b¤KeRmag Gac®tUvvaytémø nigkMNt; . 6>5 kareFVIKMrU D4S CaCMhan² CMhannimYy²maneKalbMNgCak;lak; sMNYrRtUveqIøy nigeFVITMB½rkargar . vaCakareRkInrMlwkdMbUge)aHBum< ecjCaTMB½rkargarmunnwgcab;epIþm . rUbPaBTI 39 pþl;TsSn³énCMhanTaMg 10 .

QrelIB½t’manénplit plénKURbkYtRbECg

QrelIlkçN³rUbplitplénKURbkYtRbECg

BnWøkMENfIμ A B ¬TaMgGs;kñúgTMB½rkargarEtmYy¦

karBRgIkkMENfI μ C D ¬TMB½rkargarcMnYn 10¦

taragTI 7 RbePTénkareFVIKMrU D4S

91

CMhanTI 2 kareRCIserIsplitpl

CMhanTI 1 karkMNt;eKaledA

CMhanTI 4 kEnøgRbsBV

CMhanTI 5 )ar:aEmRt

CMhanTI 7 lT§pl

CMhanTI 8 CeRmIsEklMG

CMhanTI 9 CeRmIsGaTiPaB

CMhanTI 3 RkumPaBCamuxgar

CMhanTI 10 karGnuvtþþþn_

CMhanTI 6 Epñkeda³dac;ecjBIKña

etIGVICaeKaledAénkareFVIKMrU D4S ?

etIeRCIserIsplitplsRmab;eFVIKMrU y:agdUcemþc ?

etIGVICaRkumPaBCamuxgar nigRbB½n§ kMNt;énKMrU D4S ?

etIGVIKWCakEnøgRbsBVKñasRmab;KMrU D4S?

etIbkRsaycMNucRbsBVkñúgxñatEdl Gacvas;)any:agdUcemþc ?

etIeFVIy:agdUcemþcedIm,IerobcMEpñk edaHdac;ecjBIKña ?

etI®tUvdMeNIrkar nigeRbobeFob Tinñn½yénKMrU D4S y:agdUcemþc ?

etI®tUvBinitülT§pleLIgvij nig begIátCeRmIsEklm¥y:agdUcemþc ?

etIvaytémø nigkMNt;GaTiPaBEk lm¥y:ag dUcemþc ?

etI®tUvGnuvtþCeRmIsEklm¥y:agdUcemþc ?

TaMgGs;enAkñúg 1TMB½rkargar

TMB½rkargar 1

TMB½rkargar 2

TMB½rkargar 3

TMB½rkargar 4

TMB½rkargar 6A + 6 B

TMB½rkargar 5

TMB½rkargar 7

TMB½rkargar8 + 6 B

TMB½rkargar 9

BnWøkMENfI μ karBRgIkkMENfI μ

rUbTI 39 ³ TsSn³énviFIsa®sþeFVIKMrU D4S TaMg 10 CMhan

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CMhanTI 1 - etIGVICaeKaledAénkareFVIKMrU D4S ? manehtuplCaeRcInedIm,Icab;epIþmKMrU D4S . mundMbUg KWvamansar³sMxan;Nas; EdlRkumBiPakSaeKalbMNg nwgeKaledAKeRmag . etIGVInwg®tUvviPaK?GVIKYrseRmc )an ? sMNYrTaMgenH nwgmankarb:HBal;elIKMnUrbøg; KeRmag nigCMnYykñúgkarkt;smÁal;plitpl®tUvsikSa nigCaxñateRbIsRmab;eFVIkareRbobeFob . eKalbMNgEdlGaceFVI)anénKeRmagKMrU D4S

Gacrab;bBa©Úl ³ > eronBIkarRbkYtRbECgCaskl kñúgeKalbMNgcUl eTATIpSarGnþrCati > dwgBIkar[BinÞúplitply:agdUcemþckñúgkareRbob eFobeTAnwgKURbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk > cab;ykkarbMpusKMnitsRmab;karEklm¥brisßan > dwgfaplitplQrenAkEnøgNakñúgkarTak;TgeTA nwg ¬nwgmkdl;¦ c,ab;NamYydUcCakarevcx©b; b¤ katBVkic©ykRtLb;vij . etIGVIGacEbkecjBIKURbkYt RbECgkñúgTICMnYj > ENnaMkarEklm¥ral;eBlevla nigKYrEtCaehtupl sMxan;déTeTotsRmab;Rkumh‘un .

>bBa¢ak;fa plitpl®tUveFVIKMrU nigkMNt;eKalbMNg cm,gsRmab;GnuvtþKeRmag . > TMB½rkargar B1 > kMNt;RbePTKMrU D4S [smRsbsRmab;Rkum h‘un . BnWøkMENfI μTl;nwgkarBRgIkkMENfI μ-B½t’manTl; nwgkMENfI μlkçN³rUb . > TMB½rkargar B1 CMhanTI 2 – etIeRCIserIsplitplsRmab; eFVIKMrUy:agdUcemþc ? CMhanTI 2 énnitiviFIeFVIKMrU KW®tUveRCIserIsplitpl.

BYkeKGaceRCIserIsBIKURbkYtRbECgkñúgkRmitGnþr Cati Cati b¤kñúgtMbn; . CYnkalGaceronecHeRcInBI PaBbraC½yénkareFVIplitplkñúgEpñk . 1- kt;smÁal;plitplnaMmuxenAkñúgEpñk ¬kñúgRsuk kñúgtMbn; b¤GnþrCati¦ 2- eRCIserIsplitplkñúgTIpSardUcKña ¬karkMNt; rbs;Rkum témø¼KuNPaB .l.¦ nig 3- kt;smÁal;plitplEdlviciRt {Gnuvtþl¥} kñúg vis½y . karxitCitrcnasm½<n§kan;EteRcIn GaccUlrYm begIátkareRCIserIslkçN³vinicä½y . eFVI[R)akdfa eKalbMNgEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgCMhan 1 ®tUv)anelIk ykmkBicarNa . ]TahrN_ ebIsineKalbMNg KW ³ > edIm,IeronBIkarRbkYtRbECgTUeTAeFVI[R)akd®tUv bBa©Úlplitpl 2-3 BIKURbkYtRbECgTaMgGs;eday cUlcitþCageKBIpøaksBaØaBhuCati . > dwgBIBinÞúplitply:agdUcemþckñúgkareRbobeFobeTA nwgKURbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk ®tUvR)akdfabBa©Úlplit pl 2-3 BIKURbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk edaycUlcitþ CageK plitplEdlmancMENkTIpSarFMCageK . > edIm,Icab;ykkarbMpusKMnitsRmab;karEklm¥brisßan eFVI[R)akd®tUvbBa©Úlplitpl 2-3 BI KURbkYtRb ECgEdlGnuvtþbrisßan rUbPaB)anl¥ nig¼b¤dMeNIrkar kñúgkEnøgTIpSarbrisßan . > dwgBIkEnøgQrrbs;plitplkñúgkarTak;TgeTAnwg kareFVIc,ab;Edlnwgmkdl; eFVI[R)akdfaplitpl eRCIserIsBIyIeha EdlnwgeFVI[b:HBal;edaykareFVI c,ab;dUcKña nig¼b¤plitplBIyIehaEdlkMBugdMeNIr karenAelITIpSar EdlmankareFVIc,ab;Rbhak;RbEhl KñarYceTAehIy.

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> edIm,IeXIjkarRbtibtiþEklm¥RKb;eBlenAkñúgRkum plitplrbs;Rkumh‘un eFVI[R)akdfaeRCIserIsplit plBIkarbegIátmun²ényIehaRkumh‘unxøÜnÉg . eRbI R)as;plitplepSg²énGRtaEklm¥KMrU RbkYtRbECg sMxan;²rbs;Rkumh‘un GacmanGtßRbeyaCn_pgEdr .

> QrelIeKalbMNgeRCIserIsyIehaplitpl Edl nwgeRbobeFobkñúglMhat;KMrU D4S. >TMB½rkargar B1

CMhanbnÞab;KWkt;smÁal;plitpl Edlsm RsbCageK . vamansar³RbeyaCn_kñúgkareRbIR)as; karkt;smÁal; nigkareRCIserIslkçN³vinicä½yEdlenA kñúgCYrCamYyplitplrbs;Rkumh‘un . lkçN³vinicä½y CabnþbnÞab;GacCYy ³ > PaBCamuxgar ³ erobrab;BIPaBsMxan;² niglkçN³ BiessCak;lak;rbs;plitpl . eFVI[R)akdfaKMrU plitplminmankarxusEbøkxøaMgBIplitplRkumh‘un . ebIsinplitplmanmuxgarRbhak;RbEhlKñalT§pl KW smrmübMputsRmab;eRbobeFob . > qñaMplit ³ epÞógpÞat;faplitplmkBICMnan;plit pldUcKña . BYkvaman)anGPivDÆ nigbeBa©jeTAkñúgTI pSarrYcehIykñúgry³eBlEtmYy ? vaminmann½y sRmab;eRbobeFobm:UdfI μbMput CamYynwgm:Udcas;rbs; KURbkYtRbECg . > témølk;ray ³ BinitüemIl ebIsinplitplman témølk;rayRbEhlKña . > PaBEdlGacrk)an ³ eFVI[R)akdminmanPaB xusEbøkKñaxøaMgkñúgBaNiC¢km μEdlGacrk)an . CaKMnit plitplTaMgGs;KYrrk)anesI μ²KñasRmab;GñkeRbIR)as; . KeRmagplitplnwg®tUvkt;smÁal;enATIbBa©b;énCMhanTI 2 .

>eRCIserIsplitpl nigerobrab;lkçN³Biessrbs; vabnþedaykareRCIserIslkçN³vinicä½y. > TMB½rkargar B2

CMhanTI 3 - etIGVICaRkumPaBCamuxgar nig RbB½n§kMNt;énKMrU D4S ? kñúgbribTEdlplitplnwgCH\T§iBleTAelIlT§plénKMrU . ]TahrN_ kareRbIplitply:agxøaMgnwgmanpl b:HBal;y:agxøaMgelIkRmiténkareRbIR)as;famBlplitplkñúgkMLúgeBlCak;EsþgNamYy . edIm,IeFVIkar eRbobeFobplitpl[c,as;las; vamansar³sMxan; erobrab;BImuxgarbribT rebobeRbIR)as; nigRbB½n§kM Nt; . CaFm μtaenHKWsMedAcMeBaH dUcCa {Rkummuxgar} nigCYyeFVI[kareRbobeFob{Rtwm®tUv} .karbBa¢ak;Ca bnþbnÞab;eTAenH Gacmansar³RbeyaCn_ ³ > kt;smÁal;tYnaTIénplitpl eyageTAtamGñkeRbI R)as; > BiBN’namFümPaKGñkeRbIR)as;enAkñúgbribTrbs;eK - kt;smÁal;TIkEnøgEdlplitplnwg®tUveRbIR)as; nig - kMNt;RkumGñkeRbIR)as; edayBiBN’nasmasPaK dUcCaGaMgtg;sIueténplitpleRbIR)as; .

> kMNt;Epñkmuxgarénplitpl . > TMB½rkargar B3

CMhanTI 4 -etIGVIKWCakEnøgRbsBVKñasRmab; KMrU D4S ? kMNt;plitplEdlERbRbYlsMxan;²edIm,IeFVItamKMrU vaCasar³sMxan;edIm,Ikt;smÁal;GVIEdlelcecjeLIg b¤cMNucRbsBVEdlTak;TgeTAnwgbrisßan . enHKYrEt eFVIecjBITsSn³d¾TUlMTUlay . eqIøyeTAnwgsMNYr {etIGVICasemøgbrisßan ?} b¤ {GVICaBN’ébtg ?}

94

GaRs½yeTAelITsSn³énGñkcUlrYmepSg² . kñúgkar Gnuvtþn_enHTamTary:agehacNas;TsSn³cMnYn 3 BI GñkviTüasa®sþ GñkeRbIR)as; nigTsSn³ rdæaPi)al . > TsSn³GñkviTüasa®sþcMeBaHbrisßan ecjBITsSn³GñkviTüasa®sþ eKalbMNgKWedIm,Ikt; smÁal;karb:HBal;brisßansMxan;²énplitplkñúgkMLúg eBlvdþCIvitrbs;va . CaFmμta enHKWeFVIedayGnuvtþ TRmg;xøHénkarvaytémøvdþCIvit GaRs½yelITinñn½y Edlman. sRmab;plitplCaeRcInkarvaytémøvdþ CIvit KWGacrk)anCasaFarN³enAelIGiunFWENt . eTaHCay:agNaKYrEteFVIkarkt;smÁal;fa Tinñn½yCa eRcInQrelITinñn½ymUldæan nigviFIénRbeTsGPivDÆn_ minKYrqøúHbBa©aMgsßanPaBBiténvdþCIvitplitplkñúgEpñkepSg²eToténBiPBelak . kñúgkrNIEdlTinñn½y l¥énkarvaytémøvdþCIvitminGacrk)an m:aRTIkkar b:HBal; D4S ¬emIlCMBUk 5¦ GacCaCeRmIsGnuvtþ . QrelIkarvaytémøTaMgenH vaGackt;smÁal;dMNak; kalmYyNaénvdþCIvit KWsMxan;kñúgn½yénkarb:HBal; brisßan . > TsSn³rdæaPi)alcMeBaHbrisßan BITsSn³rdæaPi)al vamansar³sMxan;edIm,Ikt;smÁal; RbB½n§Rsbc,ab;EdlBak;B½n§sRmab;plitpl dUcEdl enHGaceFVI[elcecjbBaðabrisßanbEnßmeTot .enHnwgkMNt;RbkarGTiPaBelIrebobvar³rdæaPi)al nigKYrEt minmanCanic©kalqøúHbBa©aMgGaTiPaBdUcTsSn³GñkviTüasa®sþeT ¬emIlCMBUk 2¦ . > TsSn³GtifiCncMeBaHbrisßan tamTsSn³GtifiCn cMnYndéTeToténkarTak;TinbBaða brisßanminTan;)anelIkeLIgenAeLIy . TaMgenHhak; dUcCaenAkñúgcMeNamkarkt;smÁal;d¾ceg¥óténbrisßan nigGackMNt;nirnþrPaBenAkñúgn½yd¾FMTUlay.karyl;

CasaFarN³ KWP¢ab;y:agmaMeTAnwgkarrMCYlcitþ . bBaða brisßanEdlTak;TineTAnwgsuxPaB nigsuvtißPaB ¬nig ehtudUecñH CaskþanuBlénkarbMBul¦ KW[BinÞúx<s; . edayehtufakarTak;TinGMBIFnFan KWcat;TukCabBaða ry³eBlEvgEfmeTot nigeTaHCay:agNakar[BinÞú KWTab . Tak;TgeTAnwgkarbMPayCaTUeTABinÞúmFüm ¬emIlEpñk TI 1¦ .

etI®tUveRCIserIscMNucRbsBVEbbNasRmab;karEklm¥brisßan ?

cMnYnénbBaðabrisßan nwg®tUvbegIáteLIgeRkay BIkarvaytémøGñkviTüasa®sþ rdæaPi)al nigkaryl; dwgrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; . CMhanbnÞab; KWkMNt;GTiPaB bBaðaTaMgenH . rkSaExSsgVak;[enAxIø nigEdlGac RKb;RKg)ancMnYn GtibrmaénbBaðabrisßansMxan;² 5-6 KYr®tUveRCIserIs . enHGaceFVIeTA)an edayQrelI TMhMénkarb:HBal;brisßanEpñkhirBaØvtßú nig¼b¤ karyl; rbs;GñkeRbIR)as; .eTaHbIbBa©ÚllkçN³vinicä½yTaMgenH eTAkñúgTm¶n;BIkareGayBinÞú GacCakarlM)akkñúgkar Gnuvtþn_cMNucsMxan;² nwgkøayCaPaBgay®sYlRtwm ®tUvc,as;las; CaFmμta karRbemIlTukkareRbIR)as; famBl kareRbIR)as;smÖar³ nigkarEckcay .

Tm¶n;

sarFatuRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;

kareRbIR)as;famBl

karEkécñeLIgvij nigkare)aHecal

karevcx©b;

rUbPaBTI 40 ³ cMNucRbsBVébtgTaMg 5 rbs; PHILIPS

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dUc]TahrN_GñkeRbIR)as;eRKOgeGLic®tUnik hIVlIB )anseRmccitþenABak;kNþalqñaM 1990 Edl karGPivDÆn_TIpSar nigkarlk;plitplKYrepþatelI cMNucRbsBVébtgTaMgR)aM ³ Tm¶n; nigkareRbIR)as; vtßúFatuedIm sarFatuRbkbedayPaBeRKaHfñak; kareRbI R)as;famBl kareRbIR)as;eLIgvij nigkare)aHecal nigkarevcx©b; . enHKWCakarTMnak;TMngxagkñúg nig xageRkA edayeRbIcMNucRbsBVdUcEdlbgðajkñúgrUb PaB 40 .

IPRODESA CaRkumh‘unplitcMNIGaharxñat kNþal enAkñúgRbeTskULúMb‘Í)anGnuvtþKMrU D4S edIm,I EsVgrklT§PaBnaMEpøeQIs¶ÜtcUlTIpSarGWr:ub . KURb kYtRbECgGnþrCaticMnYn 5 nak;elITIpSarGWr:ub)anRtUv eRCIserIsnigeRbIR)as;KMrUplitpl én IPRODESA . cMNucRbsBVcMnYn 5 CabnþbnÞab; eTAenHCacMNucedA y:agsMxan;sRmab;KMrU D4S ³ k- EpñkbrisßanéncMNIGahar nigkarevcx©b; x- karkarBarcMNIGahar K- karEckcay niglk;ray X- karTMnak;TMng nig g- kardwgedayGñkeRbIR)as; TMB½rkargarCak;lak;sRmab;plitplmðÚbGahar Gac rkeXIjenAelI CD-ROM .

> kMNt;cMNucRbsBVsRmab;ExSsgVak;KMrU . > TMB½rkargar B4

CMhanTI 5 - etIbkRsaycMNucRbsBVkñúg xñatEdlGacvas;)any:agdUcemþc ? CamYynwgcMNucRbsBVEdl)ankt;smÁal; CMhanbnÞab; KWbkRsayBYkvakñúgxñatEdlGacvas; Evg)anepSg² . karxitxMRbwgERbg[Gs;BIsmtßPaB KWbkRsaycMNuc RbsBVén {KuNPaB} TaMgenHeTAkñúgbrimaNepSg². famBlKWkMNt;CaKILÚv:at;em:ag nigsmÖar³KitCaRkam .l. kñúgkrNICaeRcIn vaKYrEtcaM)ac;®tUveRbICeRmIs epSg²elIsBImYyedIm,Ierobrab;cMNucRbsBVmYy .

> BiBN’natYelxEdlGacvas;)ansRmab;cMNucRbsBV. > TMB½rkargar B5

CMhanTI 6 - etIeFVIy:agdUcemþcedIm,IerobcM EpñkedaHdac;ecjBIKña ? enAkñúgrUbsa®sþrbs; D4S CMhanbnÞab; KWkarerobcM EpñkEdlmin)anpþúMKñaedIm,Ibgðajecj nigRbmUlB½t’ manelIkEnøgEdlykcitþTukdak;xøaMg . edIm,ITTYl)an nUvlT§pld¾l¥RbesIr eRkABIEpñkEdlminTan;pþúMKña. vaCakarmanRbeyaCn_edayerobEpnkar[l¥ nigeFVI[manrcnasm½<n§RbkbedayviFIsa®sþ . sUmkuMePøcføwg nigvas;plitplTaMgGs;mun nwgykvaecj.]bkrN_ dUcCa CBaI¢g naLikasÞg; m:al;tUEm:Rt ¬edIm,Ivas;kar eRbIR)as;famBl¦ nigm:asIunft nwgCYy[TTYl)an nigkt;RtargVas; . kñúgry³eBlEpñkminTan;pþúMKñaenH CMhand¾éT eToténKMrUnwgbgðajedayxøÜnva. ]TahrN_dMeNaH RsayqøatévEdleRbIeday KURbkYtRbECgnigdMeNaH RsaylI¶lW¶enAkñúgRkumh‘un plitplnwgkøayeTACakar Cak;Esþg . vaKWCaRbeyaCn_edaysresrkarsmÁal; TaMgenaH .

rUbPaB 41 ³ IPRODESA GñkplitEpøeQIs¶Üt enARbeTskULúMb‘Í

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kEnøgEdlKμanplitpl lkçN³rUbEdlman Rsab;sRmab;karedaHecjBIKña ¬dUc)ansÁal;B½t’man rbs;KMrU D4S emIltarag 6¦ RbPBB½t’manepSg²eTot KW®tUvkar edIm,Icab;ykkaryl;dwgénkarRbkYtRbECg rebobdUcemþc KWkMBugedaHRsaybBaðaKMnUrbøg;sRmab; kEnøgykcitþTukdak;xøaMgenAkñúgplitpleyag . Ca jwkjab; B½t’manEdl®tUvkarGacRbmUl)antamGiunFW ENt . manviFItamTmøab;eRcInpg EdrénkarsikSa plitplénKURbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk dUckarTsSna BiBrN_ karsegátplitplenAkñúghag nigsmÖasn_ GtifiCn.

> erobcMEpñkedaHecjBIKñaCabnþbnÞab;tamKeRmagkt; RtaGVIEdlrkeXIj nigelcecjCak;EsþgTaMgGs; ¬dUcCasßanPaBévqøat niglI¶lW¶¦ . >TMB½rkargar B6 nig B

CMhanTI 7 - etI®tUvdMeNIrkar nigeRbob kareFVIKMrU D4S y:agdUcemþc ? bnÞab;BIeFVIkarRbmUlB½t’man EdlTak;TgTaMgGs; sRmab;kEnøgykcitþTukdak;xøaMg KMrU D4S CMhanbnÞab; eTotKWeFVITinñn½y . vaKWCakarENnaMedIm,I erobcMdMeNIr ehtusRmab;kEnøgEdlykcitþTukdak;xøaMgedaysegçb karcgRkgB½t’man . BIdMeNIrehtuTaMgenH xñatrgVas; TaMgGs;sRmab;plitplKMrUGacemIleXIjedayecal EdleFVI[B½t’man enHgay®sYlkñúgkarbkRsay .

> segçbkarrkeXIjKMrUTaMgGs; . > TMB½rkargar B7

CMhanTI 8 - etI®tUvBinitülT§pleLIgvij nigbegIátCeRmIsEklm¥y:agdUcemþc ? manmeFüa)ayCaeRcInEdlmkdl;CamYyCeRmIskarEklm¥ D4S . enAkñúgkarbEnßmcMeBaHdMeNaHRsay EdlCMBUkrcnam:UdfIμ D4S énkare)aHBum<pSayenHGac nwg)anplRbeyaCn_ . 1- kareRbITMB½rkargar B6B ¬bBaðaEdlCak;Esþg¦ edIm,Ikt;smÁal;dMeNaHRsayqøatévBIplitplRbkYt RbECg GacGnuvtþcMeBaHplitplRkumh‘un 2- kareRbITMB½rkargardUcKñaedIm,Ikt;smÁal;dMeNaH RsaylI¶lW¶enAkñúgplitplRkumh‘unEdl®tUvkarEklm¥kñúgkareRbobeFobeTAnwgplitplKURbkYtRbECg . plitplRbkYtRbECgbgðaj[eXIjfa dMeNaHRsay KWGaceFVI)an dUecñHBYkeKTMngCaGaceFVI)any:agl¥enA kñúgplitplrbs;Rkumh‘un nig 3- BüayamrkCeRmIsepSg²mñak;mþg² EdlminTan; manelIkykmkBicarNa .

> BinitülT§pleLIgvij nigkt;smÁal;CeRmIs Eklm¥ . > TMB½rkargar B8

CMhanTI 9 -etIvaytémø nigkMNt;GaTiPaB PaBEklm¥y:agdUcemþc ? karXøatq¶ayBIkarRtiHriHBicarNaénbrisßanenaH bBaða bBaðaCaeRcInrab;bBa©Úlkarvaytémø nigGaTiPaBén CeRmIsEklm¥EdlkMBugbegIáteLIg . sRmab;CeRmIs nimYy² lkçN³bnþbnÞab; KYrEteFVIkarRtiHriHBicarNa ³

rUbPaB 42 ³ ]TahrN_énkaredaHecjBIKñarbs;plitpleGLic®tUnik

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> RbeyaCn_Epñkbrisßan karvaytémøfaetICeRmIsEklm¥kat;bnßykarb:HBal; brisßan enACab;vdþCIvitplitplrhUt . > plRbeyaCn_EpñkGñkeRbIR)as; karvaytémøfaetIGñkeRbIR)as;hak;dUcCayl;RBm CeRmIsdUcCaplRbeyaCn_ . > plRbeyaCn_EpñksgÁm ³ karvaytémøfaetIRtwmNasgÁmnwgTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIsMeNIEklm¥ . > lTæPaBrbs;Rkumh‘un ³

> lTæPaBEpñkbec©keTs ³ karvaytémøfa etICeRmIsEklm¥Cabec©keTsGaceFVI)an ¬nigeday eBlevla¦ .

> lTæPaBEpñkhirBaØvtßú ³ karvaytémøénlT§ PaBfvikanimYy²énCeRmIsEklm¥. sRmab;lkçN³vinicä½ynimYy² vaGackMNt; BinÞú . GaRs½yeTAelIkarfwøgEføgrbs;eragcRkBinÞúTaMg Gs;GacTajyk nigEklm¥CeRmIsGaccat;CalMdab; fñak; . eRkayBICeRmIsEklm¥)anbegIátcat;lMdab; fñak; nigeFVI[mansuBlPaBCeRmIs®tUvkarGnuvtþn_ nig bBa©ÚleTAkñúgRkumh‘un .

> eRCIserIsCeRmIsEklm¥Edll¥CageKedayvay témøBYkvaTl;nwgplRbeyaCn_ EdlmanskþanuBl nigPaBEdl GaceFVI)an . > TMB½rkargar B9

CMhanTI 10 - etI®tUvGnuvtþCeRmIsEk lm¥y:agdUcemþc ? CMhandMbUgnwgecjlT§plkñúgCeRmIsmYycMnYnsRmab;Eklm¥plitpl. enAxageRkayCeRmIsEklm¥nimYy² nwgeFVI[yl;pgEdrénehtuGVICeRmIs KWl¥manplRb eyaCn_dl;GñkcUlrYmPaKeRcIn nigGaceFVI)anénfvika

nigbec©keTs . P¢ab;eTAnwgCeRmIs man]TahrN_ xøHBIRkumh‘unRbkYtRbECgEdl)anGnuvtþdMeNaHRsay enHrYcehIy nigxñatrgVas;xøHénskþanuBllT§plBIkar Gnuvtþn_BYkva . karGPivDÆn_plitpl nigkareFVIkar seRmccitþExSsgVak;plitkmμ KWmanPaBEbøk²Kñakñúg Rkumh‘unnimYy² . eTaHCay:agNa B½t’manenHGac manplRbeyaCn_y:agxøaMgkñúgkarelIkTwkcitþGñkeFVIkarseRmccitþedIm,IGnuvtþn_ b¤y:agehacNas;BicarNa CeRmIsEklm¥TaMgenaH .

6>6 KMrU D4S sRmab;RkumplitplCak;lak; dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAelIkdMbUgénCMBUkenH lkçN³ vinicä½yénKMrU D4S GacxusEbøkKñakñúgeBlnimYy² . kñúg krNIxøH KWmin®tUvkarRKb;CMhanTaMgGs;eT b¤CMhan ®tUvkarTaMgenaHGaceFVI[gay®sYl.]TahrN_- krNI énKMrU D4S sRmab;plitplcMNIGaharCMhanTI 3 ¬karkt;smÁal;énEpñktYnaTI¦ nigCMhanTI 6 ¬Epñkmin Tan;pÁúM¦ KWminsMxan; . niyaymü:ageTot ebIsin®tUv karRKb;CMhanTaMgGs;mYy²®tUvEtkMNt;Canic© .TRmg;pÁÚpÁgKMrU D4S®tUvEtEkt®mUvsRmab;Epñk]sSahkmμCak; lak;NamYy EdlkñúgenaHva®tUveRbIR)as; .

CD-ROM manTMB½rkargarEdlBnøatrebobbk RsayénkarpÁÚpÁg D4S sRmab;plitplFn;yUrdUcCa eRKOgeGLic®tUnik nigkarEkt®mUvkMENfI μsRmab;Epñk cMNIGahar .

]TahrN_kareFVIKMrY emIlEpñkkarsikSakrNIdMbUg 7-10 - Industrias Waiman Costa Rica : Refrigerator

7-11 -Intermech Cassave Grater, Tanzania

7-12 - Philips Taiwan Monitor

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etIGVICaeKaledAénkareFVIKMrU D4S ?

etIeRCIserIsplitplsRmab;eFVIKMrUy:agdUcemþc ? CMhanTI 2

kareRCIserIsplitpl

CMhanTI 1 karkMNt;eKaledA

etIGVIKWCakEnøgRbsBVKñasRmab;KMrU D4S?

etIbkRsaycMNucRbsBVkñúgxñatEdl Gacvas;)any:agdUcemþc ?

CMhanTI 4 kEnøgRbsBV

CMhanTI 5 )ar:aEmRt

etI®tUvdMeNIrkaredIm,IeRbobeFoblT§pl énkareFVIKMrU D4S y:agdUcemþc ?

etI®tUvBinitülT§pleLIgvij nigbegIát CeRmIsEklm¥y:agdUcemþc ?

etIvaytémø nigkMNt;GaTiPaBCeRmIs Eklm¥y:agdUcemþc ?

etI®tUvGnuvtþCeRmIsEklm¥y:agdUcemþc ?

CMhanTI 7 lT§pl

CMhanTI 8 CeRmIsEklMG

CMhanTI 9 CeRmIsGTiPaB

CMhanTI 10 karGnuvtþþþn_

rUbTI 39 ³ TsSn³énviFIsa®sþeFVIKMrU D4S TaMg 10 CMhan

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R)ak;cMeNj

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EpñkTI 3ÉksareyagBI D4S

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7>1 karbegáItRkum D4S enA Fabrica Venus Guatemala Rkumh‘un

Venus KWCaRkumh‘un Guatemalan FunmFüm manTI taMgsißitenAkñúgTIRkug Guatemala EdlCaRkumh‘un plitsárRKab; 150 RbePTxus²KñaenAkñúgeragcRk. Rkumh‘unenHlk;plitplPaKeRcIneTA[TIpSarGaemrikkNþal nigGaemrikLaTIn nigmYycMnYntUc[shrdæ Gaemrik nigGaemrikxagt,Úg. krNIsikSaenHKW Ca]TahrN_d¾l¥mYysMrab;Rkumh‘unFunmFümmYyEdlminmanEpñkxagrcnamU:d nigmankarGPivDÆn_plitpl EdlCakarRbwgERbgrbs;RkummYy. karelIkTwkcitþsMrab; D4S KMeragRtÚv)aneKGnuvtþCaEpñkmYyénKMerag Ecodesign fñak;tMbn; EdlKMaRTedayviTüasßanRsavRCavRbeTs kUs þarIkar CEGESTI TIPñak;garkarBarbrisßanshrdæ Gaemrik nigTIPñak;garedIm,IGPivDÆn_Gn þrCati nig saklviTüal½ybec©kviTüa Delft énRbeTshULg; . KMeragenH)anKaMRTdl;KMerag Ecodesign enABas eBjGaemrikkNþal. Rkumh‘un Venus cg;lk;plit plenAkñúgTIpSarf μ I nigCaBiessenAkñúgTIpSarGWr:ub. edaysarEtmantMrUvkarxus²KñasMrab;TIpSarGWr:ub. ]TahrN_dUcCa tMrUvkarelIkarevcx©b; nigkarpøas;bþÚrplit

plmYycMnYn dUecñHehIyRkumh‘un Venus )ansMerc citþeRbIR)as;yuT§sa®sþ D4S sMrab;dMeNIrkarEkERb plitplenH.

KMerag ]TahrN_ D4S enH KWkMBugEtmankarcab;Garm μN_ edaysarEtvamantYnaTIya:gsMxan; BIRkumrcnamU:d plitplenAkñúgKMerag. Rkumh‘unminmanEpñkGPivDÆ plitpledayELkenaHeT. mnusSmkBIEpñkepSg² )anCYyeFVIkarGPivDÆn_plitplEdlCaEpñkmYybEnßm elIkargareTogTat;rbs;BYkeK. CaFm μta dMeNIrkar GPivDÆn_plitplRtUvkareBlevlaBI 3 eTA 6 Ex. enAeBlEdlmantMrUvkarpøas;bþÚrFMCagenHenAkñúgdMeNIrkarplitkm μ enaHvaGacRtUvkareBlevlarhUtdl;;eTA 1qñaM. sMrab;KMeragEdl)anGnuvtþenAkñúgqñaM 1999 enH Rkumh‘unVenus CaTUeTA)anerobcMCaRkummYy[mankar Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkarGPivDÆn_plitpl nigRkumepSg² eTotEdlGaccUlrYmCaviPaKTand¾mansar³RbeyaCn_. RkumenaHman ³

> RbFanEpñkBaNiC¢km μ > RbFanEpñkplitkm μ > RbFanEpñkRtYtBinitüKuNPaB > TIRbwkSabec©keTsRkumh‘un nig > RbFanEpñkTIpSar.

krNIsikSa D4S enAkñúgRbeTsesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_

enAkñúgEpñkenH krNIsikSamYycMnYnmkBIRbeTsesdækic©kMBugGPivDÆn_ RtÚv)anbgðaj. eyageTAtam krNIsikSaTaMgenHEdl)anbgðajrYc ehIy enAkññúgCMBUkmun² edIm,IbgðajCa]TahrN_sMrab;dMNak;kalCak;lak; nigCa yuT§sa®sþsMrab;karrcnam:UdeLIgvij D4S nig D4S Benchmarking .

105

RkumenH)anRbCMuCaerogral;ExkñúgGMLúgeBl énKMeragehIymtieyabl;epSg²sMrab;plitplf μ I² EtgEtekItmanBIsmaCikRkum ehIymtieyabl;TaMg enHRtUv)aneKBiPakSa. karviPaKelImtieyabl;TaMg enH RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaysmaCiknimYy²enAkñúgRkum edayEp¥kelICMnajpÞal;rbs;BYkeK. kargarelIplit plEdl)aneRCIserIs RtUv)anEbgEckkñúgcMeNam smaCikRkumTaMgmUledaymñak;²maneKaledAmYyCak;lak; nigkm μviFIc,as;las;. kareFVIetsþRtUv)aneFVI eLIgTaMgsMrab;dMeNIrplitkm μ nigTIpSar. RbFanRkum h‘un)aneFVIkarsMerccugeRkayelIplitkm μ nigbBaða TIpSarehIyRtUv)anp þl;B½t’manCaeTogTat;edayRkum enaH.

CMerIseFVI[RbesIreLIg sárRKab;RbePT Hard-boiled RtUv)aneRCIserIsCa plitplsMrab;KMeragedaysarEtvamanPaBxusKñaTaMgRsug ehIyvaKWCaplitplEdllk;dac; nigefakCag eKbMputenAkñúgkarplit ¬EdlTTYl)anR)ak;cMNUl 80%¦. edIm,Ikat;bnßyplb:HBal;brisßan CMerIs mYycMnYnRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkareRbIR)as;smÖar³kñúgkarevcx©b;eday)anCMnYsedaysmÖar³ EdlKitKUrdl;brisßan ehIyTMhMépÞEdlRtUve)aHBumÖ enAelIkBa©b; RtUv)ankat;bnßyedIm,I[mankargartic tYccMeBaHma:sIune)aHBumÖ. karevcx©b;kBa©b;ragdUcexñIy sMrab;sárRKab;RtÚv )aneKeRCÍserIsCadMeNaHRsay enAkñúgkarevcx©b; eRBaHcab;taMgBI)aneRbIR)as;kBa©b;ragdUcexñIyenaHmksnSM)anCag 40%énvtßúFatuedImebIeRbóbeFobeTAnwg karrcnam:UdkBa©b;mYy nigeTVBIelIkmun. CagenHeTA eTotma:sIunsMrab;evcx©b;kBa©b;ragdUcexñIyelOnCag m:asIunevcx©b;elIkmun ehIybegáItsMNl;BIvtßúFatuedIm

ticCagmun. sMPar³ PP RtUv)aneRCIserIsbEnßmelIfg;evc x©b; CMnYskarG‘uts¶Üt BOPP¬EdlecaTCabBaðakñúg karEkécñeLIgvij nigtMrUvkarC½rkav¦ sMrab;karevcx©b;. enAGaemrikkNþal eKGacEkécñeLIgvijnUvfg;RbePT PE. dUecñH CasMNUmBrRkumh‘unKYrRbmUlfg;RbePT PE Edl)aneRbIR)as;rYcenAkñúgkardwkCBa¢Ún ehIyKYr ykvaeTAkEnøgEkécñeLIgvijedayrfynþenAkñúgdMeNIrRtLb;mkvij. Rkumh‘unGacrkR)ak;cMNUlBIkarlk; fg;RbePT PE )anedaykarlk;eTA[RkumEkécñ eLIgvij.

lT§pl lT§plKMerag KWCakarGPivDÆn_plitplfμ IBIrsMrab; TIpSarGWr:ubehIykBa©b;tUcCagmunBIrf μ IeTotEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;enAkñúgplitkm μsMrab;TIpSarkñúgRsuk. kBa©b;ragdUcexñIyfμ I Edlmankarkat;bnßysMPar³Cag 40% RtUv)aneKdak;lk;enAkñúgTIpSar. Rkumh‘un)an Gnuvt þCMerIsEklMGepSg²eTotmYycMnYnTak;TgeTAnwg RbB½n§Eckcay EdlbN þal[mankarsnSMsMéctMél KYr[cab;Garm μN_.

rUbPaB 44 ³ karevcx©b;tUcCagmunenAxageqVgCakar evcx©b;f μIsMrab;plitplRss;s¥at.

106

sMrab;Bt’manbEnßm emIl CEGESTI (1999), Augustijin nig Uijttewaal (1998) nig Crul (2003) .

7>2 SWOT karviPaKelIplb:HBal; nig yuT§sa®sþ D4S enA Talleres Rea Guatemala Rkumh‘un Talleres REA (Guatemala City) KWCaRkumh‘un lkçN³RKYsarmanbuKÁlikcMnYn 35nak; EdlmanbT BiesaFn_ 50 qñaM kñúgkarplitma:sIunplitkaehV. Rkumh‘un REA plitplitplTaMgGs;EdlcaM)ac; sMrab;bþÚrRKab;kaehVBN’RkhmeTACasENþkBN’etñat EdlcugbBa©b;køayeTACakaehVenACMuvijBiPBelak. Rkumh‘unmaneragCagmYyEdlmanma:sIun CalkçN³ buraNsMrab;kareFIVIkarCamYyelah³.

karelIkTwkcitþsMrab; D4S

KMeragenHKWCaEpñkmYyénkm μviFI Ecodesign fñak;tMbn;. rdæaPi)al Guatemalan )anecjc,ab;fμ IedIm,IedaH RsayCamYynwgbBaða énkareRbIR)as;Twkd¾eRcInelIs lubenAkñúgkardMeNIrkareRbIR)as;TwkénkarplitkaehV

enAkñúgGMLúgeBlKMerag (1999-2000). CagenHeTA eTot mankaryl;dwgkan;EtekIneLIgelIbBaðabrisßan Tak;TgnwgkarplitkaehV TaMgenAkñúgRbeTs Guatemala nigRbeTsEdlnaMcUlkaehV. dMeNIrkar plitkaehV EdlmankarKitKUreRcIndl;brisßanTTYl )antMélx<s;Cagmun Edlpþl;[mankarelIkTwkcitþ sMrab;GtifiCnrbs;Rkumh‘un REA edIm,Ieq<aHeTAkan; eKaledAenaH.

Rkumh‘un

karviPaKEbb SWOT sMrab;Rkumh‘unRtÚv)aneFVIeLIg edayRkumkargarKMerag ¬emIltarag 8¦. cMnucsMxan; bMputEdl)anrkeXIjmandUcteTA³ plitpl EdlRtUv)aneRCÍserIssMrab;eFVIkar rcnam:UdeLIgvij KWCama:sIundkyksac;ecjBIEpøEdl CacMnucsMxan;bMputenAkñúgdMeNIrplitkaehV. Rkumh‘un REA )andMeNIrkaredayBwgEp¥kelIbec©kviTüacas; nigsMPar³buraN. karviPaKelIplb:HBal;Ebb D4S CaTUeTAmYy sMrab;ma:sIundkyksac;ecjrbs;Rkumh‘un REA man lT§pldUcteTA ¬emIltarag 9¦ ³

107

PaBxøaMg

• manbTBiesaFn_eRcInqñaM • manKuNPaB

• manPaBCab;lab; b¤PaBeRbI)anyUr • Gacbt;Ebn)an

• mansIlFm’l¥ m:t;ct; nigesμaHRtg; • manesßrPaBEpñknieyaCik

¬manbTBiesaFn_¦ • gayRsYlEfTaMesvakmμEfTaM nig

CMnYybec©keTs

• Gt;manenAkñúgsþúk

• RtUvkarplitplmanesßrPaB nigsþg;dar

• RtUvkarEklMG[{Tan;sm½y} nig

karEkERbbec©kviTüa • plitkmμmantMélx<s;

o RtUvkarvtßúFatuedImeRcIn

o kargareFVIedayéd

• RtUvkareBlevlakñúgkardwkCBa¢Ún

• RtUvkarsmtßPaBtMeLIg

• RtUvkarsikSaTIpSar • kgVHxatB½t’man

• dMeNIrkarmanrcnasm<½n§ niglMdab;lMeday

• bTBiesaFn_tictYckñúgkarpøas;bþÚr nig

karGPivDÆn_plitpl

PaBexS

ay

kalanuv

tþPaB

karKMra

mkMEh

g

• lk;KitCaduløar • manTIpSarfμ IkñúgkarnMaecj • manplitplfμIcMruHmux • manKMerag D4S

• mankarENnaMeRbIR)as;eday famBlRBHGaTitü

• manesvakmμrYmEdlmantMél smrmükñúgkarRbkYtRbECgBI xageRkA

• c,ab;brisßan

• bMErbMrYlGRtabþÚrR)ak;Caduløar • c,ab;esdækic© • karRbkYtRbECgCati nigGnþrCati • saklPavUbnIykm μ • tMél ¼ famBlGKIÁsnIEdlGacrk)an

tarag 8 ³ karviPaK SWOT sMrab;Rkumh‘un TALLERES REA

108

CMerIsEklMG[RbesIrCagmun cMnucEklMGEdl)ankMNt;bBa¢ak;edaykarviPaKEbb SWOT/Drivers Impact Analysis mandUcCa ³ > yuT§sa®sþ D4S TI3 - Epñkbec©keTsplitkm μ. karkat;bnßycMnYn nigTMhMénFatupSMGacbN þal[man bec©keTsplitkm μRbesIrCagmun nigmansMNl;tic Cagmun. > yuT§sa®sþ D4S TI5 - Epñkplb:HBal;GMLúgeBl eRbIR)as;. karkat;bnßyTwkenAGMLúgeBléndMNak; kaleRbIR)as; ¬edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgc,ab;¦ KWCaeKal edA EklMGd¾mansarHsMxan;mYy. karrcnam:Udplit pleqøIytbpgEdrcMeBaHRbB½n§TaMgmUlEdlvanwgpþl; lT§PaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;famBlrYmKña kñúgcMeNamm:a

suInCaeRcIn.

ecjBIkarviPaKelIplb:HBal; yuT§sa®sþbEnßm xageRkamRtUv)ankMNt;CaGaTiPaB³ > yuT§sa®s þ D4S TI1 - Epñkplb:HBal;sMPar³. karpøas;bþÚrEpñkEdleRbIR)as;Tg;EdgeTACaGIuNuk ¬Edk Efb¦GacRbesIrCagsMrab;brisßanBIeRBaHGIuNuk GacnwgCab;)anyUrCag ¬BI 4-5 qñaM¦ muneBlRtUv pøas;b þÚr. > yuT§sa®sþ D4S TI2-Epñkkat;bnßykareRbIR)as; sMPar³. edayEp¥kelIkarviPaKelImuxgarénEpñkxus² Kña eyIgmanlT§PaBkñúgkarkMNt;faetIRtUvkareRbI R)as;Edk Cast-iron b¤eT ehIyEpñkNaEdlGacRtUv pøas;bþÚr b¤kat;ecal.

tarag 9 ³ karviPaKelIplb:HBal;rbs; D4S sMrab;Rkumh‘un Talleres Rea

bBaða vtßúFatuedIMm GñkpÁt;pÁg; karplitenAnigkEnøg

karEckcay eRbIR)as; E-O-L

smÖar³

kareRbIR)as;famBl

sMNl;rwg

karbeBa©jCatiBul

karTTYlxusRtUvEpñk sgÁm

karRKb;RKgFanFan mnusS

TWk

CO2

tMél

karEckcayesdækic©

karbEnßmeRKOgpSM Metal Paint

karevcx©b; elah³ karP¢ab; ¬ex©A .l.¦ karevcx©b; kat;kþar elah )aøsÞik

karpøas;bþÚrEpñk epSg² erogralB;I1 eTA 5 qñaM cak;RKwHrwgmaM

karEkécñEpñknimYyeLIgvij karEkécñelahHeLIgvij

famBleRbIsMrab; plitkm μelah

plitkm μ plitpl elah

haÁassMrab; pSar GKÁIsnI eRbg

\nÞnHsMrab;dwkCBa¢Ún

\n§nH

\nÞnHsMrab;dwkCBa¢Ún

sMNl;Er: kMeTcelah kMeTcelah sMNl;BIkarevcx©b;

EpñkénelahEdleK e)aHecal

sMNl;BulBI Er: NOx

sarFatuKImI NOx

FUlI sarFatuKImI NOx

FUlI NOx FUlI NOx FUlINOx FUlI

x<s;

]s μ½nkabUnic

]s μ½nkabUnic

]s μ½nkabUnic

]s μ½nkabUnic ]s μ½nkabUnic

]s μ½nkabUnic

x<s; ¬tMeLIg¦ x<s; ¬EfTaM¦

kareRbIR)as;TwksMrab; karykEr:

kareRbIR)as;Twk sMrab;plitkm μelah

kareRbIR)as;TwksMrab;plitkmμ Pulpero

600.000 1kñúg1éf¶ sMNl;Twk ¬ BOD x<s; ¦

suxPaBkñúgshKmn_ CIkEr:

suxPaB cMNUlkñúg shKmkñúgRsuk

nieyaCikkñúgRsuk

nieyaCikkñúgRsuk

nieyaCikkñúgRsuk

lkçxNÐkargar lkçxNÐkargar Twks¥at

109

lT§pl yuT§sa®sþTaMgbYnRtUv)aneKGnuvt þ. Rkumh‘un Talleres

Rea)anbegáItKMrUedIménKMnitf μ I EdlCalT§pl)ankat; bnßyTMgn; 70% snSMeBlevlaplitkm μ)an 50%

eRbIR)as;famBlticCagmun nigkat;bnßytMélplit pl)an 50%. \LÚvplitplRtUv)andak;lk;enA elITIpSar. Rkumh‘un Talleres Rea )anGnuvtþKMerag D4S CaelIkTIBIr EdlCaKMeragbnþedaysarEtman eCaKC½yénKMeragelIkTImYy.

sMrab;B½t’manbEnßm ³ emIl Garvik (1999), Cegesti

(1999) nig Crul (2003)

7>3 KMeragExSsgVak;;plitkmμenARkumh‘un Hacienda el Jobo, El Salvador

Rkumh‘un Hacienda El Jobo enARbeTs El Salvador

(Sociedad Cooperativa Yutathui) KWCaRkumh‘un ksikm μTMenIb mYyEdlmanépÞdI 324hikta. plit

km μTwkedaHeKa RbcaMéf¶KW 5000-7000 lIRt. plit plepSgeTotKW RhVÚma: ERkm nigsac;. saCIvkm μenH maneragcRkplitTwkedaHeKapÞal;xøÜn Edlmannieya Cik 20nak;.


Rkumh‘un)anRtUvkaryuT§sa®s þrYmfμ ImYYyrvagTIpSar nig plitpl edIm,I[manPaBrwgmaMkñúgkarRbkUtRbECgenA elITIpSar. TsSn³cirPaBenH RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;fa mansar³sMxan;Nas; enAkarGPivDÆn_plitplfμ ITaMg enH. KMeragenHRtUv)anGnuvtþCaEpñkénKMerag Ecodesign fñak;tMbn; EdlKaMRTedayviTüasßanRsavRCavRbeTs kUs þarIkar CEGESTI TIPñak;garkarBarbrisßanshrdæ Gaemrik nigTIPñak;garedIm,IGPivDÆn_Gn þrCati nig saklviTüal½ybec©kviTüa Delft énRbeTshULg; .

KMerag taMgBIkarcab;epþImenAqñaM 2001 KMerag)anKitKUrelI ral;RKb;cMnucTaMgGs;énExSsgVak;plitkm μ cab;taMg BIstVeKars;rhUtdl;vakøayeTACaplitplsMerc. Rkumh‘unRtUv)anCYyKMaRT edayviTüasßanRsavRCav RbeTskUs þarIkar CEGESTI nigsaklviTüal½y Landivar enARbeTs Guatemala. vaKWKMeragEdl manbBaðaRbQmmuxKñacMeBaHRkumh‘un EdlmanbMNg GPivDÆplitplfμ ImYyeTot ¬ERkmTwkedaHeKaEdl manCatixøaj;tic¦ nigTIpSarf μ I. edIm,IbEnßmeTAelIPaB RbQmmuxénplitpl RtUvmankarbBa¢ak;d¾xaøMgkøamYy kñúgkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvijénsmasFatuenAdMNak;kaldMbUgtaMgBIkarpÁt;pÁg;dUcCaCIGacm_stVnigkareRbIR)as;famBl nigbBaðaplitkmμs¥at. plitplERkm RtUv)aneKrcnam:UdeLIgvij edaymankarEklMGeLIg vijenAkñúgdMeNIrkarplitkm μ. CagenHeTAeTot CIv³

rUbPaB 45³ bBaØati nig Depulper fμIén Rea

110

]sμ ½nEdlekItBICIGacm_stVenAksidæan nigTMnak;TMng GnþrkargarCamYyGñkpÁt;pÁg;xagkarevcx©b;RtUv)aneK dak;bBa©Úl.

CMerIsEklMG[RbesIrCagmun

karplitERkmEdlmanCatixøaj;ticGacnaM[begáIn R)ak;cMNUledaypÞal; cab;taMgBImankarcMNayd¾eRcIn sMrab;karplitplitplTwkedaHeKaEdlmanCatixøaj; eRcIn.TMnak;TMngenHKWmanPaBxusKñaBIrdgenAkñúgtMélénkarlk;ERkmEdlmanCatixøaj;tic. CagenHeTA eTot CMerIsplitkm μs¥atmYycMnYnenAkñúgeragcRkTwk edaHeKaRtUv)aneKkMNt;eLIg. lT§pl lT§plCak;Es þgmandUcxageRkam ³

> )ankat;bnßykareRbIR)as;Twk)an 30% enAkEnøg plitkm μ > )anplitplitplf μ IBIrEfmeTot³ KWERkmEdlman Catixøaj; 30% nig 18% bEnßmBIelIERkmEdlmanCati xøaj; 45% EdlmanRsab; > )anbnßykareRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedIm 20% edaysar karplitplitplfμ I > plitplmanrUbPaBl¥Cagmunedaymankarrcna m:Udfμ I > )ansnSMsMécelIéføePøIgcMnYn 1000 USD kúñgmYyEx > )ankat;bnßyTwkfñaMEdleRbIenAkñúgkarevcx©b; eKrMBwgfaplitplcMruHGacQanmuxeKenAelIPaKh‘unTIpSaTaMgmUlsMrab;Rkumh‘un nigGacbegáÍnplitkmμ. KMeragenHEfmTaMgnaM[mankaryl;eXIjc,as;BIsßan PaBbrisßanrbs;Rkumh‘un nigbegáInkarxitxMRbwgERbg Cafμ IeTot edIm,IcUleTAkan;TIpSarf μ I².

sMrab;B½t’manbEnßm ³ emIl Sagone (2001) and Crul (2003)

7>4 TidæPaBsgÁméncirPaB³ KMeragksag BIsMNl;GaCIvkmμEr:enAkñúgGaRhVikxagt,Úg Rkumh‘un krNIsikSaenHRtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAqñaM 2003 eRkamkic© shkarCamYyGgÁkarGPivDÆn_]sSahkmμshRbCa Cati saCIvkm μ Anglo saklviTüal½ybec©kviTüa Delft nigtMNagepSg²eTotmkBI]sSahkm μykEr:enA GaRhVikxagt,Úg.


édKUKMerag)anxitxMRbwgERbgrYmKña edIm,IEsVgrkviFI edIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgedaycirPaB enAkñúgbribTén

rUbPaB 46 ³ Hacienda El Jobo ¬ rUbxagelI¦ nigplitplERkm ¬ rUbxageRkam¦

111

]sSahkm μEr:. GaCIvkm μEr: KWCa]sSahkm μcMbgenA kñúgRbeTsGaRhVikxagt,Úg ehIyTidæPaBGviC¢manmYy cMnYnEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgskm μPaBTaMgenHrYmman³ > lkçxNÐsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBrbs;kmμkrenAGn; enAkñúgRkumh‘unCaeRcIn > bBaða HIV/AIDS enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn > kareRbIR)as; nigRKb;RKgdIminRtwmRtUvrYmbBa©Úl

TaMgdIrbs;RbCaCnEdlekItkñúgRsuk nigtMbn;karBar ¬brisßanPUmisaRsþ¦ epSg² > karbMBan nigkarmineCOCak;kñúgcMeNamshKmn_ kñúgRsuk > plb:HBal;brisßanGviC¢manEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgGacCIv km μEr: enAGtItkal nigeBlfμ I²enH nigdMeNIrRbtibtþi Er: ¬rYmbBa©ÚlTaMg tailing dumps bBaða post-closure

nigkar)at;bg;CIvcMruH¦ > kareRbIR)as;Er:KμanRbsiT§PaBenATUTaMgBiPBelak nigkMriténkarEkécñeLIgvij nigdMeNIrkarminbeBa©j sMNl;cMeBaHRbePTEr:CaeRcIn > GaCIvkmμEr:xñattUcekIneLIgedayskmμPaBrbs;Rb CaCnGenþaRbevsn_RkIRk elIRsTab;Er:bnÞab;bnSMenA eRkam lkçxNÐkargareRKaHfñak;CamYynwgehtub:HBal; brisßanKYr[kt;sMKal;.

dMeNaHRsayedayEpñkmYyRtUv)ankMNt;KW EsVgrkkareRbIR)as;sMNl;Er:enAelIpøÚvnigsMrab;sMPar³sMNg;GKar. EdnkMNt;cMeBaHsMPar³TaMgenaHrab; bBaÚ©lTaMgvtþman nigkarelcRCabénelah³F¶n; nig sarFatuepSg²eTot lkçN³kMNUt b¤swk nigFatuviTüú skm μ.

CagenHeTAeTot sUm,IEtkrNIminKYrmanEdl plitplRtUvkar 100% sMrab;pøÚv nigkarsagsg; eKhdæan RtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgBIsMNl;TaMgenaHk¾eday k¾vanwgminRtwmEttMNageGay 1-2% énkarekIneLIg

BitR)akdRbcaMqñaM énsMNl;BIGaCIvkmμEr:srubenaHeT ehIyvamansarsMxan;ya:gBitR)akd. karbegáÍt plitpl ¬f μ I¦ BIsMNl;GaCIvkmμEr: KWminEmnCa dMeNaHRsayry³eBlEvg kñúgkarkat;bnßylubbM)at; ecalbBaðabrisßanBIsMNl;enaHeT.

karGPivDÆn_plitplBIsMNl;GaCIvkm μEr:KYr EtKitBItMrUvkar kñúgkarkat;bnßykareRbIR)as;;sMPar³ edImsMrab;karsagsg;GKar nigpøÚvedIm,IvaytMélelI PaBGacrk)anrbs;sMPar³kñúgRsukEdlmantMélefak nigeFVI[RbesIreLIgcMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©kñúgRsuk rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarGPivDÆn_CMnYj nigkargar. cMeBaHkar GaCIvkm μEr: vabBa¢ak;skmμPaBRbePTenH KWminsMxan; cMeBaHTsSn³brisßan nigRtwmEtsar³sMxan;tictYcBI TsSn³esdækic©. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday k¾vaman karBak;B½n§ya:gxøaMgBIcirPaBsgÁm nigTsSn³vis½y karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;saCIvkm μkñúgsgÁm.

CMerIsEklMG[RbesIrCagmun plitpleFVIBIsMNl;Er:PaKeRcInKWCaplitplsMrab;sMNg;GKardUcCaGKarsagsg;BI\dætamlkçN³sþg;da. \dæFm μtaGaccat;TukfaCaplitplEdlman {tMél Tab}. RbsinebIsMNl;BIGaCIvkm μEr:lk;kñúgtMélefak CamYynwgtMrUvkarbec©kviTüaminTMenIb nig]bkrN_ Fm μtaGacnaM[manKURbkYteRcInenAelITIpSar. kar lk;plitplkñúgtMélTabCagmun ebIeTaHbICakMrit plitkm μeRcInCagmunk¾eday k¾plcMeNjFøak;cuHEdr. edIm,IeCosvagbBaða KMeragKYrEtmaneKaledA edIm,IbegáIttMélx<s;CamunEdlehAfaplitpl {Qøas év} pgEdrbnÞab;BIkarplit\dæ. CaCMhandMbUg kar rcnam:Ud\dæ[RbesIrCagmun GaceFVI[\dæmanTMgn; RsalcMeBaHPaBFn;dUcKña nigeFVI[rUbrag \dæRbesIr Cagmun ¬cMeBaHrUbragxageRkArbs;\dæ¦ dUecñHeFVI[

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manCMerIseRcInkñúgkareRbIR)as;. tamkarBiteTA \dæ RsaleRbIR)as;smasFatuticCagmun ¬dUecñHsMNl; beBa©jRtUv)aneRbIR)as;ticCagmunEdr¦ minKYrRtUv)an eKcat;TukfaCacMnucGviC¢maneT sUmI,Etcab;taMgBIkar eRbIR)as;sMNl;GaCIvkm μEr:sMrab;tMrUvkarsagsg;CaGti brma nigminGacedaHRsaybBaðasMNl;BIGaCÍvkmμ Er:)aneT.

yuT§sa®sþEklMGkarrcnam:Ud[RbesIrCagmun epSg² GacrYmbBa©ÚlTaMg ³ > karcak;\dæEdlmintMrUv[man)ayGkMLúgeBlkar sagsg;dUecñHkarkat;bnßykareRbIR)as;plitpl)ayGEdlmantMéléfø nig > Rbehag\dæ ¬RsalCag¦ GnuBaØatiþ[bBa©ÚlfñaMBN’b¤ bMBugmYycMnYnedayKμankargarbEnßm.

plitplepSg²éntMéléføCagmundUcCa Fñwm ek,Óg xÞH nigplitplepSg²EdlRtÚv)aneKeRbIR)as; kñúgTIsarFarN³ dUcCa cieBa©ImpøÚv begÁalbiTpøÚv .l. GacRtUv)anGPivDÆpgEdr.KitBITsSn³edaycirPaB plitplsMNg;GKar EdlGacpþl;nUvCMrkKWCaKnøwHd¾ sMxan;mYy. kgVHxatKuNPaBl¥ GKarmantMélefak enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_KWCabBaðaEdlmanCanic©Cakal. sMPar³EdlmanskþanuBl nigbec©kviTüaKWva enAq¶ayBIdMeNaHRsaycMeBaHEpñkEdlexSaybMputenAkñúgsgÁm.sMNl;BIGaCIvkm μEr:manya:geRcInéRkElg enATIkEnøgRtwmRtUv nigmantMélTabGacpþl;[nUv dMeNaHRsay)anmYyEpñk.

sMrab;B½t’manbEnßm ³ emIl UNIDO (2003)

7>5 plitplfμ I nigkareRbIR)as;eLIgvij ³ RAGBAG enAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa nigenA Netherlands

Rkumh‘un Ragbag KWCaeQμaHma:kenAkñúgCYrplitplm:UdTMenIb EdleFVIBIfg;)aøsIÞkEkécñeLIgvij EdlRbmUleday { GñkerIssMNl;fg; } enAkñúgtMbn;mnusSRkIRkrs; enATIRkugj:ÚedlIRbeTs\NÐa pþl;[nUvR)ak;cMNUl sMrab;GñkEdlmanCIvPaBetakya:k. plitkm μRtUv)an eKeFVIeLIgedaykarshkarrbs;®sþITaMgLay Edl e)akKk; niglagsMGatfg;epSg² ehIyeFVI[fg;TaMg enaHkøayCaplitplfμ I Edlrcnam:UdedayGñkrcna m:Udv½yek μgrbs;CnCatiGWr:ub nig\NÐaEdlCaGñkcab; epþImKMerag. rUbPaB 47 ³ \dætan; nig\dæeFIVBIsMNl;Er:

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karRbmUlfg;)aøsIÞkenAkñúgTIRkugjÚ:edlI edayGñkerIs sMNl;fg;begáItcMNUledaypÞal;sMrab;GñkRkenAkñúgtMbn;mnusSRkIRkrs;enATIRkugjÚ:edlI ehIykarRbmUlKW CaviFIelIkTwkcitþmYysMrab;KMerag.kareRbIR)as;)aøsÞIksMrab;plitplm:UdTMenIbf μIRsLagmann½yfaeRbIR)as;sMPar³eLIgvij nigkat;bnßytMrUvkarvtßúFatuedImfμ I.

KMerag

enAkñúgkrNIsikSaenH ExScgVak;plitplf μIeBjelj RtUv)anGPivDÆ. fg;)aøsÞikRtÚv)aneKRbmUllagCMrH hal[s¶ÜtehIyEbgEckeTAtamBN’.bnÞab;mkeTot fg;)aøsÞIkTaMgenaHRtUv)aneKdak;cUleTAkñúgma:sIunEdl bENÑnva[Rkas;Cagmun ehIydak;CabnÞHya:gmaMCa eRcIn.minRtUvkarRClk;BN’b¤Twkex μAeLIy. fg;)aøsIÞk RbEhl 60RtUvkaredIm,IbegáItCabnÞHmYy. bnÞHTaMg enaHRtUv)aneKkat;dak;CYr² nigedr b¤cak;Bum<Caplit plxus²Kña. lT§pl

KMerag)anbegáItkargarsMrab;GñkerIssMNl;fg;cMnYn50nak; EdlRbCaCnenAmCÄmNÐlkarRbmUlfg; nigGñk

plit ¬PaKeRcInCa®sþI¦ enAkñúgTIRkugj:ÚedlIEdlpþl; [BYkeK nigRKYsarnUvR)ak;cMNUl nigQaneTArk »kaseRcInCagmun. fμ I²enH karRbmUlplitpl Ragbag ¬2006¦ rYmmankabUb kabUbs<ay sMeBot nigkabUbtUc. sMrab;B½t’manbEnßm ³ emIl www.ragbag.nl 7>6 karrcnam:UdplitpleLIgvij³ db )aøsÞIkenARkumh‘un Microplast Costa Rica

Rkumh‘un Microplast KWCaRkumh‘unplitpl)aøsÞIkmYyenAkñúg Costa Rica EdlmanbuKÁlikcMnYn 70nak;begáIt eLIgenAqñaM 1981. Rkumh‘uneRbIR)as;)aøsÞIk 25 etan kñúgmYyExedIm,Iplitdbxus²KñasMrab;»sfsßaneRKÓgsMGag nigplitplcMNIGahar.

rUbPaB 48 ³ Rag pichers enATIRkugj:ÚedlI

rUbPaB 49 ³ mNÐlRbmUlfg;)øasÞIkenATIRkugj:ÚedlI

rUbPaB 50 ³ plitpl Ragbag ³ kabUbs<ay ¬xagelI¦ nigsWmI ¬xageRkam¦

http://www.ragbag.nl/

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KMeragenHRtUv)aneKGnuvtþedayRkumh‘un CEGESTI

enAviTüasßanRsavRCav Costa Rican énGgÁkar GPivDÆn_]sSahkm μshRbCaCati kmμviFIbrisßansh RbCaCati mCÄmNÐlplitkmμs¥atCatirbs; Costa

Rica nig saklviTüal½ybec©kviTüa Delft RbeTs Netherlands. plitplEdl)anrcnam:UdeLIgvijKW db HDPE EdlmancMNuH 1>8 lIRt. enAqñaM 2005 Microplast )anplitdbEdlmanTMhMduUcenHsMrab;dak;TwkedaHeKa nigTwkEpøeQIkñúgRTg;RTaytUc. TIpSar sMrab;dbRbePTenHkMBugEtekIneLIg ehIydbcas; EdlmanskþanuBleFVI[RbesIreLIgRcInkøayCaplit plmYyEdlKYr[cab;Garm μN_sMrab;KMeragenH.

KMerag karrcnam:UdeLIgvijéndb HDPE cMNuH 1>8 lIRt rbs; Microplast RtÚv)aneKGnuvtþenAkñúgkic©sh RbtibtþikarCamYyRkumh‘uncMNIGahard¾FMmYyeQμaH Costa Rican. Rkumh‘unenH)aneRbIR)as; 300>000 db HDPE cMNuH 1>8 lIRtkñúgmYyEx. Cakar cab;epþÍmsMrab;kic©xitxMRbwgERbgrcnam:UdeLIgvijdbBI Rkumh‘un MicroPlast RtUv)aneKeFVIkareRbóbeFobCa mYydbBIrEdl)aneRbIR)as;edayRkumh‘unRbkYtRbECgnaMmuxeK. TMgn;dbCamFümedayK μanKMrb BI 60 eTA 70Rkam. dbTaMgenaHRtÚv)aneKEckcayenAkñúg RbGb;sþg;da HDPE . RbGb;TaMgenaHEfmTaMg eRbIR)as;sMrab;karevcx©b;RbePTepSg²eTot dUcCa Tetra Pack and Tetra Brik. .Rkumh‘unGacdak;)an 12db enAkñúgmYyRbGb;.

RUbPaB 51 ³ dbcas;²rbs;Rkumh‘un MicroplastnigeragcRk Microplast

rUbPaB 52 ³ LaMgfμI niglkçN³emkanicrbs;dbfμI

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CMerIsEklMG[RbesIrCagmun cMnucepþateTAelIbrisßanCacMbgdUcCa ³ > karkat;bnßysMPar³EdleRbIR)as;enAkñúgdbmYy ¬yuT§sa®sþ D4S 2¦ > karkat;bnßyehtub:HBal;sMPar³evcx©b;kñúgcMNuH kñúgmYylIRt ¬yuT§sa®sþ D4S 1 nig 2¦ > karkat;bnßysMNl;kMLúgeBlplitkmμ ¬yuT§ sa®sþ D4S 3 ¦ > RbsiT§PaBx<s;CagenAkñúgkarEckcay ¬yuT§sa®sþ D4S 5¦

cMnucbnÞab;EpñkbrisßanEdlRtUvykcitþTukdak; mandUcCa³ > begáInlkçN³suvtßiPaBrbs;db > begáInesaPN½PaBrbs;db

kMras;sac;dbcas;RbEhlCa 0>6 mIlIEm:Rt. Tinñn½yeRbobeFobenAkñúgRbeTs Netherlands )an bgðajfa karkat;bnßykMras;[dl; 0>2 mIlIEm:RtGac eFVIeTA)an. karkat;bnßyGaceTArYc)ancMeBaHEtma: sIuncak;Bum<pøúM RtUv)aneKtMeLIgCamYyRbB½n§RKb;RKg Parison . CamYynwgRbB½n§enH kMras;sac;dbfμ IKW 0>3 mIlIEm:Rt KWCaeKaledAEdlGaceFVI)an. m:asIunf μICa mYynwgkarRKb;RKg Parison EfmTaMgGackat;bnßy brimaNsMNl;kñúg kMLúgeBlplitkmμ.

edIm,IkMNt;TMhMdbfμ I TMhMRbGb;Eckcay RtUv)aneKykmkKit. CamYynwgTMhMdbfμ I eKGacdak;15 dbCMnYseGay 12db enAkñúgmYyRbGb;Eckcay EdlCalT§plénkarekIneLIgcMnYn 25 PaKry.

CamYynwgkm μviFIkMBüÚT½r COSMOS lkçN³ emkanicéndbRtÚv)aneKRtYtBinitü. karviPaKTMgn;enH CalT§plenAkñúgTItaMgf μ I nigcMnYnrwm. edIm,IbegáIn TidæPaBsuvtßiPaBéndb vaCakarsMxan;kñúgkarpøas;bþÚr kEnøgsMrab;édkan;. kEnøgsMrab;édkan;fμ IRtUv)aneK

dak;enAkNþaldbedIm,IeCosvagkarQWcab;kédenAkMLúgeBleRbIR)as;. enAeBldbeBj ¬1>8 KILÚ¦ vaCa karsMxan; EdlkMlaMgclkrénGñkeRbIR)as;kan;EttUc tamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an.

edIm,IeCosvagkarQWcab;éd kEnøgsMrab;éd kan;RtÚv)aneKdak;enAkEnøgEdlGñkeRbIR)as;Gaccab; kan;kEnøgsMrab;édkan;CamYynwgRmamédTaMgGs; nig eméd. Tinñn½ysuvtßiPaBEdleRbIR)as;sMrab;karrcnam:UdeLIg vijénkEnøgsMrab;édkan;RtUv)aneK)anmktamry³naykdæan Dynamic Anthropometrics énsaklviTüa l½y bec©kviTüa Delft .

lT§pl > kat;bnßykareRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedIm 45-45% > RbsiT§PaBkarEckcayRbesIrCagmun 25 % > kat;bnßyehtub:HBal;brisßan 43 % > suvtßiPaBRbesIrCagmun > dMeNIrkareLIgvijkñúgkMLúgeBlplitkmμticCag mun > karrcnam:UdmanPaBTak;TajCagmun

etIvamann½yya:gdUcemþckñúgkarGnuvtþn_? cMeBaHdb 300000 kñúgmYyEx mann½yfakat; bnßy)an 9000 KILÚén HDPE kñúgmYyEx dUecñH snSM)an 108 etanén HDPE kñúgmYyqñaM. CagenH eTAeTot ]sSahkm μevcx©b;eday)aøsÞIkenAkñúg Costa

Rica GaceFIV)anedayeqøIytbeTAnwgdbf μ IesþIgrbs; MicroPlastedaykarGPivDÆn_plitplf μ I ehIyl¥Cag mun. karGnuvtþn_enHGacnwgmankarCH\T§iBlviC¢man enAkñúg]sSahkm μkarevcx©b;eday)aøsÞIkenAkñúg Costa

Rica.

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]TahrN_BIrxageRkambgðajBIskþanuBlplRbeyaCn_kñúgkarEckcay.]TahrN_TImYysßitenAkñúg skþanuBlkñúgkarkat;bnßykEnøgRtCak;. bnÞab;BIdb TaMgenaHRtUv)aneKRckTwkEpøeQI b¤TwkedaHeKaeBj dbTaMgenaHRtUv)aneKdak;sþúkTukenAkEnøgEdlRtCak; edIm,IrkSaKuNPaB. RbsiT§PaBkarEckcaykan;Etx<s; mann½yfakarkat;bnßy20>25m3kEnøgRtCak;sMrab;mYyEx ¬edayEp¥kelI 300>000db kñúgmYyEx¦. ]TahrN_TIBIrKW enAkñúgskþanuBlkñúgkarkat;bnßy kEnøgRtCak;sMrab;sþúkTukenAkñúgrfynþEckcay. rfynþmYypÞúk)an 15 pallets. CamYynwgRbsiT§PaB karEckcayx<s;Cagmun 25% mann½yfa kareFVIdM eNIredayrfynþEdlRtCak;cMnYn 12 GacRtUv)aneK snSM)ankñúgmYyEx b¤kareFVIdMeNIredayrfynþRtCak; cMnYn 144 GacRtÚv)aneKsnSM)ankñúgmYyqñaM. pl RbeyaCn_esdækic©nigbrisßanrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkareRbIR)as;eRbgsaMg éføcMNaysMrab;EfTaM nigéføcMNaysMrab; kargark¾ticCagmun.

sMrab;B½t’manbEnßm³ emIl CEGESTI tamry³ www.cegesti.org

7>7 karrcnam:UdplitpleLIgvij³]sSa hkmμevcx©b; MARKSS enATIRkug KAMPALA RbeTs UGANDA Rkumh‘un ]sSahkm μevcx©b; MARKSS manbuKÁlikcMnYn 135nak; RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1994 ehIyplit RbGb;Rkdas;rwgpñt;cMnYn 2>500>000 KILÚkñúgmYyqñaM. Rkumh‘unenH CaRkumh‘unTImYyEdl)anTak;TgCamYy mCÄmNÐlplitkm μs¥at Uganda (UCPC) enAkñúg qñaM 2002 enAeBl UCPC )ancab;epþImKMeragrcna m:UdeLIgvij D4S. karelIkTwkcitþsMrab; D4S UCPC )anrkeXIjfa MAKSS manskþanuBlKYr [kt;sMKal; edIm,IEklMGdMeNIrkarplitkm μRbGb;Rk dasrwg pñt; nigkarbegáItplitplf μ Irbs;xøÜn. Ca ]TahrN_ karrcnam:UdRbGb;dak;EpøeQItamRbéBNI ehIymin)anpøas;bþÚreTenAkñúgry³eBl20qñaMenH. va manRkdasrwgBIcMerok EdltMrUv[mankarEbgEck dMeNIrkarplitkm μBIrepSgKñaedIm,Iplitva. RbGb; EpøeQIBIbUraNRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgedaykareRbIR)as;EdkkibeFVIBIelah³ b¤sáút. kardwkCBa©Ún RtUv)aneKeFVIeLIg CadMbUgtamry³rfynþelIpøÚvrlak; ehIyeRkaymk tamry³pøÚvGakas PaKeRcIneTAkan;Eb:kGWr:ub.RbGb; Rkdasrwgpñt;RtUvEtCaRkdas EdlmaMehIyRsal. visVkmμTMgn;RsalGaceFVI[TidæPaBTaMgBIrRbesIreLIg³ kat;bnßyvtßúFatuedImeRbIR)as;sMrab;RbeyaCn_brisßan nigkat;bnßyéføedImedaysarmeFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIrtamGakaséfø.

rUbPaB 53 ³ plitpldbfμI

http://www.cegesti.org/

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KMerag UCPC )anGeBa¢Ij MAKSS edIm,IkøayCaRkumh‘un

KMrUsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþal D4S CaelIkdMbUgenAkñúgEx sIha qñaM 2002. KMnitdMbUgRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIg GMLúgeBlsikçasalaenH dUcCakat;bnßykMras;én Rkdas;rwgpñt;BI 5 RsTab;eTA 3RsTab; ehIyBRgwg RbGb;edayBRgwgCayrwg ehIyrwt[twgenAeBlCa mYyKñaenaH. CagenHeTAeTot KMnitEdlbBa©Úlkar rcnam:Udedaydak;KMrbeTAkñúgkarrcnam:UdRbGb; Edl GacCYykat;bnßyTMgn;RbGb;srubRtÚv)aneKrkeXIj.

CMhanbnÞab; MAKSS )ancab;epþImKMerag pÞal;xøÜn. karBiPakSal¥itl¥n;ekIteLIgCamYyniwgGtifi CnepSg²Kña ¬GñkdaMpáa GñknaMecjbEnø nigEpø eQI.l.¦ edIm,IEsVgrktMrUvkar nigbnSMarbs;BYk eKeTAnwgkarrcnam:UdRbGb;[RsbeTAtamenaHEdr. bnÞab;mk MAKSS )anrcnam:UdRbGb;eLIgvij kat;bnßyéføedIm nigkñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH kat;bnßy ehtub:HBal;brisßan.

lT§pl nigplcMeNj lT§pldMbUg MAKSS )andak;lk;plitplrcnam:Ud eLIgvijBIrenAelITIpSar Uganda enAExvicäika qñaM 2002 manRbGb;dak;EpøeQImanTMgn; 5KILÚ nigRbGb; dak;páasMrab;naMecj. plitplTaMgBIrRtÚv)aneKrcna m:UdeLIgvijeTAtamlkçN³vinicä½yrbs; D4S.

RbGb;rcnam:UdeLIgvijsMrab;karnaMpáaecj manKuNsm,tþidUcteTA³ > RbsiT§PaBFnFan - kat;bnßyTMgn; 167 Rkam esμ Inwg 12 % énkarrcnam:UdedIm > EklMGdMeNIrkarplitkm μ - plitkm μRbGb;man dMeNIrkarCMhanplitkm μticCagmYy cab;taMgBI)atKW

3bnÞHCMnYs[5bnÞH. RbGb;KWcak;esaredayxøÜnÉg nigminRtUvkar[mansáút b¤Rbdab;kibeT. > karkat;bnßyéføedIm - RbGb;RtÚv)aneKlk;eTA [GtifiCnenAkñúgtMélefak edaysartMéldwktam GakasticCagmuneRBaHRbGb;Rsal¬RbEhl 1>5 duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyKILÚeTAkan;GWr:ub¦ . > muxgar nigkareBjcitþrbs;GtifiCn - karrcnam:Ud enHnaM[bNþÚrxül;cMeBaHpáa)anl¥Cagmun dUecñHplit plGacRtÚv)aneKkarBar ehIypáasßitenAkñúgrUbrag TMrg;l¥Cagmun dUecñHehIyvamantMélx<s;Cagmun.

karrcnam:UdRbGb;EpøeQIeLIgvijrbs; D4S manKuNsm,tþidUcteTA³ > RbsiT§PaBFnFan - kat;bnßyTMgn; 60 Rkamesμ I nwg 10>7 % > EklMGdMeNIrkarplitkm μ - plitkm μRbGb;man dMeNIrkarplitkm μ μticCagmYydMNak;kal cab;taMgBI karrcnam:UdRbGb;eLIgvijrbs; MAKSS D4S KWCa RbGb;EtmYy. karkat;bnßyRtÚv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,I begáItRTnab;sMrab;RbGb;epSgeTot. > karkat;bnßyéføedIm - RbGb;RtÚv)aneKlk;eTA [GtifiCnenAkñúgtMélefak edaysartMéldwktam GakasticCagmuneRBaHRbGb;Rsal¬RbEhl 1>5 duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyKILÚeTAkan;GWr:ub¦ . > muxgar nigkareBjcitþrbs;GtifiCn - PaBsßitesßr nigbNþÚrxül;KWl¥\tex©aH. RbB½n§cak;esarmanPaB gayRsYl nigsnSMeBlevla. RbGb;gayRsYlkan; Cagmun ehIyRtUvkarkEnøgticCagmunsMrab;karevcx©b;. CagenHeTAeTot K μanbBaðaCamYynwgPaBKμantulüPaB enAkñúgsþúkrvagEpñkxagelI nigxageRkam.

sMrab;B½t’manbEnßm ³ TMnak;TMngmCÄmNÐl plitkm μs¥at Uganda tamry³ www.ucpc.co.ug

http://www.ucpc.co.ug/

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rUbPaB 54 ³ RbGb;dak;EpøeQIcas; nigfμI

7>8 karbegáItplitplf μ I³ GMBUlePøIgeRbI famBlRBHGaTitüsMrab;TIpSarRbeTskm<úCa Rkumh‘un Kamworks KWCaRkumh‘unfamBlRBHGaTitübegáItf μ I enARbeTskm<úCa eday]btßmÖfvikaedaymUniFisb,úrs Dutch Pico Sol enAkñúgqñaM2006. KMeragnisSit bBa©b;karsikSaénsaklviTüal½ybec©keTs Delft

RtUv)aneKGnuvtþ CamYy Ecofys EdlCaRkumh‘un BieRKaHeyabl; Dutch EdlmanÉkeTsxagdMeNaH RsayfamBl. KMeragRKbdNþb;enAdMNak;kalrcna m:UdTaMgRsug tamBIkarviPaKplitplTIpSarcMeBaHKMrU edIménplitplsMerc.


pÞHsMEbgRbCaCnkm<úCaRbEhlCa 90% Kμanehdæa rcnasm<½n§GKÁIsnIEdlmansuvtißPaBsMrab;bMPøWEdlGac Tukcitþ)an. RbCaCnCaeRcInrs;enAeRkamExSbnÞat; RkIRkticCag1duløarGaemrikkñúgmYyéf¶. karpþl;RbCa CnTaMgenaHnUvePøIgGKÁIsnITMenIbKWCaerOgtUctac b:uEnþ CaCMhanEdlmansar³sMxan;. enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa éføQñÜlTab nig60% éncMnYnRbCaCnKW manGayu

20qñaM b¤k¾ek μgCagenH. karbegáItkargarKWCakar RbkYtRbECgEpñkesdækic©d¾cMbg. RbeTskm<úCaman»kaspgEdr. RbeTs km<úCaTTYl)anfamBlRBHGaTitüeBjeljcMnYn 5 ema:gkñúgmYyéf¶CamYynwgtulüPaBénkarEckcayeBjmYyqñaMeFIV[RbeTskm<úCa CaRbeTsmYykñúgcMeNamRb eTsEdlmanBnøWéf¶eRcInCageKbMputenAelIBiPBelak. Kamworks BicarNabBaðarbs;RbeTskm<úCa ehIyRbPBBnøWRBHGaTitüKWCa»kassMrab;plitkm μkñúg RsukénplitplGMBUlePøIg edIredayBnøWRBHGaTitü EdlGacpÁt;pÁg;eTAnwgkMlaMgTijfamBlrbs;RbCaCntamCnbT)an. bnÞab;BIkarviPaK nigkarGPivDÆn_kar EktMrUveKamedIredayBnøWRBHGaTitüdMbUg Kamworks

)anTak;TgmhaviTüal½yvisVkmμrcnam:Ud]sSahkm μ Delft edIm,IGPivDÆplitplGMBUlePøIgedIredayBnøW RBHGaTitü.

KMerag pÞHsMEbgRbEhlCa 55% enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeRbI R)as;GaKuyLansMrab;pÞúkGKÁIsnIedIm,IebIkTUrTsSn_ nigGMBUlePøIg. RbCaCncMNaycenøaHBI $40 eTA $70kñúgmYyqñaMedIm,IbBa©ÚlGaKuyLanTaMgenH.GaKuyRtUv)aneKsakePøIgtamviFI sub-optimal EdllT§pl kñúgkarkat;bnßyGayukalplitpleRcInCag50%. RbCaCnPaKeRcIneRbIR)as;cegáógeRbgkat edIm,IbMPøW. BYkKat;eRbIR)as;vaCaGMBUlcl½tsMrab; eKalbMNgCaeRcIn TaMgenAkñúg nigeRkApÞHehIyenA rdUvePøóg b¤rdUvrMehIy eKmineRbIR)as;cegáógeRbgkat eT. cegáógeRbgkatminPøWc,as; ehIyeRbIR)as;eRbg katéfø. RbCaCnPaKeRcIncMNayya:gehacNas; $2 RbcaMExsMrab;kareRbIR)as;cegáógeRbgkatenaH.

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RkumGñkeRbIR)as;Cak;lak;RtUv)aneKkMNt; sMrab;KMeragdUcCa GñkensaT nigGñkcab;kEgáb. BYk eKeRbI;cegáógtUcmYyenAk,al ehIyP¢ab;eTAnwgGaKuy EdlmanTMgn;2eTA4KILÚRkam Edldak;enAelIsμarbs; BYkKat;.ePøIghVaeRbIR)as;GMBUlBnøWsEdldac;eRcIndgkñúgmYyyb;. GñkensaTxøHcMNayeRcInCag $100 kñúgmYyqñaMcMeBaH karbg;R)ak;elIGaKuy nigkardUrGMBUl. ePIøghVaEfmTaMgRtÚv)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;karbMPøWePøIgCaTUeTAenAkñúgpÞH. mUldæanénTinñn½yTaMgenH karrcna m:Utfμ IGaceFVIeTA)ansMrab;GMBUlePøIgRtUv)aneKGPivDÆCabnþbnÞab;.

lT§pl plitplsMercmanTMrg;CasuBaØakasEdlCaGMBUlePøIg eRbIBnøWRBHGaTitümanKuNPaB ehIysIuePøIg 45Wp elIbnÞH PV. plitplenHdMeNIrkareday SOLantern. karrcnam:UdbgðajnUvnimitþsBaØaCati rbs;RbeTskm<úCa rUbR)asaTGgÁrvtþ. RbCaCnkm<úCa manemaTnPaBcMeBaHR)asaTGgÁrvtþ BIeRBaHBYkeKcuH kalbriecäTénGMLúgeBlRbvtþisaRsþ enAeBlRbeTs km<úCaedIrtYnaTICaGñkRtYtRtakñúgtMbn;Gas‘anxagt,Úg. karbegáItTMrg;suBaØakasCabec©kviTüaRtwmRtÚvsMrab;Rkumh‘uncab;epþÍmfμ IdUc Kamworks. varYmbBa©Úl nUvKuNsm,tþidUcCatMélvinieyaKTab niggayRsYl kñúgkarGnuvtþn_. bec©kviTüaGacGnuvtþcMeBaHbrimaN plitkm μTab ¬rhUtdl; 10000kñúgmYyqñaM¦. Bum< GacRtÚv)aneKplitenAkñúgRsukehIymantMélefakebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgkar)aj;bBa©ÚlBumÖ. SOLantern RtÚv)aneKrcnam:Ud)anya:gl¥ tamEbbGKÁIsnI. vamansmasPaBKuNPaBEdlGac CMnYs)anTaMgGs;. plitplGnuelamtamsþg;da GnþrCati (PV-GAP”) edIm,IelIkTwkcitþKuNPaBplit pl edIredayBnøWRBHGaTitüsMrab;TIpSarBiPBelak. lT§plcugeRkayrbs;KMeragKWCaKMrUedImEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;karvaytMélTIpSarya:gm:t;ct;énplitplkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. enAEx ]sPa qñaM 2006 Kamworks )an QñHrgVan;EdlmanTwkR)ak;175>000duløaGaemrikkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgkarGPivDÆn_TIpSarrbs;Worldbanks

sMrab;karGb;rMekμgkMRBakm<úCav½yek μgenAkñúgCMnaj shRKin EdlGacCYylk; SOLanterns )an.

sMrab;B½t’manbEnßm ³ emIl www.kamworks.com

rUbPaB 56 ³ GMBUlePøWgeRbIBnøWRBHGaTitü³BnøWCH nigBnøWrYm - karbMPøWedaykarcaMgpøat

rUbPaB 55 ³ GMBUlePøWgeRbIBnøWRBHGaTitüedayeRbI PV - R)asaTGgÁrvtþ

http://www.kamworks.com/

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7>9 karrcnam:UdplitpleLIgvij³ reTHrujsMrab;meFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnksiplCn bTenAkñúgRbeTs GHANA

Rkumh‘un REAL (Rural Enterprise for Agro Logistics)

KWCashRKasmYy EdlEpñkxøHkan;kab;edayksikr nig GñkRKb;RKgplitplksikm μenAkñúgRbeTs Ghana.

karelIkTwkcitþsMrab; D4S KMeragRtÚv)aneKGnuvtþenAqñaM2003 ehIymaneKal bMNgkñúgkarrcnam:UdCameFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnksiplCnbT EdlGackat;bnßykar)at;bg;eRkayBIkarRbmUl pl dUecñHmankarekIneLIgtMélTIpSarksipl nig lkçxNÐkargarRbesIreLIgsMrab;ksikr ¬burs nig RsþI¦ enARbeTs Ghana. RbB½n§meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún edaycirPaBenHRtUv)an eKrcnam:UdedayeRbIR)as; sMPar³EdlGacrk)ankñúgRsuk ehIyviFIsa®sþplit km μskþismsMrab;RbeTs Ghana. karrcnam:Ud)an KitTaMgkarCH\T§iBlelIvb,Fm’kñúgRsuk nigTMlab; sgÁm.

KMerag dMNak;kalbBaØatiénkarGPivDÆn_ )ancab;epþImCamYy nwgkarbegáItnUvbBaØatiBITsSn³énmuxgar. bBaØatienH RtUv)aneKbegáÍteLIg edaybnSMBImuxgarCaeRcInehIy RtÚv)aneKdak;CaRkumeTAkñúgTisedArcnam:UdbIRbePT. bnÞab;BIkMNt;nUvvtßúFatuedImEdlmanehIy ]bsKÁ bEnßmeTotRtUvekIteLIg ehIykarBicarNaRtUv)an eFIVeLIg.

TisedAkarrcnam:Ud3RbePTdUcCa reTHruj Plain reTHruj Combi reTHruj Crate. reTHruj

Plain mankEnøgpÞúkeFIVeLIgedaysMNaj;ExSlYs. reTHruj Combi GacpÞúkFug)anesÞIrEtRKb;RbePT ehIyGacbegáItedIm,IbegáItkEnøgmYyBIsMNaj;ExSlYs pgEdr. reTHruj Crate Gacdak;)anEtLaMg)aøsÞik BIGñkplitFug]sSahkmμenA Tema. bnÞab;BI)an GnuvtþCMhanCaeRcIn enAkñúgkarGPivDÆn_bBaØatiTIbYn reTHruj Multi RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgepSgBIreTHruj Combi nigreTHruj Crate. reTHruj Multi )an pþl;»kasedIm,IeRbIR)as;FugesÞIrEtRKb;RbePTedIm,Idwk CBa¢Únksipl. vaRtUv)aneKrcnam:UdCaBiesssMrab; kareRbIR)as;bc©úb,nñnigenAeBlGnaKtpgEdr EdleRbI R)as;edIm,IcUlrYmenAkñúgkarbgðajRbB½n§dwkCBa¢Ún ¬ logistic ) eBjeljmYyedayEp¥kelI Crate eday REAL.

bnÞab;BIkareRbobeFobbBaØatiTaMgbYnelIeKalkarN_ENnaMkarrcnam:UdreTHruj Crate nigreTHruj Multi )ans[eXIjfa bBaØatiTaMgBIrenaHCaTsSnH EdlGaceFVI)aneRcInCageKbMput. TsSnHTaMgBIrRtÚv )aneKeFVIeLIgenAkñúgsikçasala Ghanaian. KMrUm:Ud RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgmuneBleFVIplitkmμ. vatMrUv[

rUbPaB 57 ³ Crate Trailer nig Multi Trailer

121

manTItaMg ]bkrN_pSa karTijsMPar³ nigkarEsVgrk smasFatuCak;lak;sMrab;kareFVIreTHrujedaylMGit.

enAeBlEdlKMrUm:UdRtUv)aneKeFIVehIyPøam BYkeKRtÚv)aneKeFVIkarsakl,genAtMbn;BIrenAPaKxagt,Úg. bnÞab;BIkarsegát nigkarvaytMélBIkareRbI R)as;KMrUm:Ud karpøas;bþÚrbnþicbnþÜcRtÚv)aneKeFVIeLIg edIm,IbegáInKuNPaBeRbIR)as;. karsakl,gcugeRkay enAkñúgPaKxageCIgRtÚv)aneKeFVIeLIg nigvaytMélpg Edr. va)anbgðajfa ya:gehacNas;pÞúkcMnYnBIrdg GacRtÚv)aneKdwkbBa¢ÚnenAkñúgeBlEtmYy b¤ elOn CagenH. GñkeRbIR)as;reTHrujenH eBjcitþkareRbI

R)as;EdlmanPaBgayRsYl nigpÞúkplitpl)aneRcIn ehIyTTwgreTHrujsmRsbsMrab;eRbIR)as;elIpøÚvtUc. bnÞab;BIsakl,greTHrujTaMgBIr reTHruj Crate nigreTHruj Multi elIeKalkarN_ENnaMkar rcnam:Udbgðaj[eXIjc,as;fa reTHruj Multi RtUv karkarEkécñbEnßmenAéf¶GnaKt. TMhMreTHruj Multi RtUv)aneKeFVI[FMbMputenA Solidworks EdlCam:Ud 3D enARbeTs Netherland. KMrUm:UdenHrYmmankar sagsg;CamUldæan nigedaylMGitxøH²Edr.

rUbPaB 58 ³ Crate Trailer ¬xagelI¦nig

Multi Trailer ¬xageRkam¦ rUbPaB 59 ³ karsakl,greTHruj

122

lT§pl lT§plskþanuBlrbs;reTHruj Multi man dUcCa³ > meFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnRbesIreLIg. reTHrujenHsak smsMrab;pøÚvRtg;tUc pøÚvEdlmanrfynþdwkes μA pøÚv manstVciBa©wm nigpøÚvRkalekAs‘U elIkElgEt Abor

EdlsaksmsMrab;EtrfynþFMmYy nigBIr. > begáInRbsiT§PaB. brimaNksiplGacRtÚv)aneKdwk CBa¢Ún)aneTVdgkñúgeBlEtmYy b¤elOnCagmun. > suvtßiPaBkñúgkarRbmUlksipl)anRbesIreLIg. bnÞúkrbs;ksikr ¬burs nig®sþI¦ RsalCagmun. > reTHrujenHGacplitkñúgRsuk)an. vaGacRtUv)an plitCamYyviFIsa®sþplitkm μEdlmanenAkñúgRbeTs Ghana edayeFVIBIvtßúFatuedImEdlmankñúgRsuk. Gnusasn_sMrab;karpSBVpSaybEnßmeTot rbs;reTHruj REAL mandUcCa ³ > kareFVIreTHrujenHGaceFVI[RbesIrbMputsMrab;TMgn; nigRbePT]bkrN_pSar nigplitkm μGacRtÚv)aneFVI [gayRsYlCamun. > begáInkareRbIR)as;reTHrujcMeBaH®sþI k¾dUcCaenAkñúg meFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnksiplpgEdr. CasegçbreTHruj Multi kat;bnßykar)at;bg;eRkay karRbmUlpl ehIynwgbegáIncMNUlksikrpgEdr. lkçxNÐkargar)anRbesIreLIgedaybnÞúkRsal Cagmun.

sMrab;B½t’manbEnßm ³ emIl Steinbusch (2003)

7>10 Tinñn½yeRbobeFobsMrab;TUrTwkkkén eragcRk]sSahkmμ Waiman RbeTs Costa Rica Rkumh‘un

eragcRk Waiman manTItaMgsßitenA San Jose

RbeTs Costa Rica plitplitplelah³ CaBiess Rbdab;eRbIR)as;edaykMedARtCak; nigsMrab;erobcMcMNI Gahar nigePsC¢³. Rkumh‘un rYmman GñkRKb;RKg EdlCam©as;Rkumh‘un ehIymanbuKÁlikcMnYn 18nak;.


Rkumh‘unmanshRbtibtþikarenAkñúgTIpSarEdlmankarGnuvtþn_karRKb;RKgbrisßan CaBiesskareRbIR)as; famBlrbs;plitplKWCaKnøwHd¾sMxan;. eKalbMNg cMbgrbs;KMeragKWGPivDÆplitpl Edlpþl;»kas edIm,IbegáInmuxCMnYj CamYynwgehtub:HBal;brisßantic CagmuneRbobeFobCamYynwgplitplBImun. KMerag enHCaEpñkmYyénkmμviFIkarrcnam:UdedayKitBIeGkULÚ sIufñak;tMbn;.

KMerag enAqñaM 1998 KMeragkMNt;BIplitplmYyeTAnwg Tinñn½yeRbobeFob. vaKWCaTUrTwkkkBaNiC¢kmμbBaÄr EdlRtUv)anlk;eTA[hagtUc² nigePaCnIydæanedIm,I Tuk[RtCak; nigdak;taMgplitplrbs;eK nigeTA [GtifiCnsMxan;²dUcCa rdæaPi)al nigeragcRkplit sac; nigplitplRsaebor. karkat;bnßytMél RbsiT§PaBeFIV[RtCak; nigkaryl;dwgBIbrisßanrbs; GñkRKb;RKgKWCakardwknaMd¾sMxan;kñúgkarrcnam:UdBIKMnitbrisßan. GaTiPaBsMrab;karrcnam:UdeLIgvijman dUcCa³ > RbsiT§PaBeFIVeGayPaBRtCak;ekIneLIg > bnßykareRbIR)as;famBlkñúgkMLúgeBleRbIplit pl nig > begáInPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarEfTaM

123

CMerIseFIV[RbesIreLIg CMerIseFVI[RbesIreLIgepSg²RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgCamYynwgyuT§sa®sþ “B½t’manBITinñn½yeRbobeFob”. Fatu mYyénTinñn½yeRbobeFobCakarvaytMélplitplBI KURbkYtRbECgedaypÞal;. manKURbkYtRbECgtUc tacCaeRcInenA Cost Rican nigsaxaGnþrCatiBIrbI enAelITIpSar. B½t’manRtÚv)aneKRbmUlBIxitb½NÐ nigGIunFWENteTAtamTMhMRkumh‘un tMélénplitpl EdlGaceRbobeFob)an nigcMEnkTIpSar nigbec©kviTüa Cak;lak;rbs;plitpl.

FatuTIBIr énTinñn½yeRbobeFobCakarviPaK lMGiténTIpSarrbs;plitplTUrTwkkk Edlykcitþ Tukdak;elIRkumh‘uncMNIGahar nigePsC¢³ pSarTMenIb nigGgÁkarrdæaPi)al. Coca Cola enAkñúgtMbn;enH manGñkpÁt;pÁg;TUrTwkkkBI Guatemala nigmiucsiukU ehIyeRbIR)as;CalkçN³vinicä½ysþg;dardUcCa bnßy eBlevlacab;epþImdMbUg dMeNIrkarGKÁIsnI sþg;dar begáItCacMhay kareRbIR)as;famBl KμankareRbIR)as; CFC nigmansuvtßiPaB.

lT§pl Ep¥kelIB½t’manBITinñn½yeRbobeFobenH karrcnam:Ud edaysegçbsMrab;karrcnam:UdeLIgvijénplitplRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg nigkarGPivDÆn_RtÚv)ancab;epþIm. bBaØatiCamYynwglT§pll¥bMputRtÚv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgKMrUedIm. kareFIV[RbesIreLIgrab;bBa©ÚlTaMg³ > kat;bnßyeBlevlaticCagmunedIm,IbBa©úHsItuNðPaB >karEbgEckxül;RtCak;RbesIrCagmunedaybþÚrTItaMgpøitynþ > tMrUvkarfamBlticCagmunedIm,ITTYl)ansItuNðPaB dUcKña

edIm,Ikat;bnßyfamBlkareRbIR)as;kñúgGMLúgeBleRbIR)as; karCMnYsedIm,IlubbM)at;er:sIusþg;rbs;TVar RtUv)anGPivDÆ. er:sIusþg;RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,I kMedAbg¥ÜcenAxageRkA edIm,IeCoskarkekItCacMhay enAelIbg¥Üc. karEktMrUvepSgeTotedIm,IbegáInRbsiT§ PaBfamBlKWRtÚv)aneKpøas;bþÚrkEnøg TL enAkñúgTUr Twkkk. karEktMrUvenHRtUv)anGnuvtþedayeCaKC½y. kareFVI[RbesIreLIgtictYc elIkarEfTaMRtUv)anGnuvtþ edaypÞal; nigTTYl)anedayTinñn½yeRbobeFobkñúg kMLúgeBlénkarviPaKBIxageRkA. kareFIV[RbesIr eLIgTaMgenH[CalT§pl dUcCamanPaBgayRsÜlkñúg karsMGat nigCYsCul. kareFVI[plitplRbesIr eLIgRtUv)anGnuvtþkñúgplitkm μedaypÞal; nigkñúg dMNak;kalGMLúgeBlkarGPivDÆn_.

sMrab;B½t’manbEnßm ³ emIl Hoornstra (1998)

7>11 Tinñn½yeRbobeFob³ Intermech Cassava Grater Tanzania

lT§pl Intermech Engineering Limited KWCaRkumh‘un xñattUcEdlmanTItaMgsßitenA Morogoro

rUbPaB 60 ³ TUTwkk Waiman

124

Tanzania Edlmanesvakm μeRcInRbePTdUcCa visVkmμrcnam:Ud kartMeLIgma:sIunplitkmμ nigerag cRkkMéreCIgsar. karykcitþTukdak;CacMbgKWelI ksi]sSahkmμ nig m:asIundMeNIrkarcMNIGahar nig brikçar. mankmμkr cMnYn10nak;enAkñúgeragCag elah³Fatu.

KMerag dMLÚgmIKWCaksiplEdlnwgTTYl)ankñúgeBlqab;²enHenA Tanzania EdlGacRtÚv)anEkécñeTACaemSAmI sMrab;eFVICacMNIGahar nigRtUv)anCavtßúFatuedImkñúg ]sSahkm μvaynP½NÐkñúgRsuk. Intermech sMerc citþGPivDÆplitplepSg²Ep¥kelIdMeNIrkarRbmUlpl dMLÚgmIeTACaemSAmIKuNPaBx<s;. enAdMNak;kaldMbUg kardkdMLÚgmIfμ IRtÚv)anGPivDÆenAqñaM2003. edIm,I GPivDÆKMrUdMbUg KMrUEdlmanCaeRcInRtUv)an eFIVCaTinñn½y eRbobeFob tamry³karGegáttam]TahrN_GIunFW ENt nigGñkRbkYtRbECgplitplRtUv)anrkeXIj enAkEnøgtaMgBiBN’. Ep¥keTAelIkareFVIKMrUenH karEk ERbfμ IEdleFIVBIeQI ehIymanm¢úlRtUv)anGPivDÆ ¬rUb PaB62¦.

enACMhanbnÞab; buKÁlikmkBImhaviTüal½y visVkmμénsaklviTüal½y Dar es Salaam (USSM) kñúgRsuk)anrcnam:UdeLIgvijCamYy Intermech Edl CakMENERbf μ IénkardkdMLÚgmI. CMerIseFVI[RbesIr eLIgeRcInCag20CMerIs KWRtUvcab;epþImBIkarbnßyehtu b:HBal;brisßan begáInKuNPaBplitpl nigkat;bnßy éføedIm. CMerIseFIV[RbesIreLIgepþatelIcMNuckNþal énplitpl KWrelareQI. plitplrelareQICamYy m¢úlKweRbIkMlaMgBlkm μ nigcMNayeRcIn. TIBIrbBaða sMeNImnaM[bnßyKuNPaBkarEkécñéndMLÚgmI ehIy relarmanGayukMNt;xøICagmun EdlRtUvkarcMNay elIkarEfTaMx<s;. lT§pl lT§plmYyBIKMeragkarrcnam:UdeLIgvij KWCMnYsrelar eQIedayrelaEdleFIVBIGaluymIj:Úm nigmansnøwk Rbehag. relareFIVBIelah³fμ IenHKW³

rUbPaB 61 ³ Intermech Metal Workshop

enA Morocoro RbeTs Tanzina

rUbPaB 62 ³ relareFVIBIeQIEdlmanEdkeKalFM² nigFugelahH

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> EpñkCaeRcIn nigRbtibtþikarplitkmμticCagEdl CalT§pleFVIeGaytMélplitkmμTab > eRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedImEdlmankñúgRsuk > begáInRbsiT§PaBeBlEkécñdMLÚgmI > manGayukMNt;rMBwgTukyUrCag > begáInsuvtßiPaB nigsuxPaBsMrab;GñkeRbIR)as;

bnÞab;BIeCaKC½ycMeBaHTinñn½yeRbobeFob nig karrcnam:UdeLIgvijénkardkdMLÚgmI Intermech bnþ CamYynwgkarGPivDÆplitplbnÞab;enAdMeNIrkarEkécñdMLÚgmI³ karTajykemSAmIecj.

sMrab;B½t’manbEnßm ³ emIl Msoro (2004)

7>12 Tinñn½yeRbobeFob³ Philips Computer Monitor Rkumh‘un Philips Consumer Electronics KWCaEpñkmYyén Royal Philips Electronics EdlCaRkumh‘uneGLic RtUnikFM mYybMputmYykñúgcMeNamenAelIBiPBelak.


Epñkplit monitor rbs; Philips Consumer

Electronics RbQmmuxnwgkarRbkYtRbECgsMxan; enAcugTsvtSqñaM1990. CMnYjenHmansnÞúHxøaMg ehIy karBRgIkedaymaneCaKC½yx<s; enAkñúgn½ycMNUl cMEnkTIpSar nigplcMeNj. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday karrcnam:UdplitplenAnwgfál; nigEpñkRKb;RKgkMBug EsVgrkedIm,IBRgwgExScgVak;plitpl. eKalbMNg enH Tinñn½yeRbobeFobrbs; D4S RtUv)anGnuvtþ. eKalbMNgKWedIm,IeFIV[RbesIreLIgPøam²nUv Monitor TMhM 17 inch TaMgkñúgTsSn³vis½yeGkULÚsIu nig esdækic©.

KMerag Tinñn½yeRbobeFobrbs; D4S RtÚv)anENnaMGMLúg eBlkic©shkarKMeragrvag Philips Consumer

Electronics- mCÄmNÐlsmtßkic©brisßan nigsakl viTüal½ybec©kviTüa Delf . edayEp¥kelIkarKitKUrBI brisßan Monitor PhilipRtUv)aneRbobeFobCamYy nwgKURbkYtRbECgBaNiC¢kmμCaeRcIn ehIylT§pl RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkarplitplitplbnÞab;.

cMeBaHkareFVIKMrUrbs; monitor Edlman lkçN³bec©keTsRsedogKñaRtUv)aneRCIserIs³ plit pl Philips RtUv)aneFIV[RbesIreLIgplitplBIr

rUbPaB 63 ³ karrcnam:UdeLIgvijcMeBaHkardkdMLÚgmI

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BIRbeTsCb:un EdlmYyRbePT)anlk;dac;enAelITI pSar ehIyplitplmYyEbbeTotmanedImkMeNItBI RbeTskUer:. Monitors RtUv)aneFIVTinñn½yeRbobeFob eTAelIcMNucTaMg27 EdlTak;TgeTAnwg]bkrN_eRbI R)as;famBl sMPar³evcx©b;EdlpÞúksarFatuKImI lkçN³EdlGacEkécñeLIgvij)an nigvdþCIvit. lT§pl KURbkYtRbECgl¥Cag Philips enAkñúgEpñkCaeRcIn. lT§plénTinñn½yeRbobeFobRtUv)anTak;Tg eTARkumh‘un nigeFIVtam. vaRtUv)aneKsMerccitþfamin rg;caMdl;karplit monitor eBleRkayeT b:uEnþedIm,I begáItplitpl EdlsmRsbedayEp¥kelIbBaØati bc©úb,nñ. edayEp¥kelITinñn½yeRbobeFob nigKMnit

écñRbDit RkumkargarbegáIteLIgnUvCMerIsmYycMnYn. edayEp¥kelIkgVHxateBlevla ral;CMerIsTaMgGs;min RtUv)anGnuvtþeT. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday lT§pl énkarGnuvtþn_RtUv)aneKcab;Garm μN_xøaMg. cab;taMgBIqñaM1997 viFIsa®sþTinñn½yeRbob eFob D4S RtUv)aneKGnuvtþenARKb;EpñkénkarEbg Eckplitpl ehIylT§plTinñn½yeRbobeFobenAkñúg Rkumh‘un Philips EdlmanBIkUnma:ej:cak; CD GMBUl ePøIg balast Rbdab;ekarBukmat; edIm,IbMeBjRbB½n§ evC¢sa®sþ. cab;taMgBIKMeragdMbUgCagTinñn½yeRbob eFob D4S 100 manenAkñúgRkumh‘un Philips. sMrab;B½t’manbEnßm³ emIl Caluwe (2004) nig Eenhoorn nig Stevels (2000) .

Item Philips Com .1 Com .2 Com .3

3283 3123 3592 TMgn;)aøsÞIk ¬Rkam¦

tMél)aøsÞIk ¬duløar¦ 6 5.5 8

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TMgn;GaluymIjÚm ¬Rkam¦

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tarag 10 ³ lT§plénTinñn½yeRbobeFobrbs;KMerag D4S

127

7>13 ]TahrN_BIkmμviFIKaMRTKMerag D4S CaGnþrCati³ Rkumh‘un InWent

InWent – International Weiterbildung und

Entwicklung GmbH ¬ksagsmtßPaBGnþrCati énRbeTsGaløWm:g;¦ KWCaGgÁkarGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS GnþrCati EdlmanvKÁbNþúHbNþalCan;x<s; nigkar BiPakSa. Rkumh‘unenHRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgtamry³ karbBa©Úlén Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft (CDG) nig Deutsche Stiftung fur Internationale

Entwicklung (mUlniFisMrab;karGPivDÆn_GnþrCatién RbeTsGaløWm:g; DSE) ehIymanbTBiesaFn_CaeRcIn TsvtSkñúgEpñkkic©shkarN_edIm,IkarGPivDÆn_. KMeragvKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³rbs; InWEnt RtUv)ankMNt; edayykcitþTukdak;elIyuT§sa®sþ GPivDÆedaycirPaB. visVkr nigGñkrcnam:UdmkBIGa emrikLaTIn nigGaRhiVk nigGasIueFVIkarCamYyKñaelI karrcnam:UdtMbUg sMrab;plitplcirPaBCagmunenAkñúg

bribTkm μviFIvKÁbNþúHbNþalry³eBl1qñaMEdleFIVeLIgenARbeTsGaløWm:g;. manEpñkKaMRTpþl;[CaBiess cMeBaHplitplcirPaB. kmμviFIRbePTenHmanskþanu Bll¥ edIm,IksagsmtßPaBbec©keTsenAkñúgRbeTs enAkMritkarGnuvtþn_. ]TahrN_mYyKWCakarGPivDÆn_dMbUgénkarkg; dwksMrab;rbs;RbeTseb:rU nigRbeTs\NÐÚensIueday visVkr Lulus Ketriyanto ¬RbeTs\NÐÚensIu¦ ehIy Gñkrcnam:Ud Ricardo Geldres Piumatti ¬RbeTs eb:rU¦.


kg;sMrab;Ci³pÞal;xøÜn reTHruj nigkg;dwkTMnij RtUv)andMeNIrkaredaykMlMagsac;dMu. TIRkugTaMgLay Edlmankg;dwkTMnijeFVIcracrN_naM[mankarbMBulticCagcracrN_rfynþFm μta Lantak;sIu rfynþRkug nigLandwkTMnijFM. karbeBa©jEpSg nigkarrMxan edaysMelgenAkñúgTIRkugmankarfycuHCamYynwgkar

Item Philips Old Philips Adapted

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128

ENnaMBIviFIeRbIkMlaMgsac;dMusMrab;meFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIr. karGPivDÆn_ karplit nigkareRbIR)as;kg;dwkTMnijGac begáItkargarpgEdr.

KMerag RbeTs\NÐÚensIuman]sSahkm μkg;xøaMgkøa Edlplit kg;epSg²KñakñúgRbeTs. enARbeTseb:rUTMrg;meFüa )ayTMnijenHk¾eBjniympgEdrehIymanTIpSarsMrab;lk;eTotpg. edImkMenItkg;dwkTMnijenAGasIu CaFm μta CareTHruj )aneRbIR)as;sMrab;CameFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIr rbs;mnusS. kg;dwkTMnijRtUvkarPaBrelag pøÚvdIrab esI μ. fμ I²enH mankarb:unb:geRbIR)as;reTHrujsMrab; EpñkeTscrN_enAEb:kGWr:ub. reTHrujeRbIR)as;sMrab EpñkenHRtUv)annaMcUlBIGasIu. karGPivDÆn_kg;dwkTMnijdMbUg RtUv)aneFIVeLIg edayvisVkr\NÐÚensIu edaykic©shkarCamYyGñk rcnam:UdplitplCnCatieb:rU enAkñúgnwgbribTénkmμviFI bNþúHbNþaleFVIeLIgeday InWentt enARbeTs GalWøm:g;. K μanKMrUedImsMrab;karrcnam:UdRtÚv)aneK begáIteLIgcab;taMgBIKMeragRtUv)anGnuvtþnMrab;eKalbMNgGb;rMb:ueNaÑH. karrcnam:UdFm μta RtÚv)aneKeRCIserIseday esrIsMrab;kg;dwkTMnij.TMnijRtUv)aneKdak;enAxagmuxcgáÚt ebIeTaHbICaTItaMgenHGacCH\Ti§BlTsSn³énGñk CiHkg;k¾eday. CamYynwgkarrcnam:UdenH Epñkxag eRkayrbs;kg;GacRtÚv)aneKeRbIR)as;. karCYlkg; dwkTMnij karpþl;eRKOgbnøas; nigesvakm μCYsCul manskþanuBlkñúgkarbegáItkargarbEnßm. cMeBaHB½t’manbEnßm³ emIl www.inwent.org b¤TMnak; TMng [email protected] ehIyk¾Gac emIl CD cMeBaH]TahrN_bEnßmBIkm μviFIbNþúHbNþal.

http://www.inwent.org/

mailto:[email protected]

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1- kareRCIserIsvtßúFatiedImmanehtub:H Bal;tic k- smÖar³s¥at 1- kuMeRbIsmÖar³ b¤rbs;Edl®tUvbEnßmEdlhamXat; edaykarbMBul . TaMgenHrYmbBa©Úl PCBs (polychlorinated bipphenyls), PCTs

(polychlorinated terphenyls), sMN ¬kñúg PVC eRKOg eGLic®tUnik fñaMRClk;BN’ nigfμBil¦ kadm:üÚm ¬kñúgfñaMRClk;BN’ nigfμBil¦ nig)art ¬kñúgETm:UEm:Rt kugtak; (switches) nigGMBUlEm:Rt¦ . 2- ecosvagsmÖar³ nigeRKOgbEnßmEdlbMpøajRsTab; GUhSÚndUcCa chlorine, fluorine, bromine, methyl

bromide, halons nig aerosols, foams, refrigerants nig solvents Edlman CFCs . 3- ecosvagkareRbIEdlbegIátkabUnGIuRduksIut EpSg layG½BÞenArdUvekþA . 4- rkCeRmIssRmab;bec©keTssm¥atépÞxageRkAdUc Ca eFVI[skm μkarRClk;edayeRbIkemþAGKiÁsnIviPaK s½gásIsnwøkmas b¤R)ak; nigGKiÁsnIviPaKsnwøkmas b¤R)ak;®kUmIk . 5- rkCeRmIssRmab;elah³ non-ferrous dUcCa s<an; s½gásI Tg;Edg ®kUm nignIEkl BIeRBaHEtkarbMPay

eFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_ EdlekIteLIgkñúgkMLúgeBlkar plitrbs;BYkva . x- smÖar³EdleRbIR)as;eLIgvij 6-EsVgrkCeRmIssRmab;smÖar³EdleFVI[Gs;famBl K- smÖar³EdlmanfamBlTab 7- ecosvagsmÖar³EdlmanfamBly:agxøaMgdUcCa GaluymIj:ÚmEdlmanGayukalxIø 8- ecosvagvtßúFatuedImplitBIksikmμ

X- smÖar³eRbIR)as;eLIgvij 9- eRbIsmÖar³EkécñeLIgvijenAkEnøgNak¾edayEdl GaceFVIeTA)anedIm,IbegIátt®mUvkarTIpSarsRmab;smÖar³ EkécñeLIgvij . 10- eRbIelah³bnÞab;bnSMdUcCa GaluymIj:Úm nigs<an; bnÞab;bnSMCaCageRbIBYkBIkMeNItFm μCati . 11- eRbI)aøsÞIkEkécñsRmab;Epñkxagkñúgénplitpl EdlmanmuxgarCaCMnYyb:ueNÑaH nigminTamTaremkanik Gnam½yx<s; b¤KuNPaBEdlGacTTYl)an . 12- enAeBlEdlGnam½yKWsMxan; ¬dUcCaenAkñúgEkv kaehV nigkarevcx©b;xøHeTot¦ karbiTP¢ab;KñaGac®tUv GnuvtþEpñkkNþalénvtßúenaH KWeFVIeday)aøsIÞkEkécñeLIg vijRKbeday b¤ruMB½T§eday)aøsIÞkedIm .

enATIenHmansMNUmBrCamUldæanxøHEdlykmkKitpgenAeBlEdlBiPakSaKñabegIátKMnitfIμénCeRmIsEklm¥plitpl. BYkvaGaceRbIdUcCabBaI¢BinitüemIl b¤dUcCaRbPBbMpusKMnit . viFIeFVItamkarBiesaFn_TaMgenH KWerobcMGaRs½yeTAelIKeRmagyuT§sa®sþ D4S kñúgCMBUkTI 5 .

viFIeFVItamkarBiesaFn_rbs; D4S

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13- eRbIlkçN³BiessEbøk² ¬dUcCaBN’ nigvay PaBEbøk²¦ énsmÖar³EkécñeLIgvijkñúgExSsgVak;rcna m:Ud. g- smÖar³EkécñeLIgvij 14- eRCIserIssmÖar³EtmYyRbePTEtb:ueNÑaH sRmab; plitplmYydUcCasRmab;plitplTaMgGs; nig sRmab;EpñkbnÞab;bnSMepSg²eTot . 15- kEnøgEdlminGaceFVIeTA)an eRCIserIssmÖar³ Edl®tUvKñaTaMgsgxag . 16- ecosvagsmÖar³EdlBi)akbMEbkecjBIKñadUcCa GgÁFatusmasénsmÖar³ biTP¢ab;Kña fillers BnüWtcMehH nigkareFVI[rwgmaMsMLIEkv . 17- eRbIR)as;smÖar³EdlGacEkécñeLIgvij)ansMrab; TIpSarEdlmanRsab; . 18- ecosvagkareRbIsmasPaBbMBuldUcCavtßúsi¥tEdl bg¥ak;karEkécñeLIgvij .

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2- karkat;bnßykareRbIR)as;vtßúFatu edIm k- karkat;bnßyTm¶n; 21- manbMNgsRmab;PaBrwgqwágtamry³bec©keTs sagsg; dUcCakarBRgwgkEnøgsMxan;²CaCagplitpl manTMhMFMhYseBk .

22- manbMNgbBa¢ak;BIKuNPaBtamry³karrcnam:UdCa CagplitplmanTMhMFMhYseK . x- karkat;bnßy ¬dwkCBa¢Ún¦ TMhM 23- manbMNgkat;bnßyTMhMEdlTamTarsRmab;dwk CBa¢Ún nigsþúkTukedaykat;bnßyTMhMplitpl nigTMhM srub . 24- eFVI[plitplGacbt;)an nig¼b¤smRsbsRmab; ®tYtelIKña . 25- KitBicarNaeTAelIkardwkCBa¢ÚnplitplenAkñúg smasPaKdac;BIKña EdlGacRtYtKañ edayTukkartemIøg bBa©b;eTAeGayPaKITI 3 b¤GñkeRbIR)as;cugeRkay .

3- kareFVIeGayRbesIrbec©keTsplit k- CeRmIsbec©keTsénkarplit 26- kareBjcitþCageK KWeRCIserIsbec©keTsplit s¥at Edlt®mUv[mansarFatu b¤vtßúeFVI[xUcxatticbMput ¬]TahrN_ CMnYs CFCs kñúgExSsgVak; bM)at;CatiGMbil nigkøÚr:UsRmab;e)aksm¥at¦ . 27- eRCIserIsbec©keTsplitEdlbegIátkarbMPay TabdUcCakareFVI[ekag CaCagkarpSaP¢ab;KñaP¢ab;KñaCa CageRbIeRKOgsRmab;pSa . 28- eRCIserIsExSsgVak;EdleFVI[manRbsiTi§PaBx<s; kñúgkareRbIsmÖar³ dUcCaemSARsTab;CaCag fñaM)aj;BN’ .

x- karplitEtBIr-bIdMNak;kal 29- bBa©ÚlmuxgarepSg²kñúgsmasPaBEtmYyehtu dUecñH KW®tUvkarExSsgVak;plitkmμbniþcEtb:ueNÑaH . 30- PaBEdlcg;)anCageKKWeRbIsmÖar³EdlmintRmUv [mankarsm¥atépÞxagelIbEnßmeTot .

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K- karplitEdlmanfamBlTab¼s¥at 31- elIkTwkcitþEpñkplitkmμ nigGñkpÁt;pÁg;[ begIátExSsgVak;plitkmμrbs; BYkeK[manRbsiTi§PaB famBlbEnßmeTot . 32- CRmujBYkeK[eRbIR)as;RbPBfamBlkekIteLIg vij dUcCafamBlxül; Twk nigfamBlRBHGaTitü . kEnøgEdlGackat;bnßy\n§n³hVÚsIul nigkat;bnßykar b:HBal;brisßaneday ]TahrN_eRCIserIsFüÚgmans<an; F½rTab b¤hÁasFm μCati . X- sMNl;énkarplittic 33- rcnaplitpledIm,Ikat;bnßy smÖar³sMNl;Ca BiesskñúgExSsgVak; dUcCakarGar karRkLwg karkin karsgát; nigkarecaHrn§ . 34- elIkTwkcitþEpñkplitnigGñkpÁt;pÁg;[kat;bnßy sMNl; nigPaKryénGVIEdlminTTYlkñúgkarplit . 35- eRbIR)as;eLIgvijnUvsMNl;BIkarplitenAkñúgRkum h‘un .

g- karplitEdleRbIR)as;ticCag¼s¥atCag 36- kat;bnßykareRbIR)as;kñúgplitkm μEdlt®mUv - ]TahrN_ ³ karrcnam:Udplitpl ehtudUecñHkñúg eBlkat;sMNl; KW®tUvkRmiteTAtamkEnøgCak;lak; nig karsm¥at®tUvkat;bnßy . 37- BieRKaHEpñkplitkm μ nigGñkpÁt;pÁg;dUcCafaetI RbsiTi§PaBsmÖar³Gnuvtþn_ EdleRbIR)as;kñúgeBlplit GacbegIán - ]TahrN_ ³ edayeKhkic© l¥RbB½n§kar plittwgrwug nigkareRbIR)as;eLIgenAnwgkEnøg .

c- suvtißPaB nigPaBs¥atenAkEnøgeFVIkar 38- eRCIserIsbec©kviTüaplitEdlt®mUv[mansar FatubMBulticCag nigbegIátkarbMPay tuksIutticCag . 39- eRbIbec©keTsplitEdlbegIátsMNl;ticCag nig erobcM[manRbsiTi§PaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;eLIgvij nig RbB½n§EkécñeLIgvijenAkñúgRkumh‘unsRmab;sMNl;Edl enAesssl; . 40- RbtibtiþRbB½n§sRmab;lkçxNÐkargarkñúgRkumh‘un suxPaB nigsuvtißPaBdUcCa SA8000 .

4- kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgRbB½n§Eckcay k- EdleRbIR)as;karevcx©b;ticCag¼s¥atCag 41- ebIsinesvaevcx©b;plitplTaMgGs; b¤xøHpþl; lkçN³eFVI[eKcUlcitþBitR)akd eRbIPaBEdleFVI[eK cg;)an b:uEnþrcnam:UdeTareTAseRmcpldUcKañ . 42- sRmab;dwkCBa¢Únnigkarevcx©b;CaduMpþl;kar[témø eTAelIkarevcx©b; EdlGaceRbIR)as;eLIgvijkñúgkarpSM bBa©ÚlKñaCamYyR)ak;tmál; b¤RbBn½§RtLb;mkvij . 43- eRbIsmÖar³smRsbsRmab;RbePTevcx©b; -]TahrN_³ ecosvagkareRbI PVC nigGaluymIj:Úmkñúg karevcx©b;EdlminbBa¢ÚnRtLb;mkvij . 44- eRbITMhM nigTm¶n;karevcx©b;CaGb,rma . 45- eFVI[R)akdfakarevcx©b;plitpl KWsmRsb sRmab;kat;bnßyTMhM karbt; nig®tYtelIKña)an ¬emIl yuT§sa®sþ 26¦ .

x- RbsiT§iPaBfamBl EpñkdwkCBa¢Ún 46- elIkTwkcitþEpñklk; edIm,IecosvagTRmg;eFVI [xUcxatbrisßanénkardwkCBa¢Ún .

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47- dwkCBa¢ÚntamkugtWn½r k)a:l; b¤rfePIøgKWRbesIr CagdwkCBa¢Úntamrfynþ . 48- dwkCBa¢ÚnedayGakas KYrEtbgáaRbsinebIGac eTArYc .

K- RbsiTi§PaBfamBlEckcay 49- elIkTwkcitþEpñklk;[cUlcitþeFVIkarCamYyGñkpÁt; pÁg;kñúgRsuk kñúgeKalbMNgecosvagkardwkCBa¢Ún cm¶ayq¶ay . 50- elIkTwkcitþEpñklk;[bBa©ÚlTRmg;EckcayEdl manRbsiTi§PaB - ]TahrN_ ³ karEckcaycMnYneRcIn ²énmuxTMnijepSg²CabnþbnÞab; . 51- eRbIxñatKMrUdwkCBa¢Únkarevcx©b; nigevcx©b;CaduM ¬europallets nigxñatKMrUénTMhMÉktargVas;evcx©b;) . X- Tak;TgGñkpÁt;pÁg;kñúgRsuk ¬EdlEckcay BaNiC¢km μ¦ 52- RsavRCavrkCeRmIsedIm,IeFVIkugRtadwkCBa¢Ún ¼ karEckcaykñúgRsukbEnßmeTot . 53- begIátsmaKmEpñkCMnYjCamYyRkumh‘unCaédKU kñúgshKmn_ edIm,IeTAcUlrYmkarEckcayBIRbPBxag eRkA nigdwkCBa¢ÚnkñúgviFIRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB nig edaykarCab;Tak;TgnwgGñkEckcaykñúgRsuk.

5- karkat;bnßyehtub:HBal;kñúgeBleRbI R)as; k- kareRbIR)as;famBltic 54- eRbIsmasFatueRbIR)as;sIufamBlticEdlman enAelITIpSar . 55- eRbIviFIpþac;crnþGKÁisnI

56- eFVI[R)akdfa naLika muxgarrgcaM nig meFüa)ayRbhak;RbEhl GacbiTedayGñkeRbIR)as; . 57- ebIsinfamBl KWeRbIedIm,Ibnøas;TIplitpleFVI plitpl[RsalEdlGaceFVIeTA)an . 58- ebIsinfamBl KWeRbIsRmab;kemþAsarFatueFVI [R)akdfa smasPaBEdlBak;B½n§KWdak;RTnab;kar BarkemþA)anl¥ .

x- RbPBfamBls¥at 59- eRCIserIsRbPBfamBlEdleFVI[xUcxattic . 60- kuMCRmuj[eRbIfμBil¼GaKuyEdlminGacbBa©Úl vij)an - ]TahrN_³ viTüúEdlGacyYr)anGaceRbICa mYyRbdab;bBa©ÚlePIøgfμBil CRmuuj[eRbIfμBilEdl GacbBa©ÚlePIøgCafI μ)an . 61- CRmuj[eRbIfamBls¥atdUcCa RbPBfamBl mans<an;F½rTab ¬hÁasFm μCati nigFüÚgmans<an;F½r Tab¦ kiNÐnkmμ (fermentation) famBlxül;kmøaMg Twk nigfamBlRBHGaTitü . ]TahrN_ KWRbdab;kemþA TwkedayfamBlRBHGaTitü Edlmin®tUvkarfamBl sRmab;kemþATwkenArdUvekþA .

K- ®tUvkareRbIR)as;ticCag 62- rcnam:UdplitpledIm,Ikat;bnßykareRbIR)as; smÖar³bnÞab;bnSM - ]TahrN_³ eRbIceRmaHCaGcié®nþy_ kñúgkarqugkaehV CaCageRbIceRmaHRkdas nigeRbIRTg; RTayceRmaHRtwm®tUv edIm,IFanakareRbId¾l¥bMputrbs; kaehV . 63- kat;bnßyCaGb,brmakarelcecj¼RCabecj BIm:asIunEdleRbIR)as;TMhMFMeday - ]TahrN_³temIøg ]bkrN_EsVgrkkEnøgelcecj .

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64- sikSaPaBEdlGaceFVI)anénkareRbIR)as;eLIg vij-eRbIR)as;TwkBIkEnøglagcaneLIgvij .

X- GaceRbIR)as;)ans¥at 65- rcnam:UdplitpledIm,IeRbIR)as;GVIEdlGaceRbI R)as;d¾l¥bMput 66- eFVI[R)akdfa kareRbIR)as;plitplminecj lT§plkñúgPaBlak;kM)aMg b:uEnþsMNl;eFVI[xUcRb eyaCn_ - ]TahrN_ ³ edaybMBak;ceRmaHsmRsb .

g- kat;bnßykarxatbg;famBl nigkareRbIR)as; déTeTot 67-kareRbIR)as;plitplminRtwmRtUv ®tUvEtecosvag tayryHkarENnaMc,as;las; nigrcnam:UdsmRsb . 68- rcnam:Udplitpl dUecñHGñkeRbIR)as;minGac x¢Hx¢aysmÖar³bnÞab;bnSM - ]TahrN_³ RckcUl®tUvEt eFVI[FMl μm edIm,IecosvagkarkMBb; . 69- eRbIkarRkitxñatelIplitpl dUecñHGñkeRbIdwg y:agR)akdBIcMnYnsmÖar³bEnßmdUcCaemSAe)akKk; . 70- eFVIesckIþEføgBIkarGnuvtþn_Par³kic© EdlenaHKWCa karR)afñaBITsSn³brisßan - ]TahrN_ ³ minpþl; Ekv¼EBgedayGñkpSM»sf b¤ftcmøgTaMgsgxag .

c- karKaMRTsuxPaB bEnßmtémøeTAelIsgÁm 71- eFVI[R)akdfa plitplKμankarb:HBal; b¤b:H Bal;tic bMputeTAelIsuxPaBGñkeRbIR)as;edayecos vagsarFatubMBulkRmitkarPayTab .l. 72- rcnam:Udplitpl edayeyageTAtamt®mUvkar esdækic©sgÁm niglT§PaBénRkumGñkeRbIR)as; .

73-sÞg;):an;emIl»kasedIm,Ircnam:UdplitplsMrab; RkummanR)ak;cMNUlTab .

6- kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgvd þCIvitdMbUg k- PaBEdlGacTukcitþ)an nigPaBFn; 74- GPivDÆkarrcnam:UdRtwm®tUv nigecosvagkarP¢ab; manPaBTn;exSay . CaBiessviFIdUcCam:Udmin)an eCaKC½y nigRbsiTi§PaBénkarviPaK)anGPivDÆsRmab; eKalbMNgenH .

x- gay®sYlEfTaM nigCYsCul 75- rcnam:UdplitplkñúgrebobEdlvaRtUvkarEfTaM tictYc . 76- cg¥úlbgðajenAelIplitpl etIvaKYrebIky:ag em:cedIm,Ism¥at nigCYsCul - ]TahrN_ ³ kEnøg®tUv eRbIkmøaMgKas;edayTullVIsedIm,IebIkkEnøgP¢ab;edayminKitKUryUr . 77- cg¥úlbgðajenAelIplitplrbs;va EpñkmYyNa ®tUvEtsm¥at b¤EfTaMtamviFICak;lak; - ]TahrN_ ³ cMNucdak;eRbgedayelxkUdBN’ . 78- cg¥úlbgðajelIplitplEpñkmYyNa b¤karbgÁM bnÞab;bnSMNamYy®tUvEt®tYtBinitüCaerOy² eyageTA tamsMNwkrh½s . 79- eFVI[kEnøgswkenAelIplitplGacGegát)andUecñH karCYsCul b¤karpøas;CMnYsGaceFVITan;eBlevla . 80- taMgTIkEnøgEpñkEdlTMngCaswkelOnCit²KñaBImYy eTAmYy nig®sYleTAdl;dUecñHkarpøas;bþÚrKWgay®sYl edaHsRmab;CYsCul b¤eFVIkarpøas;bþÚr .

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K- eFVIÉktargVas;rcnasm<½n§plitpl 81- rcnam:UdplitplkñúgÉktargVas; dUecñHplitpl GaceFVI[RbesIreLIgedaybEnßmÉktargVas;fIμ b¤ mux garsRmab;éf¶eRkay - ]TahrN_ ³ Rbdab;edatbBa©Úl emm½rFM²kñúgkuMBüÚT½r . 82- rcnam:UdplitplkñúgÉktargVas; dUecñHbec©keTs b¤esaP½NviTüahYssm½yGaceFVI[fIμeLIgvij - ]Ta hrN_ eFVIeRKOgsgðarwmmanKRmbGacpøas;bþÚr)an Edl Gacbnøas;TIsm¥at nigcYnkaleFVI[fIμ)an .

X- rcnam:UdTukCaKMrU 83- rcnam:UdTRmg;eRkAplitpl dUecñHvaminkøay Cakarmincab;Garm μN_Pøam²eTeTaHy:agNaeFVIR)akdfa CIvitesaP½NviTüaénplitpl KWminxIøCagCIvitbec©k eTsrbs;vaeT . g- plitplmaM Tak;TgeTAnwgGñkeRbIR)as; 84- rcnam:Udplitpl dUecñHvarwtEtCYbGVIEdlGñk eRbIR)as;cg;)ansRmab;ry³eBlyUr . 85- eFVI[R)akdfakarEfTaM nigkarCYsCulplitpl køayCaPaBrIkrayCaCagkatBVkic© . 86- pþl;témøbEnßmelIplitplkñúgn½yénrcnam:Udnig muxgardUecñHGñkeRbIR)as;nwgsÞak;esIÞredIm,Ipøas;bþÚrva .

c- Tak;TgnwgkarEfTaMkñúgRsuk nigRbB½n§esvakmμ 87- rcnam:Udplitpl[manlT§PaBeRbIR)as;esva km μkñúgRsuk nigRkumh‘unEfTaMkñúgRsuk . 88- rYmKñaGPivDÆesvakm μécñRbDitfI μ nigmCÄmNÐl CYsCulkñúgtMbn;EdlTaMgBIrGaccUlrYmkñúgkarpþl;es vakm μdl;plitplfI μ nigplitplEdlmanRsab; .

7- kareFVIeGayRbesIrRbB½n§cugbBa©b;énCIvit k- kareRbIR)as;plitpleLIgvij 89- pþl;karrcnam:UdTMenIbdl;plitplEdleFVI[eBj citþesaP½NviTüarbs;va nigEdlTak;Tajdl;GñkeRbI R)as;TI 2 . 90- eFVI[R)akdfa rebobeFVIRtwm®tUv dUecñHvaminkøay Carbs;hYssm½ymuneBlkMNt; enAkñúgGtßn½ybec©k eTs .

x- karplitCafIμ¼kartubEtgCafI μ 91- rcnam:UdsRmab;karedaHecj ¬BIplitpleTA CaEpñk²¦ edIm,IeFVI[R)akdPaBQaneTAdl;eday gay®sYlsRmab;kar®tYtBinitüplitpl karsm¥at CYsCul nigpøas;bþÚrkEnøgEdlgayxUc b¤ eRKOg¼Epñk EdleTIbnwgecjfI μ . 92- plitplKYrmanzananuRkm nigeFVIÉktargVas; TRmg;rcnam:Ud eBlenaHÉktargVas;nimYy²GacedaH ecjBIKña nigeFVIeLIgvijkñúgrebobmYyd¾smrmübMput . 93- eRbItMNEdlGacpþac;ecj)andUcCaKnøwHsMrab;cuc bU‘tug CaCageRbImuxtMNrpSar biTP¢ab;b¤ pSarP¢ab;. 94- eRbImuxtMNEdlmanxñatKMrU dUecñHplitplGac edaHecj edayeRbI]bkrN_xñatsklEtBIr -bIb:ueNÑaH - ]TahrN_ ³ eRbIRbePT nigTMhMTullIVsEtmYy b:ueNÑaH . 95- TItaMgmuxtMN dUecñHGñkTTYlxus®tUvxagedaH bMEbkplitplmin®tUvkarbgiVl b¤bnøas;TIva. 96- bBa¢ak;elIplitpl etIvaebIkkuM[xUcy:agdUcemþc - ]TahrN_ ³ bBa¢ak;BIkEnøg nigdUcemþcedIm,IeRbI kmøaMgKas;edayTullVIskñúgkarebIk¼edaHmuxtMN .

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97- dak;TItaMgEpñkEdlRbEhlswkelOnCit²KñadUecñH BYkvaGac®sYlpøas;bþÚr . 98- bBa¢ak;enAelIplitpl EdlEpñkmYyNa®tUv Etsm¥at b¤EfTaMtamviFICak;lak; - ]TahrN_ ³ eday eRbIelxkUdBN’Rtg;cMNucdak;eRbg

K- kareRbIR)as;smÖar³eLIgvij 99- pþl;GaTiPaBkareRbIR)as;eLIgvijelIkTI 1 elIs BIkareRbIR)as;eLIgvijelIkTI 2 nigelIkTI 3 . 100- rcnam:UdsRmab;karedaHbMEbk ¬BIEpñkpÁúMbnÞab; bnSMeTACaEpñktUc²¦ 101- xitxMeRbIsmÖar³EdlGaceRbIR)as;eLIgvij Edl manenATIpSarrYcehIy . 102- ebIsinsmÖar³Bul®tUv)aneRbIkñúgplitplBYkva KYrRbmUlpþúMkñúgkEnøgCitKña dUecñHBYkvaGacbMEbkecjBI Kñaedaygay®sYl .

X- kardutRbkbedaysuvtißPaB 103- mansmÖar³BuleRcInenAkñúgplitplrwtEtman PaBTTYlxus®tUvcMeBaHkardutrbs;vakan;EtxøaMgeLIg . eTaHCay:agNa vtßúFatuBulKYrEtRbmUlpþúM nigEdlgay ®sYlbMEbkecj dUecñHBYkva®sYlykecjbg;éfø nigeFVIRb RBwtiþkm μdUcCasMNl;edayELk .

g- karykmkBicarNaBIkarRbmUlpþúMkñúgRsuk ¬eRkA pøÚvkar¦ énRbB½n§eRbIR)as; eLIgvij 104- )a:n;RbmaNBIlT§PaBénskm μPaBeRbIR)as;eLIg vijCapøÚvkar b¤eRkApøÚvkarEdlmanRsab;enAkñúg shKmn_ edIm,IcUlrYmkñúgkarTajykmkvij nigeRbIR)as;eLIg vij .

105- cUlrYmGPivDÆ nig¼b¤karKaMRTfI μ nigRbsiT§PaB énkareRCIserIs nigRbB½n§eRbIR)as;eLIgvijenAkñúgtMbn; .

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138

etIGVICakarbegIátbec©keTs ? karbegIátGacCakar[n½ydUcKña }viFIKitTaMgGs;EdlnaM eTArkGVIfI μnigmanRbeyaCn_sRmab;GñkKit}. karbegIát bec©keTsGacCYybegIátKMnitfI μ . ]bkrN_énkarbegIátGac ³ > ekItmaneLIgCamYyKMnitfIμ > karrkeXIjtamviFICak;lak;énkarKit >{KiteRkABIkñúgRbGb;}-karKitkñúgcMeNamdMeNaH Rsay bc©úb,nñ > begIátkñúgcMeNamKMnitnimYy²déTeTot > GPivDÆkarbMpusKMnitfI μ nigKMnitEdleFVI[PJak;epI¥l

edIm,Iyl;etIbec©keTseFVIkaredayreboby:ag dUcemþc nigBYkvaGaccUlrYmcMENkkñúgExSsgVak;GPivDÆ plitply:agdUcemþc vaCakarcaM)ac;dak;bBa©ÚlBYkva eTAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_ .

karbegIátbec©keTsCaRkumTl;nwgmñak;² CaTUeTA karbMpusKMnitCaRkum begIátKMnit)aneRcInCag b:uEnþCYnkalvb,Fm’RkumGaclak;KMnitpøas;bþÚr . smaCik RkumGaceRbIB½t’maneTAvijeTAmk dUcCa Tinñn½ysRmab; eFVI[keRmIkeLIgnaeBlbnÞab; .

karbMpusKMnitmñak;² shKmn_esrI CatMbUg

[plhak;dUcCaTinñplminsmehtupl EdlbnÞab; GacCakareFVI[RbesIreTAkñúgTsSn³ EdlTTYlsÁal; EfmeTot.

karpþl;skþanuBlnigEdnkMNt;énviFIedaHRsay TaMgenHvaCakareRkInrMlwk[eRbIkarbMpusKMnitTaMgBIrmñak;² nigCaRkumkñúgKMeragEtmYy.

GñkcUlrYm RkumGñkecHdwg KWsMxan;sMrab;PaBeCaKC½ykñúgEpñk begáItBIeRBaHvapþl;kareFVIGnþrkm μcMruH nigGacbegáIt shKmn_fμ IehIyEbøk.karbMpusKMnitCaRkumkarbeBa©jKMnitedayesrIGacCakarelIkTwkcitþ edaybBa©ÚlKMnitCa cMhénsmaCikRkumBIkarGb;rMepSgEdlminxøacsYrsMNYr{l¶Il¶W}. RkumGac]TarhN_eRCIserIsmnusSBIlMdab; epSg² GñkFmμta nigGñkCMnaj nigGñkEdlRbkb edayRbDitBaJaNEdlminEmnCaGñkCMnajenAkñúgvis½y.

erobcMKMnit kñúgkareRbIR)as;karbegIátbec©keTsmñak;² KYrebIkcMh KMnit EdlGaceFVIeTA)annigRbwgERbgeCosvagKMnit TieTon EdlRtUvbegáIteLIgBIeRBaHenHGackat;pþac;KMnit manRbeyaCn_CaskþanuBl. \riyabTviC¢man KWCakar

karbegIátbec©keTs

karbegIátbec©keTsGaceRbIkñúgeBlkarrcnam:UdCafIμénD4S ¬CMBUk5¦nigExSsgVak;KMrU D4S ¬CMBUk6¦. karbegIátKWCaEpñkbnþbnÞab;énExSsgVak;GPivDÆplitpl nigkarbegIátbec©keTsKWmanplRbeyaCn_ TaMgGs; . CadMbUg vaGaceRbIelIkRmitTsSn³ nigenAcugbBa©b;vaGaceRbIedIm,IedaHRsaybBaða bec©keTs. karRbECgCYbRbTHkñúgeBlEdlExSsgVak;GPivDÆplitpl®tUvkarviFIbegIátepSg²min manbec©keTsl¥bMput {EtmYy} . enAkñúgCMBUkenH bgðajBIbec©keTsepSg²EdlRKbelIsßan PaBd¾FMeFg . enHCakareRkInrMB£k kuMditCab;elIbec©keTsEtmYy. b:uEnþ®tUveroneRbIbec©keTs epSg² nigGPivDÆbTBiesaFn_.

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mUldæanRKwHy:agrwgmaMénPaBeCaKC½yrbs;Epñkcab;epþIm. c,ab;xageRkamenHGacsRmYldMenIrkarénkarbegáIt ³ > smaCikRkumKYrGacbeBa©jKMnitxøÜnÉgedayesrI nigCa cMhedayKμankarcab;BiruT§ nigKYreFVIedaykareKarB smrmüeTAelIGñkd¾éT > minKYrmankarkat;kþIelIGñkNamñak; nig > vaKYrEtyl;RBmsMrab;smaCikniyaykuhk

EpñksRmbsRmÜl karbMpusKMnit GacbegáIn[FMeLIgedaycat;taMgGñk sRmbsRmYlnaMpøÚvkarRbCMu. GñksRmbsRmYlKYrnaM pøÚvkarRbCMu nigminGnuBaØati[KMnitrbs;eKpÞat;eRCot ERCkelIKMnitGñkd¾éT. GñksRmbsRmYlKYrkMriteBl evla nigGnuBaØatiGñkRKb;KñaEdlcg;beBa©jKMnitBIGñk cUlrYmCalkçN³ÉkCn nigCaRkum. vaCakarman RbeyaCn_xøaMgNas; ebIsinGñksRmbsRmYlmancMeNH dwgTUeTAl¥énRbFanbT. ExSsgVak;mYyCMhanmþg² sMrab;karbegáItsm½yRbCMuRsedogKña eTAnwgCMhanén ExSsgVak;GPivDÆplitpl CMhannimYy²énExSsgVak; karbegáItmandMNak;kalFM²BIr ³ dMNak;kalEbkecj BIKñadMNak;kalrYmKña ¬emIlCMBUk3¦. müa:gvijeTot dMNak;kalnimYy²cab;epþImedaykMNt; {bBaða} bnþ edaydMNak;kalEbkBIKñaEdlrYmbBa©Úl {karbegáIt} b¤ {karBRgIk} énvis½yEdleFVIeTA)anEdlbBa©ÚlkareRCIs erIs nigkarbegáItehtukarN_bBaðakarEføg nigKMnit edayKμankarTieTon.eBlenaHlT§pléndMeNaHRsay KWCacegáam nigCaRbePTbnþedaydMNak;kalbRgYm kñúgenaHmankareRCIserIsd¾ceg¥ót QrelIlkçN³ vinicä½y GtßRbeyaCn_ nigmankarBak;B½n§ ¬emIlrUbPaB64¦ ³

1> karkMNt;bBaða

2> dMNak;kalbMEbk 3> cgCacegáam¼CaRbePT 4> dMNak;kalbRgÜm

dMNak;kalTaMg4énExSsgVak;begáItdMNak; kalnimYy²TamTarGakb,kiriyaepSg²BIGñkcUlrYm.

karkMNt;bBaða karbegáItkarkMNt;bBaðasMrab;sm½yRbCMu énkarbegáIt mankarb:HBal;xøaMgelITinñpl rbs;sm½yRbCMuénkar begáIt. ebIsinbBaðaKWmin)ankMnt;tameTogRtg;kar begáItlT§plKYrEtminTak;TgsMrab;KMerag. eKalkarN_ ENnaMsMrab;kMNt;bBaðarYmman ³ A- begáIteKalbMNgénsm½yRbCMubegáItkñúgRbeyaK mYy. begáItecjBIcMNucRbsBV ¬bBaða¦ énKMeragkñúgviFI xøI nigc,as;las;. vabgçMRkum[ekþabykcMNuckNþal énbBaða. CaerOy² bBaðamanbBaðabnÞab;bnSMCaeRcIn eTot. vaCakareRkInrMlwk[ekþabykbBaðabnÞab;bnSMmun eKehIy bnÞab;mkpþl;dMeNaHRsaybnÞab;bnSMCamYyKña. B- rkSakarBit nigcMNucedAc,as;las;.ebIsinbBaða kMNt;CakarBi)akxøaMglT§plnwgeTACaTUeTA nignaMeTA rkdMeNaHRsaybnÞab;bnSMl¥bMput.

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]TahrN_ etIeyIgGacbegáIt\riyabTviC¢manEfmeToteTA elIkaMrsμ IGKÁIsnIya:gdUcemþc?KWrUbmnþFMTUlay. vakøayCarwtEtCak;lak;ebIsinkarEføgsMedAeTA elIkumaretIeyIgGacpþl;B½t’mandl;kumarya:g dUcemþcGMBI Photo Voltaic dUecñHBYkeKGPivDÆ \riyabTrwtEtviC¢maneTAelIva? ]TarhN_ karsMedAbEnßmeToteTAelIkarEføgBI bBaðaGacCa ³ {etIek μgGacelgGVIEdleFVIBI Photo Voltaic? } b¤etIeyIgGaceFVIdUcemþccg; [ek μg²elgenAkNþalvalelgRbdab;Rbda eFVIBI Photo Voltaic? }

C- cab;epþImCamYy {ya:gdUcemþc } b¤RbDit}sBVnam GñkNa GVI kEnøgNa enAeBlNa nigehtuGVI CYykar RbmUlTinñn½y. kñúgeKalbMNgelIkTwkcitþkarbegáIt dMeNaHRsay vaCakarRbesIrcab;epþImCamYysBVnam {GñkNa} b¤ RbDit. enAkñúgsMNYrGñkNa sMedAelIviFI b¤eKalkarN_. RbDitsMedAelIlT§plbBa©b;eRcInCag.

dMNak;kalEdlEbkecjBIKña enAdMNak;kal EdlEbkecjBIKñaénExSsgVak;karbegáIt cMnYnCMerIsCaeRcInKW)ankt;sMKal;. enAkñúgdMNak;kalenH viFansMxan;CageKKW { KuNPaBKWcMnYn} begáItdMeNaHRsayCaeRcIn nigKMnitfμ I EdlGaceFVIeTA)an. smaKmn_esrImantYnaTIya:gsM xan;enAkñúgdMNak;kalenH. elIsBIenHviFanénkarmin kat;kþIKMnitKWmansar³sMxan;. enAeBlEdlRbQmmux nwgKMnitf μ I sar³sMxan;KWGñkcUlrYmykCMhEdlman RbeyaCn_.

dMNak;kalcgCacegáam eFVI[RtwmRtUvrYcral;ehIyKMnit nigdMeNaHRsayCaeRcIn nwgRtUvbegáIteLIg nigRtÚveRCIserIskñúgdMNak;kal bMEbkecjBIKña. cMnYnBiténCMerIsf μ InwgeFVI[vaBi)ak edIm,IeRCIserIsCMerIsEdll¥CageK. sMrab;eKalbMNg enaHdMNak;kalbEnßm {sMGat} nigTTYl)anTsSn³én CMerIsEdlbegáIt ¬KMnitelIsBI 200 KWminEmnmin Fm μta¦ CaFm μtamunnwgeTAeFVIkarvaytMél nigkar eRCIserIs. enAkñúgdMNak;kalenH KMnitKWdak;CaRkum CamYyKña edayQrelIGVICarYm. enAkñúgCMhanenH KMnit xøHGacbkRsay[c,as; nig b¤briyayya:gli¥tl¥n; sMrab;karRsaybMPøW.

dMNak;kalbRgÜm enAkñúgdMNak;kalbRgÜm KMnitTaMgGs;manplénkar mnÞil ¬tMélrbs;KMnitKYrminekIteLIgenAeBldMbUg¦ b:uEnþKMnitKYreFVIkarsMerccitþpgEdr nigeFVIkareq<aHeTAkar EføgBIeKalbMNg. enAeBlenaH lT§PaBeRCIserIsKW RtUvvaytMél nigeRCIserIs.

rUbPaB 64 ³ ExSsgVak;begáIt

PaBpÞúyKña

PaBRsbKña

pÁúM¼ EckCaEpñk

eKalkarN_

RtYtBinitütamlMdab;

1- eq<aHeTArkeKalbMng2- pþl;nUvKMnit sþIBIGtßRbeyaCn_én karmnÞil 3- bkERbKMnitrevIrvayeGayeTACa KMnitmanRbeyaCn_

1- KuNPaBtamryHbrimaN2- karBnüaeBlkarvaytMél 3- karcUlrYmedayesrI

141

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DTIE énkmμviFIbrisßanshRbCaCati kmμviFIbrisßanshRbCaCati Epñkbec©kviTüa]sSahkmμ nigesdækic© kmμviFIbrisßanshRbCaCatimanRbvtþiRkumh‘unCaeRcInedIm,IkMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigelIkkMBs;karGnuvtþn_l¥bMput kñúgcMeNamskm μPaBTaMgGs;k¾mankarGPivDÆn_edIm,I[plitpl nigesvakm μkan;EtmancirPaBEdr. ]TahrN_ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarRbmUlRbB½n§esvakmμplitpll¥bMput Efficient Entrepreneur Calender ¬EdleRKagCacMNuc sMxan;énviFIsaRsþCaCMhan²EdlRkumh‘unGaceRbIR)as; edIm,Iyl;BIskm μPaBrbs;xøÜnb:HBal;dl;brisßandUcemþc¦ RbB½n§b½NÐsresIr karKaMRTdl;karcab;epþImsresrr)aykarN_dUcCa Global Compact nig Global Reporting Initiative nigkarelIkkMBs;karBiPakSasMrab;Rkumh‘unedIm,Ipøas;bþÚrbTBiesaFn_. kmμviFIbrisßanshRbCaCatik¾eFIV kargarenAkñúgEpñkCak;lak;dUcCa PaBcl½t TUrKmnaKmn_ karpSayBaNiC¢km μ karlk;ray nigkarsagsg;edaycirPaBedIm,IsMrbsMrYlbMErbMrYltamry³bNþajmuxCMnYj. kmμviFIbrisßanshRbCaCatik¾skmμenAkñúgkarelIkkMBs;karKitBIvdþCIvit nigyuT§saRsþbegáItf μItamry³karpþÜcepþImBIvdþCIvit. skmμPaBpþÜcepþImmaneKalbMNgedIm,IGPivDÆnigEckrMElkviFIsaRsþGnuvtþedIm,IvaytMélBI»kas haniP½y nigkarpøas;bþÚrplitpl nigesvakmμenAkñúgvdþCIvitTaMgmUlrbs;plitpledIm,ITTYl)ankarGPivDÆn_eday cirPaB. kmμviFIbrisßanshRbCaCatik¾KaMRTpgEdrnUvkarcab;epþImfμ I²éncRkPBGg;eKøsKaMRTkic©xitxMRbwgERbgCaGnþrCatielIcirPaBplitpl EdlCalT§plénEpnkarGnuvtþn_rbs;kic©RbCMukMBUlénkarGPivDÆn_edaycirPaB. enAEpñkxagsþaMKWCaeKhTMB½r EdlTak;TgnwgkmμviFIbrisßanshRbCaCati nigkare)aHBumÖpSayrbs;va.

eKhTMB½r www.unep.fr www.unep.fr/pc/sustain/ www.talkthewalk.net www.unep.fr/en/branches/partnerships.htm (See comments on the left)

Éksare)aHBumÖpSay plitpl nigesvakm μ Brezet, J. C. and C. G. v. Hemel (1997). Ecodesign: A promising approach to sustainable production and consumption. UNEP, Paris UNEP (in collaboration with the Interde-partmental Research Centre Innovation for the Environmental Sustainability (C.I.R.I.S)) (2002). Product Service Systems and Sustainability: Opportunities for Sustainable Solutions. UNEP, Paris. UNEP (in collaboration with Delft University of Technology (expected 2006)).Design for Sustainability: A Global Guide. UNEP, Paris

http://www.unep.fr/en/branches/partnerships.htm

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karpþÜcepþImBIvdþCIvit Astrup Jensen,A. and A. Remmen. (2005). Life cycle management – A bridge to more sustainable products. UNEP (in collaboration with the Society for the Environmental Sustainability (SETAC)) Paris UNEP (1999).Towards Global Use of LCA, UNEP, Paris UNEP (2003). Evaluation of Environmental Impacts in LCA, UNEP, Paris UNEP (2004).Why take a Life Cycle Approach, UNEP, Paris UNEP (2005). Background Report for a UNEP Guide to Life Cycle Management

karpSayBaNiC¢kmμ nigTIpSar UNEP (in collaboration with the McCann WorldGroup). (2002). Can Sustainability Sell?, UNEP, Paris. UNEP (in collaboration with Global Compact and Utopies) (2005).Talk the Walk - Advancing Sustainable Lifestyles through Marketing and Communications, UNEP, Paris.

kareRbIR)as;edaycirPaB D’ Almeida, N. and C. Pardo (2004). Meeting report of the global compact policy dialogue on sustainable consumption, marketing and communications. UNEP (in collaboration with Global Compact.) Ryan,C. (2002). Sustainable consumption: a global status report. UNEP (in collaboration with the International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics (IIIEE)), UNEP, Paris. UNEP (in collaboration with the European Association of Communications Agencies (EACA) and the World Federation of Advertisers (WFA)) (2002). Industry as a partner for sustainable development, UNEP, Paris.

UNEP (2004). Resource kit on sustainable consumption and production, UNEP, Paris.

D4S nigbrisßan ¬CMBUk 2, 5, nig 6¦ eKhTMB½r

karKitBICIvsaRsþ http://www.biothinking.com/ Ecodesign Awareness raising campaign for electrical and electronics SMEs http://www.ecodesignarc.info/ World Business Council for Sustainable Development http://www.wbcsd.org/ Life Cycle Assessment http://www.pre.nl/life_cycle_assessment/default.htm Ecodesign in Central America http://www.io.tudelft.nl/research/dfs/ecodiseno/ http://www.io.tudelft.nl/research/dfs/crul/ O2 Global Network http://www.o2.org

Éksare)aHBumÖpSay Boks, C. and A. Stevels (2003). “Theory and Practice of Environmental Benchmarking for Consumer Electronics.” Benchmarking - An International Journal 10(2): 120-135. Brezet, H., J. C. Diehl, et al. (2001). From EcoDesign of Products to Sustainable Systems Design: Delft’s Experiences. 2nd International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing (EcoDesign 01),Tokyo. Brezet, J. C. and C. G. v. Hemel (1997). Ecodesign: A promising approach to sustainable production and consumption. Paris, UNEP.

http://www.biothinking.com/

http://www.pre.nl/life_cycle_assessment/defau

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Crul, M. (2003). Ecodesign in Central America. Design for Sustainability research program. Delft, Delft University of Technology. Fuad-Luke, A. (2002). The eco-design handbook. London, Thames & Hudson. Goedkoop, M. and R. Spriensma (2000). Eco-indicator 99 Manual for Designers: A damage oriented method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment. The Hague, Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. Kaplinski, R. and J. Readman (2001). Integrating local SME’s into global value chains: towards partnership for development.Vienna, UNIDO. Masera, D. (1999). “Sustainable product development: a key factor for small enterprise development – the case of furniture production in the Purépecha region, Mexico.” Journal of Sustainable Product Design(8): 28-39. OECD (2004). Promoting entrepreneurship and innovative SMEs in a global economy:Towards a more responsible and inclusive globalisation, OECD. Schvaneveldt, S. J. (2003). “Environmental performance of products: Benchmarks and tools for measuring improvement.” Benchmarking - An International Journal 10(2): 136-151. Stevels, A. (2001). Application of Ecodesign:Ten years of dynamic development. Ecodesign 2001,Tokyo, Japan. SustainAbility (2005). Developing Value: The business case for sustainability in emerging markets. Tischner, U., E. Schminck, et al. (2000). How to do Ecodesign: A guide for environmentally and economically sound design. Berlin,Verlag Form GmbH. Verloop, J. (2004). Insight in innovation. Amsterdam, Elsevier

karegáItplitplf μ I nigkarvaytMélBItMrUvkar ¬CMBUk 3 nig 4¦ eKhTMB½r

yuT§saRsþmuxCMnYj http://www.tutor2u.net/revision_notes_strategy.asp

Éksare)aHBumÖpSay Ansoff, H. I. (1968). Corporate Strategy. Harmondsworth, Penguin. Buijs, J. and R.Valkenburg (2000). Integrale Productontwikkeling. Utrecht, Lemma. Chung, K.-W. (2004). Strategic Advancement in Korean Design Promotion: How Korea has transferred itself from an Imitator to a Pioneer in Design Promotion. Expert Exchange Conference, Pretoria, South Africa. Kogut, B. (2003). Designing global strategies: comparative and competitive value-added chains. Smart Globalization. A. K. Gupta and D. E.Westney. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass. OECD (2004). Promoting entrepreneurship and innovative SMEs in a global economy:Towards a more responsible and inclusive globalistaion, OECD. Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy. The Free Press, New York. Roozenburg, N. F. M. and J. Eekels (1995). Product Design, Fundamentals and Methods. Chicester,Wiley & Sons. Ulrich, K. and S. Eppinger (2003). Product Design and Development. UNDP (2005). Human Development Report, UNDP. Verloop, J. (2004). Insight in innovation. Amsterdam, Elsevier.

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krNIsikSa ¬CMBUk 7¦ eKhTMB½r http://www.segesti.org Éksare)aHBumÖpSay Augustijn, C.D. and I. Uijttewaal (1998). Ecodesign at Venus company, Guatemala, internship report, Delft University of Technology. Caluwe, N. d. (2004). “Business Benefits From Applied EcoDesign.” IEEE Transactions on electronics packaging manufacturing 27(4): 215-220. CEGESTI, M. Crul and J.C. Diehl (1999) Manual para la Implementación de Ecodiseño en Centroamérica (in Spanish). CEGESTI, San José, Costa Rica. Crul, M. (2003). Ecodesign in Central America. Thesis. Delft University of Technology. Eenhoorn, G. J. and A. Stevels (2000). Environmental Benchmarking of Computer Monitors. Joint international congress and exhibition electronics goes green 2000+, Berlin,VDE. Garvik,T.I. (1999). Ecodesign of Talleres REA Guatemala Pulpero (depulper in coffee processing) graduation report, DfS, Delft University of Technology. Hoornstra, P.C. (1998). Ecodesign of professional cooling equipment in Costa Rica, graduation report, Delft University of Technology. Mshoro, I. B. (2004). Product Innovation: The Case of Manufacturing and Food Processing Industry in Tanzania. Global Project and Manufacturing Management. Germany. Sagone, F. (2001). Ecodesign of cream and packaging at El Jobo, El Salvador, internship report, Landivar University. Steinbusch,V. (2003). Developing a sustainable means of transport for crops in Ghana. Graduation report, Delft University of Technology.

UNIDO (2003). Product Innovation from Mine Waste in Southern Africa. Mission debriefing report.UNIDO,Vienna.

bec©keTsRbkbedaykarécñRbDit eKhTMB½r http://www.mycoted.com/Category:Creativity_Techniques http://creatingminds.org/ Éksare)aHBumÖpSay Tassoul, M. (2005). Creative Facilitation: A Delft Approach. Delft,VSSD.

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156

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Epñkbec©kviTüa ]sSahkm μ nigesdækic©énkmμviFIbrisßanshRbCaCati (DTIE)

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cMeBaHB½t’manbEnßm sUmcUleTAkan;eKhTMB½r www.unep.fr/pc

http://www.unep.fr/pc

157

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Microsoft Office 2000 - D4S - Ded4s-de.org/d4scambodia.pdf · 2 Delt University of Technology UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND ECONOMIC