Microsoft SQL Server vs Oracle

8/11/2019 Microsoft SQL Server vs Oracle

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Comparison of Relational Database Systems

Microsoft SQL Server

Vs

Oracle

Pradeep. Y. Vankayala


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SQL SERVER VS ORACLE

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Abstract

In a broader view, database is a means of storing information and will also allow retrieving that

information from it. In simplest terms, a relational database is an object that presents information

in the form of tables with rows and columns which are subset of object. Database is a collection

of objects, in our case tables, which holds same type of data and is related to each other

according to certain similar characteristics. Data in a table is stored in the form of rows and

columns, so we can say that table can be related to another table or object using common keys or

concepts, and the ability to retrieve the stored information from a table is the basis for the term

relational database. A Database Management System (DBMS) handles the way data is stored,

maintained, and retrieved. In the last two decades information processing changed the way the

business runs and the way the information is being processed to get profit out of it. As part of the

information processing there are two RDBMS technologies which gained the up most priority

are Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle. Both are relational in nature and each has their own

advantages and disadvantages.

Keywords: Database, Relational, Table, Information processing


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Vs

Oracle

Since the introduction in 1980s, relational database management systems (RDBMS) have

become the default standard database type for a variety of industries/organizations. As their name

implies, these database systems are based on a relational model that organizes data into different

groups of tables referred to as relations. Two RDBMS technologies which ruled the roof during

80s, 90s and in 21st century are Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server. It is very difficult to

compare these two technologies as the architecture of both technologies is different and the way

they handle different scenarios are different. Organizations decide which technology to use

based on their budgets and the quantity of data to be stored, processed and maintained.

SQL Server is a database product from Microsoft Corporation which is established by

Bill Gates, where as the Oracle is product from Oracle Corporation, led by Larry Ellison. During

their journey to success there are many RDBMS technologies came to existence like MySQL,

Teradata, Sybase etc. but these two have become the market leaders of database technologies for

more than two decades. The main advantage for these two technologies to rule the database

world is their reach the customerpolicy which enables customers to buy based on their need

not just they have to buy a whole of the RDBMS bundles. In the last two decades the storing of

information has become very critical for the organizations to run smoothly and also to take

advantage of the data over their competitors.


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Perhaps, the clearest contrast between the two RDBMS is the language they use to

process data. But both frameworks utilize an adaptation of Structured Query Language, or SQL,

MS SQL Server uses Transact SQL, or T-SQL, which is an augmentation of SQL initially created

by Sybase and utilized by Microsoft, whereas Oracle utilizes PL/SQL, or Procedural

Language/SQL. Both are distinctive "flavors" or lingos of SQL and both have their own syntax

and structure to support. The principle distinction between the two languages is the way they

handle variables, stored procedures and built-in functions. PL/SQL can group all the procedures

to the package bundle, which isn't possible in MS SQL Server. In my view as a database

administrator and developer, PL/SQL is complex and potentially powerful to use, while T-SQL is

significantly more basic and very easy to use.

Another difference between Oracle and MS SQL Server is transaction control. A

transaction is defined as a set of tasks that should be treated as a single unit of operation. For

instance, a collection of SQL queries altering records that all must be updated at the same time,

where a failure to alter any single record among the set should result in none of the records being

updated after the completion of the transaction. By default, MS SQL Server will commit each

statement separately, and it will be very difficult to rollback the alteration or modification if any

slips are experienced along the way. To make all the transactions as single unit we need to

include all the statements that starts with BEGIN TRANSACTION" and to finish the processing

of all statements we need to issue a COMMIT statement at the end. Inside a transaction,

ROLLBACK will discard any modifications made inside the transaction statement. At the point

when properly utilized the ROLLBACK takes into consideration some level of security against


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information corruption. After a COMMIT is issued, it is impractical to move back any more

distant than the COMMIT charge.

Another significant difference between SQL Server and Oracle is the way how it

organizes the database objects. MS SQL Server organizes all objects, such as tables, views, and

procedures, functions by database names rather than schema names. Users are assigned to a login

based on the roles and based on the permissions assigned to the role users will access the

different database objects. In contrast, Oracle groups all the database objects by schema names

aka special names as per their requirement, these objects are a subset of database object and all

sub set of objects are shared among all users based on their permissions. Even though it is all

shared, each user can be limited to certain schemas and tables via roles and permissions.


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Background:

Prior to SQL Server 7.0, Microsoft initially developed SQL Server (a database product

that understands the SQL language) with support from Sybase Corporation to make it work on

the IBM OS/2 platform. When Microsoft and IBM joint collaboration split due to some

unforeseen reasons, Microsoft discarded OS/2 while developing a network based operating

system known as Windows NT Advanced Server. During this time Microsoft decided to get into

an enterprise level database market, so they have decided to develop a database that works on

Windows NT itself. Microsoft bought the code base for MS SQL Server from Sybase. Microsoft,

Sybase and Ashton-Tate originally worked together to develop the first version of SQL Server

named SQL Server 1.0 for OS/2 which was about 1989, it was essentially the same as Sybase

SQL Server 3.0 on Unix, VMS, etc.

After Microsoft and Sybase end the partnership, Microsoft developed its own SQL Server

version which explicitly runs on windows operating system namely Windows NT. The resulting

product was Microsoft SQL Server 4.2 for a while this ran fine. Once after Microsoft and Sybase

separated, Sybase developed its own database engine to run on Windows NT which is

commonly known as Sybase System 10 and now System 11, and simultaneously Microsoft

developed SQL Server 6.0then SQL Server 6.5, which also ran on top of Windows NT. Later

Microsoft developed SQL Server 7.0 which runs on Windows NT as well as on Windows 95 and

Windows 98. Microsoft developed SQL Server 7.0 and SQL Server 2000 using base code from

Sybase and included some modifications and required extensions to the Sybase code base. By the


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year 2005, all the legacy code that was brought from Sybase was completely rewritten for SQL

Server 2005 and from SQL Server 2008 Microsoft have developed their own code for all the

functionalities.

Overview:

SQL Server is a client / server Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

which has been developed by Microsoft and is made up several different client and server

programs that make up the entire product. Main components of this relational database

management system are:

1. Database Engine

2. Analysis service

3. Integration service

4. Reporting Service

5. Replication

6. Notification Service

7. Full Text Service

8. Service Broker

Below figure shows the details like how these components are interconnected.


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Fig: Architecture of SQL Server

(Source:http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms166352(v=sql.90).aspx)

Important part of the SQL Server is the database engine, which is responsible for data

processing like storing, processing and retrieving. Another core service in SQL Server is analysis

service, which actually used to rapidly analyse the business data and provides data mining,

online analytical processing. Integration service is a kind of ETL (Extraction, Transform, and

Loading) which is used to build Business Intelligence Solutions. Integration Services is a very

useful means for building organization-level data warehouses and data transformations solutions

using the SQL Server database suite. Integration Service is used to solve complex business

problems by implementing functions like copying files, sending e-mail messages in response to

events that are designed as per the business requirements, updating the existing data warehouse.

Replication is a combination of technologies for distributing data and database related

objects from one database to another database, also for synchronizing the databases to make data

consistent across databases. Using replication, one can distribute data to different locations and
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to remote databases or servers over different network. Reporting Services (SSRS) is a server-side

reporting platform to be used for data reporting by using regular database and multidimensional

data sources like OLAP. Notification Services is used for developing applications that generate

and send notifications based on the certain events. Full-Text Search is used to search

unstructured data for plain, character-based data, in multiple fields in multiple tables at the same

time. Service broker service is used for messaging and Queuing. This particular service is very

useful for the application developers who want to process data between different databases.

Description:

As discussed Database Engine is the heart of the entire SQL Server suite. Till now,

Microsoft released a dozen versions of SQL Server, starting from SQL Server 6.0 to SQL Server

2014. Microsoft offers these versions in different categories based on the features that it supports

and cost of the bundle and variety of other needs.

Enterprise Version: It is specifically designed for very large enterprises with complex

data requirements which include data mining and Web-enabled databases. This is the only

version which includes all features that are available in that particular release.

Standard Version: This version is targeted toward small and mid size organizations. It

supports data warehousing and some type of e-commerce applications.

Workgroup Version:For small organizations. It does not put any limit on size or user

limits and so it can be used as the backend database for small Web servers

Express Version: It is free of cost and anybody can use for the developing or learning

purpose. But it only supports very little features. It is mostly used by the people who want

to get the first feel of the SQL Server.


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Below screenshots shows different services after the install of SQL Server,

Below is the screen shot that shows how to connect to a SQL Instance.

Recent years Microsoft spent much time in developing In-memory databases as a result

they have come up with SQL Server 2014, which supports very high amounts of data

processing. Different versions of SQL Server are found on the below link:

http://sqlserverbuilds.blogspot.com/

Below link gives details related to cloud based database product pricing,

http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-cloud/products/sql-server/buy.aspx
http://sqlserverbuilds.blogspot.com/http://sqlserverbuilds.blogspot.com/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-cloud/products/sql-server/buy.aspxhttp://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-cloud/products/sql-server/buy.aspxhttp://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-cloud/products/sql-server/buy.aspxhttp://sqlserverbuilds.blogspot.com/


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Oracle

Background:

Larry Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1977 with his co-workers Bob Miner and

Ed Oates under the name Software Development Laboratories (SDL) on the shores of Redwood,

California. As per the Oracle 30thanniversary magazine it was given that Ellison took inspiration

from a research paper published by Edgar F. Codd on relational database management systems

(RDBMS) named "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks in 1970. He then

realized that the concept was not yet developed and felt the demand for the DBMS technologies.

They started to develop a system that should be compatible with System R, but failed to do so as

IBM did not give them access to DBMS error codes. Later SDL changed its name to Relational

Software, Inc (RSI) in 1979; again they changed to Oracle Systems Corporation in 1982 to align

to its flagship product Oracle Database. In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name

to Oracle Corporation and officially named as Oracle. Ellison attributes Oracles success to the

fact that most of the systems are implemented using C programming language because of this it

is easy to port different systems.

Overview:

Oracle Database (referred as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle) is anobject-relational

database management systemproduced and marketed byOracle Corporation.Oracle offers

strong consistency check means every transaction is considered as single unit of operation, it

follows a rule all-or-nothing, so we cansay a transaction successful only when all the tasks
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-relational_database_management_system


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intended in the transaction are successful, even one task fails it will rollback all the modifications

done as part of the transaction.

An Oracle database system is identified by a system identifier or SID - comprises at least

oneinstance of the application, along with required data storage to further process the other

database related tasks. An Oracle instance is identified by an instantiation number or activation

id that comprises an operating-systemprocesses as well asmemory-processes that interact with

the datastorage.These processes include PMON (process monitor), SMON (system monitor)

which are very critical for the Oracle instance startup and also in the case of instance recovery

aka data recovery in case of any instance corruption.

Along with above processes we have other processes which are place a critical role in the

proper working of Oracle instance. SGA is called System Global Area is a shared memory. All

users in the databases share the information in this area. This SGA and background processes

like PMON and SMON etc, constitutes the Oracle Instance. There is another memory called

PGA (Process Global Area) which is called non-shared memory.

Fig: Oracle SGA memory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database


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Background processes that play a critical role in the running of Oracle Database/Instance

or smooth running of applications are listed below.

Database Writer (DBWn): Responsible for cleaning dirty buffers from memory.

Log Writer (LGWR): Responsible for redo log buffer management

Checkpoint (CKPT): Reduces the time required for instance recovery.

Archiver (ARCn): Automatically saves the copies of redo logs.

Recover (RECO): Used in resolving issues distributed transactions

Dispatcher (Dnnn) & Shared Server (Snnn)

Birds view of the all the necessary process:

Description:

Oracle architecture is divided into physical and logical structures to understand its

operation. In logical structure we can see the how the database will be divided into logical units:


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From the above figure we can see that the database is collection of objects like table

spaces for system processes and user processes. Each tablespace is divided into segments, which

in turn divided into extents, which is a continuous unit of memory structures. Each extent is a

collection of blocks, which is the small amount of memory storage.

From physical structure we can visualize how each of the background process and other

processes like database files interact to make the Oracle work.

Below figure show the physical structure of the Oracle Instance:


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Oracle follows an OMF file structure. OMF means Oracle Managed File system. It is a

standard that Oracle by default follows in order to run smooth. OMF is used to simplify

functions of oracle creation, clean up etc. Advantages of OMF are,

To automate the cleanup of the file system when database objects are dropped.

Standardized naming of database files to reduce the confusion in maintenance

To increase the portability since file specifications are not needed.

Reduce the wasting disk space.

Data files, control file and redo log files follow the OMF architecture, so when somebody

creates an oracle database, these files will automatically go to default locations and follow the

standard naming format. In this control file is heart of the entire Oracle instance, it contains

Database name

Database creation time stamp

Database files locations, name

Redo log locations

Tablespace name

Current log sequence number

RMAN backup information


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During start up background processes reads the control file for the information required

to start the Oracle Instance. If any discrepancies between the data in control file and actual

physical file makes Oracle instance to crash. Then in that case we need to use control file

recovery first to recover the Oracle instance.

There are many versions of Oracle software released by Oracle Corporation, below are

the details,

Oracle v2 : 2.3

Oracle v3 : 3.1.3

Oracle v4 : 4.1.4.0-4.1.4.4

Oracle v5 : 5.0.22, 5.1.17, 5.1.22

Oracle v6 : 6.0.17-6.0.36 (no OPS code), 6.0.37 (with OPS)

Oracle7: 7.0.127.3.4

Oracle8 Database: 8.0.38.0.6

Oracle8iDatabase Release 1: 8.1.5.08.1.5.1





Oracle Database 10gRelease 1: 10.1.0.210.1.0.5




Oracle Database 12cRelease 1: 12.1


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Oracle Database 12cRelease 1: 12.1.0.2

Among the above versions 10g is the very successful and industry accepted mode.

Apart from this Oracles RAC (Real Application Cluster ) is the leader in high availability

technique that are implemented by any other competitor.


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Differences between SQL Server and Oracle

Even though both SQL Server and Oracle are relational database system, they have their

own unique feature which differentiates them in some way.

Microsoft SQL Server Oracle

Operating Systems Windows AIX,Linux,HP-UX,Solaris,Windows

Implementationlanguage

C++ C & C++

SupportedProgramming language

.NetJavaPHPPythonRuby

Visual Basic

CC#C++ClojureCobol

EiffelErlangFortranGroovyHaskellJavaJavaScriptLispObjective COCamlPerl

PHPPythonRRubyScalaTclVisual Basic

Programminglanguage

T-SQL PL/SQL

Partitioning Methods Files


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Conceptual differences between SQL Server and Oracle

SQL Server

Database owner, DBO

Group/Role

Non-unique index

T-SQL stored procedure

Trigger

Oracle

Schema

Role

Index

PL/SQL procedure

PL/SQL function

BEFORE trigger

After trigger

Sequence

Difference is data types,

SQL Server OracleINTEGER NUMBER(10)

SMALLINT NUMBER(6)TINYINT NUMBER(3)REAL FLOATFLOAT FLOATBIT NUMBER(1)VARCHAR(n) VARCHAR2(n)TEXT CLOBIMAGE BLOBBINARY(n) RAW(n) or BLOB

SQL Server supports high availability like log shipping, mirroring, replication, clusters.

Oracle supports Data guard and RAC (Real Application Cluster).

Licensing:


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Oracle:

Publically available download from otn.oracle.com

No such thing as evaluation editions in oracle

licensed via the honor system

service packs but we requires license

Patches but we requires license

SQL Server:

120 or 180 day evaluation versions are available fromwww.microsoft.com/sqlserver

CD-KEY is mandatory

After evaluation period, DB engine stops working

Even Service packs available for free from Microsoft.com

We can download hot fixes for free from Microsoft.com
http://www.microsoft.com/sqlserverhttp://www.microsoft.com/sqlserver


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Similarities between SQL Server and Oracle

Name Microsoft SQL Server Oracle

Describe Microsofts relational DBMS Widely

usedRDBMS

License Type commercial commercial

DBaaS Not supporting Not supporting

Database Type Relational DBMS Relational DBMS

Secondary

indexes

yes yes

SQL yes yes

Access methods OLE DB

Tabular Data Stream (TDS)

ADO.NET

JDBC

ODBC

ODP.NET

Oracle Call Interface (OCI)

JDBC

ODBC

Programming

languages

.Net

Java

PHP

Python

Ruby

Visual Basic

Java

PHP

Python

Ruby

Visual Basic
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Triggers yes yes

Partitioning tables can be distributed

across several files (horizontal

partitioning)

horizontal

partitioning

Replication yes, but depending on the

SQL-Server Edition

Master-master

replication

Master-slave replication

Map Reduce

algorithm

no no

Foreign keys yes yes

Transaction

concepts

ACID ACID

Concurrency yes yes

Durability yes yes

User concepts Users with fine-grained

authorization concept

Users with fine-

grained authorization

concept


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Advantages and Disadvantages of SQL Server and Oracle

SQL Server Advantages:

Among the different RDBMS available in the market, Microsoft SQL Server is

a stable, reliable, fast, extremely popular and affordable database engine.

Microsoft SQL Server presents an advantage of best value propositions on the

market with a low cost and highly favourable price and the performance.

As SQL Server is tightly integrated with Windows server, the security is highly

appreciated. This tight integration of security allows a quick installation of

database engine.

Since 2002, Microsofts SQL Server has recorded very less vulnerabilities. It

is the most secure of any of the major database platforms. Till 2010, SQL Server

has reported only a few vulnerabilitiesjust 49 from 2002 through June 2010

of any database.

SQL Server Management Studio utility is used to perform most of the activities

related to manage, backup, restore and Maintenance plans and backups can easily

be configured using this utility, theres no need for custom scripts.

Disadvantages:

One of the major disadvantages of Microsoft SQL Server is that the licensing are

costly. In SQL Server 2008, SQL Server Standard Edition costs $7,171 per

processor where as SQL Server Datacenter edition is $54,990 per processor.
http://help.acctivate.com/articles/4006/http://help.acctivate.com/articles/4006/


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Limited Compatibility issues because Microsoft SQL Server is only designed to

run on Windows-based servers whereas most of the developers try to run their

applications on UNIX. Because of this reason most of the application

developers will not opt for SQL Server.

Advantages of Oracle:

Customer Support Available: Oracle customer support is more flexible and to get

a solution for a problem we can get it at a free of cost means purchasing license

will entitle us to avail this support.

Runs on heterogeneous platforms: Oracles biggest advantage is it heterogeneous

platform compatibility.

Scalable: It is very easy to extend the Oracle systems capacity to meet the ad-hoc

demands to long term demands.

Stable: Oracles versions are mostly stable and are widely accepted by the

industry.

Fastest for large datasets: Oracle support large datasets as compared to its

competitors like Microsoft SQL Server and other RDBMS that available.

Disadvantages:

Can be Very expensive: One of the biggest disadvantages of Oracle software is its

pricing. As compared to SQL Server license cost it is more than 5-8 times costlier.

Requires trained administrator: To work on Oracle organizations need a trained

administrator and it is not possible by developers. Training a resource in


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administration of the Oracle is costlier and to retain the administrator

organizations have to spend more money.


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Academic Honesty Policy

As a student of University of Houston Clear Lake I must abide by the Academic

Honesty Policy. It is the cornerstone of the academic integrity of the university. It is a set of

policies which details how a student at UHCL must behave and follow in all the activities and

tasks that are carried out at the institution. These policies are designed for each and every student

as well as faculty to make the university better place to learn and share knowledge.

Academics Honesty Policies clearly defines responsibilities that are supposed to be

carried by each student and also faculty member of the institution to maintain the good academic

environment. Student responsibilities are to behave and maintain complete honesty in all the

tasks that are assigned to grade students knowledge. Also report any such incidents to faculty

members or an academic dean.

Faculty members main responsibility is to make sure that the student is actually

following the academic honesty policy and help student to understand the honesty policy.

As a student I must complete all my assignments and tasks on my own by following

below principles:

1. I am not supposed to acquire information that is completed by other student or by any

other resource.

2. I am not authorized to provide any kind of information to any student unless otherwise

the instructor asked to do so. Also revealing the contents of an examination prior to the

examination time is not permitted.

3. I am not encouraged to follow any kind of plagiarism like copying others work; copying

others ideas/ copy righted information without acknowledging the source of the work.


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4. I am not supposed to commit any kind of conspiracy which deals with the academic

honesty.

5. I am not supposed to fabricate any kind of information like modifying false information

to make it right, changing answers, representing for others during examination etc.

6. I am not supposed to manipulate or modify or try to get a credit for others work which are

forms of information abuse.

7. Failure to report any incident to the instructor also a violation of the honesty policy.

I completely understand that all of the above rules/policies must be followed by me to

complete any kind of assignment or task given by the instructor without fail and I also

completely aware that any kind of academic policy violation will lead to severe punishments like

Disciplinary Suspension or Disciplinary Expulsion.

I will be honest in all my academic activities and will not tolerate dishonesty.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server

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http://www.experts-exchange.com/Database/Miscellaneous/Q_20562672.html

http://www.ehow.com/list_6309384_advantages-disadvantages-oracle-sql.html

http://help.acctivate.com/articles/5914/

http://www.techienawa.com/category/oracle-architecture/

http://www.ehow.com/list_6143309_disadvantages-microsoft-sql-server.html

http://coug.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Oracle_vs._SQL_Server.pdf

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http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms166352(v=SQL.90).aspx
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