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VI. The International Court of Justice A. PROVISIONS OF THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS 1 The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It functions in accordance with its Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Perma- nent Court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the Charter. All Members of the United Nations are ipso facto parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice. A State which is not a Member of the United Nations may become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice on condi- tions to be determined in each case by the General Assembly upon the recommendations of the Security Council. Each Member of the United Nations under- takes to comply with the decision of the Inter- national Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party. If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judg- ment rendered by the Court, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deems such action necessary, make recommendations or decide upon meas- ures to be taken to give effect to the judgment. Nothing in the Charter is to prevent Mem- bers of the United Nations from entrusting the solution of their differences to other tribunals by virtue of agreements already in existence or which may be concluded in the future. The General Assembly or the Security Coun- cil may request the International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on any legal question. Other organs of the United Nations and specialized agencies, which may at any time be so authorized by the General Assembly, may also request advisory opinions of the Court on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities. B. PROVISIONS OF THE STATUTE OF THE COURT 1. ORGANIZATION OF THE COURT The Court is composed of fifteen members, no two of whom may be nationals of the same State and who are to be "elected regardless of their nationality from among persons of high moral character, who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for ap- 1 This and the following section provide a sum- mary of the provisions of the Charter relating to the International Court of Justice and of the Statute of the Court. Chapter XIV of the Charter defines the position of the Court in the United Nations organization, the obligations of Members of the United Nations with respect to the Court and the relationship between the Court and the other organs of the United Nations. The Statute of the Court is divided into five chapters. Chapter I deals with the organization of the Court, Chapter II defines the competence of the Court, Chapter III sets forth the procedure of the Court, Chapter IV lays down the conditions under which the Court may give advisory opinions and Chapter V contains provisions for amendments to the Statute. The Permanent Court of Arbitration estab- lish 2 ed under Conventions of 1899 and 1907 con- sists of a panel of arbitrators from which members are chosen to hear any one case. Each State party pointment to the highest judicial offices, or are jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law." Candidates for membership of the Court are nominated by the "national groups" in the Permanent Court of Arbitration. 2 The Secre- tary-General of the United Nations draws up to the Conventions may name not more than four persons to be members of the panel. The persons thus appointed constitute "national groups" which compose the panel of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. These "national groups" had been designated to nominate the judges of the Perma- nent Court of International Justice established in 1920 in conjunction with the League of Na- tions. Under the Statute of the International Court of Justice they are likewise to nominate the judges of this Court, which supersedes the Permanent Court of International Justice. Mem- bers of the United Nations which are not mem- bers of the Permanent Court of Arbitration are to appoint national groups for the purpose of nom- inating the members of the International Court of Justice in the same manner as the national groups of the Permanent Court of Arbitration are ap- pointed.

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VI. TheInternational CourtofJustice A.PROVISIONSOF THECHARTEROF THEUNITEDNATIONS1 The InternationalCourtof Justiceisthe principal judicial organ of the United Nations. Itfunctionsinaccordancewithits Statute, which is based upon theStatute ofthePerma- nentCourtofInternationalJusticeandforms anintegralpartof theCharter. AllMembersoftheUnitedNationsareipso factoparties totheStatute oftheInternational CourtofJustice. AStatewhichisnotaMemberoftheUnited Nationsmaybecomea partytotheStatuteof theInternationalCourtofJusticeoncondi- tionstobedeterminedineachcasebythe GeneralAssemblyupontherecommendations of theSecurity Council. Each Member of the United Nations under- takes to comply with the decision of the Inter- nationalCourt of Justiceinanycase towhich itisa party. Ifany party toacase failstoperform the obligationsincumbentuponitunderajudg- mentrendered bytheCourt, theotherparty mayhaverecoursetotheSecurityCouncil, whichmay, ifitdeemssuchactionnecessary, makerecommendationsordecide upon meas- ures to be taken to give effect to the judgment. NothingintheCharteristopreventMem- bers of the United Nations from entrusting the solutionoftheirdifferencestoothertribunals byvirtueofagreementsalreadyinexistence or which may be concludedin the future. The General Assemblyor the Security Coun- cilmayrequesttheInternationalCourtof Justice togiveanadvisory opinion onany legal question. OtherorgansoftheUnitedNationsand specializedagencies,which mayat any time be soauthorizedbytheGeneralAssembly,may also request advisory opinions oftheCourton legalquestionsarisingwithinthescopeof theiractivities. B.PROVISIONSOF THE STATUTEOFTHECOURT 1. ORGANIZATIONOF THECOURT TheCourt iscomposed offifteen members, notwo of whom may benationalsofthesame Stateandwhoaretobe"electedregardlessof theirnationalityfromamongpersonsofhigh moral character, who possess the qualifications requiredintheirrespectivecountriesforap- 1 This andthefollowingsection provide asum- mary oftheprovisionsofthe Charterrelatingto theInternational Courtof Justice andof the StatuteoftheCourt.ChapterXIV oftheCharter defines the position of the Court in the United Nations organization,theobligationsofMembers ofthe United Nationswith respect to the Court and the relationshipbetweenthe Courtand the otherorgans oftheUnited Nations. TheStatute oftheCourtisdivided intofivechapters. Chapter Idealswiththeorganization oftheCourt, Chapter II defines the competence of the Court, Chapter IIIsets forth theprocedureoftheCourt, Chapter IV laysdowntheconditionsunderwhichthe Courtmaygiveadvisoryopinions andChapterV contains provisions foramendments totheStatute. ThePermanent Courtof Arbitration estab- lish2 edunder Conventionsof 1899 and 1907 con- sistsofapanelofarbitratorsfromwhich members arechosen tohearanyonecase. Each State party pointment to the highest judicial offices, or are jurisconsultsofrecognized competence in internationallaw." CandidatesformembershipoftheCourtare nominatedbythe "nationalgroups" inthe PermanentCourtofArbitration.2 TheSecre- tary-General oftheUnitedNations drawsup totheConventionsmayname notmore thanfour personstobemembersofthepanel. The persons thusappointedconstitute "national groups" which composethepanelofthePermanentCourtof Arbitration.These"nationalgroups"hadbeen designatedto nominatethejudges ofthe Perma- nentCourtof International Justice established in 1920in conjunctionwith the Leagueof Na- tions.Under theStatute of theInternational Courtof Justicetheyare likewise to nominate thejudgesofthisCourt,whichsupersedesthe PermanentCourtofInternationalJustice.Mem- bers ofthe United Nations which are not mem- bersofthePermanentCourtofArbitrationareto appoint national groups forthe purpose ofnom- inatingthe membersofthe InternationalCourtof Justice inthesame mannerasthenationalgroups of the PermanentCourtof Arbitration are ap- pointed. 592YearbookoftheUnitedNations alist of candidates thus nominated.From this listtheGeneralAssemblyandtheSecurity Council, voting independently,elect theMem- bersoftheCourt,anabsolutemajorityinboth theAssembly andtheCouncil beingrequired forelection. ThemembersoftheCourtareelectedfor nineyearsandmaybere-elected.However, thetermsoffivejudgeselectedatthefirst electionexpireattheendofthreeyearsand thetermsoffivemorejudgesattheendof six years. The Court elects its own President and Vice- Presidentforthreeyears;theymaybere- elected.It appoints its Registrar and such other officers as may be necessary. TheseatoftheCourt isatTheHague,but thisdoesnotpreventtheCourtfromexercising itsfunctionselsewherewheneverthe Court considersitdesirable.ThePresidentandthe RegistrarresideattheseatoftheCourt. TheCourtremainspermanentlyinsession exceptduringjudicialvacations.Aquorumof nine judges suffices toconstitute it. FromtimetotimetheCourt mayestablish one or more chambers of three or more judges whichmaydealwithparticularcategoriesof cases,forexample,laborcasesandcasesre- latingtotransitandcommunications.The Court forms annuallyachamberoffive mem- berswhichmayhearanddeterminecasesby summary procedure. Judges ofthesame nationalityasapartyto acase retain their right tositinthecase be- fore the Court. If theCourt includes on the benchajudgeofthenationality ofoneofthe parties, any other party may choose aperson tositasjudge.IftheCourtincludesuponthe bench nojudge ofthenationality ofthepar- ties, eachofthepartiesmaychoose ajudge tositinthecasebeforetheCourt. 2. COMPETENCEOF THE COURT OnlyStatesmaybepartiesincasesbefore theCourt. TheCourt isopentoStates parties to its Statute.TheconditionsunderwhichtheCourt shall beopen toother States aretobelaid downbytheSecurity Council.1 The jurisdictionoftheCourtcomprisesall tionalJusticetheStatutefurtherstipulates thatwheneveratreatyorconventioninforce provides forreference ofamatter tothePer- manentCourtof International Justice,the mattershallbereferredtotheInternational CourtofJustice. TheStatespartiesto the Statutemayat any timedeclare thattheyrecognize ascompulsory ipsofactoandwithoutspecialagreement,in relationtoanyotherStateacceptingthesame obligation, thejurisdiction oftheCourtinall legal disputes concerning: (a)theinterpretation ofatreaty; (b) anyquestionofinternational law; (c) theexistence ofanyfactwhich,ifes- tablished,wouldconstituteabreachofinter- national obligation; (d) the natureor extentofthe reparation tobemade forthebreach ofaninternational obligation. These declarationsmay be made(1)uncon- ditionally, (2) onconditionofreciprocityon thepartofseveralorcertainStates, (3)fora certaintime. TheStatuteofthePermanentCourtof InternationalJusticehadprovidedforsimilar declarations of acceptance of compulsory juris- diction.TheStatuteof theInternational Court of Justice provides thatany declarations made undertheStatuteofthePermanentCourtof InternationalJustice,whichisstillinforce, shallbedeemedtobeacceptanceofthecom- pulsory jurisdictionoftheInternationalCourt ofJusticefortheperiodforwhichtheystill havetorun. Fifty-sixnationshadacceptedcompulsory jurisdiction ofthe Permanent Court in some form.Sixteenoftheseacceptances arestillin force andare, undertheterms ofitsStatute, transferredtotheInternational CourtofJus- tice. Since the Statutehascome into force, China,Denmark,France,2 Guatemala,the Netherlands,Norway,Sweden,Turkeyandthe UnitedStates haveaccepted compulsory juris- dictionoftheInternationalCourtofJustice.3 TheCourt,whosefunctionitistodecidein accordance with international lawsuch dis- putesasaresubmittedtoit,istoapply : (a) internationalconventions,whethergen- er r aloparticular, establishingrulesexpressly cases which the parties refer to it and all mattersespeciallyprovidedforintheCharter oftheUnitedNationsorintreatiesandcon- ventionsinforce.Topreservecontinuitywith the work ofthe PermanentCourt ofInterna- recognized by thecontesting States; 1 Seepp.410, 411. 2Francemadea declaration but has not yet ratifiedit. 3 See AnnexII. 593The InternationalCourtofJustice (b) internationalcustom,asevidenceofa generalpracticeacceptedaslaw; (c)thegeneralprinciplesoflawrecognized bycivilizednations; (d)subjecttotheprovisionsofArticle59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highlyqualifiedpublicistsofthevariousna- tions,assubsidiarymeansforthedetermina- tionof rulesoflaw. TheCourt maydecideacaseex-oequo et bono, ifthe partiesagreetothis. 3. PROCEDUREOF THECOURT French andEnglish are theofficial languages oftheInternationalCourtofJustice,butany party which sorequests istobeauthorized to useanotherlanguage. Casesmay be broughtbeforethe Court either bythe notification ofthespecial agree- mentorbyawrittenapplication addressed to theRegistrar.Ineithercasethesubjecttothe disputeandthepartiesaretobeindicated. TheCourt hasthepowertoindicateany provisionalmeasureswhichitconsidersought to be takento preservethe respectiverightsof eitherparty. Unlessotherwise demanded bythe parties, hearings in theCourt are to be public.Deliber- ationsof the Courttake placein privateand remainsecret. AllquestionsbeforetheCourtaredecided byamajorityofjudgespresent.Intheevent of anequalityof votesthePresidenthasacast- ingvote.Thejudgmentistostatethereasons on which it is based and contain the names of the judgeswhohave takenpartinthedecision. Ifthejudgmentdoesnotrepresentinwholeor inparttheunanimousopinionofthejudges, anyjudgeisentitledtodeliveraseparate opinion. Decisionsof theCourt have no binding force exceptbetweenthepartiesandinrespectof any particular case. The judgment of the Court is final and withoutappeal.Revisionof a judg- ment may be made only when it isbased "upon thediscoveryofsomefactofsuchanatureas tobeadecisive factor, which factwas,when the judgment wasgiven, unknown totheCourt andalso tothe partyclaimingrevision,always providedthatsuchignorancewasnotdueto negligence." Intheexerciseofitsadvisoryjurisdiction theCourt istobeguided by the provisionsof theCourtapplyingtocontentiouscases. 4.AMENDMENTOF THE STATUTE TheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtof Justice can be amended by the same procedure asthatusedinamendingtheCharterofthe UnitedNations,subject,however,toanypro- visionswhichtheGeneralAssemblyuponrec- ommendation of the Security Council may adopt concerning the participation of States which areparties tothepresent Statute but arenotMembersoftheUnitedNations.The Courtmayproposesuchamendments as it deemsnecessarythroughwrittencommunica- tionstotheSecretary-GeneraloftheUnited Nations. C. ESTABLISHMENTOF THE COURT TheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtof Justiceprovides thatinvitationsfornomina- tionsof candidatesmust be issuedat least threemonthsbeforeelectionstakeplace. As theSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations, whosefunctionitis, underArticle5 ofthe StatuteoftheCourt,toissuetheinvitations, wouldnotbeappointeduntilthefirstsession oftheGeneralAssembly,theGovernments which signed the Interim Arrangements at SanFranciscoagreedthatthePreparatory Commissionwasto issuetheinvitations.In this way itwas made possible to elect the judgesofthe InternationalCourtatthefirst sessionoftheGeneralAssembly. Invitations were issued on September 12, 1945, on the instructionsof the Executive CommitteeofthePreparatoryCommission, and January 10,1946, was fixed as the final date for receivingnominations. On January12, 1946,immediately following theopening meet- ingoftheGeneralAssembly,a list ofthecan- didatesnominatedforelectionwassubmitted totheAssemblyandtotheSecurityCouncil bytheExecutiveSecretaryandonFebruary 6theelectionstookplace. Thejudgeselected wereasfollows : Nine-year Term Alejandro Alvarez(Chile) JosPhiladelphodeBarrosAzevedo (Brazil) JulesBasdevant(France) JosGustavoGuerrero(ElSalvador) SirArnoldDuncanMcNair(UnitedKing- dom) 594YearbookoftheUnitedNations Six-yearTerm IsidroFabelaAlfaro(Mexico) Green H.Hackworth (U. S.A.) HelgeKlaestad (Norway) SergeiBorisovichKrylov (U.S.S.R.) CharlesdeVisscher (Belgium) Three-year Term AbdelHamid Badawi Pasha (Egypt) Hsu Mo(China) John E.Read(Canada) Bogdan Winiarski(Poland) Milovan Zoricic' (Yugoslavia) On February10, 1946, theGeneralAssem- bly adopted aresolution instructing theSecre- tary-Generaltotakethenecessarystepsto summon a first meeting ofthe Court atThe Hagueas soon as couldbe arranged.The Secretary-Generalwas toappoint aSecretary and other temporaryofficersto assist the Court during the period preceding the appointment bytheCourtofitsRegistrar andofficers.The Secretary-Generalwas also instructedtocon- ductpreliminary negotiations with the Car- solemndeclaration,requiredunderArticle20 oftheCourt'sStatute,thathewould exercise hispowers impartially andconscientiously. The CourtcontinuedtosituntilMay6, 1946.OnMay3itformedtheChamberfor Summary Procedure provided for in Article 29 oftheStatute.Thememberselectedwereas follows:J.G.Guerrero,J.Basdevant,Sir ArnoldMcNair,S.B.KrylovandHsuMo. IsidoreFabelaandCharlesdeVisscherwere elected substitute members. One of the first matterstaken up by the Court was the preparationof its rules. The rules as adopted by the Court were based large- lyontherulesofthePermanentCourtof InternationalJustice.AstherulesofthePer- manent Court had been adopted asrecently as 1936andrepresentedtheoutcomeofexperi- ence gained, it was generally agreed that it was notnecessarytoundertakeextensiveamend- ment. Accordingly, the changes introduced were forthemost part designed tobring the oldrulesintoconformity withtheStatuteof theInternationalCourtofJusticeinthose respects inwhich itdifferedfromthe Statute 2 negieFoundationinordertofix the conditions onwhich thepremises inthePeace Palace at TheHaguecouldbeplacedattheCourt's disposal. On February 12, 1946, theGeneral Assem- blyapprovedthesettingupofasmallnego- tiatingcommitteetoassisttheSecretary-Gen- eralinnegotiatingagreementsforthe useby theCourtofthepremises inthePeace Palace. Twoagreements concluded accordingly bythe CommitteewiththeCarnegieFoundationwere approved bytheGeneral Assembly onDecem- ber 11, 1946.1 ThefirstmeetingoftheCourt washeld on April3,1946.OnApril6,1946,theCourt electedJ.G.Guerrero PresidentandJ.Basde- vantVice-President.E.Hambro,whohad previouslybeenappointedActing-Secretaryof the Court bythe Secretary-General and who had made arrangements for the first meeting of theCourt,waschosenasRegistrar. OnApril 18 theCourt appointed J.Garnier-Coignet Deputy Registrar. OnApril18,1946,theofficialinauguralsit- tingofthe Court was held inthe GreatHall ofJusticeinthePeacePalace. Alljudgeswere presentwiththeexceptionof A.Alvarez (Chile), who was unable toreach the Hague intime. Each ofthejudges inturnmade the ofthePermanent Court. ByaresolutionofFebruary13,1946,the GeneralAssemblyhadinvitedtheCourttocon- siderthequestionofprivilegesandimmunities necessaryfor the exerciseof its functions, both inthecountry ofitsseat and elsewhere. Accordingly,the Court adopted areport rec- ommendingthatMembersoftheUnitedNa- tionsgranttothejudgesandtheRegistrar diplomaticprivilegesandimmunities.Other officialsoftheCourtaswellasagents,counsel andadvocatesoftheparties, theCourtrecom- mended, should be granted such immunities andprivilegesasmightbenecessaryforthe independent exercise oftheir functions. - Astotheprivileges theCourtwastoenjoy intheNetherlands,thePresident oftheCourt, inanexchange ofletterswiththeNetherlands GovernmentofJune26,1946,reachedan agreementwhich wasapprovedby the General Assemblyby a resolutionof December11, 1946. Inthisresolution theAssembly further recommended to MemberGovernmentsthat they grant to the judges and officials ofthe Court the privileges and immunitiesas sug- gested bythe Court.3 1 See pp. 244 ff. 2 ThetextoftheRules oftheCourt appearson pp.596 ff. 3See pp.241ff. 595The InternationalCourtofJustice TheCourtconsideredthequestionofstaff regulationsandinstructionsfortheRegistry. Itdecidedtoadoptprovisionally theregula- tionsandinstructionswhichhadbeeninforce for the PermanentCourt of International Justice. ByaresolutionofFebruary6,1946,the GeneralAssemblyfixedthesalariesofthe judges of the Court at 54,000Netherland florins. ThePresident receives aspecial allow- anceof15,000Netherlandflorinsannually, andtheVice-President anallowanceof100 florinsforeverydayonwhichheactsas President,uptoamaximumof10,000 florins. Arequest contained in aletter ofApril 13 from thePresident oftheCourttotheSecre- tary-General oftheUnited Nations thatthe GeneralAssembly fixtheemoluments ofthe members of theCourt inUnited States dollars instead ofNetherland florinswassubsequently withdrawn by thePresident of theCourt.1 Onthebasis ofareport ofthe Court of April11,1946,theGeneral Assembly by a reso- lutionofDecember11,1946,directedthatthe salary ofthe Registrarofthe International CourtofJusticeshouldbeassimilatedtothat of atop-rankingdirectoroftheUnitedNations Secretariatandshouldaccordinglybefixedat 29,150Netherlandflorins.Thedifferencebe- tweenthesalaryrecommended bythe Court (35,000florins) andthesalaryapprovedby theGeneral Assembly(29,150 florins)istobe paidtotheRegistrarasa non-pensionable allowance. After consultation between the Registrar oftheCourtandtheSecretary-Generalofthe UnitedNations,theSecretary-Generaldrew uprulesgoverningreimbursementoftravel andsubsistenceexpensesofmembersofthe Court.TheseruleswereapprovedbytheGen- eralAssemblyonDecember11,1946.2 ByaresolutionofFebruary6,1946,the GeneralAssemblyinstructedtheSecretary- Generaltodevelopapensionplanforthe judges,RegistrarandstaffoftheCourt.Tak- ingintoconsideration theviewsexpressed by theRegistraroftheCourtinamemorandum ofJune13,1946,aworkingpartyestablished bythe Secretary-Generaldrewup apension schemeforthejudgesandthestaffofthe InternationalCourtofJusticewhichtheGen- eral Assembly approvedon December11, 1946.3 TheCourtadopteditsbudgetfor1946and 1947andontheproposaloftheRegistrarap- provedtheappointmentofacertainnumber ofofficialstotheRegistry. ByletterofMay1,1946, addressed tothe Secretary-General, thePresidentoftheCourt requestedthattheCourtbeinformedofany decisiontheSecurityCouncilmighttakere- gardingaccesstotheCourtofStatesnotpar- tiestothe Statute.Atits76th meeting on October15,1946,theSecurityCouncilonthe recommendationofitsCommitteeofExperts, resolvedthattheInternationalCourtofJus- ticeshouldbeopentoaStatenotapartyto theCourt'sStatuteifsuchaStateacceptedthe jurisdictionofthe Courtinaccordancewith the Charter ofthe United Nations andthe StatuteandRulesoftheCourt,andundertook tocomplyingoodfaithwiththedecisionsof theCourt.4 OnOctober26,1946,theSecretary-General receivedarequestfromtheSwissGovernment thatitbepermittedtobecomeapartytothe StatuteoftheCourt. OnNovember15,1946, theSecurityCouncil,onthebasisofareport ofitsCommitteeofExperts,recommendedto theGeneralAssemblythatSwitzerlandshould becomeapartytotheStatuteonthedateof deposit with theSecretary-Generalof the United Nations ofan instrument containing (a)acceptance of the provisions of theStatute oftheCourt, (b)acceptanceofalltheobliga- tionsofaMemberof theUnitedNationsunder Article94oftheCharter,and (c) anunder- takingto contribute tothe expenses of the Court. ByaresolutionofDecember11,1946, theGeneralAssemblyadoptedtherecommen- dationsoftheSecurityCouncil.5 On September21,1946, during its third ses- sion,theEconomic andSocialCounciladopted aresolutionrecommendingthattheGeneral AssemblyauthorizetheEconomicandSocial CounciltorequesttheInternationalCourtof Justicetogiveanadvisory opinion on any legalquestionsarisingwithinthescopeofits activities.TheGeneralAssemblygrantedthis authorizationbyaresolutionofDecember11, 1946. 1 See pp. 98, 99. 2See pp. 238. 3Seepp.239ff. 4See pp. 410, 411. 5 See pp. 411, 12. 596YearbookoftheUnitedNations D.CORFU CHANNEL DISPUTE TheSecurityCouncilonApril9,1947,re- commendedthattheUnitedKingdomandthe Albanian Governmentsshouldimmediatelyre- fertheirdisputeoverthedamagingoftwo BritishwarshipsintheCorfuChanneltothe InternationalCourtofJusticeinaccordance with theStatuteof theCourt.1 ItwasannouncedonMay23,1947,thatthe Government oftheUnited Kingdom hadfiled itsapplication againsttheAlbanian People's Republic intheCorfuChannel casewiththe InternationalCourtofJustice.Notificationof the filingofthe casewas receivedby the Secretary-General inaccordancewithArticle 40,paragraph3,oftheStatuteoftheInterna- tional Court,whichprovides thattheRegis- traroftheCourtshallnotifythemembersof theUnitedNationsthroughtheSecretary- GeneralofanycasesfiledwiththeCourt. PREAMBLE ANNEX I. RULES OF COURT (Adopted onMay6,1946) Article3 TheCourt, HavingregardtoChapterXIVoftheChar- teroftheUnitedNations; Having regard totheStatute oftheCourt annexedthereto; Acting inpursuance of Article 30 ofthe Statute; MakesthepresentRules: HEADING I. CONSTITUTIONANDWORKINGOFTHECOURT SectionI. Constitutionof theCourt JudgesandAssessors Article1 Theterm ofoffice ofmembersoftheCourt electedinFebruary1946,beginstorunonthe dateoftheirelection.Inthecaseofmembers oftheCourtelected later, theterm ofoffice shallbegintorunonthedateoftheexpiryof theterm oftheirpredecessors. Nevertheless, in thecaseofa memberelectedto fill an occasionalvacancy,theterm ofofficeshallbe- gintorunonthedateoftheelection. Article2 1.MembersoftheCourtelectedduringthe samesessionoftheGeneralAssemblyofthe UnitedNationsshall takeprecedenceaccording toseniorityofage.Memberselectedduringan earliersessionshalltakeprecedenceovermem- berselectedatasubsequentsession.Amember oftheCourt whoisre-electedwithoutinterval, shall retain his former precedence. Judges chosenunderArticle31 oftheStatutefrom outsidetheCourtshalltakeprecedenceafter theotherjudgesinorderofseniorityofage. 2.TheVice-President shalltakehisseaton the rightof the President.The otherjudges shalltaketheirseatsontheleftandrightof thePresident intheorder laiddownabove. 1.AnyState which considers that itpos- sessesandwhichintendstoexercisetheright to chooseajudgeunderArticle31 ofthe StatuteshallsonotifytheRegistry withinthe time-limitfixedforthefilingoftheMemorial orCounter-Memorial,asthecasemaybe,or, whenitisacaseofsummaryprocedure,the filing ofthecorrespondingpleading. The name ofthepersonchosentositasjudgeshallbe statedeitheratthetimeofgivingthenotifica- tionabove-mentionedorwithinatime-limitto befixedbythePresident.Thesenotifications shallbecommunicated to the other parties and they may submit their views to the Court with a time-limit to be fixedby the President. If anydoubtorobjectionshouldarise,thedeci- sionshall rest with the Court, if necessary afterhearing theparties. 2.If,onreceiptofoneormorenotifications under the termsof the precedingparagraph, theCourtfindsthatthere areseveralparties in the same interest andthatnoneofthem hasajudgeofitsnationalityupontheBench, itshallfixatime-limitwithinwhichthese parties,actinginconcert,maychooseajudge underArticle31oftheStatute. If,attheex- pirationofthistime-limit, theyhavenotnoti- fiedtheirchoice,theCourtshallnevertheless proceedtoexamineandadjudicateuponthe case. Article4 Where oneor moreof the partiesareentitled to choose a judge under Article 31 ofthe Statute, theCourtmaysitwithanumberof judgesexceedingthenumberofmembersof theCourtfixedbytheStatute. Article5 1.The declaration to be made by every judge inaccordancewithArticle20oftheStatute shall be asfollows : 1See pp.392 ff. 597The InternationalCourtofJustice "Isolemnly swear thatIwillperform my dutiesandexercise mypowers asjudgehon- ourably,faithfully,impartiallyandcon- scientiously." 2.Thisdeclarationshallbemadeatthefirst publicsittingoftheCourtatwhichthejudge is presentafter his election or after being chosenunderArticle31oftheStatute. Article 6 ForthepurposeofapplyingArticle18ofthe Statutethe President, or if necessary, the Vice-President,shallconvenethemembersof theCourt.Thememberaffectedshallbeallowed tofurnishexplanations. Whenhehasdoneso thequestion shallbediscussed andavoteshall betaken, thememberaffected notbeingpres- ent. If the members present are unanimous, theRegistrar shall issue thenotificationpre- scribedintheabove-mentionedArticle. Article 7 1.TheCourtmay,eitheruponitsowniniti- ativeorupontherequestofapartymadenot laterthantheendofthewritten proceedings, decide,forthepurposeofaparticular case,to appoint assessorsto sit with it but without thepowertovote. 2. WhentheCourtsodecides,thePresident shalltakestepstoobtainalltheinformation relevant tothechoice oftheassessors. 3.The assessorsshall be appointed,by secret ballotandbyanabsolutemajorityofvotes,at a privatemeetingoftheCourt. 4.Thesamefunctionsshallbelongtothe Chamber provided for by Article 29 of the StatuteandtoitsPresident,andmaybeexer- cisedinthesamemanner. Article 8 Before entering upontheirduties, assessors shallmakethefollowingdeclarationatapublic sitting: "IsolemnlydeclarethatIwillperformmy dutiesasanassessorhonourably,faithfully, impartiallyandconscientiously, andthatI willscrupulously observe alltheprovisions of the Statute and of the Rules of the Court." The Presidency Article9 1.The Court shall proceed toelect thePresi- dentandtheVice-Presidentinthecourseof themonthfollowingthe date onwhichthe judgeselectedattheperiodic electionofmem- bersoftheCourtenterupontheirduties.The Presidentand Vice-Presidentthuselectedshall takeuptheirdutiesforthwith.If,attheperi- odicelection,thePresidentisnotre-electeda memberoftheCourt,thedutiesofPresident shallinthemeantimebedischargedinaccord- ancewithArticleIIandArticle 12,paragraph 2,oftheseRules. 2.IfthePresidentortheVice-President shouldceasetobeamemberoftheCourtor shouldresigntheofficeofPresident orVice- Presidentbeforetheexpiryof hisnormalterm, anelectionshallbeheldforthepurposeof appointing asuccessor fortheunexpired por- tionoftheterm. 3.Theelectionsreferredtointhepresent Articleshalltakeplacebysecretballot.The memberoftheCourtobtaininganabsolute majority ofvotes shallbedeclared elected. Article 10 ThePresident shall directtheworkandad- ministration ofthe Court; heshall preside at themeetings oftheCourt. Article11 The Vice-Presidentshall take the place of the President ifthe latter is unable to fulfil his duties orif the office of President is vacant. Article12 1. Provision shallbemadetoensureatthe seatoftheCourtthecontinuous discharge of theduties oftheoffice ofPresidenteither by thePresident orthe Vice-President. 2. If atthe same time both the President andtheVice-Presidentareunabletofulfiltheir duties,orifbothofficesarevacantatthesame time,the dutiesof Presidentshall be dis- charged bythe oldest among themembers of theCourtwho havebeenlongestontheBench. Article13 1. Ifthe Presidentis anational of one of thepartiestoacasebroughtbeforetheCourt, he willabstain from exercising his functions asPresidentinrespect ofthatcase. Thesame ruleappliestotheVice-Presidentortoany memberoftheCourtwhomaybecalledonto act asPresident. 2. Ifacaseisbegunbeforeaperiodic elec- tion ofmembers ofthe Court and continues aftersuchelection, the dutiesof President shallbedischargedbythememberoftheCourt whopresidedwhenthecasewaslastunder examination. Ifheisunable tosit,theduties ofPresidentshallbeperformedbythenewly electedPresidentor, failinghim, the newly electedVice-President,providedthatthePres- identortheVice-President, asthecasemay be,isqualified tositinthecase. Ifneither is abletosit,thedutiesofPresidentshallbe performedbytheoldestamongthemembers oftheCourtwhohavebeenlongestonthe Bench. TheRegistry Article 14 1.TheCourtshallselectitsRegistrarfrom amongstcandidatesproposedbymembersof theCourt.ThemembersoftheCourtshall receiveadequatenotice ofthedateon which thelistofcandidates willbeclosedsoasto enablenominationsandinformationconcern- ingthenationalsofdistantcountriestobe receivedinsufficient time. 2. Nominationsmustgivethenecessarypar- ticularsregardingthecandidates'age,nation- ality, universityqualificationsand linguistic 598YearbookoftheUnitedNations attainments,theirpresentoccupation,their practicallegalexperienceandtheirexperience indiplomacyandintheworkofinternational organizations. 3.Theelectionshallbebysecretballotand byanabsolutemajorityof votes. 4.TheRegistrarshallbeelectedforaterm of seven years. He may be re-elected. 5.IftheRegistrar shouldceasetoholdhis officebeforetheexpiration ofthetermabove- mentioned,anelectionshallbeheldforthe purposeofappointingasuccessor.Suchelec- tionshallbeforatermofsevenyears. 6.TheCourt shallappoint aDeputy-Regis- trartoassisttheRegistrar, toactasRegistrar inhisabsence and,inthe event of his ceasing toholdtheoffice,toperformthedutiesuntil anewRegistrarshallhavebeenappointed. The Deputy-Registrarshall be appointedunder thesameconditions andinthesamewayas theRegistrar. Article15 1.Beforetakinguphisduties,theRegistrar shallmakethefollowingdeclarationatameet- ingoftheCourt: "Isolemnly declare that I will perform the dutiesincumbentuponmeasRegistrarof theInternationalCourtofJusticeinallloy- alty,discretionandgoodconscience." 2.TheDeputy-Registrar shallmakeasim- ilardeclaration inthe samecircumstances. Article 16 TheRegistrarisentitledtotwomonths' holiday in eachyear. Article 17 1.TheofficialsoftheRegistry,otherthan theDeputy-Registrar,shallbeappointedby theCourtonproposalssubmittedbytheReg- istrar. 2.Beforetakinguphisduties,eachofficial shall make the followingdeclarationbefore thePresident,theRegistrarbeingpresent: "IsolemnlydeclarethatIwillperformthe duties incumbentupon me as an officialof the InternationalCourtofJusticeinallloyalty, discretion and good conscience." Article18 1.TheCourtshallprescribeand,whennec- essary,modifytheplanoftheorganizationof theRegistry andforthispurposeshallrequest theRegistrartomakeproposals. 2. TheRegulations forthestaffoftheReg- istryshallbedrawnuphavingregardtothe planoftheorganizationprescribedbythe CourtandtotheprovisionsoftheRegulations forthestaffoftheSecretariat ofthe United Nations towhich they shall, asfar aspossible, conform. TheiradoptionbythePresidenton theproposaloftheRegistrarissubjectto subsequentapprovalbytheCourt. Article 19 IfneithertheRegistrarnortheDeputy- Registrar can be present or if both these offices arevacantatthe sametime, the President shallappoint anofficial oftheRegistry toact asasubstitute fortheRegistrar forsuchtime asmaybenecessary. Article20 1.TheGeneralListofcasessubmittedto theCourtfordecision orforadvisory opinion shallbepreparedandkeptuptodatebythe Registrar on the instructions andsubject to theauthorityofthePresident.Casesshallbe enteredinthelistandnumberedsuccessively according to the date of the receipt of the docu- mentbringingthecasebeforetheCourt. 2. TheGeneralListshallcontainthefol- lowingheadings : I.Numberin list. II.Shorttitle. III. Dateofregistration. IV.Registrationnumber. V.Filenumberinthearchives. VI.Classofcase (contentiousproce- dureoradvisoryopinion). VII. Parties. VIII.Interventions. IX. Methodofsubmission. X.Dateof documentinstitutingpro- ceedings. XI.Time-limitsforfilingpleadings. XII.Prolongation, if any, of time- limits. XIII.Date of closure of the written pro- ceedings. XIV. Postponements. XV.Dateof thebeginningof thehear- ing(dateofthefirstpublicsit- ting). XVI.Observations. XVII.References to earlier or subse- quentcases. XVIII.Result(natureanddate). XIX.Removal from thelist(cause and date). XX.References topublications ofthe Courtrelatingtothecase. 3.TheGeneralList shallalso containa space for notes, if any,and spaces for the inscription, abovetheinitialsofthePresidentandofthe Registrar,ofthedatesoftheentryofthecase, ofitsresult,orofitsremovalfromthelist, asthecase may be. Article 21 1.TheRegistrarshallbetheregularchan- nelfor communications toandfromtheCourt. 2.TheRegistrar shallensurethatthedate ofdespatchandreceiptofallcommunications andnotificationsmaybereadilyverified.Com- municationsaddressedtotheagentsofthe partiesshall beconsidered ashaving beenad- dressedtothepartiesthemselves.Thedateof receipt shall be noted on all documents received 599The InternationalCourtofJustice bythe Registrar,and areceipt bearing this date and the number under which thedocument has been registeredshall be given to the sender. 3.TheRegistrarshall,subjecttotheobliga- tionsofsecrecyattaching tohisofficialduties, replytoallenquiriesconcerningtheworkof theCourt,includingenquiriesfromthePress. 4. TheRegistrarshallpublish inthePress allnecessaryinformationastothedateand hourfixedforpublicsittings. 5.The Registrar shallcommunicatetothe government ofthecountryinwhichtheCourt, oraChamberdealingwithacase,issitting, thenames,firstnamesanddescription ofthe agents, counsel andadvocatesappointed by each of the parties for the purposes of the case. Article 22 Acollection ofthejudgments andadvisory opinionsoftheCourt,andalsoofsuchorders as the Courtmaydecideto includetherein, shallbeprintedandpublishedunderthere- sponsibility oftheRegistrar. Article28 1.TheRegistrar shallberesponsible forthe archives,theaccountsandalladministrative work.Heshallhavethecustodyoftheseals andstampsoftheCourt.TheRegistrarorhis substituteshallbepresentatallsittingsofthe CourtandatsittingsoftheChambers.The Registrarshallberesponsiblefordrawingup theminutes ofthemeetings. 2.He shallundertake,in addition,allduties whichmaybelaiduponhimbytheseRules. 3. Instructions for the Registry shall be drawn upbytheRegistrar andapproved by thePresident. TheChambers Article24 1.WhentheCourtdecidestoformoneor moreoftheChambersprovidedforinArticle 26,paragraph1,oftheStatute, itshalldeter- mine the particularcategory of casesfor which eachChamberisformed,itscomposition,the periodfor whichits memberswill serve,and thedateatwhich theywillenterupon their duties.TheCourtmayinthesamewaychange itscompetence,itscomposition,orthemethod ofrenewing itsmembership, ordecideuponits dissolution. 2.ThePresidents and.themembersofthe ChambersprovidedforinArticle26,para- graphs 1and2,andArticle 29oftheStatute, shallbeelected bytheCourt,bysecret ballot, andbyanabsolutemajorityofvotes. 8.Themembers ofthe Chamberof Sum- maryProcedureprovidedforinArticle29of theStatuteshallbeelectedforoneyear.The electionshallbeheldwithinthreemonthsafter February6th, and the membersthus elected shallenterupontheirdutiesattheexpiration oftheirpredecessors' term.If,however, asthe result of a periodic election of members of the Court,oneormoremembersoftheChambers willceasetobemembersoftheCourtonthe ensuing February 6th,anelection shall beheld inthecourseofthethreemonthspreceding that date toreplace them. The judges thus elected shallcompletethe termofofficeof their predecessors. 4.ThemembersofaChamber shall,incon- formitywithArticle13,paragraph3, ofthe Statute,finishanycasewhichtheymayhave begun, though they haveceased to bemembers oftheChamber. 5.Subject to Article 13, paragraph 1, of these Rules, the President of theCourt,if pres- ent,shallpreside exofficio overanyChamber ofwhichheisamember;andtheVice-Presi- dentoftheCourt,ifpresent,shallpresideex officio over any Chamberof whichhe isa mem- berandofwhichthePresidentisnotamem- ber,orfromwhichthePresident,beinga member,isabsent. Section 2. Working of the Court Article 25 1.Intheabsenceofaspecialresolutionby theCourt,thedatesanddurationofthevaca- tionsoftheCourtarefixedasfollows: (a) from December 18th toJanuary 7th; (b)from the Sunday before Easter to the second Sunday after Easter; (c)from July15thtoSeptember 15th.The dutiesof President shall nevertheless be continuouslydischargedatthe seat of the Court. Forthispurpose, thePresident shall either himself maintaincontact with theRegis- trarorshallrequesttheVice-Presidenttotake hisplace. 2. Incaseofurgency,thePresidentmayat anytimeconvenethemembersoftheCourt duringtheperiodsmentionedinthepreceding paragraph. 3.Thepublicholidayswhicharecustomary attheplacewheretheCourtissittingwillbe observed bytheCourt. Article 26 1.AnymemberoftheCourtwhodesiresto obtainleaveinpursuanceofArticle23,para- graph2,oftheStatute, shallsendhisrequest totheRegistry.TheCourtshallconsiderthe request,andthedateandthedurationofthe leavewhichitgrantstoajudgeshallbefixed havingregardtowhatisrequiredtoensureits properworkingandtothedistancebetween TheHagueandhishome. 2.ThenumberofmembersoftheCourton leaveatthesametimemustnotexceedtwo. ThePresidentandtheVice-Presidentmust notbothbeabsentonleaveatthesametime. Article 27 MembersoftheCourt whoareprevented by illnessorotherseriousreasonsfromattending asitting oftheCourttowhich they have been summoned bythePresident,shallnotifythe President who willinform theCourt. 600YearbookoftheUnitedNations Article 28 1.Thedateand hourof sittingsof theCourt shallbefixedbythePresident. 2.ThePresident oftheCourtshallfixthe date fortheconvening ofany Chamber re- ferredtoinArticles26and29oftheStatute. Thedateandhourofthesittingsofsuch Chambershallbefixed bythePresidentofthe Chamber. 3.TheCourt,orif it is notsittingthePresi- dent,mayfixtheplace,otherthanTheHague, whereoneofthe Chambersprovidedforby Articles26and29oftheStatuteshallsitand exerciseitsfunctions. Article 29 IfasittingoftheCourthasbeenconvened anditisfound thatthere isnoquorum,the Presidentshalladjournthesittinguntila quorum has been obtained.Judges chosenunder Article 31 ofthe Statute shall notbetaken intoaccountforthecalculationofthequorum. Article301 1.The Courtshall sitin privatetodelib- erateupondisputeswhicharesubmittedtoit anduponadvisory opinions which itisasked to give. 2.Only thejudges,andtheassessors,ifany, shalltakepartinthedeliberations.TheRegis- traror hissubstituteshallbe present.Noother personshallbeadmittedexceptinpursuance ofaspecialdecisiontakenbytheCourt. 3.Everyjudgewhoispresentatthedelib- erations shallstatehisopiniontogetherwith thereasonsonwhichitisbased. 4.Anyjudgemayrequest thataquestion which istobevoted upon shallbedrawn upin preciseterms in both the officiallanguages anddistributedtotheCourt. Effectshallbe giventoanysuchrequest. 5.ThedecisionoftheCourtshallbebased upontheconclusionsconcurredinafterfinal discussionbyamajorityofthejudges.The judgesshall vote in the order inversetothe order laiddown by Article 2of these Rules. 6.Nodetailedminutesshallbepreparedof theprivatemeetings oftheCourt for delib- erationuponjudgmentsoradvisoryopinions; theminutesofthesemeetings aretobecon- sideredas confidentialand shall record only the subject of thedebates, the votes taken, the namesof thosevotingforandagainsta motion and statements expressly made for insertion intheminutes. 7.UnlessotherwisedecidedbytheCourt, paragraphs 2, 4and 5ofthis Article shall applytodeliberationsbytheCourtinprivate uponanyadministrativematter. HEADING II. CONTENTIOUSPROCEEDINGS Article81 TherulescontainedinSections1,2and4 of thisHeadingshallnot precludethe adoption bytheCourtofparticularmodificationsor additionsproposedjointlybythepartiesand consideredbytheCourttobeappropriateto thecaseandinthecircumstances. SectionI. ProcedureBeforetheFullCourt I. GeneralRules InstitutionofProceedings Article32 1.WhenacaseisbroughtbeforetheCourt bymeansofaspecialagreement, Article40, paragraph 1,oftheStatuteshallapply. 2.WhenacaseisbroughtbeforetheCourt by means ofan application, the application must,aslaiddowninArticle40,paragraph 1,oftheStatute,indicatethepartymakingit, thepartyagainstwhomtheclaimisbrought andthesubjectofthedispute.Itmustalso,as faraspossible,specifytheprovisiononwhich theapplicantfoundsthejurisdictionofthe Court, state theprecise nature oftheclaim andgiveasuccinctstatementofthefactsand grounds onwhich theclaim isbased, these factsandgroundsbeingdevelopedintheMe- morial,towhichtheevidence willbeannexed. 3.The originalof an application shall be signed eitherbytheagentofthepartysub- mittingitorbythediplomaticrepresentative ofthatparty attheseatofthe Court orby aduly authorizedperson.If thedocumentbears thesignatureofapersonotherthanthediplo- maticrepresentative ofthatpartyattheseat oftheCourt,thesignaturemustbelegalized bythisdiplomaticrepresentativeorbythe competent authority of thegovernmentcon- cerned. Article33 1.WhenacaseisbroughtbeforetheCourt bymeansofanapplication,theRegistrarshall forthwithtransmittothepartyagainstwhom theclaimismadeacopyoftheapplication certifiedascorrect. 2.Whenacaseisbrought beforetheCourt bymeansofaspecialagreementfiledbyone onlyoftheparties,theRegistrarshallforth- withnotify theotherpartythat ithasbeen sofiled. Article 34 1. TheRegistrarshallforthwithtransmitto allthemembersoftheCourtcopiesofspecial agreements orapplications submitting acase totheCourt. OnMay6th,1946,theCourttooknoteofthe Re1solution of the Permanent Courtof Interna- tional Justice regarding thatCourt's judicial prac- tice adoptedon February20th, 1931, and revised onMarch 17th,1936. (SeePublicationsofthePer- manentCourtof InternationalJustice:Acts and Documents concerning theOrganization ofthe Court; Series D.,No.1,Fourth edition, April 1940, p.62.) Itdecidedtoadoptprovisionally themethod ofdeliberationdescribedinthatResolution. The International Court of Justice601 2.He shall also transmit copies :(a)to Mem- bersoftheUnitedNationsthroughtheSecre- tary-Generaland(6),bymeansofspecial arrangementsmadeforthispurposebetween themandtheRegistrar,toanyotherStates entitledtoappearbeforetheCourt. Article 35 1.WhenacaseisbroughtbeforetheCourt bymeansofaspecialagreement,theappoint- mentoftheagent oragents oftheparty or partiesfilingthespecialagreementshallbe notifiedatthesametimeasthespecialagree- mentisfiled.Ifthespecialagreement isfiled byone onlyoftheparties, the other party shall,whenacknowledgingreceiptofthenoti- ficationofthefilingofthespecialagreement orfailing this, assoonaspossible, inform the Courtof thenameofitsagent. 2.WhenacaseisbroughtbeforetheCourt bymeansofanapplication,theapplication,or the covering letter, shall state the name of the agentoftheapplicantgovernment. 3.Thepartyagainstwhomtheapplication ismadeandtowhom itisnotifiedshall,when acknowledgingreceiptofthenotification,or failingthis,assoonaspossible,informthe Courtofthenameofitsagent. 4.Applications to intervene under Article 64 oftheseRules,interventionsunderArticle66 andrequestsunderArticle78for therevision, orunderArticle79fortheinterpretation,ofa judgment, shall similarly beaccompanied by the appointmentofanagent. 5.Theappointmentofanagentmustbeac- companiedbyastatementofanaddressfor serviceattheseatoftheCourttowhichall communicationsrelatingtothecaseshouldbe sent. Article 86 When aStatewhichisnotapartytothe StatuteisadmittedbytheSecurityCouncil,in pursuanceofArticle35oftheStatute,toap- pearbeforetheCourt,itshallsatisfythe Courtthatithascompliedwithanyconditions thatmayhavebeenprescribedforitsadmis- sion:thedocumentwhichevidencesthiscom- pliance shall be filed in the Registryat the sametimeasthenotificationoftheappoint- mentoftheagent. Preliminarymeasures Article 37 1.IneverycasesubmittedtotheCourt,the Presidentwillascertaintheviewsofthepar- tieswithregard toquestionsof procedure;for thispurpose hemay summon theagents to meet himassoon asthey have been appointed. 2. Inthelightoftheinformationobtained bythePresident,theCourtwillmakethenec- essaryorderstodetermineinteraliathenum- ber andthe order offiling ofthe pleadings andthetime-limitswithinwhichtheymustbe filed. 3.Sofaraspossible,inmakinganorder underparagraph2ofthisArticle,anyagree- mentbetweenthepartiesshallbetakeninto account. 4.The Court may extend any time-limit whichhasbeenfixed.Itmayalso,inspecial circumstances andaftergivingtheagentof theopposingpartyanopportunityofstating hisviews, decide that anystep taken after theexpirationofatime-limitshallbeconsid- eredasvalid. 5. If the Courtis not sitting, its powers underthisArticleshallbeexercisedbythe Presidentbutwithoutprejudicetoanysubse- quentdecisionoftheCourt. Article 38 Time-limits shallbefixedbyassigning defi- nitedatesforthecompletionofthevarious stepsintheproceedings. WrittenProceedings Article 39 1.Ifthepartiesagreethattheproceedings shall beconducted wholly inFrench, or wholly inEnglish,thepleadingsshallbesubmitted onlyinthelanguageadopted bytheparties. 2. Intheabsenceofanagreementwithre- gardtothelanguagetobeused,thepleadings shall besubmitted either in French or in English. 3.IfinpursuanceofArticle39,paragraph 3,oftheStatutealanguageotherthanFrench orEnglishisused,atranslationintoFrench orEnglish shall beattached tothe original of each documentsubmitted. 4.TheRegistrarisundernoobligationto maketranslationsofthepleadingsoranydocu- mentsannexed thereto. Article 401 1.Theoriginalofeverypleadingshallbe signedbytheagentandfiledintheRegistry. It shall be accompaniedby a number of printed copies fixed by the President but without preju- dicetoanincreaseinthatnumbershould the needariselater. 2.When communicating a copy of a pleading toapartyinpursuanceofArticle43ofthe Statute, theRegistrar shallcertifythatitis a correctcopyofthe originalfiledin the Registry. 3.All pleadings shall be dated. When a plead- inghas tobefiled byacertain date, itisthe dateofthereceiptofthepleadingintheReg- istrywhichwillberegardedbytheCourtas thematerialdate. 4. If the Registrarat the request of the agent ofaparty arrangesfor the printing,at thecostofthatparty,ofapleadingwhichit is intended to file with the Court, the text must besenttotheRegistryinsufficienttimeto enabletheprintedpleading tobefiledbefore theexpiryofanytime-limitwhichmayapply toit.Theprintingisdoneundertheresponsi- bilityofthepartyinquestion. 1Theagents of theparties arerequested to ascertain fromtheRegistry theusual format of thepleadings. 602YearbookoftheUnitedNations 5.Thecorrectionofasliporerrorinany documentwhich has been filed can bemade at anytimewiththeconsentoftheotherparty, or by leaveof thePresident. Article41 1.Ifproceedingsareinstitutedbymeans ofaspecialagreement,thepleadingsshall, subjecttoArticle 37oftheseRules,bepre- sentedintheorderstatedbelow: a Memorial, by eachpartywithinthesame time-limit; a Counter-Memorial,by each partywithin the same time-limit; aReply,byeachpartywithinthesame time-limit. 2.If proceedingsareinstitutedbymeansof anapplication,thepleadingsshall,subjectto Article37oftheseRules,bepresentedinthe order stated below: theMemorialbytheapplicant; theCounter-Memorialbythe respondent; theReplybytheapplicant; theRejoinderbytherespondent. Article42 1.AMemorialshallcontainastatementof therelevantfacts,astatementoflaw,andthe submissions. 2.ACounter-Memorialshallcontainanad- missionordenialofthefactsstatedinthe Memorial; anyadditionalfacts,ifnecessary; observations concerningthestatementoflaw intheMemorial;astatementoflawinanswer thereto;and the submissions. Article43 1.There must be annexedto everyMemorial and Counter-Memorial and other pleadings, cop- ies ofallthe relevant documents, alist of which shall begiven after thesubmissions. If, onaccountofthelengthofadocument,ex- tractsonlyareattached,thedocumentitself or acompletecopyofit must,if possible,unless thedocumenthasbeenpublishedandisavail- abletothepublic,becommunicatedtothe RegistrarfortheuseoftheCourtandofthe otherparty. 2.Everypleadingandeverydocumentan- nexed which isina languageotherthanFrench or English, must be accompanied by a transla- tionintooneoftheofficiallanguagesofthe Court.Nevertheless,inthecaseoflengthy documents,translationsorextractsmaybe submitted,subject,however,toanysubsequent decisionbytheCourt,or,ifitisnotsitting, bythePresident. Article44 1.TheRegistrarshalltransmittothejudges andtothepartiescopiesofthepleadingsand documents annexed inthecase, asandwhen hereceivesthem. 2.TheCourt,orthePresidentiftheCourt isnotsitting, may,afterobtaining theviews oftheparties,decidethattheRegistrarshall inaparticularcasemakethepleadingsand annexeddocumentsavailabletothegovern- mentofanyMemberoftheUnitedNationsor ofanyStatewhichisentitledtoappearbefore theCourt. 3.TheCourt,orthePresidentiftheCourt isnotsitting, may, with the consent ofthe parties,authorizethepleadingsandannexed documentsinregardtoaparticularcasetobe madeaccessibletothepublicbeforetheter- minationofthecase. Article45 Upontheclosureofthewrittenproceedings, thecaseisreadyforhearings. Article46 1.Subjecttothepriorityprovidedforby Article61oftheseRules,casessubmittedto theCourtwillbetakenintheorderinwhich theybecomereadyforhearing.Whenseveral casesarereadyforhearing,theorderinwhich theywillbetakenisdetermined bytheposi- tionwhichtheyoccupyintheGeneralList. 2.Nevertheless,theCourtmay,inspecial circumstances,decidetotakea caseinpriority toothercases which are readyforhearing andwhichprecedeitintheGeneralList. 3. Ifthepartiestoacasewhich isready forhearingareagreedinaskingforthecase tobeputafterothercaseswhicharereadyfor hearingand whichfollowit in the General List,thePresidentmaygrantsuchapost- ponement :if thepartiesarenotinagreement, thePresidentshalldecidewhetherornotto submit thequestion totheCourt. Oral Proceedings Article47 1.Whena caseisreadyfor hearing,thedate forthecommencementoftheoralproceedings shallbefixedbytheCourt,orbythePresi- dentiftheCourtisnotsitting. 2.Ifoccasionshouldarise,theCourtorthe President,iftheCourtisnotsitting,mayde- cidethatthecommencement orcontinuance of thehearingsshallbepostponed. Article48 1.Aftertheclosureofthewrittenproceed- ingsnofurtherdocumentsmaybesubmitted totheCourtbyeitherpartyexceptwiththe consentoftheotherpartyorasprovidedin paragraph2 of thisArticle.Thepartydesiring toproduceanewdocument shallfiletheorig- inaloracertifiedcopythereofintheRegistry, whichwillberesponsible forcommunicating it totheotherpartyandwillinformtheCourt. Theotherpartyshallbeheldtohave given itsconsentifitdoesnotlodgeanobjectionto the productionofthe document. 2.Shouldtheotherpartydeclinetoconsent to the productionof a new document, the Court,afterhearingtheparties,mayeither permitorrefusetopermititsproduction. If The International Court of Justice603 theCourtgrantspermission,theotherparty shallhaveanopportunity ofcommenting upon itandofsubmittingdocumentsinsupportof itscomments. Article 49 Withoutprejudice to the provisions of the Rulesconcerningtheproductionofdocuments, eachparty shall communicatetotheRegistry, insufficienttimebeforethecommencementof the oral proceedings, information regarding the evidence which it intends toproduce or whichitintendstorequesttheCourttoobtain. Thiscommunicationshallcontain alistofthe surnames, firstnames, descriptions andplaces ofresidence ofthewitnessesandexperts whom thepartyintendstocall,withindicationsin generaltermsofthepointorpointstowhich theirevidencewillbedirected. Article 50 TheCourtshalldeterminewhetherthepar- tiesshould present their argumentsbefore or after theproduction oftheevidence; thepar- ties shall,however,retaintheright to com- mentontheevidence given. Article51 Theorderinwhichtheagents,counselor advocates shallbecalledupontospeakshall bedetermined bytheCourt,unlessthereis duction of any other evidence on pointsof fact in regardto which the parties are not in agree- ment.Ifneedbe,theCourtshallapplythe provisions of Article 44 of the Statute. Article55 Witnessesorexpertswhoappearatthein- stanceoftheCourtshallbepaidoutofthe fundsoftheCourt, Article56 The Court, orthePresident ifthe Courtis notsitting,shall, attherequestofone ofthe partiesoronitsowninitiative,takethenec- essary steps forthe examinationofwitnesses or expertsotherwisethan beforethe Court itself. Article57 1. Ifthe Court considersitnecessarytoar- rangeforanenquiryoranexpertopinion,it shall,afterdulyhearingtheparties,issuean ordertothiseffect,definingthesubjectof theenquiryorexpert opinion,and stating the number andmode ofappointment oftheper- sonstoholdtheenquiry oroftheexperts and theproceduretobefollowed. 2. Everyreportorrecordofanenquiryand everyexpertopinion shallbecommunicatedto theparties. 3.Atanystageintheproceedingsbefore th t anagreement between the partiesonthesub-etermination ofhe hearing, the Court may, ject. Article52 eitherpropriomotu,orattherequestofone ofthepartiescommunicatedasprovidedin Article49of theseRules, requesta public 1.TheCourtmay,duringthehearing,put questionstotheagents,counselandadvocates, and mayask them for explanations. 2.Eachjudgehasasimilar righttoput questions, but before exercising ithe should makehisintentionknowntothePresident, who ismaderesponsible byArticle45oftheStat- uteforthecontrol ofthehearing. 3.The agents, counsel and advocatesshall be atliberty to answerimmediatelyor at a laterdate. Article53 1.Witnesses andexpertsshallbeexamined bytheagents,counselor advocatesof the partiesunderthecontrolofthePresident. QuestionsmaybeputtothembythePresident andbythejudges. 2.Eachwitnessshallmakethefollowing declaration before givinghisevidence in Court : "Isolemnly declare upon myhonour and consciencethat Iwill speak the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth." 3.Eachexpertshallmakethefollowingdec- larationbeforemakinghisstatement inCourt: "Isolemnlydeclareuponmyhonourand conscience thatmystatement willbeinac- cordance with mysincere belief." Article54 The Court may requestthe partiesto call witnessesorexperts,ormaycallforthepro- internationalorganization,pursuant toArticle 34ofthe Statute,tofurnishinformationrele- vanttoaeasebefore it.TheCourtshalldecide whethersuchinformationshallbepresented toitorally orinwriting. 4.Whenapublicinternational organization sees fitto furnish,on itsown initiative,in- formation relevanttoacasebefore theCourt, itshalldosointheformofaMemorial tobe filed inthe Registry beforetheclosure ofthe writtenproceedings. The Court shall retain therighttorequiresuchinformationtobe supplemented,either orally orin writing, in theformofanswerstoanyquestions which itmayseefittoformulate, andalsotoauthor- izetheparties tocomment inwriting onthe information thusfurnished. 5. Inthecircumstances contemplated by Article34, paragraph3, of the Statute,the Registrar, on the instructions of the Court, orofthePresidentiftheCourt isnotsitting, shallproceedasprescribedinthatparagraph. The Court, or the President if the Court is notsitting, shall, as from the date onwhich theRegistrar has communicatedcopies ofthe writtenproceedings, fix a time-limitwithin whichthepublicinternationalorganization concernedmaysubmittotheCourtitsobserva- tions in writing. These observationsshall be communicatedtotheparties and may bedis- cussed by them and bythe representative of thesaid organizationduring theoralproceed- ings. 604YearbookoftheUnitedNations Article 58 1.Inthe absenceofany decision to the con- trarybytheCourt,orbythePresidentifthe Courtisnotsittingat thetimewhenthedeci- sionhastobemade, speeches orstatements madebeforetheCourtinoneoftheofficial languagesshallbetranslatedintotheother officiallanguage;thesameruleshallapplyin regard toquestions andanswers. TheRegis- trar shall make thenecessary arrangements forthispurpose. 2.Whenever,inaccordancewithArticle39, paragraph 3,oftheStatute,alanguageother thanFrenchorEnglishisused,thenecessary arrangements fortranslation intooneofthe twoofficiallanguages shallbemadebythe party concerned: the evidence ofwitnesses andthestatements ofexperts shall,however, be translated under the supervision of the Court.Inthecaseofwitnessesorexpertswho appearattheinstance oftheCourt,arrange- mentsfortranslationshallbemadebythe Registry. 3.Thepersonsmakingthetranslationsre- ferredtointheprecedingparagraphshall makethefollowingdeclarationinCourt: "Isolemnlydeclareuponmyhonourand consciencethatmytranslationwillbea completeand faithfulrenderingofwhatI amcalled upontotranslate." Article59 1.Theminutes mentioned inArticle 47of theStatute shallinclude: thenamesofthejudges present; thenames of the agents, counsel or advo- catespresent; the surnames, first names, description and residence ofwitnesses andexperts heard; abriefrecordoftheevidenceproducedat thehearing; declarations made on behalf of the parties; abriefrecordofquestionsputtothepar- tiesbythePresidentorbythejudges; anydecisionsdeliveredorannouncedby the Courtduringthehearing. 2.Theminutes ofpublicsittings shallbe printed and published. Article60 1.AteachhearingheldbytheCourt,a shorthandnoteshallbemadeunderthesuper- visionof theRegistraroftheoralproceedings, includingtheevidencetaken,andshallbe appendedtotheminutesreferred toinArticle 59ofthepresentRules.Thisnote,unlessitis otherwisedecidedbytheCourt,shallcontain anyinterpretations fromoneofficiallanguage intotheothermadeinCourtbytheinterpre- ters. 2.Atranscript oftheevidenceofeachwit- nessorexpertshallbemadeavailabletohim inorderthatmistakesmaybecorrectedunder thesupervisionoftheCourt. 3.Atranscriptofspeechesordeclarations madebyagents,counseloradvocatesshallbe madeavailabletothemforcorrectionorrevi- sion,underthesupervisionoftheCourt. II.OccasionalRules Interim Protection Article 61 1.Arequestfortheindicationofinterim measures of protection may befiled at any timeduringtheproceedingsinthecaseincon- nection withwhich it ismade. Therequest shallspecifythecasetowhich itrelates,the rights to be protected and the interim measures ofwhichtheindicationisproposed. 2.Arequestfortheindicationofinterim measuresof protectionshallhavepriorityover allothercases.Thedecisionthereonshallbe treatedasamatterofurgency. 3.IftheCourtisnotsitting,themembers shallbeconvenedbythePresidentforthwith. PendingthemeetingoftheCourtandadeci- sionbyit,thePresidentshall,ifneedbe,take such measures as may appear to himnecessary inorder toenable theCourt to give aneffective decision. 4.TheCourt mayindicateinterimmeasures ofprotectionotherthanthoseproposedinthe request. 5.Therejectionofarequestfortheindi- cationofinterimmeasuresofprotectionshall notpreventtheparty whichhasmadeitfrom making a fresh request in thesame case based on new facts. 6.TheCourtmayindicateinterimmeasures ofprotectionpropriomotu.IftheCourtisnot sitting, the President may convene themem- bersinordertosubmittotheCourttheques- tionwhether itisexpedienttoindicate such measures. 7.TheCourtmayatanytimebyreasonof achangeinthesituationrevokeormodifyits decisionindicatinginterimmeasuresofpro- tection. 8.TheCourtshallonlyindicateinterim measuresofprotectionaftergivingtheparties an opportunity of presenting their observa- tions on thesubject. The same ruleapplies whentheCourtrevokesormodifiesadecision indicating such measures. PreliminaryObjections Article62 1.Apreliminaryobjectionmustbefiledby apartyatthelatestbefore theexpiryofthe time-limitfixedforthedeliveryofitsfirst pleading. 2.Thepreliminary objection shall set out thefactsandthelawonwhichtheobjection is based,thesubmissionsanda list of thedocu- mentsinsupport;thesedocumentsshallbe attached;itshallmentionanyevidencewhich the party maydesireto produce. The International Court of Justice605 3. Upon receipt bythe Registrar ofapre- liminaryobjectionfiledbya party,theproceed- ingsonthemeritsshallbesuspended andthe Court, orthePresident iftheCourtisnotsit- ting, shallfixthetime-limitwithin which the other party may present awrittenstatement ofitsobservationsandsubmissions;documents in supportshall be attached and evidence which itisproposedtoproduceshallbementioned. 4.Unless otherwise decided by the Court, thefurtherproceedings shallbeoral. 5. Afterhearing theparties theCourtshall giveitsdecision ontheobjection orshalljoin theobjectiontothemerits. IftheCourt over- rulestheobjection orjoinsittothemerits, it shalloncemorefixtime-limits forthefurther proceedings. Counter-claims Article63 Whenproceedings have been instituted by means ofanapplication,acounter-claimmay bepresentedinthesubmissionsoftheCounter- Memorial,providedthatsuchcounter-claimis directlyconnectedwiththesubject-matterof theapplicationandthatitcomeswithinthe jurisdictionoftheCourt.Intheeventofdoubt astotheconnectionbetweenthequestionpre- sented byway ofcounter-claim and the sub- ject-matterofthe applicationthe Court shall, after due examination, direct whether ornot thequestion thuspresented shallbejoined to theoriginalproceedings. Intervention Article64 1.An application for permission to inter- veneunderthe terms of Article62 of the Statute shallbefiledintheRegistry atlatest beforethecommencementoftheoralproceed- ings. 2.Theapplication shallcontain: adescriptionofthecase; astatementoflawandoffactjustifying intervention;and alistofthedocuments insupport ofthe application;thesedocumentsshallbeat- tached. 3.Theapplication shallbecommunicated to the parties,who shall sendto theRegistrytheir observationsinwritingwithinatime-limitto befixedbytheCourt,orbythePresident,if theCourtisnotsitting. 4.The Registrar shall alsotransmit copies oftheapplicationforpermissiontointervene : (a)toMembers of theUnitedNations through theSecretary-Generaland (b),bymeansof specialarrangementsmadeforthispurpose betweenthemandtheRegistrar,toanyother StatesentitledtoappearbeforetheCourt. 5.The application to intervene shall be placedontheagendaforahearing,thedate andhourofwhichshallbenotifiedtoallcon- cerned. Nevertheless,iftheparties have not, intheirwrittenobservations,opposedtheap- plication to intervene, theCourt may decide thatthereshallbenooralargument. 6.TheCourtwillgiveitsdecisiononthe application intheform ofajudgment. Article 65 1. Ifthe Courtadmits theintervention and iftheparty interveningexpressesadesire to fileaMemorial onthemerits,theCourtshall fixthetime-limits withinwhichtheMemorial shallbefiledandwithinwhichtheotherparties mayreplybyCounter-Memorials; thesame courseshallbefollowedinregardtotheReply andtheRejoinder. IftheCourtisnotsitting, thetime-limitsshall befixedbythePresident. 2. IftheCourthasnotyetgiven itsdecision upontheinterventionandtheapplicationto interveneisnotopposed,thePresident,ifthe Courtisnotsitting,may,withoutprejudiceto the decisionof theCourton thequestion whethertheapplication shouldbegranted,fix thetime-limitswithinwhichtheintervening partymayfileaMemorial onthemerits and theotherpartiesmayreplybyCounter- Memorials. 3. Inthecasesreferredtointhetwopreced- ingparagraphs, thetime-limits shall,sofaras possible, coincide withthose alreadyfixed in thecase. Article 66 1. AStatewhichdesirestoavailitselfof the right conferred upon itbyArticle 63 ofthe Statuteshallfile intheRegistry adeclaration tothateffect.Thisdeclarationmaybefiledby aStateeventhoughithasnotreceivedthe notificationreferred tointhatArticle. 2. Such declarationsshall be communicated totheparties. Ifanyobjectionordoubtshould ariseastowhethertheinterventionisadmis- sibleunderArticle63oftheStatute,thedeci- sionshallrest withtheCourt. 3. The Registrarshall also transmitcopies ofthe declarations: (a) to Membersofthe UnitedNationsthroughtheSecretary-General and ( b ) , bymeans of special arrangements madeforthispurposebetweenthemandthe Registrar, toanyotherStatesentitledtoap- pearbefore theCourt. 4. TheRegistrarshalltakethe necessary steps toenable theintervening party toinspect thedocumentsinthecaseinsofarasthey relate to the interpretationof the convention inquestion,andtosubmititswrittenobserva- tionsthereon totheCourtwithin atime-limit tobefixedbytheCourtorbythePresident if theCourtisnotsitting. 5.These observations shall be communicated to the other parties and may be discussedby theminthecourseoftheoralproceedings;in these proceedingsthe interveningparty shall takepart. 606YearbookoftheUnitedNations Appeals totheCourt Article 67 1.Whenan appealismadeto the Court againstadecisiongivenbysomeothertribu- nal,theproceedingsbeforetheCourtshallbe governedbytheprovisionsoftheStatuteand of these Rules. 2.If the document instituting the appeal must be filed within a certainlimit of time, the dateofthereceiptof thisdocumentintheReg- istrywillbetakenbytheCourtasthematerial date. 3.Thedocumentinstitutingtheappealshall containaprecisestatementofthegroundsof theobjections tothedecision complained of, andthese constitute the subject ofthedispute referred to the Court. 4.A certified copy of the decision complained of shall be attached to the document instituting theappeal. 5.Itisincumbentuponthepartiestopro- duce beforetheCourtanyusefulandrelevant materialuponwhichthedecisioncomplained of wasrendered. Settlement anddiscontinuance Article 68 Ifatanytimebeforejudgmenthasbeen delivered,thepartiesconcludeanagreementas tothesettlementofthedisputeandsoinform theCourt inwriting, orbymutual agreement inform theCourt inwriting that they arenot goingonwiththeproceedings,theCourt, or thePresidentiftheCourtisnotsitting,shall makeanorderofficiallyrecordingtheconclu- sionofthesettlementorthediscontinuanceof theproceedings;ineithercasetheordershall directtheremovalofthecasefromthelist. Article 69 1. Ifinthecourseofproceedingsinstituted bymeansofanapplication,theapplicantin- formstheCourtinwritingthatitisnotgoing onwiththeproceedings,andif,at thedateon whichthiscommunicationisreceivedbythe Registry,therespondenthasnotyettakenany stepin the proceedings,theCourt,or the Presi- dentiftheCourtisnotsitting,willmakean orderofficially recording thediscontinuance of theproceedings anddirectingtheremovalof the case fromthe list. A copyof this ordershall besentbytheRegistrartotherespondent. 2.If,atthetimewhenthenoticeofdiscon- tinuance is received, the respondent has al- readytaken some stepintheproceedings,the Court,orthePresidentiftheCourtisnotsit- ting,shallfixatime-limitwithinwhichthe respondentmuststatewhetheritopposesthe discontinuance oftheproceedings. Ifnoobjec- tionismadetothediscontinuancebeforethe expirationofthetime-limit,acquiescencewill bepresumedandtheCourt,orthePresidentif theCourtisnotsitting,willmakeanorder officiallyrecordingthediscontinuanceofthe proceedingsand directing the removal of the casefromthelist. Ifobjectionismade,the proceedingsshall continue. Section2Procedure BeforetheChambers Article 70 ProcedurebeforetheChambersmentioned inArticles26and29oftheStatuteshall,sub- jecttotheprovisions ofthe Statute and of theseRulesrelatingtotheChambers andto anyspecialruleswhichtheCourtmaymake, begovernedbytheprovisionsrelatingtopro- cedurebeforetheCourt. Article71 1.Whenitisdesiredthatacaseshouldbe dealtwithbyoneoftheChamberswhichhas beenformedinpursuanceofArticle26,para- graph1,orArticle29oftheStatute,arequest tothiseffectshouldeitherbemadeinthedoc- ument instituting the proceedingsor accom- panyit.Effectwillbegiventotherequestif thepartiesareinagreement. 2. Upon receiptby the Registryofthis re- quest,thePresident oftheCourtshallcommu- nicateittothemembersoftheChambercon- cerned. Heshall take suchstepsasmaybe necessaryto giveeffecttotheprovisionsof Article31,paragraph4,oftheStatute. 3. ArequestfortheformationofaChamber todealwithaparticularcaseasprovidedfor inArticle26,paragraph2,oftheStatute,can befiled atany moment until the closure ofthe writtenproceedings.Uponreceiptofsucha requestbytheRegistry,thePresidentshall ascertainwhetherthe other partyassents. When bothpartieshave assented, thePresi- dentshallascertaintheviewsofthepartiesas tothenumberofjudgestoconstitutethe Chamber.TheCourtshalldecideuponthere- questfortheformationofaChamberinaccor- dance with Article26, paragraphs2and 3,of theStatuteandArticle24,paragraphs 2and 5,oftheseRules. 4. The PresidentoftheCourt shall convene the Chamber atthe earliest date compatible withtherequirementsoftheprocedure. 5.Assoon astheChamber hasmettobegin thehearingofthecasesubmittedtoit,the powersofthePresidentoftheCourtshallbe exercisedinrespectofthecasebythePresi- dentoftheChamber. Article 72 1. The procedurebeforethe Chamberfor Summary Procedure shallconsist oftwoparts: writtenandoral. 2.If theproceedingsareinstitutedby meansofaspecialagreement,thewrittenpro- ceedingsshallconsistofasinglepleadingby eachparty,filedwithinthe sametime-limit, thedocumentsinsupportbeingannexed.Ifthe proceedingsareinstitutedbymeansofanap- plication,thewrittenproceedingsshallconsist ofsimilarpleadingsfiledinturn,firstbythe applicantandsecondlybytherespondentwith- inthetime-limitsfixed bythePresident ofthe Chamber.TheChambermay,nevertheless, whatevermaybethemethodofinstitutingthe The International Court of Justice607 proceedings,ifthe partiesso request,permit thefiling offurther pleadings;ifthe Chamber uponitsowninitiativeconsidersanyfurther pleadingtobenecessaryitmay, after hearing theparties, direct that itshouldbefiled. 3. Thepleadingsshallbecommunicatedby theRegistrartothemembersoftheChamber andtotheoppositeparty. Theyshallmention allevidence,otherthanthedocumentsreferred tointhepreceding paragraph, whichthepar- tiesdesiretoproduce. 4. When thecaseisreadyforhearing, the President oftheChamber shallfixadatefor theopeningoftheoralproceedings,unlessthe parties agree todispense with them; evenif there are no oral proceedings, the Chamber shall retain theright tocall upon the parties tosupplyoralexplanations. 5.Witnessesorexpertswhosenamesare mentionedinthewritten proceedingsmust be available soastoappearbeforetheChamber when theirpresence isrequired. Article73 JudgmentsgivenbyaChamberwillberead atapublic sitting ofthatChamber. Section3Judgments Article 74 1.Thejudgment shallcontain: astatementwhether it has been delivered bythe Court orbyaChamber; thedateonwhichitisdelivered; thenamesofthejudgesparticipating; thenamesoftheparties; thenames oftheagentsoftheparties; asummaryofthe proceedings; thesubmissions ofthe parties; astatementofthefacts; thereasonsinpointoflaw; theoperativeprovisions ofthejudgment; thedecision, ifany,inregardtocosts; thenumberofthejudgesconstitutingthe majority. 2.Anyjudgemay, ifhesodesires, attach hisindividual opinion tothejudgment, wheth- erhedissents from the majority ornot, ora barestatement ofhisdissent. Article 75 1. Whenthejudgmenthasbeenreadinpub- lic, oneoriginal copy, duly signed andsealed, shallbeplacedintheArchivesoftheCourtand another shall be forwardedto each of the parties. 2. Acopy ofthe judgment shall besentby the Registrar to Membersofthe United Na- tions and to States entitled toappear before theCourt. Article 76 Thejudgment shall become bindingonthe partiesonthedayonwhichitisreadinopen Court. Article 77 Thepartyinwhosefavouranorderforthe paymentofthecostshasbeenmadeshallpre- senthisbillofcostswithintendaysafterthe judgmenthasbeendelivered. TheCourtshall decideanydispute concerningthebill. Section 4Requestsfor the Revision or Interpretationof a Judgment Article 78 1. Arequestfortherevisionofajudgment shallbemadebyanapplication. Theapplicationshallstatethejudgment of whichtherevisionisdesired,andshallcontain theparticularsnecessarytoshowthatthecon- ditionslaiddownbyArticle61oftheStatute arefulfilled,andalistofthedocumentsin support; thesedocuments shallbeattached to theapplication. 2.Therequestforrevisionshallbecommu- nicated bytheRegistrar tothe other parties. Thelattermaysubmitobservations withina time-limittobefixedbytheCourt,orbythe President iftheCourtisnotsitting. 3. IftheCourtadmitstheapplication fora revision, itwill determine the written proce- durerequiredforexamining themeritsofthe application. 4. IftheCourtmakestheadmission ofthe applicationconditionaluponpreviouscompli- ancewiththejudgmenttoberevised,thiscon- ditionshallbecommunicatedforthwithtothe applicant bytheRegistrar andproceedings in revision shallbestayed pending receipt bythe Court ofproof ofcompliance with the judg- ment. Article 79 1.ArequesttotheCourttointerpreta judgmentwhichithasgivenmaybemade either by the notification of aspecial agree- mentbetween theparties orbyanapplication byoneormoreoftheparties. 2.Thespecialagreementorapplicationshall statethejudgment ofwhichaninterpretation isrequestedandshallspecifytheprecisepoint orpointsindispute. 3. Iftherequest forinterpretation ismade bymeansofanapplication, theRegistrar shall communicatethe applicationtothe other par- ties,andthelattermaysubmitobservations withinatime-limittobefixedbytheCourt,or bythePresident iftheCourt isnotsitting. 4. Whetherthe request bemade byspecial agreementorbyapplication,theCourtmayin- vite the parties to furnish further written or oral explanations. Article 80 Ifthejudgmenttoberevisedortobeinter- pretedwasgivenbytheCourt,therequestfor its revisionor interpretation shallbe dealt with bythe Court. Ifthejudgmentwas given byoneoftheChambersmentionedinArticles 26or29oftheStatute,therequest foritsrevi- sion or interpretationshall be dealt with by thesameChamber. 608YearbookoftheUnitedNations Article81 ThedecisionoftheCourtonrequestsfor revision orinterpretationshallbegiveninthe formofajudgment. HEADINGIII ADVISORYOPINIONS Article82 1. Inproceedings inregardtoadvisoryopin- ions,theCourtshall, inaddition totheprovi- sionsofArticle 96oftheCharter andChapter IVoftheStatute, applytheprovisions ofthe Articles which follow. Itshallalsobeguided bytheprovisions ofthese Rules which apply incontentious cases totheextent towhich it recognizesthemtobeapplicable;forthispur- pose it shall above all consider whether the request forthe advisory opinion relates to a legal question actually pending between two ormore States. 2. Ifthe Court isofthe opinionthat are- quest foranadvisory opinion necessitates an early answer, itshall takethenecessarysteps toaccelerate theprocedure. Article83 Iftheadvisory opinionisrequested upona legal question actually pending between twoor more States,Article 31 of the Statute shall apply,asalsotheprovisionsoftheseRules concerningtheapplicationofthatArticle. Article84 1. Advisoryopinionsshallbegivenafterde- liberationbytheCourt.Theyshallmentionthe numberofjudges constitutingthemajority. 2. Any judge may, ifhe sodesires,attach hisindividualopiniontotheadvisory opinion oftheCourt,whetherhedissentsfromthe majority or not, or a bare statementof his dissent. Article85 1.The Registrar will in due time inform the Secretary-Generalof theUnitedNationsand theappropriateorganoftheinstitution,if any,which requested theadvisory opinion, as tothedateandthehourfixedforthesitting tobe held for the reading of the opinion. 2.Oneoriginalcopyoftheadvisoryopinion, dulysigned andsealed, shallbeplaced inthe archives oftheCourtandanothershallbesent totheSecretariat oftheUnited Nations. Cer- tified copies shallbesentbytheRegistrar to Membersof the United Nations and to the States, specializedagencies and public inter- national organizationsdirectly concerned. Done atTheHague, this sixth dayofMay nineteen hundred andforty-six. (Signed)J.G.GUERRERO, President. (Signed)E.HAMBRO, Registrar. ANNEXII. STATES ACCEPTING COMPULSORY JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA Date ofSignature: August 21, 1940. Dateof Depositof Ratification:Not re- quired. Effective Until: August21, 1945,andthere- afteruntil such timeasnotice oftermination maybegiven. Conditions:Effectivewithoutspecialconven- tion on condition of reciprocity over all dis- putesarisingafterAugust18,1930(dateof ratificationofpreviousdeclarationbyAustra- lia) with regardto situationsor facts subse- quenttothatdateotherthan: 1) disputes inregardtowhichtheparties tothedispute haveagreed orshallagreeto haverecourseto someothermethodof peaceful settlement; 2) disputes with the Government ofany otherMemberof the Leagueof Nations whichisaMemberoftheBritishCommon- wealthofNations,allofwhichdisputesshall besettled insuch a manner asthe parties haveagreedorshallagree; 3) disputes withregard toquestions which byinternational law fallexclusively within thejurisdictionoftheCommonwealthof Australia; 4) subject totheconditionthatHisMaj- esty'sGovernmentintheCommonwealthof Australiareservethe right torequirethat proceedings intheCourtshallbesuspended inrespectofanydisputewhichhasbeensub- mittedto the Councilof theLeagueof Nations; 5) disputes arising out of events occur- ringatatimewhen His Majesty's Govern- mentin theCommonwealth of Australia wereinvolved inhostilities. CANADA DateofSignature:September 20,1929. Dateof Deposit of Ratification: July28, 1930. Effective Until:July28,1940,andthereafter until such time asnotice may begiven of ter- mination. Conditions:Effectivewithoutspecialcon- vention on condition ofreciprocity in alldis- putesarisingafterratificationandwithregard tosituationsorfactssubsequenttosaidratifi- cation otherthan: 1) disputesinregardtowhichtheparties tothedispute haveagreed orshallagreeto haverecourse tosomeothermethod ofpeace- fulsettlement; The International Court of Justice609 2) disputeswiththeGovernmentofany otherMemberoftheLeagueofNations whichisamemberoftheBritishCommon- wealth of Nations, allof which disputes shall be settledinsuch manner astheparties have agreedorshallagree; 3)disputes withregard toquestions which byinternationallawfallexclusivelywithin thejurisdictionof theDominionofCanada; 4)subjecttotheconditionthatHisMaj- esty'sGovernmentinCanadareservethe right to require that proceedings in the Courtshallbesuspendedinrespectofany disputewhichhasbeensubmittedtoandis underconsideration bythe Councilof the LeagueofNations; 5)disputesarisingoutofeventsoccur- ringduringthepresentwar.(Notification ofDecember 8,1939). CHINA DateofSignature :October26,1946. DateofDeposit ofRatification:Notre- quired. Effective Until: 1951 and thereafteruntil theexpirationofasixmonths'noticeofter- mination. Conditions: InrelationtoanyStatewhich acceptsthesameobligation. COLOMBIA DateofSignature:January6,1932. DateofDepositofRatification:Notre- quired. EffectiveUntil: Indefinite. Conditions:Effectivewithoutspecialagree- ment,oncondition of reciprocity, inrelationto anyotherStateacceptingthesameobligation inalldisputesarisingoutoffactssubsequent toJanuary6,1932. DENMARK DateofSignature:December10,1946. DateofDepositofRatification:Notre- quired. EffectiveUntil:December10,1956. Conditions:InrelationtoanyotherState acceptingthesameobligation. DOMINICANREPUBLIC DateofSignature:September30,1924. DateofDepositof Ratification:February4, 1933. EffectiveUntil:Indefinite. Conditions: Effective without special conven- tioninrelationtoanyotherStateaccepting thesameobligation. ELSALVADOR DateofSignature:December18,1920. Dateof Deposit of Ratification : Thedeclara- tioncameintoforceonAugust 29,1930,when theGovernmentofElSalvadordepositedthe ratificationoftheProtocolofSignatureofthe Statuteof the PermanentCourt. EffectiveUntil: Indefinite. Conditions:Excludedfromthedeclaration are: 1)disputesordifferencesconcerning pointsorquestionswhichcannotbesubmit- tedtoarbitrationinaccordancewiththe politicalConstitutionofElSalvador; 2) disputes which arose before the coming into force of the declaration; 3) pecuniary claims made against the Nations. FRANCE DateofSignature: February18,1947. DateofDepositofRatification:Ratification notyetbeenreceived. EffectiveUntil:Fiveyearsafterdateofrat- ificationandthereafter untilnoticeoftermi- nation. Conditions:Effectivewithoutspecialagree- mentinrelationtoanyotherStateaccepting thesameobligation foralldisputes which may ariseinrespectoffactsorsituations subse- quenttoratificationofthepresentdeclaration with theexception of: 1)disputeswithregardtowhichthepar- tiesmayhaveagreedormayagreetohave recoursetoanotherformofpeacefulsettle- ment; 2) differencesrelatingtomatterswhich areessentiallywithinthenationaljurisdic- tionasunderstood by theGovernment of the French Republic. GUATEMALA DateofSignature:January27,1947. DateofDepositof Ratification:Notre- quired. EffectiveUntil: January 27, 1952. Conditions: Effective inrelation toanyother Stateacceptingthesameobligationinalllegal disputes,exceptthedisputebetweenEngland andGuatemalaconcerningtherestorationof theterritoryofBelize,whichtheGovernment ofGuatemalawouldagreetosubmittothe judgment of the Court, if the case were decided ex oequo etbono in accordancewith Article 38, paragraph2oftheStatuteoftheCourt. HAITI DateofSignature: September7,1921. Date ofRatification:Not required. EffectiveUntil: Indefinite. Conditions :Unconditional. INDIA DateofSignature:February28,1940. DateofDepositofRatification:Notre- quired. EffectiveUntil:February28,1945,and thereafteruntil suchtimeasnoticemaybe giventoterminate theacceptance. Conditions: Effective without special conven- tion on condition ofreciprocity overall dis- putesarisingafterFebruary5,1930(dateof ratificationofpreviousdeclarationbyIndia) 610YearbookoftheUnitedNations withregardtosituationsorfactssubsequent tothatdate otherthan: 1) disputes inregardtowhichtheparties tothedispute haveagreed orshallagreeto haverecoursetosomeothermethodofpeace- fulsettlement; 2) disputes with the government of any otherMemberof the Leagueof Nations whichisamember oftheBritish Common- wealthofNations, allofwhichdisputes shall be settledin such manneras the parties haveagreedorshall agree; 3)disputeswithregardtoquestionswhich byinternational lawfall exclusively within thejurisdictionofIndia; 4) subject tothecondition thattheGov- ernmentofIndiareservetherighttorequire thatproceedingsintheCourt shall besus- pended inrespect ofanydisputewhich has beensubmittedtoandisunderconsideration bytheCounciloftheLeagueofNations; 5)disputesarisingoutofeventsoccur- ring at a time when the Government of India wereinvolvedinhostilities. IRAN Date of Signature :October 2,1930. DateofDeposit ofRatification: September 191932 EffectiveUntil: September19, 1938, and thereafteruntilnotificationisgivenofits abrogation. Conditions:Effectivewithoutspecialagree- ment inrelation toany other State accepting the same obligationin any disputes arising withregardto situations or factsrelating directlyor indirectlyto the applicationof treaties orconventions accepted byPersia with the exceptionof: 1) disputes relating totheterritorial status ofPersia, includingthoseconcerning therights ofsovereigntyofPersia over its islandsandports; 2) disputes inregard towhichtheparties have agreed orshallagree tohaverecourse tosomeother methodof peacefulsettlement; 3) disputeswithregardto questions which,byinternationallaw,fallexclusively withinthejurisdictionofPersia, 4)subjecttotheconditionthatPersiare- servestherighttorequirethatproceedings intheCourtshallbesuspendedinrespectof any dispute which has beensubmittedto the Council oftheLeagueofNations. LUXEMBOURG DateofSignature: September15,1930. Date of Deposit of Ratification: Not re- quired. EffectiveUntil:September15,1935.Unless denouncedsixmonthsbeforetheexpirationof thatperiod,itshallbeconsidered asrenewed for afurther period of five years and similarly thereafter. Conditions:Effectivewithoutspecialagree- ments inrelationtoany State acceptingthe same obligationin any dispute arising after thesignatureofthepresentdeclarationwith regard tosituationsorfacts subsequenttothis signature,except in cases where the parties have agreed or shall agree to have recourse toanotherprocedureortoanothermethodof pacific settlement. MEXICO ByletterofFebruary 18,1947, theMexican GovernmentinformedtheSecretary-General thatthe Mexican Government had decided to askfor Federal Legislaturefor constitutional approvaloftherecognitionbyMexico,asfrom March 1,1947,ofthejurisdictionoftheInter- national Court ofJustice in accordance with theprovisions ofArticle 36, paragraph 2, of theStatute oftheCourt. IftheMexican Sen- ateapprovedthemeasure,theMexicanGov- ernmentwouldforwardthedeclaration.Asof June30,1947,nodeclarationhadbeenreceived fromtheMexicanGovernment. NETHERLANDS Date ofSignature:August 5,1946. Date of Deposit of Ratification:Not re- quired. Effective Until: August 6,1956, andsubse- quentlyuntilnoticeofabrogation. Conditions:Withoutspecialagreementin relationtoanyotherStateacceptingthesame obligationinallfuturedisputeswiththeexcep- tionofthoseinwhichtheparties haveagreed, aftertheentry intoforceoftheStatute ofthe PermanentCourt of InternationalJustice, to haverecoursetosomeothermethod ofpacific settlement. NEW ZEALAND Date ofSignature:April 1,1940. Dateof Depositof Ratification: Notre- quired. Effective Until:April1,1945,andthereafter untilnoticemaybegiventoterminatethe acceptance. Conditions: Effective without special conven- tiononconditionofreciprocityoveralldis- putesarisingafterMarch29,1930(dateof ratificationofapreviousdeclarationbyNew Zealand)withregardtosituationsorfacts subsequenttothatdate,otherthan: 1)disputesinregardtowhichtheparties tothedisputehaveagreedorshallagreeto have recourse to some other method of peace- fulsettlement; 2) disputeswiththegovernment ofany other Memberof the Leagueof Nations which isamember oftheBritish Common- wealthofNations,allof whichdisputesshall besettledinsuchmanner asthepartieshave agreedorshallagree; 3)disputeswithregardto questions which byinternationallawfallexclusivelywithin the jurisdictionof the Dominionof New Zealand; The International Court of Justice611 4)subjecttotheconditionthatHisMaj- esty'sGovernmentinNewZealandreserve therighttorequirethatproceedingsinthe Courtshallbesuspended inrespect ofany disputewhichhas been submittedto and isunderconsideration bytheCouncilofthe LeagueofNations; 5) disputesarisingoutofeventsoccur- ringatatimewhenHisMajesty'sGovern- mentinNewZealand wereinvolved inhos- tilities. NICARAGUA Dateof Signature:September24,1929. DateofDepositofRatification:Declaration tookeffecton November 29, 1939,whenthe Nicaraguan Governmentnotified theSecretary- General ofthe League of Nations of Nica- ragua'sratificationoftheProtocolofSigna- ture ofthe Statute ofthe Permanent Court. EffectiveUntil : Indefinite. Conditions:Unconditional. NORWAY DateofSignature:November16,1946. Date of Deposit of Ratification: Not re- quired. Effective Until:October 3,1956. Conditions: Without special agreement in relationtoanyotherStateacceptingthesame obligation. PANAMA DateofSignature:October25, 1921. Dateof Depositof Ratification:June14, 1929. Effective Until: Indefinite. Conditions :Effective without special conven- tioninrelationtoanyotherStateaccepting thesameobligation. SIAM DateofSignature:September20,1929. Date of Deposit of Ratification: May 7,1930. Effective Until:May7,1950. Conditions: Effective without special conven- tion inrelationtoanyotherMemberorState whichacceptedthesameobligationinalldis- putes as towhich no other means of pacific settlementisagreeduponbetweentheparties. SWEDEN DateofSignature:April5,1947. Date of Deposit of Ratification: Not re- quired. EffectiveUntil:April5,1957. Conditions:Effective in relation to any other Stateacceptingthesameobligationinalldis- puteswhichmayarisewith regard to situ- ationsorfactssubsequenttothisdeclaration. TURKEY Dateof Signature:May 22,1947. Date of Deposit of Ratification: Not re- quired. EffectiveUntil:May22,1952. Conditions:Effectivewithoutspecialagree- mentinrelationtoanyotherStateaccepting thesameobligationinalldisputeswhichwill ariseinthefutureconcerning: 1) theinterpretationofatreaty; 2) anyquestionofinternationallaw; 3)theexistenceofanyfact,which,if established,would constitute abreach ofan internationalobligation; 4) thenatureorextentofthereparation tobemadefor thebreachof aninternational obligation; withthe exceptionof : 1) situations previous tothisdeclaration and differenceswhich arise therefrom; 2) disputesforwhichitmaybepossible toapply,directlyorindirectly, agreements andconventionsconcludedbyTurkeypro- vidingforadifferentmethodofsettling disputes. UNIONOFSOUTHAFRICA DateofSignature:April7,1940. DateofRatification:Notrequired. Effective Until: Untilsuchtimeasnotice maybegiventoterminatetheacceptance. Conditions: Effective without special conven- tiononcondition ofreciprocity overalldis- putesarisingafterApril7,1930(dateofrati- fication of aprevious declarationby South Africa)with regard tosituations or facts sub- sequenttothatdateotherthan: 1) disputes inregard to which the parties tothedisputehaveagreedorshallagreeto have recourse to some other method of peace- ful settlement; 2) disputeswiththeGovernmentofany other Member of theLeague of Nations whichisamemberoftheBritishCommon- wealthof Nations, allof whichdisputesshall besettledinsuchmanners astheparties haveagreedorshallagree; 3)disputeswithregardto questions which byinternationallawfallexclusivelywithin the jurisdictionof the Unionof South Africa; 4) subject tothecondition that HisMaj- esty'sGovernmentintheUnionofSouth Africareservetherighttorequirethatpro- ceedingsoftheCourtshallbesuspendedin respectofanydisputewhichhasbeensub- mittedtoandisunderconsiderationbythe Council oftheLeague ofNations; 5) disputesarisingoutofeventsoccur- ringduringanyperiodinwhichtheUnion ofSouthAfricaisengagedinhostilitiesas abelligerent. UNITEDKINGDOM DateofSignature: February28,1940. DateofDepositofRatification:Notre- quired. EffectiveUntil:February28,1945,and thereafter untilsuch time as notice may be giventoterminatetheacceptance. 612 Yearbook of the United Nations Conditions:Effectivewithoutspecial conven- tiononconditionofreciprocity overalldis- putesarisingafterFebruary5,1930(dateof ratificationofpreviousdeclarationbyUnited Kingdom)withregardtosituationsorfacts subsequenttothatdate,otherthan: 1) disputes in regard to which the parties tothedisputehaveagreedorshallagreeto have recourse to some other methodof peace- ful settlement; 2) disputeswiththegovernment ofany otherMemberoftheLeagueofNations whichisamemberoftheBritishCommon- wealthofNations,allof whichdisputesshall be settledin suchmannerasthepartieshave agreedorshallagree; 3)disputeswith regardto questions which byinternationallawfallexclusivelywithin the jurisdictionof the United Kingdom; 4)subjecttotheconditionthatHisMaj- esty's Governmentreserve therighttore- quirethatproceedingsintheCourtshallbe suspended inrespectofanydisputewhich hasbeensubmittedtoandisundercon- siderationbytheCounciloftheLeagueof Nations; 5)disputesarisingoutofeventsoccur- ringatatimewhenHisMajesty's Govern- ment intheUnited Kingdom were involved in hostilities. Additional Declaration by UnitedKingdomGovernment DateofSignature: February13,1946. Date of Deposit of Ratification: Not re- quired. EffectiveUntil: February13,1951. Conditions:Effectivewithoutspecialagree- ment,inrelationtoanyotherStateaccepting thesameobligationinalllegaldisputescon- cerningtheinterpretation,applicationor valid- ityofanytreatyrelatingtotheboundariesof British Honduras, and over any questions aris- ing out of any conclusionwhich the Courtmay reach withregard to such treaty. UNITEDSTATES DateofSignature:August14,1946. DateofDepositofRatification:Notre- quired. EffectiveUntil:August14,1951,andthere- afteruntiltheexpiration ofsixmonthsafter noticemaybegiventoterminate thisdecla- ration. Conditions:In all legal disputes arising afterthedateofsignatureofthedeclaration, except : 1) disputes thesolution of which the par- tiesshallentrusttoothertribunalsbyvirtue ofagreementsalreadyinexistenceor which may be concluded in the future; or 2) disputeswithregardtomatterswhich areessentially withinthedomesticjurisdic- tion oftheUnited States of Americaas determined by the UnitedStates of America; or 3)disputesarisingunderamultilateral treaty,unless (1) allpartiestothetreaty affected bythedecisions a


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