<4D6963726F736F667420506F776572506F696E74202D20B8D2B5D8E1C5D0CAD2C3BBC3D0A1CDBA31>““““ ( ( ( (atom) atom) atom) atom) ““““
"""""("("("(atom) atom) atom) atom) atomasatomasatomasatomas
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( ( ( (Sir John Dalton) Sir John Dalton) Sir John Dalton) Sir John Dalton) (((())))

““““””””
2. 2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3. 3. 1 1 1 1
----
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( ( ( ( CationCationCationCation ))))
( ( ( (Sir Joseph John Thomson)Sir Joseph John Thomson)Sir Joseph John Thomson)Sir Joseph John Thomson) (((())))
““““”””” (electron)(electron)(electron)(electron)
( ( ( (Anion)Anion)Anion)Anion)


““““”””” (proton)(proton)(proton)(proton)
“”
(((())))
Proton 1.66 x 10-24 1.6 x 10-19
Electron 9.1 x 10-28 -1.6 x 10-19
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( ( ( (Lord Ernest Rutherford)Lord Ernest Rutherford)Lord Ernest Rutherford)Lord Ernest Rutherford)
((((αααα,,,, ))))
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• • •
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( ( ( (NielsNielsNielsNiels Bohr)Bohr)Bohr)Bohr)
K (K shell)K (K shell)K (K shell)K (K shell) L M N L M N L M N L M N …………
n n n n 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 …………
KKKK L L L L MMMMNNNNOOOOPPPPQQQQ777766665555 4444 3333 2222 1111
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HydrogenHydrogenHydrogenHydrogen HeliumHeliumHeliumHelium LithiumLithiumLithiumLithium BerylliumBerylliumBerylliumBeryllium BoronBoronBoronBoron CarbonCarbonCarbonCarbon NitrogenNitrogenNitrogenNitrogen OxygenOxygenOxygenOxygen
---- 2222 4444 5555 6666 6666 7777 8888
1111 2222 3333 4444 5555 6666 7777 8888
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XXXXAAAA
( ( ( (Atomic mass) Atomic mass) Atomic mass) Atomic mass) AAAA
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IsotopesIsotopesIsotopesIsotopesIsotopesIsotopesIsotopesIsotopes 1 21 21 21 2
6666C C C C 1 31 31 31 3 6666C C C C
IsotonesIsotonesIsotonesIsotonesIsotonesIsotonesIsotonesIsotones 1 21 21 21 2
6666C C C C 1 11 11 11 1
5 5 5 5 BBBB
IsobarsIsobarsIsobarsIsobarsIsobarsIsobarsIsobarsIsobars 1 21 21 21 2
6666C C C C 1 21 21 21 2 5 5 5 5 BBBB
(((())))
==== ----
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n = 1 n = 1 n = 1 n = 1 eeee---- 2 2 2 2
n = 2 n = 2 n = 2 n = 2 eeee---- 8 8 8 8
n = 3 n = 3 n = 3 n = 3 eeee---- 18 18 18 18
eeee----
KKKK L L L L MMMMNNNNOOOOPPPPQQQQ777766665555 4444 3333 2222 1111
Valence electronValence electronValence electronValence electron
( ( ( (periodic table)periodic table)periodic table)periodic table)

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.... .... ....
1.1.1.1. F F F F ClClClCl Br Br Br Br
2.2.2.2. Na Al PNa Al PNa Al PNa Al P
3.3.3.3. K P OK P OK P OK P O
....
....
....
1.1.1.1. CsCsCsCs
2.2.2.2. CCCC
3.3.3.3. IIII
4.4.4.4. KrKrKrKr
5.5.5.5. XeXeXeXe
6.6.6.6. PbPbPbPb
1.1.1.1.
2.2.2.2.
3.3.3.3.
4.4.4.4.
5.5.5.5.
6.6.6.6.

““““””””


Thanyamon C. 26

Ca Ca Ca Ca 20202020
2222 8888 8888 2222 2222 4444
In In In In 49494949
2222 8888 18181818 18181818 3333 3333 5555
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!!!!!!!!!!!! X X X X 35353535
2222 8888 18181818 7777 7777 4444
Y Y Y Y 87878787
2222 8888 18181818 32323232 18181818 8888 1111 1111 7777
Z Z Z Z 6666 5555
2222 8888 18181818 18181818 6666
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!!!!!!!!!!!!
60606060 2222 8888 18181818 32323232
60606060 2222 8888 18181818 18181818
2222 8888 18181818 32323232 60606060
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( ( ( (KKKKMnMnMnMnOOOO4444) ) ) ) ,,,, MnMnMnMnOOOO2222 ,,,,
MnMnMnMnClClClCl2222
!!!!!!!! (((())))
eeee---- (((( eeee---- )))) ““““ 1, 1, 1, 1, 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 eeee---- 8888 ““““
eeee---- 8888 (((( 8888))))
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eeee---- pppp++++
““““ ””””
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––––

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eeee----
eeee---- eeee----
ion ion ion ion
eeee---- (((()))) ion + ion + ion + ion +
eeee---- (((()))) ion ion ion ion ––––

ion + ion + ion + ion + ion ion ion ion –––– eeee----
NaNaNaNa++++ ClClClCl----
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++++ eeee----
eeee----



3333
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