MIDDLE EAST GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL

MIDDLE EAST GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL

MIDDLE EAST GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL

MIDDLE EAST GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL

MIDDLE EAST GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL

Emphasized Area

Africa

Arabia

Anatolia

Eurasia

Iran

Eurasia

Geological Setting

Complex interaction among Africa, Arabia and Eurasia plates. 

Arabian Platemoves 2.5cm/yr and interacts with:

Anatolian Plate and carries it West 2‐2.2cm/yr,

African Plate in Red Sea Rift (extension) and Dead Sea Fault (most complex tectonic region),

Eurasian Plate in Bitlis‐Zagros Suture Zone.

Eurasian Plate

African PlateIndianPlate

Arabian Plate

Zagros Thrust

Red SeaSpreading Axis

Dead SeaTransform

Bitlis suture

Gulf of Aden Spreading Axis

Palmyra F

old Belt

Anatolian Plate

Makran Thrust

North Anatolian  fault

Active Tectonics

1. Bahrain2. Iran3. Iraq4. Israel5. Jordan6. Kuwait7. Lebanon8. Oman9. Qatar10. Saudi Arabia11. Syria12. Turkey13. U.A.E.14. Yemen

Countries

Proven oil reserves

Saudi Arabia (18% of global reserves, no.2 in the world)

Iran (9% of global reserves, no.4 in the world)

Oil preceeds other energysources

Oil

Geothermal – First Glance

(REGIONAL PROSPECTION)

3 prominent geothermal sites

Sammaqiye (active volcanic area)

Akkar, (large basaltic rock plateau, hot springs)

Tyre (offshore, 800 m long at 60m depth)

(Shaban A., Geothermal Water in Lebanon: An Alternative Energy Source , Low Carbon Economy, Scientific Research, 2010)

Lebanon

(PROBABLE RESERVOIRS)

Relatively high heat flux in south end of Golan Heights and in South Israel

Possible magmatic source and groundwater upwelling (North)

Shallow basement with high thermal conductivity (South)

150°C at 6000m200°C at 8000mDeep granites suitable for EGS

(The Ministry Of National Infrastructures Geological Survey Of Israel, Assessment Of Geothermal Resources In Israel, 2008)

Israel

(PROVEN RESERVOIRS)

Dead Sea Fault tectonically active

Zara‐Zarqa Ma’in (30‐65°C) andJiza (110–115°C) geothermal systems

153,3 MWt installed capacity

(domestic hot water / baths)

Possible future applications;

Refrigeration to preserve fruit

Frozen food (fish, meat)

Fish farming 

(Z.S.H. Abu‐Hamatteh et.al..,Potential Geothermal Energy Utilization in Jordan: Possible Electrical Power Generation, Int. J. of Thermal & Environmental 

Engineering Volume 3, 2011)

Jordan

MENA GEOTHERMAL PROJECTGeothermal heating / cooling in American University

of Madaba

Completed in August 2012

Largest system in Middle East and N. Africa

1680 kW total cooling load

1350 kW total heating load

420 boreholes 100m into the ground.

Jordan

(REGIONAL PROSPECTION)

Oil producing country. Hot springs mainly in W / SW. Temperatures reach 80°C  Geothermometry deep temperatures

reach 120°C  Oil related sedimentary reservoirs along

Red Sea shoreline, may be developedfor geothermal.

(Salem G. Aljuhani1, The Potential of Enhanced Geothermal Energy Systems in Saudi Arabia,2012)

Saudi Arabia

(REGIONAL PROSPECTION)

Gulf of Aden intersects Red Sea Rift 8 volcanic fields

3 in W Yemen 4 along coast of Gulf of Aden Jabal At‐Tair Island active volcano

Hot springs Most in W Yemen 32°C ‐ 96°C temperature Mosh Al‐Kefar hottest field Al‐Qafr area (75°C ‐ 96°C )

2900 MWt estimated potential Sanaa can support up to 500MWe

(Minissale A.,et. al., The geothermal potential of continental Yemen: new geochemical and isotopic insights from

thermal water and gas discharges)

Yemen

(REGIONAL PROSPECTION)

Oil‐well sourced data

55 wells above 100°C  Highest temperature 174°C Omani Mountains (NW) show 

highest potential

Other areas (SE) suited for district heating / cooling

No operational projects

Various projects under assessment

Geothermal prospection needed

(Authority for Electricity Regulation, Oman, 2008)

Oman

(REGIONAL PROSPECTION)

Away from region’s main tectonicplate boundaries

Geothermal activity generallyconnected to local tectonics

Higher Investor interest / support

First deep wells in MASDAR Project

100°C @ 2500m depth.

United Arab Emirates

MASDAR CITY(arcology project, renewable powered, zero‐carbon, zero‐waste, car free)

Primarily dependant on solar power

First geothermal project of the Persian Gulf

85‐105°C temperature at 2500m depth

Geothermal to be utilized for cooling

5 MWt estimated geothermal cooling power

Geothermal – CSP hybrid power concept

United Arab Emirates

(PROBABLE RESERVOIRS)

Oil‐well sourced data

100°C at 5000m depth

Iran border (NE) most suitedarea

No operational projects

No geothermal projects or plansin consideration

Detailed geothermalprospection needed

Iraq

(PROVEN RESERVOIR)

Part of Alpine‐Himalayan orogenic belt

According to a recent study*

%8,8 of land shows geothermal potential

18 geothermal fields

Sabalan stratovolcano most prominent

3 deep wells from 2002 to 2004

Max. temp. 240°C at 3197m5 + 50MW GEPP under construction

*Geothermal potential site selection, (GIS), Kyushu University in 2007. 

Geothermal resources map of Iran (Yousefi, et. al., 2007) 

Iran

55 MW GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT

Iran's geothermal installations near Meshkin‐Shahr city in East Azarbaijan Province.

Iran

In Ardebil Province, near SabalanStratovolcano

Two successful deep wells Max. temp 240°C at 3197 m  5 + 50 MW GEPP planned 5 MW pilot ready Total 17 wells planned Regional first in geothermal power

(excl. Turkey)

(PROVEN RESERVOIR)

Estimated potential 1700 MWe and19.000‐ 35.000 MWt(Satman A.‐ Geothermal Energy Symposium, 2009)

World 5th in thermal utilization(geothermal heat applications and thermalbaths; 2007)

Kızıldere field, first discovery (1968)

225 geothermal fields

37 fields generate electricity (partincomplete); mainly in West Anatolia. 

2013 installed capacity 218 MWe.

Turkey

African, Arabian, Eurasian plates and Anatolian platelet separated by

Dead sea transform fault system,

East anatolian transform fault system,

North anatolian transform fault system

South Aegean‐Western Cyprussubduction system.

EURASIAN PLATE

ARABIAN PLATE

AFRICAN PLATE

ANATOLIAN BLOCK

MediterraneanRidgeHellenic

Arc

CyprusArcFloranceRise

East

Anatolian

Fault

North Anatolian Fault

Black SeaSea of

Marmara

TurkeyAgean Sea

MediterraneanSea

Turkey

GENERAL GEOLOGIC AND TECTONIC STRUCTURE

Spring temperatures up to 100°C 

Reservoir temperatures up to;

242°C in BMG 

280°C in Alaşehir Graben

Büyük Menderes Graben, 

Gediz Graben, 

North Anatolian Fault, 

East & Middle Anatolian Fault

Turkey

GEOTHERMAL AREAS

14,8 MWe total installed capacity in 2003…

Turkey

…up to 218 MWe total installed capacity in 2013456,5 MWe total installed capacity under license

Turkey

Power islands:  Total 95 MWe

15 MWe single‐flash (1984)

60 MWe triple‐flash (2013)

20 MWe ORC (under construction)

Reservoir Type: Water dominated

Reservoir Temp : ~200‐232 °C

Max. Temp: 242 °C

TurkeyKIZILDERE GEPP (DENİZLİ, SARAYKÖY)Turkey’s first and (after expansion) largest

Power island:

47,4 MWe double‐flash (2009)

Reservoir Type: Water dominated

Reservoir Temp : ~200‐220 °C

Max. Temp: 232 °C

Wells: 

8 production

5 re‐injection

Total flow rate:2530TPH

TurkeyGERMENCİK GEPP (AYDIN, ÖMERBEYLİ)Turkey’s largest at the time of commissioning

Power island: 

2*6,6 MWe ORC (2013)

1*6,6 MWe ORC (planned)

Reservoir Type: Water dominated

Reservoir Temp : ~165‐180 °C

Max. Temp: 183 °C

Wells: 

5 production

2 re‐injection

Total flow rate: 750TPH

CO2 production: 12 tons/day

TurkeyGÜMÜŞKÖY GEPP (AYDIN, GÜMÜŞKÖY)Turkey’s first private sector high enthalpy geothermal discovery

*Archive photo image for representation only

Power islands:  Total 162,5MWe

3*20 MWe ORC

45 MWe flash

Others under planning

Reservoir Type: Water dominated

TurkeyEFE GEPP (AYDIN, ÖMERBEYLİ)Turkey’s largest under construction

OBJECTIVE•Highest potential in active tectonic areas, volcanic areas, at / near plate boundaries.•Seismic activity (hazard) may also suggest geothermal activity.

SUBJECTIVE•Based on data from literature, existing wells, geothermal projects, etc.•Abundancy of literature, manifestations / fields / wells / projects, higher temperatures, higher overall exploration / development progress rates higher.

Assessment Criteria for Identifying Potential

4 PARAMETERS FOR ASSESSMENT(conducted using MCDA)

Highlighted countries are:

Saudi Arabia (W) Yemen Jordan Lebanon Israel Iran Iraq Turkey

Prominent faults are:

Red Sea Rift, Dead Sea Fault Zone, East and North Anatolian Fault, Gulf Of Aden, Bitlis‐Zagros Suture Zone

Main Fault Zones

Volcanic activity most frequent around; Red Sea Rift Gulf of Aden

Highlighted countries are*:*based on frequency of volcanoes

Yemen Turkey Saudi Arabia Lebanon Syria Iran

Volcanic Zones

USGS

Seismic Hazard

Seismic Hazard Map;

10% probability of seismic exceedance in 50 years period,

Turkey and Iranmore susceptible

Following countries are; Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria,  Saudi Arabia,  Yemen  United Arab Emirates

Weight Weight point Weight percentage

Proximity to major fault zones (permeability) 6 20

Proximity to volcanic zones (heat) 7 22

Seismicity ‐ hazard (heat; structural upflow) 4 13

Subjective rating (based on geothermal manifestations) 14 45

TOTAL 31 100

MCDA Analysis

CountryFault Zones

RatingFZR ‐

Weighted

VolcanicZonesRating

VZR ‐Weighted

HazardRating

SHR ‐Weighted

Subjectiverating

SHR ‐Weighte

d

Total Weighte

d RankingLebanon 7 1,4 6 1,3 7 0,9 7 3,2 6,8 4Israel 6 1,4 6 1,3 7 0,9 6 2,7 6,3 6Jordan 8 1,6 4 0,9 7 0,9 7 3,2 6,5 5Saudi Arabia 6 1,2 7 1,5 4 0,5 6 2,7 6,0 7Yemen 7 1,4 9 2,0 5 0,7 9 4,1 8,1 2Oman 3 0,6 0 0 5 0,7 8 3,6 4,9 8U.A.E. 3 0,6 0 0 6 0,8 5 2,3 3,6 9Iraq 5 1,0 0 0 6 0,8 2 0,9 2,7 10Iran 9 1,8 6 1,3 9 1,2 8 3,6 7,9 3Turkey 10 2,0 8 1,8 9 1,2 10 4,5 9,4 1MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE RATING

10 2,0 10 2,2 10 1,3 10 4,5 10

MCDA Analysis

Overall Assessment

ASSESSMENT

MCDA determines Turkey, Yemen and Iran as having highest potential

Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Saudi Arabia are promising

CONS

High oil potential decreases geothermal exploration priority / efforts

Owing to high CAPEX in most projects, support mechanisms are needed

PROS

Lack of other renewable energy generation may reinforce support

Oil companies may be future benefactors / investors owing to carbon footprint

Conclusion

Arabian peninsula deserts suitable for solar power

Low‐medium enthalpy geothermal resources require a boost

High ambient temperature decreases efficiency of geothermal systems

Power generation curves (vs. time) of two technologies complement each other

Hybridization enables sharing of power island and transmission network

Strong support from renewable energy and R&D funds

Some major E&M manufacturers interested in further development

Pilot in MASDAR Project (U.A.E.) and Gümüşköy GEPP (Turkey)

The Way ForwardHYBRIDIZED CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER (CSP) AND GEOTHERMAL POWER

Low gradient necessitates deep penetration

Volcanic regions lack porosity / geothermal fluid

Data for deep, available from oil wells

Top class drilling sevices available

Land availability a definite plus

Access to water / brine substitute may be a limitation

Seawater for brine and desalinated fracturing waterconsidered

CSP hybridization may complement successfully

The Way ForwardENHANCED GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS (EGS)

GSHP central heating / cooling system via heat exchange with deep soil (i.e.100m)

Significant cooling requirement (industrial and residential)

Low to medium enthalpy suits GSHP applications

High groundwater table in locations close to sea may increase efficiency

MENA Project (Jordan) an important pilot

The Way Forward(GEOTHERMAL) GROUND‐SOURCE HEAT PUMPS