Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council Culvert Inventory 2010

8/8/2019 Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council Culvert Inventory 2010

1/64

Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council

Culvert Inventory

Prepared by Demeter Design

Prepared for the Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council

2010


2/64

Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council

Culvert Inventory

Prepared by Mico, C. - Demeter Design

Prepared for the Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council

2010


3/64

Table of ContentsPurpose of Study 4

Materials and Methods 5

Results 7

Appendix A - Explanations and Instructions for Fish Passage Through Road/Stream Crossings 46

Appendix B - Rapid Stream Type Assessment Reconnaissance Protocol 61

Preface

This report and associated database is intended to serve as an information and outreach tool for the watershed

council and other land managers. Questions regarding the data can be directed to either the Middle Fork

Willamette Watershed Council or Demeter Design.

Thank you to the landowners and managers who granted permission for this study. Without your participation

this work is not possible. Thank you to the Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council for your enthusiasm

and assistance with data collection. Thank you to the eld crew that collected the data, your help is alwaysappreciated.

Questions regarding the 2010 database can be directed to Lindsay Mico of Demeter Design at http://

demeterdesign.net.


4/64

Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council Culvert Inventory

Page 4

Purpose of Study

Background

Barriers to sh passage are a signicant factor limiting salmonid populations throughout the Middle Fork

Willamette River Watershed (MFWW). Both spawning and rearing potential are impacted by large dams as well

as multiple failed, failing, or poorly placed culverts at the mouth of many streams owing into Hills Canyon

and Lookout Reservoirs. The Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council (MFWWC) and partners required

spatially explicit road crossing data in order to prioritize future restoration work. Culvert condition, dimension

and adjacent stream habitat was evaluated at road-stream crossings using the protocol outlined in the BLM

Culvert Inventory Protocol (Appendix A). Field observations indicate that roads within publicly managed

forests are proactively being decommissioned and that many culverts have been replaced.

Summary

Of the 119 road crossings 23 culverts were passable to all sh at all life stages (Green), 91 were impassible to

either adult or juvenile salmonids or both (Red) and 1 culvert required modeling to determine passage status

(grey). Most of the culverts surveyed were on public lands with the remaining private culverts being located

on private timber lands or rural residential properties. A cursory survey (observational data) of the roads within

the watershed indicated that many culverts on sh-bearing streams were impassible to adult salmon and most

were impassible to juvenile salmon. Outlet drops of 1 meter or more were common. Many culverts surveyedwere cross-drain structures or were minor culverts on nonsh-bearing streams. At the time of the survey a crac

appeared in the Hills Canyon Dam, the reservoir was drained ~30 meters, making most culverts completely

impassible. Upstream of the Hills Canyon Reservoir the mainstem Middle Fork Willamette ows unimpeded.

Habitat is of high quality and access to tributary habitat is greater both because of the better culvert placement

but also because of the regular ow of the mainstem. Several roads were observed during the survey as being

high risk for failure for either undersized culverts or excessively steep grades and/or hillslopes. All of the data

collected for this study was compiled into a spatially enabled, ArcMap and Access compatible database.


5/64


Page 5

Materials and Methods

Study Design & Implementation

The Watershed Council provided a master list of potential sites to survey. These sites were compiled from

multiple data sources (primarily the United States Forest Service). The initial project goal was to survey

187 potential sites with 30 of those sites containing an additional 200 meter geomorphology and vegetation

survey. The initial GIS stream and road layers were not available. Upon survey initiation it became clear

the original sample points did not accurately represent the actual locations of road crossings in the watershed.

These points were adjusted by using the intersection of the NHD 1:24k stream layer, publicly available road

layers, aerial photography, and USGS quad maps to manually move to the most likely stream crossing. Poin

were dropped from the survey if: surveyors encountered a bridge; the point was located behind a locked gate or

on a decommissioned road; or if there was no culvert present. Finally for the 200 meter geomorphology surveys,

the RSTAR protocol was also utilized (Appendix B). The following data was collected using stadia rods, trans

levels, meter tapes, clinometers, laser range nders, and high sensitivity GPS units.

BLM Culvert Inventory Protocol

The information collected using this protocol provides a complete description of culvert structure and function,

can be used with the FishXing model to evaluate sh passage for different species and varying ows. A coarsescreen lter is used to classify culverts in the eld as red, green, or grey. Red culverts represent clear sh

passage barriers, green culverts are passable to all life stages, and grey culverts require FishXing modeling

The following parameters were evaluated for each culvert:

Culvert dimension (height, width, length)

Structure type (number of pieces, construction materials and specications)

Structure condition (rust, breakage, drop height, culvert inuence slope/length)

Diversion potential

Volume/type of ll

BLM Geomorphic Survey Protocol

Stream habitat data was collected within 10 meters up and downstream of the structure. The following

parameters were evaluated for each site:

Stream dimensions (bankfull height/width, jump pool depth/width, horizontal leap distance, slope)

Instream habitat type

Instream sediments

Riparian condition (Canopy cover/species, midstory cover, invasives presence)


6/64


Page 6

Rapid Stream Type Assessment Reconnaissance (RSTAR) Protocol

For the complete protocol refer to Appendix B

Estimated Data

Average fast/slow water depth/width proportion

Stream gradient

Instream sediments

Erodibility

Percent shade Canopy cover/species

Midstory cover/species

Ground cover/species

Invasive cover/species

Stream function

Spawning gravel area/quality

Floodplain connectivity

Flow

Side channel length

Wetland area

Measured Data

Pebble count (1 at beginning of 200 meter unit and 1 at end: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% blind grab)

Wood tally (binned small, medium, large: conifer/deciduous, high/low decay)

Bankfull width/height

Priority Development

Culverts priorities were classed on a scale of 1 to 4. Culverts ranked as a 1 are those with water owing

under the culvert, signicant damage, are not passable, are in poor condition, and are safety hazards. Culverts

ranked as a 2 are damaged and not passable. Culverts ranked as 3 are somewhat damaged, not passable, but are

located on smaller streams with lower or intermittent ow. Culverts ranked as a 4 are ranked as good condition,passable, and/or those on intermittent streams.

Condition Ranking

Culverts were qualitatively ranked as Good, Fair, or Poor by eld surveyors. These rankings were

modied in the ofce using passage, drop height, and damage to quantitatively rank culverts.


7/64


Page 7

ResultsOf the 119 road crossings 23 culverts were passable to all sh at all life stages (green), 91 were

impassible to adult and/or juvenile salmonids (red) and 1 culvert required modeling to determine passage status

(grey). Most of the culverts surveyed were on public lands with most of the remaining private culverts being

located on private timber lands. A minority of culverts surveyed were located on rural residential properties.

Outlet drops of 1 meter or more were common. Most crossings evaluated were classied as minor culverts (88

- 77 red) while the remaining were major culverts (31 - 1 grey and 18 red). The Salmon Creek, Hills Canyon

Reservoir, and Lookout Point Reservoir have the most opportunity for culvert replacement and restoration

improvement although the lower middle fork Willamette is likely a higher priority for those sh that cannot

migrate past the dams.

BLM Culvert 50 Site 14

Site 32


8/64


Page 8

!(

__

__

_

_

JASPER

LOWELLDEXTER

WESTFIR

OAKRIDGE

SPRINGFIELD

1220'0"W12210'0"W12220'0"W12230'0"W12240'0"W12250'0"W1230'0"W

4410'0"N

445'0"N

440'0"N

4355'0"N

4350'0"N

4345'0"N

4340'0"N

4335'0"N

4330'0"N

4325'0"N

4320'0"N

0 7.5 153.75km

Middle Fork Willamette Watershed CouncilCulvert Inventory - 2010

Middle Fork Willamette HUC 4

Crossing Data

Coarse Screen Filter

Green

!( GreyRed

Middle Fork Willamette NHD 100K

Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1

Middle Fork Willamette Public Ownership

Ownership Class

County

Federal

Private

State

Undefined

Middle Fork Willamette Zoning

Zoning Class

Agriculture

Forestry

Park and Recreation

Rural Industrial

Rural Residential

Urban

Water


9/64


Page

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! !

! !!

!!!! !!

!! !!

!!

!

!!!!

! !!!

!!

! !!! !!

!! !

! !

!

!!

!

!!!

!!

! !

!!!

! !

! !!

!!

!

!!!!! !!!!

!

!

! ! ! !! !! !

!

!!

!!

!!

!!

!!

!!

!

!!!!!

!

!

9

7

9997

96

95 949392

9189

868578 77

74

726559

524945

43414039

383534

3332

2927 25

2118

14

81

184182 179178 177176 174 173 172

171169 166

163

162

160158 156155153

149144142

137134

132128127 126

125124120

119118

113111104103

101

1008048

80458044

8027

8026

9009

9018

90049012

0 30 6015km



Crossing Data 1

Priorities

! 1

! 2

! 3

! 4


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


10/64


Page 10

__

_ _

_

_

JASPER

LOWELL

DEXTER

WESTFIR

OAKRIDGE

SPRINGFIELD

Middle Fork Willamette Watershed CouncilCulvert Invertory Report - 2010

_ Middle Fork Willamette Cities


Middle Fork Willamette Historic Vegetation

Historic Vegetation

Alder-conifer riparian

Alpine tundra-barren

Bare rock

Chaparral

Douglas fir

Lodgepole pine

Marsh/Wetland

Oak savanna

Oak-Douglas fir

Oak-conifer savanna

Open water

Oregon ash

Pacific silver fir-mountain hemlock

Ponderosa pine

Red alder

Riparian hardwoods

River wash

Roemer fescue

Shasta fir-white fir

Shrub swamp

Sitka spruce-western hemlock

Subalpine fir

Tufted hairgrass

Willows

0 20 4010km


11/64


Page 11

__

_ _

_

_

JASPER

LOWELL

DEXTER

WESTFIR

OAKRIDGE

SPRINGFIELD




Middle Fork Willamette Wetlands

Middle Fork Willamette Floodplain

Middle Fork Willamette Waterbodies

Middle Fork Willamette Vegetation

Vegetation Class

Agricultural cropland and pastureland

Douglas fir-western hemlock-grand fir forest

Mixed conifer and broadleaf deciduous forest

Mountain hemlock forest

Mountain hemlock parkland

Mountain hemlock-red fir woodland

Oak-Douglas fir-ponderosa pine-pasture-urban mosaic

Open water

Oregon ash-black cottonwood-bottomland pasture mosaic

Oregon ash-black cottonwood-bottomland pasture mosaic/Ponderosa pine

Recent timber harvest areas

Silver fir-western hemlock-noble fir forest

Subalpine lodgepole pine forest and woodland

Urban and industrial

0 20 4010km


12/64


Page 12

__

_ _

_

_

JASPER

LOWELL

DEXTER

WESTFIR

OAKRIDGE

SPRINGFIELD


_ Middle Fork Willamette Cities Middle_Fork_Willamette_ecoregionNAME

Cascade Crest Montane Forest

Cascade Subalpine/Alpine

High Southern Cascades Montane Forest

Umpqua Cascades

Valley Foothills

Western Cascades Lowlands and Valleys

Western Cascades Montane Highlands

Willamette River and Tributaries Gallery Forest

Middle Fork Willamette Geology

General Lith ologic al Type

Other

Plutonic

Sedimentary

Surficial sediments

Volcanic

0 20 4010km


13/64


Page 13

__

_ _

_

_

JASPER

LOWELL

DEXTER

WESTFIR

OAKRIDGE

SPRINGFIELD



Middle_Fork_Willamette_Forest_Ownership

OWNER

ARMY/C&E

BLM

BOHEM

CHAMP

CITY

CNTY

GIUST

GP

JHANK

KOOZR

LNPLY

MURPH

OFED

PRIVT

ROSBO

SENECA

SPARK

SPRIN

STATE

SWANS

USFS

WESTM

WESTR

WEYCO

WLTIN

Middle Fork Willamette Forest Composi tion

Forest Class

Brush

Burned Areas not re-stock

Burned Areas re-stocking

Cutover Areas not restock

Merchantable Timber

Non-timber Areas

0 20 4010km


14/64


Page 14

__

_ _

_

_

JASPER

LOWELLDEXTER

WESTFIR

OAKRIDGE

SPRINGFIELD



Middle Fork Willamette Barriers


Middle Fork Willamette ODFW Barriers

Barrier Type

Waterfall or Cascade

Dam

Culvert


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1

0 20 4010

km


15/64


Page 15

__

_ _

_

_

JASPER

LOWELLDEXTER

WESTFIR

OAKRIDGE

SPRINGFIELD



Middle Fork Willamette Points of Diversion



Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1

Middle Fork Watershed Roads

Road Surface Type

Other

Paved Road

Highway

Trail

0 20 4010km


16/64


Page 16

__

_ _

_

_

JASPER

LOWELLDEXTER

WESTFIR

OAKRIDGE

SPRINGFIELD



Middle Fork Willamette Barriers


Middle Fork Willamette OWRI Points

Project Type

Combined

Fish passage

Instream

Riparian

Road

Wetland


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1

0 20 4010km


17/64


Page 17

Lower Middle Fork Watershed

Spawning habitat availability is limited by the presence of several dams on the mainstem middle forkWillamette making restoration in the Lower Middle Fork 5th eld a high priority for salmonids. Culverts 9013

and 182 are perched and cannot pass juvenile salmonids. Culvert 182 is located in upper Hills Creek (in the

lower middle fork watershed; not to be confused with Hills Creek). Culvert 9013 is located in the headwaters

of Wallace Creek. Both culverts are priorities for replacement to allow for Bull Trout access as well as other

juvenile salmonids as well as providing easier access to spawning adults. Culvert 012 on Rattlesnake Creek

can pass juvenile salmonids at low ows, it is undersized, unable to pass large woody debris, and in need

of riparian restoration. This site is a good opportunity to create additional summer rearing habitat through

streamside plantings and log placement.

Site 013 Site 182

Site 012


18/64


Page 18

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!( !(

!(!(!( !(

!(!(!( !(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(!(

!( !(

!(!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(!(!(!(!(

!(

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!!

!!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!!

!

Fall Creek

Middle Fork Willamette River-Lookout Point Reservoir

Lower Middle Fork of Willamette River

Little Fall Creek

0 7.5 153.75km


Middle Fork Willamette 5 HUC


Crossing DataCoarse Screen Filter

! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!( 0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!(550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


19/64


Page 1

Site 174


20/64


Page 20

Little Fall Creek Watershed

Site 171Site 501

Site 165

Culverts 501 and 171 are priorities for replacement to

improve access to salmonid habitat. Culvert 165 is located

at the mouth of a tributary to Little Fall Creek and isdownstream of culvert 501. It is a safety hazard with

water owing beneath the culvert and blocks a signicant

drainage to juvenile salmonids seeking cooler and slower

water.


21/64


Page 21

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!( !(!(

!(!(!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(!(

!( !(

!(!(

!( !(

!(!(!(!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(!( !(

!( !(!(!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

! !

!!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

Fall Creek

Little Fall Creek


Lower Middle Fork of Willamette River

0 7.5 153.75km





! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!( 0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!(550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


22/64


Page 22

Fall Creek Watershed

Site 177 Site 156

Culverts 177 and 156 are priorities for replacement to improve access to salmonid habitat. Culvert 177 is

located on HeHe Creek and blocks/impedes access to several miles of high quality spawning and rearing

habitat. Culvert 156 is located on a tributary of Fall Creek and blocks access to ~1 mile of spawning/rearing

habitat. Culvert 14 is a priority for replacement both because of the length of upstream spawning and rearing

habitat but also because of the blow-out risk it poses. Culvert 158 is located on a tributary of Fall Creek. This

site has potential for riparian vegetation improvement for increased shade and log placement for increased cover

and complexity. Summer ow is limited and projects should focus on improving spawning and winter rearing

habitat and summer shade. Some invasive plants are present.

Site 14 Site 158


23/64


24/64


Page 24

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Fall Creek

North Fork of Middle Fork Willamette River

Little Fall Creek


Salmon Creek

0 7.5 153.75km





! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!( 0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!(

550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


25/64


Page 25

Lookout Point Reservoir Watershed

Site 114 Site 110

Culverts 114 and 110 are priorities for replacement to improve access to salmonid habitat. Culvert 114 is located

on HeHe Creek and blocks/impedes access to several miles of high quality spawning and rearing habitat.

Culvert 156 is located on a tributary of Fall Creek and blocks access to ~1 mile of spawning/rearing habitat.

Culvert 14 is a priority for replacement both because of the length of upstream spawning and rearing habitat

but also because of the blow-out risk it poses. Culvert 128 is not in immediate need of replacement but could

benet from riparian restoration and wood placement.

Site 128


26/64


Page 26

!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!(!(!( !(

!(!(!(!( !(

!(

!(!(

!(!(!(

!(!(

!( !(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(

!(!(!(!(!(

!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!!

!!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!!

!

!!


Fall CreekLower Middle Fork of Willamette River

0 7.5 153.75km




Crossing Data


! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!( 0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!(550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


27/64


Page 27

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

Fall Creek


Hills Creek Reservoir


0 7.5 153.75km





! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!( 0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!(550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


28/64


Page 28

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

UNNAMED

UNNAMED

UNNAMED

UNNAMED

MIDDLE CREEK

WAGNER CREEK

WAGNER CREEK

CATTLE CREEK

MIDDLE CREEK

WAGNER CREEK

WAGNER CREEK

CATTLE CREEK

Lost Creek

Lookout Point Reservoir

Rattlesnake Creek

0 1 20.5km


RSTAR Estim ated Riparian Data

Spawning Gravel Area (meters) Segment 1

! 30

! 70

! 0

Spawning Gravel Area (meters) Segment 2

! 20

! 5

! 0


29/64


Page 2

!

!

!

!

!

!

^

^

^^

^

^^

^

^

^

^!

!

!

!

!

!

UNNAMED

UNNAMED

UNNAMED

UNNAMED

MIDDLE CREEK

WAGNER CREEK

WAGNER CREEK

CATTLE CREEK

MIDDLE CREEK

WAGNER CREEK

WAGNER CREEK

CATTLE CREEK

128

125

124

122

9007

9006

9009

9008

9011

9010

1220312202

11902

Lost Creek


Rattlesnake Creek

0 1 20.5km


RSTAR Estimated Riparian Data

Canopy Type and Cover Segment 1

! Red Alder 30%

! Ash 30%

! Red Cedar 10%

! Black Cottonwood 10%

! Ash 10%

Canopy Type and Cover Segment 2

! Big Leaf Maple 60%

! Red Alder 20%

! Ash 20%

! Red Alder 10%

! Ash 10%

Crossing Data 1

Priorities

^ 1

^ 2

^ 3

^ 4


30/64


Page 30

!

!

!

!

!

!

^

^

^^

^

^

^

^

^

^

^!

!

!

!

!

!

UNNAMED

UNNAMED

UNNAMED

UNNAMED

MIDDLE CREEK

WAGNER CREEK

WAGNER CREEK

CATTLE CREEK

MIDDLE CREEK

WAGNER CREEK

WAGNER CREEK

CATTLE CREEK

128

125

124

122

9007

9006

9009

9008

9011

9010

1220312202

11902

Lost Creek


Rattlesnake Creek

0 1 20.5km

Middle Fork Will amette Watershed CouncilCulvert Inventory - 2010

RSTAR Estimated Riparian Data

Invasive Species Type and Cover % Segment 1

! Himalayan Blackberry 90%





! Reed Canary Grass 20%

Invasive Species Type and Cover % Segment 2

! Holly 10%




! Reed Canary Grass 90%

Crossing Data 1

Priorities

^ 1

^ 2

^ 3

^ 4


31/64


Page 31

North Middle Fork Willamette Watershed

Site 104

Culvert 104 is at risk for blow-out with water owing under the culvert but does not pose an immediate threat.

Site 137 is an example of a well-placed reasonably sized culvert

Site 137


32/64


Page 32

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(!(!(

!(

!(!(

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!!

!

!!

Salmon Creek


Salt Creek-Willamette River

Hills Creek

Fall Creek



0 7.5 153.75km




Crossing Data


! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!(0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!( 550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


33/64


Page 33

Salmon Creek Watershed

Site 100Site 78

Site 52 Site 71

Moss Creek offers an excellent opportunity for bull trout habitat development in conjunction with culvert

replacements. Culverts 71, 78, 85, 93, and 100 are located on Moss Creek. Culvert 52 is located on Double

Creek.


34/64


Page 34

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(!(!(!(

!(

!(!(

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!!

!

!!

Salmon Creek

Hills Creek




0 7.5 153.75km





! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!( 0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!(550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


35/64


Page 35

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(!(

!(

!(!(

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

Salmon Creek



Hills Creek

0 7.5 153.75km





! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!( 0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!( 550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


36/64


Page 36

Hills Creek Reservoir Watershed

A crack appeared in the Hills Canyon Dam over the course of this project resulting in an ~30 meters drop in

water level, making most culverts completely impassible. Some culverts were initially designed to work at

multiple reservoir levels most have failed. Upstream of the Hills Canyon Reservoir the mainstem Middle Fork

Willamette ows unimpeded. Habitat is of high quality and access to tributary habitat is greater both because

of the better culvert placement but also because of the regular ow of the mainstem. Recreation was a steady

watershed wide usage all summer along almost every campsite observed until Labor Day. Most users were

utilizing creek/road crossings especially those that were closest to the lake. There is opportunity to improve

passage and riparian vegetation at almost all these sites. Additionally sanitation and bacteria may be a concern.

Site 27 after drawdown - Hills Canyon Reservoir

Hills Canyon Reservoir July 28 2010

Site 21 - Above

(at time of survey- water in culvert)

and right (revisit

- dry channel)

Hills Canyon Reservoir Upstream


37/64


Page 37

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


Hills Creek


Upper Middle Fork Willamette River


Salmon Creek Salmon Creek

0 7.5 153.75km





! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!( 0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!(550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


38/64


Page 38

!(

!(

!

!



Hills Creek

0 7.5 153.75km





! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!( 0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!(550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


39/64


Page 3

Hills Creek Watershed

Site 25 Site 33

Groundhog Creek (Culvert 25) offers an excellent opportunity for bull trout habitat development in conjunction

with a culvert replacement. Culvert 33 on Crabapple Creek and 35 on Shady Creek are also priorities for

replacement.

Site 35


40/64


Page 40

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


Hills Creek



Salmon Creek

Salmon Creek

0 7.5 153.75km





! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!( 0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!(550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


41/64


Page 41

Salt Creek Watershed

Site 3 Site 40

Many barriers have been identied along Salt Creek and many of its tributaries. Two culverts surveyed, 39 and38, had been previously identied as barriers.


42/64


Page 42

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!

!

!

!

!

!

Hills Creek


Salmon Creek



0 7.5 153.75km





! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!( 0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!(550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


43/64


Page 43

Upper Middle Fork Willamette River Watershed

Site 7 Diamond Peak

The upper middle fork Willamette River watershed offers a variety of subalpine wetland and other unique

habitats. Site 7 is a failed culvert at blowout risk with deep ll.


44/64


Page 44

!(!


0 7.5 153.75km




Crossing Data


! Green

! Grey

! Red

Crossing Data

Culvert Slope

!( 0

!( 0 - 4

!( 4 - 10

!( 10 - 30

!( 100 - 300

!( 540

!(550

!( 1000

!( 1500


Stream Order

6

5

4

3

2

1


45/64


Page 45

This document is housed at the Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council and

http://demeterdesign.net


46/64

Explanations and Instructions for

Fish Passage Through Road/Stream Crossings Inventory Form

This Culvert Inventory will survey and assess all fish passage culverts on perennial and intermittent streams with potential

fish habitat and up to a gradient of 15%. It is designed to assess whether specific species and life-stages are able to pass

through the crossing structure and, when complemented by aquatic habitat information, it provides enough information to

prioritize improvement work and complete rough cost estimates. It does not yield enough information for design of a

replacement structure. Depending on the site, the design process may require much more information, such as a full site

survey and a geomorphic assessment. This document is intended to provide general instructions and explanations for use of

the accompanying survey form. The three page survey form was developed for collecting information required forassessment of fish passage through culverts on fish bearing streams, with the option of using the FishXing software (fish

passage software) as an analysis tool on culverts where fish passage is GREY, or undeterminable. It also encompasses data

required for FIMMS, GTRpts, and ARIMS (agency databases). While the survey form is designed primarily for culverts,

fords can also be inventoried. Bridges will not be surveyed because they are presumed to pass aquatic organisms or

structures that do not cross potential fish habitat.

Streams and roads intersect and affect each other in important, potentially destructive ways. Until recently, these two

networks have been managed relatively independently by different groups of resource specialists. The sometimes destructiveresults led to the realization that the management of each must consider the needs and character of the other, something best

accomplished by interdisciplinary teamwork. A successful approach to these problems must draw from fisheries and

wildlife biology, hydraulics, engineering, geomorphology and hydrology. While the site survey data can be collected by

anyone who can use a surveyors level and identify bankfull elevation, interpreting the data in terms meaningful to

management requires an interdisciplinary effort of trained specialists.

This protocol includes:

o A field survey protocol and forms, list of field equipment

o A rapid screen (Coarse Screen Filter) to assess passage based on regionally defined criteria

o A method for conducting hydraulic analyses (FishXing) for cases where the rapid screen cannot determine

passage

After a culvert is surveyed, additional data will be added to the survey form in the office. Then, the culvert will be given a

preliminary fish passage evaluation using a Coarse Screen Filter. It requires physical measurements and observations to

place culverts in one of three categories. They are: (1) GREEN which indicates conditions at the crossing are assumed

adequate for fish passage; (2) RED which indicates that conditions at the crossing are assumed not adequate for fish

passage; and (3) GREY which indicates conditions at the crossing may not be adequate for fish passage and additional

measurements and analysis are required. These three categories are also discussed on Page 15.

Not all the information necessary to run FishXing successfully is included in this survey procedure. Page 1 and 2 of thesurvey form will be completed in the field. Page 3 will be completed in the office. Other inputs needed include:

Hydrologic criteria including low passage flow and high passage flow.

Fish information including swimming capabilities and depth requirements.

The inventory is a snapshot in time, but it is important to consider how the stream will adjust horizontally and vertically overtime and how that may change a crossings passage status. Crossing structures are static objects placed in a dynamic system,

and they often disrupt fluvial processes by blocking large woody debris or streambed material moving during high flows, or

by constraining the stream channels natural shifts in location across the valley floor. This can damage the crossing structure

as well as the stream channel. For example, a streams angle of approach to a culvert inlet may change due to bank erosion

upstream, so that the culvert does not pass water or debris as efficiently as before. Scour at the outlet may perch the pipe, olarge woody debris transported during a flood may plug the inlet. These changes can not only interrupt animal passage but

also create a risk of crossing failure. Evaluating the latter risk is not part of this inventory, but such evaluations should

inform decision-making about prioritizing crossing for retrofitting or replacement.

The ultimate objective of this inventory is to place crossings in one of the following categories:Total barrier

Species/lifestage barrier

Flow barrier

Not a barrier

Potential barrier

1


47/64

The Survey

Culverts have been modeled to identify culvert crossings where the stream is


48/64

UTM East and North

Permanent site identification can be accomplished by the use of the UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinate

system. Record theEasting (6 digits) and the Northing (7 digits) from the GPS unit. The datum (eg NAD27, NAD83) your

unit is using for its current GIS system is also required. A further explanation of GPS use will be discussed at the culvert

training.

Legal Description

Record the Township, Range, Section, and of Sections of the culvert crossing.

Ownership

Record the owner of the land surrounding the culvert. A different owner may own the road, but this will be determined in the

office. Never put a private landowners name on the survey form.

Surveyors

Record the names of the Surveyors at the site.

CULVERT STRUCTURE

Barrel Shape

Check the appropriate Barrel Shape of culvert or ford. Depicted below are the barrel cross sections of common culverttypes.

FIGURE 1

Horizontal Size

Record the maximum Width (span) for open-bottom arch, pipe arch, and box culverts (measured horizontally). Measure and

record the Diameter of circular culverts. Always measure from the inside of the corrugations. TheWidth orDiameter

often become distorted during and after installation. For this reason, use Table 29 (provided) that lists the standard widths

and diameters. Only record a number that corresponds to one in Table 29.

Vertical Size

Record the Height (rise) for open-bottom arch, pipe arch, and box culverts. Measure and record the diameter of circular

culverts. TheDiameter should be the same for the horizontal and vertical size. Always measure from the inside of the

corrugations. If the culvert bottom is completely covered with bed material (embedded) estimate the culvertHeight based onthe shape (e.g. assume the Height = Width for circular culverts). For open-bottom arches, measure theHeight from the

streambed to the top of the culvert. TheHeight orDiameter often become distorted during and after installation. For this

reason, use Table 29 (provided) that lists the standard Heights and Diameters. Only record a number that corresponds to one

in Table 29.

Ford Crossing

There are two types of low-water fords; unvented (Figure 2) and vented (Figure 3). At unvented fords, traffic drives through

the stream on the streambed (which may be reinforced) until increasing flows cause the water level to become too deep to

traverse. Low flows have a greater tendency to be dispersed and shallow in unvented fords due to their bottom width. A

vented ford includes a low-flow conveyance structure such as a culvert, so that traffic does not travel through the water.

3


49/64

Only at moderate or high flows is the vented ford submerged. When a vented ford is designed with a single opening, low

flows tend to be concentrated and have greater depths.

There are numerous designs for vented fords. They include fords with:

A single, flow-through orifice such as a round or box culvert

Various shaped gaps with and without bottoms, sometimes with removable grates providing the driving surface

Multiple round or box culverts that are essentially identical

Multiple round or box culverts with one orifice designed to capture all of the low flow

In the case of a vented ford the orifice is described as a culvert, and the vented ford dimensions in Figure 3 are also taken.Record both structure shapes on the form. True fords, where vehicles cross at streambed elevation, are fords, whether ornot they have a slot for aquatic organism passage. Some unvented fords have slots to accommodate fish passage during

lower flows.

Ford Dimensions

The structural dimension measurements that are collected for fords differ slightly from those collected for culverts.

Basically, there are three measurements needed for a ford, which differ from typical culvert dimensions:

F1 the width (horizontal distance measured parallel to the road) of the top of the ford. This is the point on the road

at which the roadway transitions out of its vertical curve (see drawing). This width should be designed to

encompass the design flow for the structure.

F2 the width (horizontal distance measured parallel to the road) of the bottom of the ford (see drawing). This is the

width of the low flows of the stream. Low flow depths will be determined by this width.

Sag (Height) the vertical difference in elevation between the bottom of the ford and the elevation of the roadway ifit were projected across the ford (see drawing).

Figure 2: Low Water Ford (unvented)

Streambed

Figure 3: Vented Ford with culvert

4

F1

F2

Sag or Height

Road

F1

Sag or Height

Road

Culvert


50/64

Construction

Measure the width and depth of the corrugations in inches. Most CMP less than 60 inches in diameter have 2 2/3 in. x in.

corrugations. CMP greater than or equal to 60 inches in diameter typically have 3 in x 1 in corrugations. Structural steel

pipes (SSP) often have 6 in. x 2 in. corrugations. The size of the corrugations determines the culvert roughness, which is

used in FishXing. Corrugations are measured from crest to crest (width-width) and valley to crest (depth). Obtain

measurement in areas without deformation. Spiral culverts have helical corrugations, reducing the culvert roughness.

Culvert Material

Record the appropriate culvert material. If the culvert material does not fall into one of the following categories, give a brief

description characterizing the roughness of the material underShape Comments.

Spiral CMP = Corrugated Metal Pipe constructed of a single sheet of corrugated metal with helical

corrugations

Annular CMP = Corrugated Metal Pipe constructed of a single sheet of corrugated metal with concentric

corrugations

Steel = Corrugated steel, may show rust line

Aluminum = Corrugated aluminum, no rust line

SSP (Steel) = Structural Steel Plate pipes are constructed of multiple plates of corrugated galvanized steel

bolted together

ABS (Plastic) = May or may not have corrugations

Concrete = Most box and some circular and arch culverts are constructed of concrete

Wood/Log = Includes log stringer (Humboldt) crossings. Also includes some older box and circular

culverts that are constructed of wood

Ford surfaces also vary, ranging from natural stream bottom with no improvements to paved road surfacing. From an

organism passage perspective, the surface designs of most concern are those that reduce roughness because these surfaces

enhance the potential for reduced water depths at low flows and increased velocities at high flows. In addition, increasedwater velocities across hardened surfaces cause scour of the natural streambed downstream, usually creating a perch at the

outlet of the ford.

Culvert Condition

Identify problems that could cause the culvert to plug or fail, resulting in resource impacts. Be sure to observe the culvert

condition inside the culvert with a flashlight. Some conditions may not be apparent at a first glance. Circle any of the

observed conditions or note any not listed.

Bent inlet

Debris plugging inlet Bottom worn through

Water flowing under culvert

Fill eroding

Many of these elements can also be used to describe unvented fords, and for vented fords of course they would be used to

describe the pipes. Other observations pertaining to fords might be: surface cracked (for concrete or asphalt), water running

around edge of ford, standing water above and/or below dry ford, ford surface rutted, toe of fill undermined, etc.

Overall Condition

Record the overall condition of the culvert.

Good = Functioning properly with no conditions identified.

Fair = Conditions identified, but they will most likely not cause the culvert to fail. Minor repairs or routine

maintenance needed.

Poor = Conditions identified that could cause the culvert to fail. Major repairs or modifications needed to make thefacility operational or to prevent failure.

Undetermined = Unable to determine whether the culvert is good, fair, or poor.

Culvert Inlet Type

Record the culvert inlet type that closely matches the situation. The culvert inlet type will change the headloss coefficient at

the inlet of the pipe. This coefficient is a measure of the efficiency of the inlet to transition flow from upstream into the

culvert smoothly. In other words, it is a measure of the energy loss as water enters the pipe. The inlet type is required for the

hydraulic analysis performed in FishXing. Below are the four main types: (clockwise from top left)Projected, Headwall

and Wingwall,Mitered, and Wingwall. Record the appropriate wingwall type. Its angle is either 10-30 or 30-70

(measurement illustrated below). Mark all inlet descriptions that fit.

5


51/64

Figure 4. The four main inlet types (clockwise from top left):Projected, Headwall and Wingwall,Mitered, andWingwall.

End Sections Inlet

An additional section added to the inlet to increase hydraulic efficiency and prevent erosion may be present. An example

would be an apron or mitered section. CircleYes if additional sections are present and No if there are no additional sections.

Headwall Inlet

A structure of any material may be added to the inlet to protect the embankment slopes, serve as a retaining wall, or anchor

and prevent undercutting. An example would be rip rap or concrete footings. CircleYes if a headwall is present and No if it

has none.

Inlet Alignment

Channel approach angles greater than 30 can increase the likeliness of culvert plugging which results in blockage of both

upstream and downstream fish movement and can result in catastrophic failure of the stream crossing. Additionally, in some

situations poor channel alignment can create adverse hydraulic conditions for fish passage. Record the angle (0-30,30-60,

or60-90) the inlet approaches the upstream channel. Standing at the inlet looking upstream, estimate the approach angle ofthe channel with respect to culvert centerline. If an angle other than 0 exists, record whether it angles to theLeft or the

Right.

Inlet Blockage

Record the percent (10%) blockage at the inlet of the culvert. This parameter is used in the Coarse Screen Filter.

Blockages can vary from rocks and sticks to a full spanning beaver dam. RecordNot Blocked if the culvert is free of any

blockages.

Culvert Outlet Type

Check the best description of the Culvert Outlet Type. Also use these descriptors for the downstream edges of fords.

At streambed elevation No perch at the outlet.

Cascade over riprap Culvert outlet is perched above the downstream channel and exiting water flows onto either

a rough riprap surface or bedrock causing turbulence where flow depth decreases as it exits the culvert.

Freefall into pool Culvert outlet is perched directly over a pool. Requires migrating fish to jump into culvert from

outlet pool.

Freefall onto riprap Culvert outlet is perched and exiting water plunges onto riprap or bedrock with no pool.

Outlet apron Aprons are usually constructed of concrete or riprap and extend downstream from the culvert outlet.

They are installed to prevent/reduce scour. If an apron exists, provide a brief description in theComments sectionincluding any low-flow concentration structures (eg. curbs), length, and site sketch.

End Sections Outlet

An additional section added to the outlet to increase hydraulic efficiency and prevent erosion may be present. An example

would be an apron or mitered section. CircleYes if additional sections are present and No if there are no additional sections.

Headwall Outlet

A structure of any material may be added to the outlet to protect the embankment slopes, serve as a retaining wall, and anchor

or prevent undercutting. An example would be rip rap or concrete footings. CircleYes if a headwall is present and No if it

has none.

Baffles

6

Road

Flow Wingwalls

Angle MeasurementAngle Measurement = 10-30

Flow


52/64

Circle Yes if the culvert contains baffles or other fabricated structures inside the culvert and list the Type. CircleNo if

baffles are not present within the culvert. Since baffle designs are often not standardized, a sketch of the retrofit/design along

with dimensions is extremely useful. Describe spacing, height, and configuration of the structures in theDrawings space on

Page 2.

Baffles Covered

If the culvert contains baffles which are completely covered, circle Yes. If any baffles are protruding above the substrate,circle No. For culverts containing baffles, but are entirely covered with substrate, evaluate using the criteria for structures 2-

8 in the Coarse Screen Filter, as appropriate. So, if the culvert has 100% substrate coverage, assume no baffles are present

when using the Coarse Screen Filter.

Weirs

Circle Yes if weirs are present in the channel and list the Type (a type may be a rock or log). CircleNo if weirs are not

present within the culvert. Since weir designs are often not standardized, a sketch of the retrofit/design along with

dimensions is extremely useful. Describe spacing, height, and configuration of the structures in theDrawings space on Page2 of the survey form. Measure theWeir Height from the waters surface to the top of the weir and record the height in

inches. This represents the height a fish would need to jump in order to pass over the weir. Measure theMaximum Pool

Depth below the weir and record the depth in feet.

Multiple Structures

A single culvert crossing (one site) may have multiple pipes or other structure types. Use the following guidelines to

determine the appropriate steps to take depending on the structures present.

Single Structure:Where a site has only a single structure (pipe, box, etc.), write Structure 1 of 1 in the Multiple Structures box.

Multiple Structures:

2 Structures (or more) that are the same size = If a site has 2 or more structures that are the same size, elevation, and

orientation, take measurements on only one, and note the total number of identical pipes. (Multiple Structures box:Structure 1 of X; __#Identical orifices- no extra form). Use theDrawings section to describe the accompanying culverts.

2 Structures (or more) that are not the same size = If a site has 2 or more structures (not including overflow pipes) that are not

the same, use a separate form for each structure. Use the Multiple Structures box to indicate that there is 1 or more extraforms filled out for this site (Structure 1 of X; __#Different orifices w/ forms done). All structures at a single site will have

the same Culvert ID number. However, at crossings where more than one form is filled out add an A, B, C, etc. to theCulvert ID number (For example, culvert 1 = 1092, culvert 2 = 1092A) to differentiate them.

Use the Drawings section to describe the accompanying culverts.

Overflow Pipes = If a site contains an overflow culvert, such as for relief during flooding, note the presence of the overflow

culvert in the Multiple Structures box (Structure 1 of X; __ #Overflow pipes w/o forms done) and include it in sketches inthe Drawings section.

There will be situations where it is difficult to determine what the site is. For example, where there is a very wide floodplain

with relief culverts for flood flows under the road. In making this decision, it is worthwhile considering how the site

hydrology will be developed. Where pipes are on the floodplain of a single channel, it may be practical to lump them into a

single crossing (one site). However, if some of them are side-channels where it is possible to define a different channel-

forming flow, it may be worth calling them separate sites since they will need separate slope and cross section surveys.

Barrel SectionsEstimate the number ofBarrel Sections the culvert has (1-6) by walking through the culvert and recording the correspondingnumber. If the culvert is too small or unsafe to walk through, circleU (unknown).

Diversion Potential (Stream)

Decide whether or not the stream would have Diversion Potential if the culvert were to become plugged. Circle the

appropriate answer based on the following.

Y- Diversion potential exists and failure would create significant sediment transport. Avoidable with redesign and field work.

A large amount a fill may be present in this instance.

U- Diversion potential exists and failure would create significant sediment transport. Unavoidable due to location andconditions of the crossing.

7


53/64

N Diversion potential does not exist and crossing failure would result in channeling in relative proximity to the existing

crossing.

Rustline/Scour Height

The rustline or scour line inside the pipe is sometimes evident on older pipes and can be used to estimate the normal high

water mark from which flows can be calculated. The rustline can be used both as a field indicator for undersized culverts and

as a check for the accuracy of the calculated fish passage flow for that specific stream. Rustlines greater than 1/3 the culvertheight (diameter) are often considered hydraulically undersized. Also, the flow associated with the rustlines height (normal

depth = rustline height) can sometimes be correlated to the basin hydrology (i.e. flow at rustline is approximately the 20%

exceedence flow). Measure the height of theRustline (at the peak) above the culvert bottom. TheRustline should be

measured two to three diameters downstream of the inlet. If no scour exists, record 0. Record theHeight in inches.

Outlet Scour

Observe the area around the culvert outlet and outlet pool. If the stream is eroding the sides of the channel around the outlet,

or is eroding underneath the culvert and around the headwall, Outlet Scour is present and Yes should be circled. IfOutletScour is not present, circle No.

Breaks in Slope within the Culvert

Older culverts can bend when road fills slump, creating steeper sections within a culvert. If only inlet and outlet elevations

are measured in a sagging culvert, steeper sections that may act as barriers will be missed. Determine if there are breaks in

slope inside the culvert and make sure they are actual breaks and not just debris build up. If removing the debris would

eliminate the break, it is not a slope break. Estimate theHorizontal Distance from the Outlet to the break and estimate the

Vertical Distance to the Break. Record both in feet.

Culvert Drainage Structure

Circle the most appropriate answer.

MA= Major Culvert (Over 35 ft2 in opening area)MI= Minor Culvert (Under 35 ft2 in opening area)

DD= Drainage DipLC= Low Water Crossing

FD= Ford

SUBSTRATE

In order for aculvert to meet the criteria for natural channel simulation, structures must have streambed substrate throughout.

A continuous layer of substrate and bedform types similar to those in the adjacent channel help ensure that the organisms

moving in the stream can move through the structure. Sunken or embedded culverts generally have substrate throughout.

The size and arrangement of the substrate, if any, in the culvert determines roughness, which is used in FishXing. Thesemeasurements are used to evaluate natural channel simulation and to give preliminary information needed for pre-design

cost estimates for replacement. Substrate within a stream system are characterized as follows and shall be used in estimating

substrate within the stream channel and culvert:

Bedrock= large masses of solid rock

Boulder = > Bowling Ball

Cobble = Baseball Bowling Ball

Gravel = Pea - Baseball

Sand and Organics= < Pea

Mannings Channel Roughness Coefficient describes how much resistance the streambed material will have on the streamsflow. Smooth bed material, such as bedrock, imposes less resistance and results in faster flows or a lower Mannings

Coefficient. The rougher the material, the more the resistance resulting in slower flows, or a higher Mannings Coefficient.

Photos demonstrating the different coefficients will be provided.

Concrete = 0.013

Gravels with No Riffles = 0.03

Smooth with Cobbles = 0.035

Gravels/Cobbles/Few Boulders = 0.04

Cobbles with Large Boulders = 0.05

Substrate in Culvert

8


54/64

Visually estimate the substrate within the channel and determine the dominating substrate throughout the entire culvert.

Circle only one grouping of substrates.

Natural Bottom Roughness in Culvert (FishXing)

Visually estimate the substrate within the culvert and determine the dominating substrate throughout the entire culvert.

Circle only one grouping of substrates derived from Mannings Equation used in FishXing. If substrate is not present

throughout the entire culvert, circle None. In this case, the substrate groupings for this attribute are derived from FishXing.

Substrate in Channel

Visually estimate the substrate within the channel and determine the dominating substrate at the same location Upstream

Bankfull Width is measured. Circle only one grouping of substrates.

Natural Substrate in Culvert (rock-wood)

Visually determine if the substrate or debris within the culvert is covering


55/64

CHANNEL DESCRIPTION

Inlet Gradient

Undersized culverts can influence channel morphology and the bankfull water level for several hundred feet upstream as aresult of high flow pond formation and sediment deposition. Fish passage will be impaired if the channel gradient directly

above the pipe is steeper then the average channel gradient. Measure theInlet Gradient one pipe diameter upstream of the

culvert using the clinometer. Be sure to measure with gradient while standing on the channel bottom. Record the Gradient

as a decimal.

Channel Gradient

Channel gradient is the difference in the elevation of the water surface measured from the waters surface using a clinometer.

Where this is awkward because of dense vegetation, several points along the water margin can be shot, often withoutbrushcutting. If several points are taken, the two crew members moving progressively up or down the channel, must take the

next clinometer reading from the exact spot the crew member was for the previous reading. Average additional points tocalculate the channel gradient Be sure to measure with gradient while standing at the waters surface. Measuring the

channel gradient from the substrate can cause a misrepresentation of the slope to due varying depths throughout the channel.

Upstream Channel Gradient = Measure the gradient beginning at a point upstream of the inlet, above the culvert influence

area and ending approximately 50 feet upstream of that point. A lesser or greater distance may be needed to capture the

representative gradient of the stream. Measure the maximumDistance between the two points that visual contact will allow

and record the Distance in feet. The measured length should follow the streams course and not the shortest distancebetween the two points. Record theGradient as a decimal.

Downstream Channel Gradient = Measure the gradient beginningdownstream of the outlet at the Outlet Pool Tailwater (E)

and ending approximately 50 feet downstream of that point. Measure the maximumDistance between the two points that

visual contact will allow and record the Distance in feet. The measured length should follow the streams course and not the

shortest distance between the two points. Record theGradient as a decimal.

Bankfull Width

Bankfull flow is a winter high or peak flow that usually occurs on average every 1 to 2 years. It is below the streams floodflow level. Bankfull elevation can be tricky to identify in the field, and field personnel should be thoroughly trained by

specialists familiar with the hydrologic regime, stream morphology, and riparian vegetation of the area. Look for indicators

of the highest annual water scour marks on each bank. The most consistent indicators of bankfull flow are: the top of

unvegetated gravel bars or deposits, a change in vegetation, bank topography, or the size of streambed material. Otherindicators are: a line defining the lower limit of lichen colonization, exposed roots, a stain line visible on bare substrate, or

an undisturbed line of organic debris on the ground. Measure theBankfull Width of the Upstream and Downstream

channels at the same furthermost point from the culvert in which the Upstream and Downstream Channel Gradients were

measured. Record the width in feet. These measuring points should be well above any influence the stream crossing mayhave on channel width.

Inlet Width to Bankfull Width Ratio --Calculated in the Office

In order for aculvert crossing structure to meet the criteria for stream simulation, this ratio must be 1 or greater. Structures

that do not constrict the channel at most flows are generally more successful at passing fish and other biota. The ratio will be

calculated in the office using: Inlet Width (orDiameter) / Bankfull Width. Note that theInlet Width (orDiameter) is

recorded in inches and Bankfull Width is recorded in feet. Convert theInlet Width (orDiameter) to feet in order to

calculate the ratio.

LONGITUDINAL PROFILE

Note: All Rod Heights observed will need to be converted to an elevation using the formula on Page 1.For all

elevation measurements, if the level rod cannot be seen, use the method show in Figure 5 and calculate the height. Be sure to

get the Degrees (left side of clinometer) and not the Percent (right side of clinometer) that is used for gradients. These

equations are when an elevation is assumed at the level station, say 100 feet. When simply reading the rod and taking the

differences in elevation, just reverse these equations (B-A, etc). Want the perch and depth to be positive numbers

10


56/64

Figure 5

Height of the Instrument HI (A)

Select a point to set up the level and record the height of the level using the stadia rod or a tape measure. This is not an

elevation.

Culvert Inlet Invert Elevation (B)

The invert is the bottom inside surface of the culvert. This elevation, combined with(C) Culvert Outlet Inlet Elevation,

will be used for determining Culvert Slope. Measure the rod height from the culvert inlet invert and convert it to an

elevation using the formula on Page 1.

Culvert Outlet Invert Elevation (C)

This elevation is used for determining the Culvert Slope, Outlet Drop, and Vertical Leap Distance. Measure the rodheight from the culvert outlet invert. Convert the rod height to an elevation using the formula on Page 1. When an outlet

apron is present, take measurements of elevation and length of the apron at the top and bottom of the apron. Record theseadditional measurements in the Comments section.

Outlet Pool Length

Measure the length of the outlet pool and record the length in feet.

Outlet Pool Depth --Calculated in the Office

The Outlet Pool Depth will be calculated in the office using: Pool Surface Elevation (E) Pool Bottom Elevation (D).

An alternate method of measuring the Outlet Pool Depth is by standing on the culvert and using the following formula:Rod Height Height of the Instrument Culvert Height = Outlet Pool Depth

Pool Bottom Elevation (D)

This elevation will be used in FishXing and may be included in regional assessment screens. It will also be used to calculate

the Outlet Pool Depth. If the culvert is perched, this data determines if pool depth is adequate for a jump pool. Measure therod height from the lowest streambed point within five feet of the outlet. If there is no pool, survey the thalweg (in the lowest

point of channel cross section) immediately downstream of the outlet. Convert the rod height to an elevation using the

formula on Page 1.

Pool Surface Elevation (E)

Measure the elevation of the pool surface with the rod placed on the waters surface. Convert the rod height to an elevation

using the formula on Page 1. This elevation will be used to calculate theOutlet Pool Depth and Outlet Drop.

Outlet Pool Tailwater Depth (F)

The tailwater is the structure (manmade or natural) that controls the water surface elevation at the outlet of the culvert. This

depth is used to determine Vertical Leap Distance. Tailwater controls can be riffle crests, weir crests, or natural channelconstrictions. If several stair-stepped pools lead up to the outlet, measure from the riffle crest of the lower-most pool.

Where there is no obvious tailwater control feature or outlet pool, use the thalweg adjacent to the outlet. Measure the roddepth of the outlet pool tailwater and record the depth in feet.

Outlet Drop (G)

The outlet drop is the distance from the bottom of the culvert outlet to the pool surface (not the residual pool surface). TheOutlet Drop will be calculated in the office using: CulvertOutlet Invert Elevation (C) Pool Surface Elevation (E).

Vertical Leap Distance --Calculated in the Office

The Vertical Leap Distance is the total outlet drop or the distance from the bottom of the culvert outlet to the residual pool

surface. It represents the highest jump possible needed at zero flow and is roughly the height the fish would need to jump to

enter the culvert. The Vertical Leap Distance will be calculated in the office using: Outlet Pool Tailwater Depth (F) +

Outlet Drop (G).

11


57/64

Horizontal Leap Distance

The Horizontal Leap Distance is the horizontal distance a fish would need to jump from the deepest part of the of the outlet

pool. Measure from the deepest part of the outlet pool (where thePool Bottom Elevation (D) is measured) to the outlet

invert of the culvert and record the length in feet.

Culvert Length (H)

The Culvert Length should be measured between the surveyed inlet and outlet points. Do not include inlet and outlet

aprons. Record the length in feet.

Culvert Slope --Calculated in the Office

The slope of the culvert will help to determine the culverts fish passage capabilities. Generally speaking, without mitigating

factors such as baffles or weirs, culverts with slopes exceeding 3-4% may be a barrier to adult or juvenile fish at varying

flows. The Culvert Slope will be calculated in the office using: Culvert Outlet Invert Elevation (C) - Culvert Inlet Invert

Elevation (B) / Culvert Length (H).

Invert Depth --Calculated in the Office

The Invert Depth is the depth of substrate inside the culvert measured at the culvert inlet invert. Measurements of the depth

of sediment and its location (if sediment does not cover the entire length of the pipe) are made most efficiently during the

profile survey. Structure height and substrate depth can be difficult to measure in pipe arch and box culverts that contain

sediment throughout, and guesswork can cause errors. Measure the depth of the streambed substrate at the culvert inlet. You

can calculate substrate depth for both pipe arches and round pipes by measuring from the top of the inlet/outlet down to the

top of the substrate (Depth). Subtract this number from the culvert diameter (Culvert Diameter orHeight Depth to

Substrate). TheInvert Depth = Sunken Depth, which is required for FishXing. Record the depth in feet. This will requireconverting the Culvert Diameter orHeight from inches to feet.

Average Water Depth in Culvert

Measure the average water depth throughout the culvert. Walk through the culvert if possible. Record the depth in inches.

Culvert Wall Thickness

Measure the thickness of the culvert wall and record it in inches.

Road Surface Type

Record the road surface type (gravel, paved, dirt).

Drawings

Sketch each stream crossing and the surrounding site. The sketch and notes are as important as the data collected. Includethe following features in site sketches:

Direction of stream flow

Alignment of stream channel and culvert inlet

Locations of photo points

Wingwalls and inlet /outlet aprons

Locations and designations of multiple structures at one site

Baffle configuration, dimensions, and number of sets

Weirs and other instream structures

Upstream or downstream debris jams

Trash racks, screens, standpipes, drop inlets, or any other structure associated with the crossing that may affect passage

Damage or obstacle inside structure

Location and quantity of riprap for bank armoring or jump pool formation

Comments

Use this section to:

Record any additional rod heights or other measurements that did not fit in the space provided on the survey form.

Clarify items that may not be clear in the data, the sketch or the photographs.

Describe any data-gathering problems.

Record qualitative notes describing stream habitat immediately upstream and downstream of the crossing.

Report any fish present at the site. Include number, size, and species if known.

Flagging

Flag the culvert with blue and white polka-dot flagging. Record on the flagging: Surveyor initials, Date, and Culvert ID.

12


58/64

TAILWATER CROSS-SECTION (for FishXing)

The tailwater cross section is used to estimate tailwater elevations at varying flows by constructing a stage-discharge rating

curve. This method is used in FishXing to determine the water surface profile in low gradient culverts, and to estimate perchheight and pool depths at varying flows. The only situations where a tailwater cross section is not needed is where a

constant tailwater elevation is assumed (e.g. lakes, beaver ponds).

Locate the cross section at the tailwater control, perpendicular to the stream channel. Cross sections typically start (Station

0.0 ft) on the left bank (looking downstream). String a measuring tape across the channel from left to right at the tailwater, no

lower than bankfull elevation. Make sure the first survey point is well out of the channel. If feasible, conduct the cross

section survey without moving the level (HI elevation same as for profile survey). Proceed to survey along the tape, taking

points at each break in slope. At each survey point, record the station (distance across the channel as indicated on the

measuring tape) and rod height, both in feet. Survey any changes in elevation, such as on top of a rock, then below the rock.

Record notes on point locations, such as bankfull channel margin, edge of water, toe of bank, thalweg, mid-channel bar, edgeof rooted vegetation, etc. If the channel is uniform, survey only a few points going across the channel. If no outlet pool

tailwater exists survey a cross of the stream approximately 1 ft below the culvert outlet. Convert the rod heights to elevations

using the formula on the survey form and Page 1.

Tailwater Cross-Section Example

0 = Just above bankfull

1 = At bankfull

2 = In channel, below water3 = In channel, on rock protruding from the water surface

4 = In channel, below water5 = In channel, below water

6 = At bankfull

7 = Just above bankfull

Substrate at Tailwater Cross-Section

Visually estimate the substrate in the tailwater and determine the dominating substrate. Circle only one grouping ofsubstrates derived from Mannings Equation used in FishXing (described on Page 8). The substrate groupings for this

attribute are derived from FishXing.

Channel Gradient at Tailwater Control

The gradient of the channel reach leading downstream from the tailwater cross-section. Measure the channel gradient

beginning at the tailwater cross-section and ending 2 pipe diameters upstream or at the first substantial break in channel slope

(the entire length of the tailout). Record the clinometer reading as a decimal. Measure the length of the tailout (distance

between starting and ending points) and record the length in feet.

**NOTE

13


59/64

For All Open Bottom Arches:

Do not complete the entire survey form. Include only the attributes listed here:

All Site Information

Barrel Shape

Horizontal/Vertical Size

Construction

Shape CommentsCulvert Material

Inlet Blockage

Weirs

Rustline/Scour

Channel Gradient (Upstream and Downstream)

Bankfull Width (Upstream and Downstream)

Inlet Invert Elevation

Outlet Invert ElevationCulvert Length

For All Culverts With No Outlet Pool:

Do not complete the following on the survey form. Record an X or a slash in the box. They are asterisked on the survey

form.

Outlet Pool Length

Outlet Pool Tailwater Elevation

Vertical Leap DistanceHorizontal Leap Distance

Field Passage Evaluation (in the office)Culverts and fords can be impediments to fish movement in both directions in some areas (Warre

Documents

Middle Fork Willamette Watershed Council Culvert Inventory 2010