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Migration. Unit II Chapter 3. Migration. To est. the ecumene , humans have spread across earth through Migration Geographers document from where people migrate and to where they migrate. Also why they migrate Humans traveled through harsh and dangerous environments for new opp. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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MigrationUnit II Chapter 3
Migration To est. the ecumene, humans have spread
across earth through Migration Geographers document from where people
migrate and to where they migrate. Also why they migrate
Humans traveled through harsh and dangerous environments for new opp.
3 main reasons for migration: economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort
Migration REMEMBER!?
Diffusion spreads characteristics from one area to another
Relocation diffusion was the spread through bodily movement
Migration: permanent move to a new location specific type of relocation diffusion
Migration Migration involves a two-way flow
A B, B A Emigration: migration from a location Immigration: migration to a location Net migration: different between # of
immigrants and # of emigrants + immigrants = positive net migration (net in-
migration) + emigrants = negative net migration (net out-
migration)
Migration Mobility: all types of movements from one
place to another Many forms of mobility going to work, school, groceries, house of worship
circulation: short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
Migration disrupts traditional cultural ties and economic patterns in a region we take w/ us; language, religion, ethnicity, etc.
WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?
REASONS FOR MIGRATING Push/Pull factors Push factor: induces ppl to move out of
their present location Pull factor: induces ppl to move into a
new location 3 major push/pull factors
Economic Push/Pull Factors
Aren’t many jobs in current situation Possibly more jobs in a new location Have a job, more attractive ones elsewhere
Cultural Push/Pull Factors
Big push factors: slavery and political instability Wars have pushed ethnic groups out of redrawn
borders Refugees: ppl who have been forced to
migrate and cannot return for fear of persecution of their race, religion, nationality, or political party Palestinians and Afghans 2 largest international
groups Sudan and Columbia 2 largest internal groups
Democracy
Refugees: Sources & Destinations
Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.
Environmental Push/Pull Factors
Pull towards physically attractive regions Mountains, sea sides, and warm climates
Push from hazardous ones Water +/-
floodplain: area subject to flooding during a specific # of years based on historic trends
Hurricane Katrina Migrants
A major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for forced migration.
Scene from The Grapes of Wrath
The Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to California and elsewhere.
Intervening Obstacles
Intervening obstacle: an environmental or cultural factor that hinders migration We don’t always end up where we intend Historically physical (mountains, deserts,
water)
DISTANCE OF MIGRATION
Short distance and remain in their own country
Long distance and head to another country for centers of econ. activity
Internal Migration International migration: permanent
movement from one country to another Internal migration: permanent movement
within the same country similarity to distance decay…int’l mig. less
numerous interregional migration: movement from
one region of a country to another intraregional: movement within on
region
International Migration
Two types Voluntary: migrant has chosen to move
for economic improvements Forced: migrant has been compelled to
move by cultural factors Migration transition: changes in society
comparable to those in the demographic transition International=stage 2 Internal=stage 3 and 4
CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS
Most long-distance migrants are male Most long-distance migrants are adult
individuals rather than families
Gender of Migrants Theorized a cent. Ago Men more likely to be employed, therefore
more likely to migrate 55% men in 18th/19th Cent. 1990’s reversed 55% women (changing role
of women)
Family Status of Migrants
40% 25-39 5% 65+ Since more women are migrating, children
are going with them 16% 15 and younger
WHERE ARE MIGRANTS
DISTRIBUTED?GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS 3 largest flows
To Europe from Asia To NA from Asia and Latin America
Substantial in-migration To NA from Europe From Asia to Oceania
LDCsMDCs
Global Migration Patterns
Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.
Net Migration (per population)
Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.
WHERE ARE MIGRANTS
DISTRIBUTED?U.S. IMMIGRATION PATTERNS 3 main eras of immigration
All pulling from different regions of the world Stage 2 is why people left
Colonial Immigration
Europe and Africa Africans forced, Euro’s voluntary (mostly)
90% of immigrants prior to 1840 were from GB
400K slaves were brought to the 13 colonies
19th Century Immigration
First Peak: Lots of Germans and Irish ¼ German ancestry, 1/8 Irish-British Economic pull factors, political unrest push
factors Second Peak: Still Irish, more
Scandinavian Beginning to enter _______?
Third Peak: Southern/Eastern Europe Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary Reasons for migrating?
Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin
Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.
Recent Immigration ASIA:
most immigrants in the 60’s & 70’s China, Philippines, India, &Vietnam (2/3 all
Asian imm.) 40% of Canadian immigration
LATIN AMERICAN: 13M from 60-2005 2006: Mexico passes Germany as most imm.
ever to US Same reasons of migrating as Europeans
Migration from Asia to the U.S.
Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
Migration from Latin America to the U.S.
Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.
IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON
U.S.LEGACY OF EUROPEAN MIGRATION Europe’s demographic transition
American Safety valve Diffusion of European culture
So many migrated (65M), they took culture with them
“seeds of conflict” Imposing European culture
IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON
U.S.UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRATION TO U.S. Undocumented immigrants:
unauthorized imm. Looking for economic opportunity 24% farming, 17% cleaning, 14%
construction, 12% food prep Come into the U.S. by:
Stay after “touring” Sneak across the border (2,000 Miles)
Immigration reform
U.S. - Mexico Border
at Tijuana
The U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence
IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON
U.S.DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS IN U.S. California, Texas, Florida, and New York
¼ CA, ¼ TX, ¼ NY-AZ-IL-GA-NJ, ¼ Rest of U.S. Mexicans: CA, TX, IL Caribbean’s: NY or FL Asians: NY or CA
Chain migration: migration of ppl to a specific location bc family members or same nationality moved there
Undocumented Immigrants in the US
Fig. 3-7: California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U.S.
IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN HOST
COUNTRIES U.S. QUOTA LAWS Quotas: max # of ppl who could
immigrate to U.S. in a 1 year period. Changed dramatically over the years
Current law: 620K ppl, no more 7% from each country 480K family sponsored 140K employment related
Brain drain: large scale emigration by talented ppl
Guest Worker
s in Europe
Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.
IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON
U.S.TEMPORARY MIGRATION FOR WORK
Guest worker: ppl of poor countries who obtain jobs in western Eur. and ME
Helps deal w/ unemployment and stimulates econs.
Most from N.Africa, ME, Eastern Europe and Asia
TIME-CONTRACT WORKERS Serve a contract for an X # of time
Economic Migrants & Refugees
CUBANS Seen as refugees since ’59 “Mariel Boatlift”
HAITAINS Economic advancement rather than political U.S. settled lawsuit
VIETNAMESE “Boat people”
Migration of Vietnamese Boat People
Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in 1975. Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.
CULTURAL PROBLEMS
U.S. ATTITUDES TOWARDS IMMIGRANTS Hostility toned down in the 20th century Southern/Eastern Europeans faced lots of
hostility “inclined toward violent crimes” “racially inferior” “drove native’s out of work”
MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS
IN A COUNTRYMIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS W/IN U.S. American West Center of population
“balance on a pin” Settlement of the interior
Canals Westward expansion
Center of Population in the U.S.
Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.
MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS
IN A COUNTRYMIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS W/IN U.S. Settlement of the Great Plains
Filling in Railroad helps advancement
European offices 1980 population center moves west of the
mighty miss
MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS
IN A COUNTRYMIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS W/IN U.S. Recent growth of the Sunbelt
Greater economic opportunities Better climate
African American migration
U.S. Interregional Migration, 1995
U.S. Interregional Migration, 2003
MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS
IN A COUNTRYMIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES Russia: Forced migration, incentive
migration Brazil: Brasília Indonesia: Java small island (incentives) Europe: Italy ^, Great Britain v India: Permits, State of Assam
Brasilia, Brazil
Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital in 1960 and since then has attracted thousands of migrants in search of jobs.
MIGRATION WITHIN ONE REGION
MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS Urbanization since early 1800s ¾ U.S. is urban dwellers (also other devel.
Countries) I bet you can’t guess why they’re moving to cities!
MIGRATION FROM URBA NTO SUBURBAN AREAS 2x as many ppl moving out of cities to suburbs
as there are suburbs to cities Non-economic reasons
Intraregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.
MIGRATION WITHIN ONE REGION
MIGRATION FROM METRO TO NONMETRO AREAS Late 20th Cent. We saw more people
immigrate to rural areas that emigrate from Counterurbanization: net migration from
urban to rural areas
Lure of rural life Net-out = net-in U.S.
Poor farming conditions
Net Migration by County, 2000-04
Fig. 3-15: Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains