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Migration
Facts and theory
Migration
Figure 1.6 Foreign-Born Migrants, 2005 (millions)Feenstra and Taylor: International Economics, Second EditionCopyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
3
The typology migrants1. Labour migrations 1.1. permanent settlement
1.2 temporary workers 1.3 circular migrations (to and from)
2. Family migrations (Family unification)
3. Forced migrations (tied to war, ethnic conflict, loss of livelihood)
4. Study migrations (students may stay on after their studies)
5. Retirement migrations (“gray” migrations)
6. Trafficking People smuggling -mainly women and minors- for sexual exploitation, “sweat
shop” labour, begging and delinquency
4
Undocumented migrants in Europe
• Estimations: 5 million of Europe’s 56.1 million migrants in 2000 with irregular status (~10%)
• Target: South European countries
• Jobs: tourism, construction, agriculture, domestic work, child and elderly care, cleaning services, warehousing and transport.
GLOBAL COMMISSION FOR MIGRATION REPORT, 2005
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• Historical flows immigration countries (FR,BE,DE,NL,UK,SW,DK)
• Large numbers of asylum seekers (resulting from conflict in Yugoslavia, Iraq war, Afghanistan, Kosovo)
• Post 2000 increasing inflows of East Europeans especially to UK,SW, DK
• Comprises of Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain plus Cyprus and Malta starting get migrants (most of them undocumented in the middle of 90s)
Three directions in EUmigration flows
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Migration: gender composition
• Women: 50%
• Case of migration from South America: the number of migrant women exceeded
the number of migrant men
• In Africa and Asia, migrant men were in the majority.
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Eastern countries
• The East European member states are senders and receivers of migrants
• They present young, mostly skilled labour migrants of cultural proximity and ethnic affinity to west-north Europeans.
International Labor Mobility (cont.)
International Labor Mobility (cont.)
L2
MPL
MPL MPL*
MPL*
Nat. EmplO Foreign EmplO*
AB
C
L1
MigrationFlow
Total employment
Two countries:
Labor market issues in host countries
• Complements or substitutes ?
• Something other …
labour
wages
S
D
D1
A
L
W
W1
A’1
A1
L1 L’1
Economic issues
• Migration and remittances
• Migration and local development
Table 5.3 Workers’ Remittances and Net Foreign Aid, 2007Feenstra and Taylor: International Economics, Second EditionCopyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Table 5.4 Gains from ImmigrationFeenstra and Taylor: International Economics, Second EditionCopyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Migration and demography
Open issues:
• Aging of the population
• Fertility
Figure 5.4 Share of Foreign-Born Workers in U.S. Workforce, 2008Feenstra and Taylor: International Economics, Second EditionCopyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
A comparison
Another example: Japan
Population pyramid
Brownse this website:
http://populationpyramid.net/
The European Union
• 1992 Maastricht Treaty: European Citizenship for EU nationals only
• 1997 Amsterdam Treaty: ‘fair treatment of third country nationals
• New anti-discrimination rules • European Convention on Human Rights• Emphasis on security and migration
control could undermine integration objectives.
Attitudes towards foreigners in the EU
Number of foreigners living in your country
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Gr B I D A F
DK
UK
NL S L P E IR SF EU
Don't know
Not many
A lot
Too many
Source: Eurobarometer 48.
Migration and assimilation
Traditional models of integrationAssimilation
– Immigrants to give up their original culture, language and religion
– Immigrants as citizens
Differential exclusion– ‘Guestworker’ countries (Germany,
Switzerland, etc.)– Migrants included in labour market, health
system– Migrants excluded from politics, culture,– No family reunion, settlement or citizenship
The role of national governments
• Avoid immigration policies that stigmatise immigrants
• Equal opportunities in employment, education, health, etc.
• Government services:– Open to all members of society– Take account of diverse needs and values
• Citizenship– Easy naturalisation for immigrants– Automatic citizenship for the second
generation
Spanish case
Spanish case: islam in Spain
Spain: complements or substitutes