Migration, Remote Rural Areas and Chronic Poverty in India- Deshingkar (Chronic Poverty Research Centre)

7/30/2019 Migration, Remote Rural Areas and Chronic Poverty in India- Deshingkar (Chronic Poverty Research Centre)

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Migtcpikb* temkpe tutcj ctec|

cb` lftkbil qk~etpy ib Ibìc

Qtiyc @e|fibgoct

K~et|ec| @e~ejkqmebpIb|pipupe

K@I Wktoibg Qcqet <4<LQTL Wktoibg Qcqet 3><

Te|ujp| kn K@I te|ectlf qte|ebpeìb qtejimibcty nktm nkt ì|lu||ikb

cb` ltipilcj lkmmebp



K@I Wktoibg Qcqet <4<LQTL Wktoibg Qcqet 3><

Migtcpikb* temkpe tutcj ctec| cb`lftkbil qk~etpy ib Ibìc

Qtiyc @e|fibgoct

@elemdet 4131

K~et|ec| @e~ejkqmebp Ib|pipupe333 We|pmib|pet Dti`ge Tkc`

Jkb`kb \E3 7H@www"kì"ktg"uo



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Pfi| qcqet i| kbe kn c |etie| kb |qcpicj qk~etpy ptcq| pfcp fc| deeb qudji|fe` hkibpjy dy pfe K~et|ec|@e~ejkqmebp Ib|pipupe cb` pfe Lftkbil Qk~etpy Te|ectlf Lebpte" Pfe |etie| fc| deeb eìpe` dy OcpeDit` cb` Ocpe Figgib|* wipf |uqqktp ntkm Pcti Mc|cm~u cb` @cb Fctti|" Ip `tcw| jctgejy kb qcqet|qtkùle` nkt cb ibpetbcpikbcj wkto|fkq kb Ubèt|pcbìbg cb` C``te||ibg \qcpicj Qk~etpy Ptcq|* wfilfpkko qjcle kb 49 Mctlf 4117 ib \pejjebdk|lf* \kupf Cntilc" Pfe wkto|fkq wc| lk-fk|pe` dy pfeK~et|ec| @e~ejkqmebp Ib|pipupe cb` pfe Lftkbil Qk~etpy Te|ectlf Lebpte cb` hkibpjy nubè` dy pfeK~et|ec| @e~ejkqmebp Ib|pipupe* pfe Lftkbil Qk~etpy Te|ectlf Lebpte* Ptklcite cb` pfe \wi|| Cgeblynkt @e~ejkqmebp cb` Lkkqetcpikb"

Pfe cupfkt wkuj` jioe pk evqte|| fet gtcpipuè pk pfe qekqje ib pfe |pu`y ~ijjcge| ib Cb`ftc Qtcè|fcb` Mc`fyc Qtcè|f wfk|e gebetk|ipy cb` pime mcè pfi| evetli|e qk||idje" \fe i| gtcpenuj pk\fcfeeb Copet nkt elkbkmeptil cbcjy|i| cb` pk Jcvmcb Tck* Qtcmk` \fctmc cb` \u|fij Oumct nkt pfeit fct` wkto ib `cpc lkjjelpikb" \fe i| cj|k gtcpenuj pk Ocpe Dit` cb` cbkbymku| te~iewet| ntkm pfeLftkbil Qk~etpy Te|ectlf Lebpte nkt te~iewibg ectjiet `tcnp| kn pfe qcqet"

I\DB 976 3 917466 1> 7Wktoibg Qcqet &Qtibp) I\\B 3759 4919K@I Wktoibg Qcqet| &Kbjibe) I\\B 3759 4937

© K~et|ec| @e~ejkqmebp Ib|pipupe 4131

Tecèt| cte eblkutcge` pk sukpe kt teqtkùle mcpeticj ntkm K@I Wktoibg Qcqet| nkt pfeit kwbqudjilcpikb|* c| jkbg c| pfey cte bkp deibg |kj` lkmmetlicjjy" C| lkqytigfp fkjèt* K@I tesue|p| ùeclobkwje`gemebp cb` c lkqy kn pfe qudjilcpikb"

Pfi| `klumebp i| cj|k cb kupqup ntkm pfe Lftkbil Qk~etpy Te|ectlf Lebpte &LQTL) wfilf i| nubè` dyUOci` ntkm pfe UO @eqctpmebp nkt Ibpetbcpikbcj @e~ejkqmebp &@NI@) nkt pfe debenip kn è~ejkqibg lkubptie|" Pfe LQTL gtcpenujjy clobkwje`ge| @NI@’| |uqqktp"

Pfe cbcjy|i| cb` ~iew| qte|ebpe` ib pfi| qcqet cte pfk|e kn pfe cupfkt| cb` `k bkp bele||ctijyteqte|ebp pfe ~iew| kn K@I* LQTL* @NI@ kt cby kpfet nubèt|"



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4"3 Wfcp i| lftkbil qk~etpy; < 4"4 Temkpe tutcj ctec| cb` lftkbil qk~etpy < 4"< Litlujct migtcpikb cb` qk~etpy ib Ibìc 5 4"0 Lftkbil qk~etpy cb` migtcpikb >

4"5 Wfk cllumujcpe| cb` wfk lkqe|; 6 4"> Migtcpikb cb` èdp 9

<"3 Gekgtcqfil cb` |klikelkbkmil lkbpevp 31 <"4 Mepfk`kjkgy 34 <"< Lftkbil qk~etpy cb` mkdijipy 3< <"0 Tejcpikb|fiq depweeb migtcpikb* c||ep| cb` temkpebe|| 36 <"5 Fkw imqktpcbp i| migtcpikb iblkme nkt pfe lftkbilcjjy qkkt; 41 <"> Migtcpikb nkt lkqibg cb` cllumujcpikb 44 <"7 @ke| migtcpikb teùle qk~etpy; 40 <"6 Lk|p|* ti|o|* ì|ltimibcpikb cb` `cbget 4>



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Nigute 38 Mcq kn Cb`ftc Qtcè|f 31 Nigute 48 Mcq kn Mc`fyc Qtcè|f 33

Pcdje 38 \pu`y ì|ptilp| cb` ~ijjcge| 34 Pcdje 48 Iblièble kn migtcpikb ib CQ ~ijjcge|* 4113+14 30 Pcdje <8 Ntesuebly cb` qetlebpcge ì|ptidupikb kn fku|efkj`| ib CQ wipf cp jec|p kbe qet|kb

wktoibg kup|iè pfe ~ijjcge &migtcbp| cb` lkmmupet|) 30 Pcdje 08 Mkdijipy qcppetb| ib MQ ib 4113+14 30 Pcdje 58 Ntesuebly cb` qetlebpcge ì|ptidupikb kn fku|efkj`| ib MQ wipf cp jec|p kbe qet|kb

wktoibg kup|iè pfe ~ijjcge* 411<+10 cb` 411>+17 35 Pcdje >8 Ntesuebly cb` qetlebpcge kn ìnnetebp pyqe| kn mkdijipy ib MQ* 411<+10 cb` 411>+17 35 Pcdje 78 Ntesuebly cb` qetlebpcge kn ìnnetebp pyqe| kn mkdijipy ib CQ* 411<+10 cb` 411>+17 35 Pcdje 68 @i|ptidupikb kn lkmmupet| cb` migtcbp| dy lc|pe cb` |pcpu| kn mkdijipy ib CQ* 411>+17 3> Pcdje 98 @i|ptidupikb kn lkmmupet| cb` migtcbp| dy lc|pe cb` |pcpu| kn mkdijipy ib MQ* 411>+17 3>

Pcdje 318Jkgi|pil tegte||ikb cbcjy|i| èpetmibibg pfe ennelp| kn pfe nclpkt| c||klicpe` wipf `cijylkmmupibg èli|ikb* CQ 37 Pcdje 338 Jkgi|pil tegte||ikb cbcjy|i| èpetmibibg pfe ennelp| kn pfe nclpkt| c||klicpe` wipf `cijy

lkmmupibg èli|ikb* MQ 36 Pcdje 348Jkgi|pil tegte||ikb cbcjy|i| èpetmibibg pfe ennelp| kn pfe nclpkt| c||klicpe` wipf

litlujct migtcpikb èli|ikb* CQ 39 Pcdje 3<8 Jkgi|pil tegte||ikb cbcjy|i| èpetmibibg pfe ennelp| kn pfe nclpkt| c||klicpe` wipf

litlujct migtcpikb èli|ikb* MQ 41 Pcdje 308 Qtkqktpikbcpe |fcte| kn fku|efkj` bep iblkme &gtk|| iblkme “ ebpetqti|e lk|p) ntkm

migtcpikb cb` kpfet |kutle| dy lc|pe lcpegkty* 411>+17 ib fku|efkj`| wipf kbeqet|kb wktoibg kup|iè pfe ~ijjcge 43

Pcdje 358 Qtkqktpikbcpe |fcte| kn fku|efkj` bep iblkme &gtk|| iblkme “ ebpetqti|e lk|p) ntkmmigtcpikb cb` kpfet |kutle| dy lc|pe lcpegkty* 411>+17 44

Pcdje 3>8 Qetlebpcge ì|ptidupikb kn fku|efkj`| tcboibg pfe pkq u|e &kt qjcb pk u|e) kn mkdijipyectbibg| dy qutqk|e cb` lc|pe lcpegkty* CQ 411>+17 40

Pcdje 378 Qetlebpcge ì|ptidupikb kn fku|efkj`| u|ibg &kt qjcb pk u|e) mkdijipy ectbibg| dyqutqk|e* tcbo cb` lc|pe lcpegkty* 411>+17 40

Dkv 38 Lkqibg pftkugf |ec|kbcj migtcpikb nkt ub|oijje` wkto 4< Dkv 48 Cllumujcpi~e |ptcpegie| “ ptidcj| ib Mcb`jc* MQ 40 Dkv <8 @tijjibg pudewejj| cb` |qebìbg kb eùlcpikb “\L| cb` \P| ib Me`co* CQ 45 Dkv 08 Gtkuq migtcpikb kn ptidcj gitj| nkt `kme|pil wkto 4>



~

<@ @itpy* @egtcìbg cb` @cbgetku|C@D C|icb @e~ejkqmebp DcboC@TI C|icb @e~ejkqmebp Te|ectlf Ib|pipupeCQ Cb`ftc Qtcè|fDL Dclowct` Lc|peDIMCTU Difct* Mc`fyc Qtcè|f* Tchc|pfcb* Uppct Qtcè|fDU Difct cb` Uppct Qtcè|fLQTL Lftkbil Qk~etpy Te|ectlf Lebpte@NI@ UO @eqctpmebp nkt Ibpetbcpikbcj @e~ejkqmebpEDL Evptemejy Dclowct` Lc|peEHN Eb~itkbmebpcj Hu|pile Nkub`cpikbNL Nktwct` Lc|peNG@ Nklu| Gtkuq @i|lu||ikbG@Q Gtk|| @kme|pil Qtkùlp

G\@Q Gtk|| \pcpe @kme|pil QtkùlpILTI\CP Ibpetbcpikbcj Ltkq| Te|ectlf Ib|pipupe nkt pfe \emi-cti` Ptkqil|I@\ Ib|pipupe kn @e~ejkqmebp \puìe|IP Ibnktmcpikb PelfbkjkgyODO Oktcqup-Dkjcbgit-OcjcfcbìJKQ Ji~ejifkk` Kqpikb| Qtkhelp &@NI@)JQG Jisuenie` Qeptkjeum Gc|M@G Mijjebbium @e~ejkqmebp GkcjMQ Mc`fyc Qtcè|fBLCET Bcpikbcj Lkublij nkt Cqqjie` Elkbkmil Te|ectlfBNF\ Bcpikbcj Ncmijy Fecjpf \ut~eyBGK Bkb-gk~etbmebpcj Ktgcbi|cpikbB\\ Bcpikbcj \cmqje \ut~eyKDL Kpfet Dclowct` Lc|pe|KL Kqeb LcpegktyK@I K~et|ec| @e~ejkqmebp Ib|pipupeQ@\ Qudjil @i|ptidupikb \y|pemQTC Qctpiliqcpkty Tutcj Cqqtci|cjTTC Temkpe Tutcj Ctec|T| Tuqee|\L \lfeùje` Lc|pe\P \lfeùje` Ptide\PEQ \u|pcibcdje Ptidcj @e~ejkqmebp QtkhelpUO Ubipe` Oibg`kmUBILEN Ubipe` Bcpikb| Lfij`teb’| NubÙQ Uppct Qtcè|fWKTJQ We|petb Kti||c Tutcj Ji~ejifkk`| Qtkhelp



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Gtcm qcblfcycp îjjcge-je~ej gk~etbmebp dkìe|Gtcm |cdfc îjjcge c||emdjyOfctin Mkb|kkb ltkqqibg |ec|kb &Hujy pk Klpkdet)Mcb`cj C`mibi|ptcpi~e piet depweeb ì|ptilp cb` gtcm qcblfcycpMe|pti Lkbptclpkt-lum-teltuipibg cgebpQullc Mcè kn dtilo| cb` lkbltepeTcdi Wibpet ltkqqibg |ec|kb &@elemdet pk Cqtij)\ctqcblf Fec` kn jklcj gk~etbmebpPebù C pyqe kn wij` jecn u|e` ib pfe mcbunclpute kn jklcj ligct|^c`ì \pkbe luppet lc|pe



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Pfi| qcqet evqjkte| pfe tejcpikb|fiq depweeb migtcpikb* temkpe tutcj ctec| &TTC|) cb` lftkbil qk~etpyib Ibìc cb` i| qctp kn c |etie| kb |qcpicj qk~etpy ptcq|" Ip ctgue| pftkugf pfe cbcjy|i| kn pftee tkub`|&4113+14* 411<+10 cb` 411>+17) kn sucjipcpi~e cb` sucbpipcpi~e `cpc ntkm |iv ~ijjcge| ib pfe Ibìcb|pcpe| kn Cb`ftc Qtcè|f &CQ) cb` Mc`fyc Qtcè|f &MQ) pfcp migtcpikb i| figfet cmkbg lftkbilcjjyqkkt gtkuq| ji~ibg ib TTC| cb` pfcp ip qjcy| cb imqktpcbp tkje ib mcbcgibg ti|o cb` imqtk~ibg |pcb`ct`|kn ji~ibg cb` fku|efkj` wejjdeibg" Cjpfkugf ip i| imqk||idje pk |cy pfcp pfe qkkt fc~e delkme bkb-qkkt c| c te|ujp kn migtcpikb* delcu|e kn pfe ìnnilujpie| kn mec|utibg qk~etpy cb` mujpiqje èqti~cpikb|* pfek~etcjj imqclp kn migtcpikb ib petm| kn deibg cdje pk teqcy èdp| nc|pet* deibg cdje pk ecp mktetegujctjy* deibg cdje pk |qeb` kb eùlcpikb* fecjpf* cgtilujpute cb` fku|ibg cb` deibg cdje pk dkttkwjctge |um| wfeb beeè` fc| deeb qk|ipi~e cb` fc| tci|e` pfe |klicj cb` elkbkmil |pcpu| kn migtcbpfku|efkj`|" Fkwe~et* pfe|e qk|ipi~e imqclp| lkme cp c lk|p* delcu|e migtcpikb ibltec|e| pfe ti|o kn ibhuty cb` evqk|ute pk ì|ec|e cb` bkviku| |ud|pcble|* c| wejj c| pfe begcpi~e imqclp| kn jkbg |eqctcpikb ntkm kbe| ncmijy"

Migtcpikb tcpe| ~cty cltk|| lc|pe gtkuq| cb` ~ijjcge|* wipf pfe figfe|p iblièble cmkbg lftkbilcjjyqkkt qekqje ji~ibg ib temkpe ~ijjcge|" K~etcjj mkdijipy je~ej| fc~e gtkwb8 ib CQ pfe bumdet kn fku|efkj`| wipf cp jec|p kbe qet|kb wktoibg kup|iè pfe ~ijjcge ibltec|e` ntkm 03% ib 411<+10 pk50% ib 411>+17" Lktte|qkbìbg nigute| wete 04% cb` 54% ib MQ" Lkmqctibg nigute| kb litlujct migtcpikb* lkmmupibg cb` qetmcbebp migtcpikb |fkw| pfcp litlujct migtcpikb i| pfe mcib nktm kn mkdijipy cltk|| ~ijjcge cb` lc|pe| ib MQ* wfetec| lkmmupibg fc| emetge` c| pfe mcib nktm kn mkdijipyib CQ* wipf gtkwibg qtk|qetipy cb` |mcjj pkwb è~ejkqmebp" Tegte||ikb cbcjy|i| nkt dkpf |pcpe| |fkw|pfcp dejkbgibg pk c wejj-lkbbelpe` ~ijjcge ib c qtk|qetku| tegikb ibltec|e| pfe jioejifkk` kn lkmmupibg cb` dejkbgibg pk c temkpe ~ijjcge ib c qkkt tegikb èltec|e| ip" Pfe qtkdcdijipy kn migtcpibg ibltec|e| wipf temkpebe||"

Ib temkpe ~ijjcge|* migtcpikb ib~kj~e` cjj dup pfe qkkte|p &ì|cdje`* kj` cb` |ilo) cb` pfe tilfe|p i"e"pfe dtkc` lcpegkty kn lftkbilcjjy qkkt cb` |kme |jigfpjy deppet-knn fku|efkj`|* ib pfi| lc|e pfejcb`je||* mctgibcj cb` |mcjj nctmibg fku|efkj`| dejkbgibg pk pfe |lfeùje` lc|pe &\L)* |lfeùje`ptide &\P) cb` dclowct` lc|pe &DL) lcpegktie|* wfk cte mcibjy ijjipetcpe kt fc~e qtimcty |lfkkjibg" Pfi|dtkc` dc|e kn migtcpikb fc| te|ujpe` ib ip| debenip| clltuibg pk c jctge bumdet kn fku|efkj`|*lfcjjebgibg pfe bkpikb pfcp migtcpikb debenip| kbjy c qti~ijege` new wipf pfe tigfp lkbpclp|* c||ep| cbèùlcpikb"

Litlujct migtcpikb ectbibg| cllkubp nkt c figfet qtkqktpikb kn fku|efkj` iblkme cmkbg pfe jkwet lc|pe| cb` ptide|* bcmejy pfe \L* DL cb` \P &ib fku|efkj`| wipf kbe qet|kb wktoibg kup|iè pfe~ijjcge)" Migtcpikb i| ltipilcj pk mcbcgibg ti|o cb` |mkkpfibg lkb|umqpikb nkt c mchktipy kn lftkbilcjjyqkkt fku|efkj`| ji~ibg ib temkpe tutcj ctec|" Pfe evptc iblkme ntkm migtcpikb fc| cjjkwe` pfe ncmijy pkecp tegujctjy cb` deppet* qcy nkt fecjpf lcte wfeb beeè` cb` |qeb` kb |klicj e~ebp|" Migtcpikb fc|imqtk~e` pfe lteìpwktpfibe|| kn pfe ncmijie| jenp defib` ib pfe ~ijjcge wfk lcb bkw kdpcib jctge jkcb|ec|ijy"

Fkwe~et* nklu| gtkuq ì|lu||ikb| &NG@|) cb` oey ibnktmcbp ibpet~iew| |fkw pfcp* nkt mcby lftkbilcjjyqkkt fku|efkj`|* migtcpikb qtk~iè| c wcy kn ‖lkqibg’ wipfkup gtcùcpibg kup kn qk~etpy cjpkgepfet"\ulf migtcbp| cte u|ucjjy ib pfe jkwe|p qci` <@ hkd| &ìtpy* `cbgetku| cb` ègtcìbg)* lfctclpeti|e`dy qkkt emqjkymebp lkbìpikb|* èdp dkb`cge cb` teltuipibg cgebp|* jimipe` qet|kbcj ntee`km*te|ptilpe` clle|| pk ibnktmcpikb cb` ~ikjcpikb kn fumcb tigfp|" Wkmeb cb` lfij`teb ntkm \L cb` \P fku|efkj`| cte knpeb emqjkye` kb pfe wkt|p petm| cb` cte pfe mk|p ~ujbetcdje pk evqjkipcpikb"

Kpfet| wipf deppet |klicj bepwkto|* |oijj| cb` eùlcpikb fc~e `kbe deppet cb` nkub` mkte temubetcpi~ewkto* wfilf fc| te|ujpe` ib pfe cllumujcpikb kn c||ep|" Lc|e fi|pktie| |fkw fkw migtcpikb nip| ibpk pfelkmqjev |ptcpegie| emqjkye` dy qkkt fku|efkj`| pk imqtk~e pfeit |pcb`ct` kn ji~ibg" Fkwe~et* pfe



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cllkubp| gi~eb fete |fkw pfcp ip i| ìnnilujp pk ènibe qteli|ejy cp wfcp je~ej kn cllumujcpikb pfi| evipkllut| delcu|e cllumujcpikb i| kn ìnnetebp oib`|* tcbgibg ntkm bkp fc~ibg pk dkttkw cby mkte* pkdeibg cdje pk |qeb` kb mctticge| cb` fecjpf* ecpibg deppet cb` ib~e|pibg ib pudewejj| cb` ittigcpikb"

Migtcpikb ib~kj~e| mcby lk|p| cb` ti|o| dup pfi| i| mkte pk `k wipf pfe cbpi-migtcpikb qkjilyeb~itkbmebp tcpfet pfcb migtcpikb ip|ejn" Cjpfkugf migtcpikb i| bkp cb iècj kt ec|y wcy kn ectbibg mkbey cb` imqtk~ibg pfe ji~ibg |pcb`ct` kn pfe ncmijy* ip i| knpeb pfe kbjy kqpikb ib qjcle| pfcp fc~e|unnete` ntkm jkg hcm| kn ì|c`~cbpcge |ulf c| temkpe tutcj ~ijjcge| ib CQ cb` MQ"

Migtcpikb ntkm TTC| bee`| pk de telkgbi|e` cp pfe qkjily je~ej c| cb imqktpcbp qk~etpy ibpettuqpkt nkt lftkbilcjjy qkkt qekqje" Qkjily |fkuj` cim pk mibimi|e pfe lk|p| cb` ti|o| kn migtcpikb cb` mcvimi|eip| teputb|" Cp qte|ebp* migtcbp| lcbbkp clle|| |ud|iì|e` nkk` pftkugf pfe Qudjil @i|ptidupikb \y|pem&Q@\)* wfilf wkto| kb te|ièble ltipetic? pfey lcbbkp ec|ijy clle|| |pcpe |lfkkj|* lfecq fku|ibg kt gk~etbmebp fecjpf lcte" Pfete i| cb utgebp bee` pk tenktm qkjily ib pfe|e ltipilcj ctec|" Wfije ib~e|pibg ib `tyjcb` ctec| |fkuj` temcib c qtiktipy nkt gk~etbmebp* qekqje’| kwb ennktp| pk clle|| pfe debenip| kn gtkwpf ib kpfet tegikb| |fkuj` bkp de ì|lkutcge`"



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Pfi| qcqet evqjkte| pfe tejcpikb|fiq depweeb migtcpikb* temkpebe|| cb` lftkbil qk~etpy ib Ibìc" Ipc``te||e| kbe kn pfe oey lfcjjebge| nkt Ibìc* wfete gtkwibg je~ej| kn ibesucjipy cb` ube~eb gtkwpffc~e te|ujpe` ib jctge |elpikb| kn pfe qkqujcpikb deibg evljuè` kt c`~et|ejy iblktqktcpe`" Mcby kn pfe|e qekqje dejkbg pk temkpe tutcj ctec| cb` cte lftkbilcjjy qkkt" Pfey tkupibejy migtcpe nkt wkto pk|mkkpf lkb|umqpikb* teqcy èdp| cb` ib~e|p ib fecjpf cb` cgtilujpute" Yep qkjily i| qkktjy ibnktme`cdkup migtcpikb cb` ip| tejcpikb|fiq wipf lftkbil qk~etpy" Nutpfetmkte* knnilicj `cpc|ep|* wfilf cte pfedc|i| nkt qkjily nktmujcpikb* `k bkp lcqpute litlujct cb` |ec|kbcj migtcpikb* dkpf kn wfilf ib~kj~emcby mkte qekqje pfcb qetmcbebp migtcpikb `k" 3

Pfe `kmibcbp ~iew cp pfe qkjily je~ej i| pfcpmigtcpikb* wfepfet |ec|kbcj kt qetmcbebp* i| cb imqk~eti|fibg qtkle|| wfilf wkt|eb| utdcb qk~etpycb` è|ptky| ncmijie|" C| c te|ujp kn pfi| |imqji|pil qetleqpikb* migtcbp| fc~e pk ptc~ej* ji~e cb` wkto ibc qkjily eb~itkbmebp pfcp cim| pk lkbptkj migtcpikb cb` i| tejulpcbp pk ptecp migtcbp| c| nujj lipixeb| cppfeit wkto è|pibcpikb|" Ubje|| |kmepfibg i| `kbe utgebpjy pk c``te|| pfe bee`| kn pfe mijjikb| kn qkkt migtcbp|* Ibìc’| qtk|qelp| nkt teclfibg pfe Mijjebbium @e~ejkqmebp Gkcj| &M@G|) wijj de |e~etejylkmqtkmi|e`"

Pfe lebptcj sue|pikb c``te||e` dy pfi| qcqet i| wfepfet migtcpikb teùle| &kt evcletdcpe|) lftkbilqk~etpy ib temkpe tutcj ctec|" Wipfib pfi| dtkc` sue|pikb* |e~eb kpfet sue|pikb| cte c``te||e` dy pfeqcqet" Pfe|e cte8

3" Wfcp i| pfe tejcpikb|fiq depweeb migtcpikb ntkm temkpe tutcj ctec| cb` lftkbil qk~etpy “ i|migtcpikb |imqjy c |fktp-petm lkqibg te|qkb|e pk bect è|pipupikb cb` ti|o |qtecìbg kt i| ip cmecb| kn cllumujcpikb cb` evip ntkm qk~etpy;

4" Wfete migtcpikb te|ujp| ib cb evip ntkm qk~etpy* i| pfi| c| c te|ujp kn ib~e|pmebp ib nctm cb`bkb-nctm ebpetqti|e| kt ib fumcb lcqipcj cb` fku|ibg; Kt i| ip c| c te|ujp kn kpfet melfcbi|m|;

<" Cte |kme ibì~iùcj| cb` fku|efkj`| ib temkpe tutcj ctec| mkte jioejy pk èti~e |ud|pcbpicjdebenip| ntkm migtcpikb pfcb kpfet| “ in |k* wfcp èpetmibe| pfe ìnnetebpicj kuplkme|;

0" Cte |kme ibì~iùcj| cb` fku|efkj`| ib temkpe tutcj ctec| ubcdje pk migtcpe* in |k wfk cb`wfy;

5" Wfcp imqclp `ke| migtcpikb fc~e kb temkpe tutcj ‖|ebìbg ctec|’ “ lcb ip jec` pk pfe nutpfet imqk~eti|fmebp kn temcibibg ‖te|iùcj’ qkqujcpikb|; @ke| ip jec` pk |ec|kbcj fct`|fiq cb` ijj-deibg &e"g" wipf wkmeb cb` lfij`teb fc~ibg pk pcoe kb `tu`gety-ibpeb|i~e cgtilujputcj pc|o| “pfe `kwb|iè kn imqtk~e`* kllc|ikbcj* lc|f njkw pftkugf temippcble| cb` ib~e|pmebp kb pfemigtcbp’| teputb);

>" @k lftkbilcjjy qkkt qekqje ncle wkt|e lkbìpikb| kn emqjkymebp ib ‖telei~ibg ctec|’ &fku|ibg*qcy* fkut|* ptecpmebp dy emqjkyet| cb` kpfet|) pfcb kpfet| &qkwet c|ymmeptie|* cgebly kn pfelftkbilcjjy qkkt* qcptkbcge-dc|e` tejcpikb|fiq|* c`~et|e iblktqktcpikb);

7" Wfcp bee`| pk de `kbe cp pfe qkjily je~ej nkt qkkt migtcbp|;

Pfe qcqet u|e| emqitilcj `cpc pk |fkw pfcp migtcpikb fc| qte~ebpe` |jiè| ibpk evpteme qk~etpy nkt mcby fku|efkj`| pfcp dejkbg pk pfe dtkc` lcpegkty kn pfe lftkbilcjjy qkkt" Ib c new lc|e|* migtcpikbfc| je` pk pfe cllumujcpikb kn c||ep|* cb imqtk~emebp ib wejjdeibg cb` c ti|e ib |klicj |pcpu| ib pfelkmmubipy"

Pfe qcqet i| dc|e` kb pfe cbcjy|i| kn sucjipcpi~e cb` sucbpipcpi~e `cpc ntkm pftee |ut~ey| lkbùlpe` ib4113-4114* 411<-4110 cb` 411>-4117 ubèt pfe Ji~ejifkk` Kqpikb| Qtkhelp &JKQ) nubè` dy pfe UO@eqctpmebp nkt Ibpetbcpikbcj @e~ejkqmebp &@NI@)4

3 Fete* litlujct migtcpikb i| ènibe` c| c pemqktcty mk~e ntkm* nkjjkwe` dy teputb pk* bktmcj qjcle kn te|ièble* nkt qutqk|e|kn emqjkymebp" Qetmcbebp migtcpikb i| ènibe` c| migtcpikb kn mkte pfcb c yect wipf kbjy kllc|ikbcj |fktp ~i|ip| dclo pk pfe~ijjcge" Lkmmupibg i| `cijy lkmmupibg nkt wkto"

cb` nkjjkw-uq |puìe| ib 34 ~ijjcge| &|iv eclf) ibCb`ftc Qtcè|f &CQ) cb` Mc`fyc Qtcè|f &MQ)" Ip cj|k `tcw| kb |elkb`cty |kutle| tejcpe` pkmigtcpikb cb` qk~etpy ib Ibìc" Pfe qtimcty qutqk|e kn pfe JKQ wc| pk ubèt|pcb` pfe ji~ejifkk`

4 Pfe qtkhelp wc| je` dy Hkfb Ncttibgpkb"



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ì~et|inilcpikb |ptcpegie| kn pfe qkkt cnpet elkbkmil jidetcji|cpikb" Te|ectlf kb migtcpikb wc| bkp pfeqtimcty qutqk|e kn pfe ktigibcj |pu`y dup ip emetge` c| cb imqktpcbp i||ue ùtibg ip| lkut|e"

\elpikb 4 kn pfe qcqet evqjkte| pfe tejcpikb|fiq depweeb migtcpikb cb` lftkbil qk~etpy cb` migtcpikbcb` temkpe ctec| pk e|pcdji|f pfcp migtcpikb tcpe| ib temkpe tutcj ctec| &TTC|) cte figf* e|qelicjjy |kcmkbg lftkbilcjjy qkkt |klicj gtkuq|" \elpikb < ì|lu||e| pfe tejcpikb|fiq depweeb lftkbil qk~etpy*TTC| cb` migtcpikb ib CQ cb` MQ* pfe pwk |pcpe| ubèt |pu`y" Ip degib| wipf c è|ltiqpikb kn pfe|klikelkbkmil lkbpevp ib CQ cb` MQ* wfilf i| nkjjkwe` dy c è|ltiqpikb kn pfe ~ijjcge| lfk|eb nkt |pu`y" Cnpet c dtien è|ltiqpikb kn pfe mepfk`| u|e` ib `cpc lkjjelpikb* pfe qcqet ièbpinie| pfelftkbilcjjy qkkt ib pfe |pu`y ctec|* u|ibg lc|pe c| c qtkvy" Pfe qcqet kupjibe| pfe dtkc` lfctclpeti|pil|kn migtcpikb cb` fkw pfe|e fc~e lfcbge` k~et pfe yect|" Migtcpikb `cpc cte cbcjy|e` dy lc|pe cb`jcb`fkjìbg pk |fkw pfcp migtcpikb i| imqktpcbp nkt pfe lftkbilcjjy qkkt" Pfe u|e| kn migtcpikb ectbibg|cb` fkw pfe|e ìnnet dy |klicj gtkuq cte cj|k cbcjy|e`" Pfe sue|pikb kn wfepfet kt bkp migtcpikbteùle| lftkbil qk~etpy i| evcmibe` ib èpcij pftkugf jine fi|pktie| cb` lc|e |puìe|" \elpikb 0lkbpcib| pfe mcib lkblju|ikb| cb` qkjily imqjilcpikb| kn pfe nibìbg|"



<

Pfi| |elpikb qtk~iè| cb k~et~iew kn evi|pibg pfkugfp cb` jipetcpute kb pfe jibo| depweeb migtcpikb*TTC| cb` lftkbil qk~etpy pftkugf c te~iew kn pwk |eqctcpe dup jiboe` dkìe| kn jipetcpute8 pfcp kb TTC|cb` lftkbil qk~etpy cb` pfcp kb migtcpikb cb` qk~etpy"

Mulf fc| deeb wtippeb cdkup pfe lfctclpeti|pil|* iblièble cb` mec|utemebp kn lftkbil qk~etpy ibpetm| kn ip| |e~etipy cb` mujpiìmeb|ikbcjipy" Pfe ènibipikb è~ejkqe` dy pfe Lftkbil Qk~etpy Te|ectlfLebpte &LQTL) &Fujme ep cj"* 4113) emqfc|i|e| pfe ùtcpikbcj c|qelp| kn qk~etpy* i"e" qk~etpy pfcpqet|i|p| nkt cp jec|p ni~e yect|* knpeb qc||ibg ntkm kbe gebetcpikb pk pfe bevp wipfib c ncmijy" Pfelftkbilcjjy qkkt cte c fepetkgebeku| gtkuq cb` ibljuè pfk|e wfk cte bkp cdje pk |uqqktp pfem|ej~e|c| wejj c| pfk|e wfk cte elkbkmilcjjy clpi~e cb` temcib qkkt" Pfe ènibipikb kn pfe lftkbilcjjy qkkt pfu| ibljuè| wfcp kpfet| fc~e petme` c| pfe evpteme qkkt* è|pipupe* ujptc qkkt* pfe qkkte|p kt pfe

qkkte|p kn pfe qkkt* wfije c`ìbg c pime ìmeb|ikb"Ectjiet |puìe| kb lftkbil qk~etpy ib Ibìc dc|e` kb qcbej `cpc ntkm pfe ~ijjcge |puìe| lkbùlpe` dypfe Ibpetbcpikbcj Ltkq| Te|ectlf Ib|pipupe nkt \emi-cti` Ptkqil| &ILTI\CP) ib `tyjcb` ctec| &Gcifc* 3969?Gcifc cb` Imci* 411<) c| wejj c| |puìe| dc|e` kb pwk-qetik` qcbej `cpc &Dfiè cb` Mefpc* 411>?BLCET* 396>) u|e` cb iblkme ènibipikb kn lftkbil qk~etpy tcpfet pfcb mujpiqje èqti~cpikb" C telebp|pu`y dy Tc`fcoti|fbc ep cj" &4117) c``| buptipikb pk pfe cbcjy|i| pk ènibe c fku|efkj` c| lftkbilcjjyqkkt in ip| iblkme i| dejkw pfe qk~etpy jibe cb` in ip| lfij`teb cte mcjbkuti|fe` nkt c qtkjkbge` qetik`kn pime" Pfe te|ujp| cte ì|lu||e` ib \elpikb 4"4"4 dejkw"

Ib pfi| qcqet* we ~iew lftkbil qk~etpy ib petm| kn mujpiqje èqti~cpikb|* |ulf c| ibnetikt |klikelkbkmil|pcpu| cb` gekgtcqfilcj jklcpikb* c jclo kn lfkile| cb` ib|elutipy" We u|e sucjipcpi~e c||e||mebp| pkgcuge lfcbgibg je~ej| kn qk~etpy cb` ~ujbetcdijipy wipfib pfe dtkc` lcpegkty kn pfe lftkbilcjjy qkkt ibpetm| kn cb imqtk~emebp ib nkk` ibpcoe* cdijipy pk |eb` lfij`teb pk |lfkkj* imqtk~e` fku|ibg* teùle`èqebèbly kb mkbeyjebèt| cb` ib~e|pmebp ib qtkùlpi~e c||ep|"

Pfe lftkbilcjjy qkkt knpeb ji~e ib TTC|* wfete qfy|ilcj i|kjcpikb u|ucjjy gke| pkgepfet wipf |klicj evlju|ikb"TTC| cte |qcpicj qk~etpy ptcq| pfcp ibljuè ctec| tilf ib bcputcj te|kutle|* |ulf c| nkte|p|* c| wejj c| jkwqtkùlpi~ipy ctec|* |ulf c| `tkugfp-qtkbe cb` fijjy xkbe|" Cjpfkugf ìnnetebp pyqe| kn TTC| |unnet ntkmìnnetebp lkmdibcpikb| kn qtkdjem|* pfey `k |fcte pfe lkmmkb necpute kn deibg kb pfe mctgib| kn qkjipilcj

qtiktipie| cb` pfetenkte metip cppebpikb c| c |eqctcpe gekgtcqfilcj lcpegkty" TTC| |unnet ntkm c tcbge kn gk~etbcble* mctoep cb` te|kutle eb`kwmebp ncijute| pfcp mcoe pfem |qcpicj qk~etpy ptcq|"

Pfete i| c tilf jipetcpute kb pfe lftkbil qk~etpy cb` TTC|" Dit` ep cj" &4114) |ummcti|e c bumdet kn lkubpty|puìe| cb` `cpc|ep| pfcp |fkw pfcp pfe lftkbilcjjy qkkt cte lkblebptcpe` ib TTC|" TTC| pyqilcjjy |unnet ntkm mupucjjy teibnktlibg jkg hcm| kn ì|c`~cbpcge &è Fccb cb` Jiqpkb* 3996)* wfilf lkb|ptcib pfeè~ejkqmebp kn dkpf nctm cb` bkb-nctm emqjkymebp kqqktpubipie|" Qkkt cgtilujpute* lkttuqpikb*ibpetjkloe` mctoep| nkt jcdkut* lteìp cb` lkmmkìpie| cb` qkkt |et~ile èji~ety lfctclpeti|e TTC|" Cjmk|pcjj |klicj* qkjipilcj cb` elkbkmil ptcb|clpikb| cte lkbptkjje` dy pfe jklcj ejipe cb` cte weigfe` cgcib|p pfeqkkt" êty knpeb* pfe kbjy kqpikb jenp nkt qekqje ji~ibg ib TTC| i| pk nib` wkto kup|iè pfe ~ijjcge"

Cb e|pimcpe` 3<1 mijjikb Ibìcb| ji~e ib lftkbil qk~etpy &LQTL Ibìc cb` Dtcubfkjpx* 4117)" Ibìc cb`Lfibc cllkubp nkt cjmk|p c fcjn &09-53%) kn lftkbil qk~etpy wktj`wiè cb` hu|p k~et c fcjn &55%) kn



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evpteme qk~etpy" Ibìc cllkubp| nkt c figfet |fcte kn gjkdcj lftkbil qk~etpy pfcb Lfibc delcu|e kn pfefigfet qtkdcdijipy kn |pcyibg qkkt ib Ibìc &MlOcy cb` Dcujlf* 4110)"

Wejj-obkwb qkloep| kn lftkbil qk~etpy ib Ibìc cte pfe lebptcj ‖qk~etpy |sucte’* lkmqti|ibg pfelkbpiguku| nkte|pe` ctec luppibg cltk|| ec|petb Mcfctc|fptc* ec|petb Guhctcp |kupfetb MQ* bktpfetbCQ* Kti||c cb` Hfctofcb`" Jctge qctp| kn pfe DIMCTU <

|pcpe| cte cj|k lftkbilcjjy qkkt cb` pfete cte

jctge qkloep| kn lftkbil qk~etpy wipfib qtk|qetku| |pcpe| |ulf c| Pcmij Bcù" \fcf &4117) bkpe| pfcp*lkbptcty pk lkmmkb qetleqpikb|* iblièble kn lftkbil qk~etpy ib `tyjcb` ctec| i| jkwet pfcb ib figfet-qkpebpicj nkte|pe` ctec|" Pfete* ptcb|iebp qk~etpy i| mkte lkmmkb" Pfe tec|kb| lkuj` de pfcp qekqjeji~ibg ib cb` ctkub` nkte|p| fc~e jimipe` clle|| pk bcputcj te|kutle| wfilf cte fec~ijy qtkpelpe` dy pfegk~etbmebp" Fkwe~et* |fe wctb| pfcp mcby kn pfe|e ctec| cte cj|k fecìbg pkwct`| lftkbil qk~etpy c|wcpet pcdje| `tkq cb` kup-migtcpikb delkme| ìnnilujp wipf wkt|ebibg utdcb qk~etpy"

\lfeùje` lc|pe| &\L|) cb` |lfeùje` ptide| &\P|) fc~e deeb ièbpinie` c| lftkbilcjjy qkkt ib Ibìcb|puìe| telebpjy" Oumct &411<) |ugge|p| ib c qcqet kb qk~etpy cb` qkjipil| pfcp lc|pe* ptide cb` ljc||metge ibpk eclf kpfet ib pfe `kmcib kn cd|kjupe c| wejj c| lftkbil qk~etpy ib Ibìc" Fe ctgue| pfcp*

cjpfkugf pfete cte bumetku| lc|e| kn lc|pe-ljc|| cb` ljc||-lc|pe lkb~etgeble* pfete i| mctgibcjìnneteble ib pfe lc|pe |pcpu| kn pfe cd|kjupejy qkkt ljc||e| cb` pfete i| ~ety jimipe` e~ièble kn elkbkmil qtk|qetipy cmkbg pfe èqte||e` lc|pe| cb` ptide|* qctpilujctjy ib pfe tutcj `kmcib kn pfeIbìcb elkbkmy"

Cbcjy|ibg `cpc ntkm pfe Bcpikbcj Ncmijy Fecjpf \ut~ey| &BNF\|) cb` Bcpikbcj \cmqje \ut~ey| &B\\|)*Tc`fcoti|fbc ep cj" &4117) e|pimcpe pfcp \L fku|efkj`| lkb|pipupe pfe lkte lftkbil qk~etpy gtkuq ibIbìc delcu|e pfey lkb|pipupe kbe-pfit` kn pfe tutcj lftkbilcjjy qkkt cb` kbe-nkutpf kn pfe utdcblftkbilcjjy qkkt? pfe tejcpi~e |ixe kn pfi| |klicj gtkuq cmkbg pfe lftkbilcjjy qkkt i| qtkqktpikbcjjyjctget pfcb ip| |fcte cmkbg cjj fku|efkj`|" Iblièble kn lftkbil qk~etpy cmkbg \P| u|ibg pfi| mepfk`wc| ubevqelpe`jy jkwet pfcb nkt \L| &30"1% _3>"4%] ib tutcj _utdcb] ctec|)* kwibg pk figfet iblièblekn mcjbuptipikb cmkbg \L|" Pfey nutpfet lcjlujcpe pfcp iblièble kn lftkbil qk~etpy ib tutcj tegikb| i|mk|p qte~cjebp cmkbg cgtilujputcj jcdkutet| &39%) cb` ib utdcb ctec| cmkbg lc|ucj jcdkutet| &40%)"

Fkwe~et* ip i| obkwb pfcp \P| ncte wkt|p kb c bumdet kn fumcb è~ejkqmebp cb` elkbkmilè~ejkqmebp ibìlcpkt|* cb` cte ì|qtkqktpikbcpejy teqte|ebpe` cmkbg pfe qkkt" Pfete cte cj|k kpfet lc|pe| wipfib pfe dtkc` lcpegkty kn dclowct` lc|pe| &DL|)* |ulf c| pfk|e ljc||inie` c| evptemejydclowct` lc|pe| &EDL|) dy pfe Difct gk~etbmebp" Pfe|e fc~e deeb qkkt nkt gebetcpikb| cb` pkgepfet cllkubpe` nkt mkte pfcb 451 mijjikb qekqje ib 4113 &3>7 mijjikb \L|* 6> mijjikb \P| cb` kpfet mibktipie|)" Knnilicj |pcpi|pil| |fkw pfcp \L| cb` \P| cte mkte èqti~e` pfcb kpfet |klicj gtkuq|" Cp pfecjj-Ibìc je~ej* qk~etpy cmkbg \P| wc| cdkup pwk pime| figfet pfcb cmkbg bkb-\L+\P|* pfe qk~etpy gcqtcpik deibg 4"31 cb` 3"7 pime| figfet cmkbg \L| lkmqcte` wipf bkb-\L+\P gtkuq|" Dup pfete wete~cticpikb| cltk|| |pcpe|" Pfe ì|qctipy depweeb \L| cb` bkb-\L+\P gtkuq| wc| qctpilujctjy figf ibQubhcd* Fctycbc cb` Tchc|pfcb* wipf qk~etpy ì|qctipy tcpik| kn 5"<3* <"96 cb` <"74* te|qelpi~ejy" Pfu|*qk~etpy cmkbg \L| wc| cdkup ni~e pime| figfet ib Qubhcd* cdkup nkut pime| figfet ib Fctycbc cb`cdkup pwk cb` fcjn pime| figfet ib Tchc|pfcb pfcb nkt bkb-\L+\P qkqujcpikb &Pfktcp cb` Mcfcmcjjio*4115)" Ib letpcib jklcpikb|* Mu|jim| cte cj|k cmkbg pfe mk|p |klicjjy cb` elkbkmilcjjyì|c`~cbpcge`* c| ib Difct &C@TI* 411>)? qkkt Mu|jim| lkuj` cj|k de ibljuè` cmkbg pfe lftkbilcjjyqkkt ib Ibìc" Mcby TTC| cte fkme pk \P| cb` \L|" Ip wkuj` pfetenkte de |cne pk c||ume pfcp mcby \P|*\L| cb` qkkt mibktipie| ncjj ibpk pfe lcpegkty kn pfe lftkbilcjjy qkkt"

< DIMCTU i| pfe petm u|e` nkt pfe et|pwfije dclowct` |pcpe| kn Difct* MQ* Tchc|pfcb cb` Uppct Qtcè|f" Pfe jipetcj ptcb|jcpikbkn pfi| petm ib Fibì i| |ilo" Ib 411>* pfe Ubikb Mibi|pet kn \pcpe nkt Lkmmetle* Hcitcm Tcme|f* |ci` pfcp DIMCTU wc| qc||édelcu|e kn pfe qtkgte|| kn Tchc|pfcb cb` MQ kb cllkubp kn deppet gk~etbcble" Fe lkibe` DU* pfe bew |kdtisuep nkt pfedclowct` |pcpe| kn Uppct Qtcè|f cb` Difct &Pfe Fibù* 411>)"



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Knnilicj |pcpi|pil| |fkw jkwet je~ej| kn mkdijipy cmkbg \L| cb` \P| cb` pfe qkkt" Nkt ib|pcble* @udey epcj" &411>) ctgue kb pfe dc|i| kn pfeit cbcjy|i| kn pfe 3999-4111 tkub` kn pfe B\\ pfcp ibì~iùcj| ntkm

\L| cb` \P| cb` pfk|e wipf jippje kt bk eùlcpikb cte je|| jioejy pk migtcpe pk utdcb ctec|" Ib lkbptc|p*~ijjcge |puìe| kn TTC| |fkw figf je~ej| kn kup-migtcpikb cmkbg \L| cb` \P|" Oubù* c jecìbg cbcjy|pkb migtcpikb cb` utdcbi|cpikb ib Ibìc* |fkw| kb pfe dc|i| kn B\\ `cpc pfcp pfe qtkdcdijipy kn deibg qkkt i| gtecpet cmkbg bkb-migtcbp| pfcb ip i| cmkbg tutcj“utdcb migtcbp|* dkpf qetmcbebp cb`|ec|kbcj &Oubù* 4117)" Fe |pcpe| pfcp8

Qk~etpy i| bkp pfe oey nclpkt defib` |ec|kbcj migtcpikb ib utdcb ctec|" Ibèe`* pfi| mkdijipy i| bkp ~etyfigf cmkbg pfe qkkt wfeb lkmqcte` pk mi``je ljc|| fku|efkj`|" Pfe dkppkm 01% kn pfe qkqujcpikbcllkubp nkt kbjy 49% kn pfe pkpcj |ec|kbcj migtcbp| … Migtcpikb tcpe| nkt \L| cb` \P| cte ctkub` 41"0% ibtutcj ctec| ib 3999-4111" Pfe tcpe nkt pfe temcibibg |egmebp kn pfe qkqujcpikb i| cdkup 45%" Cmkbg wkmeb* pkk* pfe migtcpikb tcpe nkt pfe bkb-dclowct` ljc||e| i| mctgibcjjy cdk~e pfcp kn pfe kpfet|" Kbewkuj` ibnet pfcp qk~etpy cb` immi|eti|cpikb* knpeb jiboe` wipf \L* \P cb` kpfet dclowct` lc|pe|* fc~e bkp

je` pk mc||i~e qu|f nclpkt migtcpikb"

Fkwe~et* c gtkwibg bumdet kn ~ijjcge |puìe| cltk|| pfe lkubpty* e|qelicjjy ntkm TTC|* cte |fkwibg pfekqqk|ipe8 pfcp migtcpikb tcpe| cmkbg lftkbilcjjy qkkt gtkuq| cte figf"

Pcoe pfe lc|e kn Dkjcbgit ì|ptilp* wfilf jie| ib pfe ibncmku| ODO &Oktcqup-Dkjcbgit-Ocjcfcbì) xkbe kn Kti||c" Pfi| i| kbe kn pfe qkkte|p tegikb| ib pfe lkubpty* wfete tkc` lkbbelpi~ipy i| c mchkt lkb|ptcibp"Tcibncjj i| gebetcjjy ettcpil cb` ube~ebjy ì|ptidupe`" Ittigcpikb nclijipie| cte ibcèsucpe" Mkte pfcb fcjn kn pfe nkte|p| kn pfe|e ì|ptilp| cte ègtcè` cb` emqjkymebp kqqktpubipie| ib pfe tegikb cte jimipe`"Cgtilujpute `ke| bkp gebetcpe ebkugf emqjkymebp cb` bectjy cjj ykubg meb cb` wkmeb ib qkkt ncmijie| migtcpe" Kbjy pfe kj` cb` ibnitm cte jenp defib`" E|pimcpe| kn pfe bumdet| kn migtcbp| ~cty dup*cllktìbg pk kbe |pu`y &Wcb`|lfbeièt cb` Mi|ftc* 411<)* bectjy >1*111 qekqje migtcpe` ùtibg pfe`tkugfp kn 4113 ntkm pfcp ì|ptilp cjkbe" Te|ectlf lkbùlpe` ubèt pfe @NI@-nubè` We|petb Kti||cTutcj Ji~ejifkk`| Qtkhelp &WKTJQ) ib Bucqc`c cb` Dkjcbgit |fkw| c `kmibcble kn \P| cb` \L| ibmigtcpikb |ptecm| ntkm pfe|e qkkt ì|ptilp|" Fku|efkj` |ut~ey| wete lkbùlpe` ib 36 ~ijjcge| &lk~etibg 3366 fku|efkj`|) ib Bucqc`c cb` 39 ~ijjcge| &lk~etibg 316> fku|efkj`|) ib Dkjcbgit" Pfe qkkte|p &i"e"pfk|e wipfkup e~eb jcdkut pk |ejj) cb` pfe tilfe|p c| wejj c| pfe uqqet lc|pe| ì` bkp migtcpe|ec|kbcjjy"

Pwk djklo| wete |puìe` ib èpcij8 Puteioejc &Dkjcbgit) cb` Ofctict &Bucqc`c)* wfilf cte obkwb nkt pfeit figf migtcpikb tcpe|" Ib Bucqc`c* migtcbp| webp mcibjy pk wkto ib lkb|ptulpikb |ipe| kt dtilo oijb|

wipfib pfe |pcpe kt ib beigfdkutibg CQ" Tilo|fcw qujjibg cb` cgtilujputcj wkto wete bevp ib imqktpcble"Dup ib Dkjcbgit* mkte pfcb 91% kn migtcbp| wete gkibg pk wkto ib dtilo oijb| ib CQ" Pfe WKTJQ te|ectlfcj|k |fkw| pfcp* cjpfkugf migtcpikb tcpe| cmkbg wkmeb cte jkwet pfcb pfk|e cmkbg meb* |igbinilcbpbumdet| kn wkmeb `k migtcpe" Ib Ofctict djklo* nkt evcmqje* >1"5>% kn pfe migtcbp| wete mcje cb`<9"00% nemcje" Pfete wete cj|k mcby migtcpibg lfij`teb8 dky| &ubèt pfe cge kn 30) lkb|pipupe`30"69% kn pfe pkpcj bumdet kn migtcbp| cb` gitj| &ubèt 30) lkb|pipupe` 3<"07% kn pfe pkpcj migtcpibg ibì~iùcj| ib |cmqje fku|efkj`|" C |pu`y kn >1 fku|efkj`| ib Dfc`tco ì|ptilp kn Kti||c dy Mcfcqcptc&3996) nkub` pfcp 91% kn pfe jcb`je|| fku|efkj`| ib pfe |pu`y |cmqje fc` migtcpe` nkt pftee pk ni~emkbpf| pk Okjocpc kt è|pibcpikb| wipfib pfe |pcpe" Migtcpikb wc| figfet cmkbg pfe \L| cb` qkktet fku|efkj`| pfcb cmkbg deppet-knn uqqet lc|pe|" \L| migtcpe` mcibjy pk dtilo oijb|"

\imijctjy* |puìe| ib pfe temkpe `tkugfp-qtkbe cb` nkte|pe` ptidcj ctec| kn MQ |fkw figf je~ej| kn kup-migtcpikb cmkbg \L| cb` \P|" Pfe nkte|pe` ctec| kn MQ fc~e deeb ièbpinie` c| cmkbg pfe 35 qkloep|kn lftkbil qk~etpy ib Ibìc dy pfe B\\ &\fcf* 4117)" Cb ectjiet |pu`y kn migtcpikb ib pfe ~ijjcge| |puìe`dy pfe K~et|ec| @e~ejkqmebp Ib|pipupe &K@I) nkub` pfcp mkte pfcb fcjn kn pfe fku|efkj`| ib nkut kup kn



>

|iv |pu`y ~ijjcge| ib MQ ibljuè` migtcbp ncmijy memdet| &@e|fibgoct cb` \pctp* 411<)" Pfe qtkqktpikbwc| c| figf c| 75% ib pfe temkpe|p cb` fijjie|p ptidcj ~ijjcge wipf ibnetpije |kij| ib Mcb`jc ì|ptilp"Te|ectlf dy Mk||e ep cj" &3997) ib pfe ptidcj ì|ptilp| kn |kupfwe|p MQ lk~ete` ubèt pfe @NI@-nubè`We|petb Ibìc Tcibne` Nctmibg Qtkhelp te~ecje` pfcp >5% kn fku|efkj`| ibljuè` migtcbp|" C new yect|jcpet* cbkpfet |pu`y ib pfe |cme ctec nkub` pfcp* ib mcby ~ijjcge|* uq pk pftee-suctpet| kn pfeqkqujcpikb wete cd|ebp depweeb Bk~emdet cb` Hube &îtgk ep cj"* 411<)" C lc|e |pu`y kn c ~ijjcge ibDepuj ì|ptilp* cj|k ib |kupfetb MQ |fkw| figf migtcpikb tcpe| cmkbg ip| qte`kmibcbpjy ptidcjqkqujcpikb" Bectjy cjj qkkt fku|efkj`| wipf tcibne` jcb` migtcpe` depweeb Bk~emdet cb` Hube&Jjewejjyb* 4115)" Migtcpikb pk dtilo oijb| teqte|ebp| pfe |ibgje jctge|p lkbpemqktcty migtcpikb |ptecmktigibcpibg ib pfe |pu`y ~ijjcge"

\imijctjy figf migtcpikb je~ej| cte |eeb ib `tkugfp-qtkbe cb` qkktjy lkbbelpe` ~ijjcge| ib CQ" Te|ectlfkb |ec|kbcj migtcpikb lkbùlpe` ubèt pfe CQ Tutcj Ji~ejifkk`| Qtkhelp dy \cmcj &411>) ib pwk~ijjcge| ib Mcfcdudbcgct ì|ptilp cb` pwk ~ijjcge| ib Cbcbpfcqut nkub` migtcpikb tcpe| pk de figfe|pcmkbg \L| cb` \P|" Pfe|e pwk ì|ptilp| cte cmkbg pfe mk|p `tkugfp qtkbe cb` qkkte|p ib pfe lkubpty"Wfije pfe fku|efkj`| ib Mcfcdudbcgct migtcpe` pk Mumdci cb` Fyètcdc` delcu|e kn qc|plkbbelpikb| cb` qtkvimipy pk pfe |pcpe lcqipcj* pfe migtcbp| ntkm Cbcbpfcqut ì|ptilp migtcpe` pkDcbgcjkte cb` Cbcbpfcqut pkwb* wfilf wete pfe pwk becte|p mchkt utdcb lebpte|" Pfe ~ijjcge-je~ej|puìe| lkbùlpe` dy ILTI\CP k~et pfe qc|p pftee èlcè| ib pwk ~ijjcge| kn Mcfcdudbcgct ì|ptilp|fkw pfcp dkpf |ec|kbcj cb` qetmcbebp migtcpikb fc~e ibltec|e` ùtibg pfe teneteble qetik` &@ed epcj"* 4114)"

Ptidcj ì|ptilp| ib pfe nkte|pe` qctp| kn CQ cj|k |fkw ~ety figf je~ej| kn migtcpikb c| nkte|p-dc|e`ji~ejifkk`| delkme mkte ib|elute" C |ut~ey lkbùlpe` ubèt pfe \u|pcibcdje Ptidcj @e~ejkqmebpQtkhelp &\PEQ) qtkhelp dy LCTE ib pfe nkut ptidcj ì|ptilp| kn \tiocoujcm* îxicbcgctcm* î|fcofcqcpbcmcb` Ec|p Gk`c~cti |fkw| pfcp migtcpikb i| cb imqktpcbp ji~ejifkk` |ptcpegy ib pfe ctec &Mutpfy ep cj"*4110)"

Cjpfkugf pfete cte newet |puìe| kb migtcpikb ntkm Hfctofcb`* ip necpute| tegujctjy ib pfe bew| cb` ib

bkb-gk~etbmebpcj ktgcbi|cpikb &BGK) ì|lu||ikb| kb migtcpikb cb` ptcnniloibg delcu|e kn pfe figfje~ej| kn mkdijipy cmkbg ip| ptidcj qkqujcpikb" @cycj cb` Octcb &411<) |puìe` 34 ~ijjcge| ib Hfctofcb`*u|ibg fku|efkj` |ut~ey| cb` qctpiliqcpkty tutcj cqqtci|cj &QTC) mepfk`|" Pfey nkub` pfcp kbe-pfit` kn pfe fku|efkj`| fc` cp jec|p kbe memdet migtcpibg" \fktp-petm migtcpikb wc| figfet cmkbg qkktet gtkuq|* ib~kj~ibg k~et 61% kn pfe jcb`je|| cb` 66% kn pfe ijjipetcpe" Nutpfetmkte* pfe |pu`y nkub` pfcpmigtcpikb cmkbg \L| cb` \P| wc| bectjy pwile pfe tcpe &35% kn fku|efkj`|) kn uqqet lc|pe| &6%) cb`<% kn ‖KDL|’" C telebp cb` gtkwibg pteb` i| pfe jctge-|lcje migtcpikb kn ptidcj gitj| nkt `kme|pil wkto pkpfe lcqipcj lipy kn Bew @ejfi ntkm pfe ec|petb ptidcj dejp kn Hfctofcb` cb` we|p Debgcj" 0

Pfe tec|kb| ubètjyibg figf mkdijipy cmkbg pfe qkkt cb` pfe imqclp| kb qk~etpy fc~e deeb pfe|udhelp| kn ibpeb|e èdcpe" C figfjy ibnjuebpicj |lfkkj kn pfkugfp kb migtcpikb cb` qk~etpy ib Ibìc|pem| ntkm pfe wkto kn Hcb Dtemcb* wfk ptcle` pfe ncpe kn qkkt migtcbp wktoet| lcugfp ib pfe ptcb|ipikbntkm qte-lcqipcji|p pk lcqipcji|p mkè| kn qtkùlpikb" Ib fi| wkto kb migtcbp |ugctlcbe luppet| ntkmMcfctc|fptc lkmibg ib pk Guhctcp &Dtemcb* 3990)* fe è|ltide| jkbg wktoibg fkut| ib fct|f lkbìpikb|nkt jkw wcge| cb` pfe pwknkj` evqjkipcpikb pfcp pfey wete |udhelpe` pk dy teltuipibg cgebp| cb`nctmet|" Pfe evqjkipcpikb kn migtcbp wktoet| dy mctoep ibpetmeìctie| cb` pfeit lkb|esuebp ibcdijipy pkdteco kup kn qk~etpy fc| deeb bkpe` dy mcby |ptulputcji|p te|ectlfet| &Kj|eb cb` Tcmcbcmutpfy*4111? Te``y* 3991)" Pfey `tcw cppebpikb pk pfe lkbptclpibg* ji~ibg cb` wktoibg cttcbgemebp| kn

migtcbp| c| |imijct pk dkbè` jcdkut kt ptcnniloibg &qcyibg kn c`~cble|* qcyibg pfe|e c`~cble| dclo

0 Teqktpe` cp pfe Bcpikbcj Lkbneteble kb Wkmeb cb` Migtcpikb ktgcbi|e` dy pfe Lebpte nkt Wkmeb’| @e~ejkqmebp \puìe|cb` pfe Bcpikbcj Lkmmi||ikb nkt Wkmeb* Bew @ejfi* 39-41 \eqpemdet 4117"



7

pftkugf wkto* lkbnibe` mk~emebp* jclo kn qet|kbcj ntee`km* knpeb ijjegcj wkto* ~ikjcpikb kn jcdkut jcw|cb` ti|o kn cllièbp|* ijjbe|| cb` |evucj evqjkipcpikb)" Pfi| dk`y kn wkto fc| lkbptidupe` imqktpcbpib|igfp| ibpk pfe bcpute kn evqjkipcpikb ib migtcbp mctoep| cb` pfe ctec| nkt clpikb cp pfe qkjily je~ej"

Bekljc||ilcj elkbkmi|p| wete esucjjy begcpi~e ib pfeit c||e||mebp kn pfe debenip| kn migtcpikb nkt pfeqkkt* ctguibg pfcp migtcpikb lkbptidupe` jippje pk fku|efkj` du`gep|* wc| |ejelpi~e cb` nc~kute` pfe

deppet knn cb` ibltec|e` ibesucjipy ib |ebìbg ~ijjcge|" Cb ectjy cb` knpeb sukpe` |pu`y dy Lkbbej ep cj"&397>) dc|e` kb ~ijjcge| |puìe` dy pfe Ib|pipupe kn @e~ejkqmebp \puìe| &I@\) ib Ibìc nkub` pfcpmigtcpikb tcpe| wete jkwe|p cmkbg pfe jcb`je|| qkkt cb` temippcble| lkbptidupe` kbjy 4-7% kn ~ijjcgeiblkme| cb` je|| nkt qkkt jcdkutet|" @tcwibg kb pfi| wkto* Jiqpkb &3961) c||etpe` pfcp tutcj“utdcbmigtcpikb ì` bkp esucji|e iblkme| depweeb kt wipfib tegikb| nkt pfe nkjjkwibg tec|kb| &è Fccb*4111)8

3" Pfe |ejelpi~e bcpute kn migtcpikb* qtk~iìbg figfet teputb| pk pfe deppet knn cb` deppet eùlcpe`*qte~ebp| esucji|cpikb wipfib ctec| kn ktigib"

4" Pfete cte lk|p| cb` dcttiet| c||klicpe` wipf migtcpikb* ibljuìbg kb clle|| pk ibnktmcpikbcdkup kqqktpubipie|* wfilf peb`| pk |peet pfe gcib| kn migtcpikb pk pfe tilf"

<" Pfe cd|eble kn pfe mk|p qtkùlpi~e fku|efkj` memdet| jec`| pk c jkwetibg kn jcdkut ibpeb|ipy*wfilf i| ‖|klicjjy mcjc`cqpi~e* e|qelicjjy ib pfe meìum tub* wfije pfe tutcj wkto nktle i|gtkwibg mulf nc|pet pfcb kpfet* |lctlet """ nclpkt| kn qtkùlpikb’"

0" Pfe ~kjume kn bep temippcble| i| u|ucjjy jkw"5" Teputb migtcbp| cte jioejy pk de pfe kj`* |ilo cb` ub|ulle||nuj* cb` |oijj| dtkugfp dclo cte

ubjioejy pk de kn mulf fejq"

Ibìcb |lfkjct| cjmk|p cjwcy| emqfc|i|e pfe ì|pte|| ìmeb|ikb| kn migtcpikb dy pfe qkkt &Mutpfy*3993? Tck* 3990? Te``y* 3991? nkt evcmqje* wtipe cdkup migtcpikb nkt ‖|ut~i~cj’* ièbpinyibg pfe mcib`ti~et| c| pfe wkt|ebibg |ipucpikb kn `tyjcb` cgtilujpute ltecpe` dy `tkugfp cb` ltkq ncijute)" Pfi| fc|delkme pfe `kmibcbp |lfkkj kn pfkugfp ib Ibìc bkw"

Pfe jipetcpute kb lftkbil qk~etpy cb` migtcpikb fc| gtkwb kup kn pfe|e te|ectlf ptcìpikb|" Ip ~iew|migtcpikb jctgejy c| c ì|pte|| te|qkb|e pk c qkkt cgtilujputcj dc|e cb` c nktle pfcp fc| èqjepe` tutcjctec| kn jcdkut* jec~ibg defib` imqk~eti|fe` te|iùcj qkqujcpikb| wipf figf èqebèbly tcpik| cb`|klicj |pigmc &|ee* nkt evcmqje* Okpfcti* 4114)" Migtcpikb fc| cj|k deeb ~iewe` c| c ìmeb|ikb kn lftkbil qk~etpy &\eb cb` Fujme* 4114)* cjpfkugf ip i| bkp lject evclpjy wfcp lcu|cjipy i| imqjie` &i"e"qk~etpy `ti~e| migtcpikb kt migtcpikb lcu|e| qk~etpy kt dkpf)"

Mkte telebp |puìe| fc~e telkgbi|e` migtcpikb c| c tkupibe ji~ejifkk` |ptcpegy ubètpcoeb yect cnpet yect cb` bkp hu|p c te|qkb|e pk |fklo| |ulf c| `tkugfp* njkk`| cb` ectpfsucoe| &è Fccb* 4111?@e|fibgoct cb` \pctp* 411<? Tkgcjy cb` Lkqqct`* 411<)" Migtcpikb lcb imqtk~e lc|f njkw| wipfibfku|efkj`|* wfilf lcb de u|e` pk teqcy èdp* qutlfc|e fecjpf lcte* nibcble mctticge| cb` kpfet imqktpcbp |klicj e~ebp| cb` ujpimcpejy teùle qk~etpy cb` ~ujbetcdijipy" Ib nclp* litlujct migtcpikb i|knpeb jiboe` pk èdp lylje| cb` pfe bee` nkt mkbey nkt teqcyibg èdp|* lk~etibg ènilip| ltecpe` dyjk||e| ib cgtilujpute kt meepibg evqebìpute| kn jctge mcgbipuè kb cllkubp kn mctticge|* ne|pi~cj|*letemkbie|* epl"

Pfe ectbibg| ntkm migtcpikb lcb de |ud|pcbpicj" C |pu`y dy Bctcib ep cj" &4115) kn Hfcduc ì|ptilp ib MQ|fkw| pfe imqktpcble kn migtcpikb ectbibg| nkt qkkt fku|efkj`|" @cpc wete lkjjelpe` ntkm 551fku|efkj`| ib >1 ~ijjcge| ntkm Hube 4111 pk Mcy 4113" Cnpet iblkme ntkm cgtilujpute* iblkme ntkmwcge emqjkymebp wc| nkub` pk de pfe jctge|p |kutle kn iblkme nkt fku|efkj`| ib cjj iblkme suctpije|"Nkt pfe nit|p pftee suctpije|* pfe wcge iblkme lcme mk|pjy ntkm migtcpikb" Fku|efkj`| ib pfe|esuctpije| ectbe` cdkup >5-71% kn pfeit pkpcj wcge iblkme ntkm |ulf |ec|kbcj migtcpikb" Ib lkbptc|p*fku|efkj`| ib pfe pkq suctpije ectbe` pfe jctge|p |fcte kn pkpcj jcdkut iblkme &><%) ntkm tegujct hkd|ib pfe qti~cpe kt qudjil |elpkt cb` kbjy cdkup <1% ntkm knn-~ijjcge jcdkut" Ib cd|kjupe petm|* fkwe~et*fku|efkj`| ib pfe pkq suctpije |pijj ectbe` mkte ntkm ib-~ijjcge emqjkymebp pfcb fku|efkj`| ib cby



6

kpfet suctpije cb` mkte ntkm knn-~ijjcge emqjkymebp pfcb fku|efkj`| ib pfe nit|p cb` |elkb` iblkmesuctpije|"

Ib pfe ptidcj ì|ptilp| kn CQ |puìe` dy Mutpfy ep cj" &4110)* pfe c~etcge cbbucj fku|efkj` iblkmeèti~e` dy ptidcj| ntkm migtcpikb &T|3795) wc| lkmqctcdje wipf ectbibg| ntkm lujpi~cpikb &T|3976) ib4114-411<" Pfey nkub` nutpfetmkte pfcp migtcpikb lkbptidupe` mkte pk ptidcj fku|efkj` du`gep| pfcbcjj `tkugfp tejien qtkgtcmme| qup pkgepfet* ibljuìbg nkk`-nkt-wkto qtkgtcmme|* wfilf lkbptidupe`T|>17* cb` cj|k mkte pfcb pfe lkjjelpikb kn bkb-pimdet nkte|p qtkùlp|* wfilf lkbptidupe` T|<95&Mutpfy ep cj"* 4110)" Ib pfe 34 ~ijjcge| ib Hfctofcb` |puìe` dy @cycj cb` Octcb &411<)* temippcble|cllkubpe` nkt 4<% kn pfe cbbucj fku|efkj` iblkme ib |ebìbg fku|efkj`|" Ib Mcfcqcptc’| 3996|pu`y* kb c~etcge 04% kn cbbucj fku|efkj` iblkme wc| èti~e` ntkm migtcpikb" Tegct`je|| kn iblkmesuibpije* migtcbp| |c~e` ctkub` >1% kn pfeit iblkme delcu|e pfey wete qtk~iè` wipf nkk` cb`jk`gibg|" Nkt jcb`je|| migtcbp|* migtcpikb wc| pfe mk|p imqktpcbp |kutle kn fku|efkj` iblkme cb`pfey u|e` pfe ectbibg| pk jec|e ib jcb`"

Sucjipcpi~e cllkubp| kn pfe imqclp| kn migtcpikb kb fku|efkj` cb` ibì~iùcj wejjdeibg cb` wecjpf

~cty" Dup kb pfe wfkje* migtcpikb mkbey lcb fejq pfe fku|efkj` pk mcibpcib kt imqtk~e ip| nkk`lkb|umqpikb cb` e~eb jec` pk gtecpet ib~e|pmebp ib fecjpf* eùlcpikb cb` qtkùlpi~e c||ep|" Ib Hfctofcb`* 96% kn migtcbp| teqktpe` cb imqtk~emebp ib pfeit ji~e| delcu|e kn migtcpikb &@cycj cbÒctcb* 411<)" Migtcbp fku|efkj`| fc~e c deppet ìep cb` |qeb` kb c~etcge 35% mkte kb nkk` pfcbbkb-migtcpibg fku|efkj`|" Tkugfjy 3<% kn pfk|e kwbibg ni~e pk 41 clte| kn jcb` |qebp pfeit c`ìpikbcjiblkme kb qtkùlpi~e u|e|"

Migtcpikb fc| ebcdje` |kme qkkt fku|efkj`| pk qte|et~e pfeit wejjdeibg tcbo" Sucjipcpi~e `cpclkjjelpe` dy \fcf cb` \cf &4110) ib c ~ijjcge ib Dfc`wcbi ì|ptilp |fkw pfcp migtcpikb fejqe` jcb`je||fku|efkj`| pk mcibpcib pfeit |pcb`ct` kn ji~ibg k~et c èlcè" Pfe te|ectlfet| c||e||e` pfe lfcbge ibwejjdeibg tcbo k~et 31 yect| cb` nkub` pfcp 55% kn pfe ktigibcj 361 fku|efkj`| fc` tepcibe` pfeit ktigibcj wejjdeibg |pcpu| &ibljuìbg pfk|e pfcp wete cjtec`y qkkt)* 7% fc` evqetieble` cbimqtk~emebp cb` pfe temcibibg <6% fc` èpetiktcpe` ib |pcpu|" Pfe cbcjy|i| |ugge|pe` pfcp i)imqtk~emebp wc| gebetcjjy c||klicpe` wipf clle|| pk ittigcpikb pftkugf qti~cpe |kutle| kt kdpcibibg c|cjctie` hkd? ii) èpetiktcpikb kwe` jctgejy pk ì~i|ikb kn jcb`fkjìbg| cb`* cp pime|* pk ibèdpe`be||cb`? iii) |kme fku|efkj`|* e|qelicjjy pfe jcb`je||* lkuj` tepcib pfeit wejjdeibg |pcpu| ib pfe deppet-knn kt meìum lcpegktie| kwibg pk migtcpikb &\fcf cb` \cf* 41108 459)"

Wfepfet kt bkp |c~ibg cb` cllumujcpikb kllut c| c te|ujp kn migtcpikb èqeb`| kb pfe mkè kn teltuipmebp* |oijj cb` wcge je~ej| cb` pfe cdijipy pk clle|| temubetcpi~e wkto* wfilf ib putb èqeb`|

kb |klicj bepwkto|* eùlcpikb cb` c||ep|* jklcpikb* lc|pe cb` gebèt" Ib gebetcj* pfk|e wfk migtcpepftkugf mi``jemeb ectb cb` |c~e je|| pfcb pfk|e wfk fc~e gkk` lkbpclp| cb` migtcpe ibèqebèbpjy"\ulf migtcbp| cte u|ucjjy qkkt* ubeùlcpe` cb` ub|oijje`" Qet|kbcj du|ibe|| clumeb* ebpteqtebeuticj|oijj| cb` lkbnièble cj|k mcppet c gtecp ècj" Nkt evcmqje* te|ectlf kb |ec|kbcj migtcpikb lkbùlpeùbèt pfe CQ Tutcj Ji~ejifkk`| Qtkhelp dy \cmcj &411>) ib pwk ~ijjcge| ib Mcfcdudbcgct ì|ptilp cb`pwk ~ijjcge| ib Cbcbpfcqut nkub` pfcp mk|p fku|efkj`| ì` bkp |c~e mulf dup |kme ì` cllumujcpewecjpf" Kbe kn pfe mchkt nclpkt| jecìbg pk pfe cllumujcpikb kn c||ep| wc| pfe teqepipikb kn migtcpikbpk pfe |cme è|pibcpikb" Jkbg-petm migtcpikb pk qjcle| jioe Mumdci* Fyètcdc` cb` Dcbgcjkteebcdje` migtcbp fku|efkj`| pk cllumujcpe delcu|e kn pfe tejcpi~ejy figfet wcge| cb` cd|eble kn mi``jemeb" Migtcbp| wete qte`kmibcbpjy ntkm pfe jkwet |klicj |ptcpc kn \L|* \P| cb` DL| &95%)" Pfeywete mcibjy ijjipetcpe* jcb`je|| jcdkutet| cb` mctgibcj nctmet|"

Pfe WKTJQ |ut~ey| nkub` pfcp |oijje` wktoet| ì` qctpilujctjy wejj ib geppibg temubetcpi~e wkto ib dtilooijb| cb` lkb|ptulpikb |ipe|" Wfije pfi| ì` bkp mecb pfcp migtcpikb wc| ~iewe` c| pfe iècj nktm kn emqjkymebp* ip wc| letpcibjy |eeb c| deppet qci` cb` mkte |elute pfcb emqjkymebp ib pfe ~ijjcge"



9

Fkwe~et* mcby kpfet |puìe| emqfc|i|e pfe begcpi~e c|qelp| kn dtilo oijb wkto cb` lkb|ptulpikbjcdkut* è|ltidibg ip c| dkbè` jcdkut* qetqepucpibg èdp cb` teqte|ebpibg pfe wkt|p nktm kn ì|pte||migtcpikb" Nkt evcmqje* Lfcotc~ktpy &4110* ib \ti~c|pc~c* 4115) è|ltide| pfe qtkle|| kn teltuipmebpcb` qcymebp kn dtilo oijb wktoet| ntkm Ocjcfcbì* Dkjcbgit* Oktcqup* Gchcqcpi cb` kpfet ì|ptilp| ibWe|petb Kti||c wfk migtcpe pk CQ cb` kpfet qctp| kn Kti||c pftkugf mi``jemeb8 ‖Pfe wktoet| pcoec`~cble|* wfilf cte c`hu|pe` cgcib|p c bkpikbcj wcge tcpe* |ulf pfcp wfeb pfe wktoet| teputb fkme&wipf |mcjj |um| kn lc|f)* pfey cte |pijj ib èdp pk pfe lkbptclpkt| kt oijb kwbet|* wfkm pfey fc~e pkteqcy pfe bevp |ec|kb"’ Pfe ìnnetibg cllkubp| qk||idjy kwe pk |udhelpi~e c||e||mebp| kn pfe imqclp|kb migtcbp| cb` pfeit ncmijie| dup cj|k pk pfe lfcbgibg teputb| ntkm migtcpikb* wipf wcge| fc~ibg ibltec|e` |igbinilcbpjy telebpjy" Pfete fc~e cj|k deeb lfcbge| ib teltuipmebp* wipf pfe tkje kn mi``jemeb bkw mulf etkè`"

Migtcpikb i| tegctè` c| cb cllumujcpi~e kqpikb dy pfe ptidcj| kn \fi~quti ì|ptilp ib pfe bktpf kn MQ" C|pu`y dy pfe Hcib &411>) nkub` pfcp c mchktipy kn pfe 051*111 ptidcj| ib pfe ctec wfk u|e` pk de cdje pkmcoe c ji~ibg ntkm nkte|p| cte bkw lkmqjepejy èqebèbp kb migtcpikb nkt pfeit ji~ejifkk`|" Pfe ptidcj|migtcpe wipf pfeit ncmijie| pk pkwb| cb` lipie| ib Tchc|pfcb" Kbjy pfe lfij`teb cb` pfe ejètjy cte jenpdefib`" Ib c |ec|kb* pwk cùjp| ntkm c ncmijy wktoibg pkgepfet ectb ctkub` T|5711" Cjpfkugf evqeb|e|cte ~ety figf* migtcpikb i| |pijj tegctè` c| cb cllumujcpi~e kqpikb"

Ib |kme lc|e|* migtcpikb teùle| pfe bee` pk dkttkw" Ib pfe ~ijjcge |puìe` dy Jjewejjyb &4115)*migtcpikb pk dtilo oijb| teùle` dkttkwibg ntkm mkbeyjebèt| cb` teùle` dkbè` jcdkut" Migtcbpwkto cqqecj| pk ~ijjcget| delcu|e ip qte|ebp| c lfcble pk ectb mkte mkbey kt c jctget ib-oib` qcymebppfcb pfey lkuj` ectb ib pfe ~ijjcge" Jjewejjyb |pcpe| pfcp8 ‖Ib c |fklo |ipucpikb* qekqje wfk qte~iku|jywkuj` fc~e fc` bk lfkile dup pk |udmip pk c yect’| dkbè` jcdkut nkt T|5111 lcb bkw weigf pfekqpikb kn |kjilipibg cb c`~cble ntkm c lkbptclpkt cb` migtcpibg ib|pec`"’

Dup pfe tejcpikb|fiq depweeb èdp cb` migtcpikb i| bkp |ptcigfpnktwct`" \kme cbcjy|p| fc~e lkbljuè`pfcp migtcpikb ibltec|e| èdp je~ej| delcu|e kn figfet evqebìpute| ùtibg ptcb|ip cb` cp pfeè|pibcpikb? kpfet| fc~e ctgue` pfcp migtcpikb imqtk~e| pfe lteìpwktpfibe|| kn fku|efkj`| cb` pfeycte cdje pk dkttkw mkte delcu|e kn pfcp &Gfcpe* 4115)"



31

Pfi| |elpikb qte|ebp| pfe qtimcty e~ièble kb migtcpikb* temkpebe|| cb` lftkbil qk~etpy dc|e` kb

cbcjy|i| kn pfe JKQ `cpc|ep|" Ip |ep| kup pfe lkbpevp wipfib wfilf migtcpikb kllut| ib pfe pwk |pcpe|*nkjjkwe` dy sucbpipcpi~e cb` sucjipcpi~e cbcjy|i| kn migtcpikb qcppetb| dy jcb`fkjìbg cb` lc|pe* pfewcy| ib wfilf migtcpikb mkbey i| |qebp cb` fkw migtcpikb fc| lkbptidupe` pk lkqibg cb`cllumujcpikb |ptcpegie| ib qkkt fku|efkj`|"

CQ i| pfe qkkte|p |kupfetb |pcpe dup fc| c `ybcmil cb` gtkwibg ibnktmcpikb pelfbkjkgy &IP) |elpkt cb`telei~e| c jctge njkw kn temippcble| ntkm cdtkc`* wfilf nuej pfe elkbkmy" Ip i| pfe ninpf-jctge|p |pcpe ib

Ibìc* dkpf ib petm| kn gekgtcqfilcj ctec &47>*630om4

) cb` qkqujcpikb &7> mijjikb)* lkmqti|ibg 4<ì|ptilp|* 3315 te~ebue mcb`cj|* 5 49*990 ~ijjcge| cb` >5*515 fcdipcpikb|" Pfete i| c gtecp ècj kn ì~et|ipy cb` ì|qctipy ib petm| kn cgtk-elkjkgy* ittigcpikb* ibntc|ptulpute cb` qudjil cb` qti~cpeib~e|pmebp" Pfete cte pftee dtkc` tegikb| wfilf cte lujputcjjy cb` fi|pktilcjjy ì|piblp8 Lkc|pcj Cb`ftc*Pejcbgcbc cb` Tcycjc|eemc" >

\kutle 8 www"ibìc~i|ipibnktmcpikb"lkm "

CQ tcbo| jkwe|p cmkbg |kupf Ibìcb |pcpe| kb fumcb è~ejkqmebp ibìlcpkt| c| wejj c| gtkwpf cb`qet lcqipc iblkme" Pfe |pcpe fc| |ulleeè` ib teùlibg iblkme qk~etpy |ud|pcbpicjjy k~et pfe qc|p >1yect|* dup cqqtkvimcpejy e~ety pfit` fku|efkj` |pijj ji~e| dejkw pfe knnilicj qk~etpy jibe" 7

5 Mcb`cj i| cb c`mibi|ptcpi~e piet depweeb ì|ptilp cb` gtcm qcblfcycp &~ijjcge je~ej)"> Pfe ì|ptilp| wipfib eclf cte8 Lkc|pcj Cb`ftc8 Qtcoc|cm* \tiocoujcm* îxicbcgctcm* Oti|fbc* We|p Gk`c~cti* Ec|p Gk`c~cti*Gubput* î|fcofcqcpbcm cb` Bejjkte? Pejcbgcbc8 Mcfcdudbcgct* Bcjgkb`c* Octimbcgct* Me`co* Wctcbgcj* Bixcmcdc`*Cìjcdc`* Tcbgcte``y* Ofcmmcm cb` Fyètcdc`? Tcycjc|eemc8 Cbcbpcqut* Outbkkj* Lfippkkt cb` Lu``cqcf"7 Qjcbbibg Lkmmi||ikb e|pimcpe| |fkw pfcp tutcj qk~etpy ib CQ èljibe` ntkm 35"94% ib 399<-3990 &B\\ 51pf Tkub`) pk33"15% ib 3999-4111 &B\\ 55pf Tkub`)" Fkwe~et* @ecpkb cb` @tæxe &4114) e|pimcpe pfe iblièble kn tutcj qk~etpy ib CQ cp49"41% ib 399<-3990 cb` 4>"41% ib 3999-4111"

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/






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Knnilicj |pcpi|pil| |fkw pfcp cgtilujpute lkbpibue| pk |u|pcib bectjy 71% kn pfe wktonktle" K~et pfeyect|* pfe lkbptidupikb kn qtimcty |elpkt pk pfe gtk|| |pcpe `kme|pil qtkùlp &G\@Q) èljibe` ntkm >1%ib 397<-3970 pk 47% ib 411<-4110* wfilf i| figfet pfcb pfe qtimcty |elpkt’| lkbptidupikb pk bcpikbcjgtk|| `kme|pil qtkùlp &G@Q)" Cp pfe |cme pime* pfe qtkqktpikb kn qekqje èqebèbp kb cgtilujpute fc|temcibe` mkte kt je|| cp pfe |cme je~ej" Cgtilujpute i| lfctclpeti|e` dy c jctge qtkqktpikb kn jcb`je||qekqje c| wejj c| mctgibcj cb` |mcjj nctmet|* wfk pkgepfet cllkubp nkt 61% kn kqetcpikbcj fkjìbg|lk~etibg 0<% kn pfe lujpi~cdje jcb`" Cjmk|p >1% kn pfe fkjìbg| cte dejkw 3 felpcte" Tutcj jcdkut qtkùlpi~ipy i| jkw cb` pfe gtkwpf kn tecj wcge| fc| |jkwe` `kwb" C| ib pfe te|p kn Ibìc* \L| cb` \P|cte ì|qtkqktpikbcpejy teqte|ebpe` cmkbg pfe qkkt"

Cnpet deibg ljc||inie` c| c jcggibg kt DIMCTU |pcpe nkt c bumdet kn yect|* tcqi` imqtk~emebp| fc~edeeb bkpe` telebpjy ib MQ* e|qelicjjy ib tejcpikb pk cgtilujpute cb` ibntc|ptulpute" 6 Pfe lebptcj qctp kn MQ i| tejcpi~ejy mkte è~ejkqe` ib petm| kn nctmibg* mibe|* ibù|ptie|* du|ibe|| lebpte| cbùtdcbi|cpikb" Pfi| i| wfete pfe bkb-ptidcj qkqujcpikb i| lkblebptcpe`" MQfc| pfe jctge|p qkqujcpikb kn \P| kn cjj |pcpe| cb` c figf qtkqktpikb kn \L|" Kn pfe pkpcj 05 ì|ptilp|* 4< cte qte`kmibcbpjy ptidcj"Jcb`je||be||* bkmibcj cb` ubqtkùlpi~e jcb`fkjìbg| cb` pfe ibcdijipy pk ib~e|p ib nctmibg lkbpibue

pk lfctclpeti|e pfe ptidcj qkqujcpikb kn pfe |pcpe" \kupfetb qctp| kn pfe |pcpe cte ib pfe ji|p kn pfelftkbilcjjy qkkt tegikb| kn Ibìc &\fcf* 4117)" @cpc nkt 3995-399> |fkw pfcp ctkub` >3% kn jcb`fkjìbg| ib pfe |pcpe dejkbg pk mctgibcj cb` |mcjj nctmet|" 9

Pfe |fcte kn mctgibcj cb` |mcjjnctmet| ib pfe pkpcj jcb`fkjìbg ctec cb` pfe bumdet kn fkjìbg| ib pfe |pcpe ibltec|e` ntkm 9">% ib3971-3973 pk 43"5% ib 3995-399>* cb ibltec|e kn 75% ib petm| kn jcb` ubèt |mcjj cb` mctgibcjnctmet|"

\kutle 8 www"ibìc~i|ipibnktmcpikb"lkm "

Knnilicj |pcpi|pil| |ugge|p pfcp emqjkymebp ib Mc`fyc Qtcè|f i| jctgejy ubktgcbi|e`* tutcj cb` bkb-ibù|pticj ib bcpute" Cllktìbg pk pfe B\\* bectjy 75% kn tutcj wktoet| èqebè` kb cgtilujpute ib 3999-4111" Dup cgtilujpute cllkubp| nkt kbjy <5% kn G@Q" Lc|ucj jcdkut nktm| c |ud|pcbpicj qctp kn pfe pkpcjjcdkut nktle cb` fc| deeb gtkwibg8 pfe qtkqktpikb kn wktoet| wfk wete lc|ucj ibltec|e` ntkm <4% nkt

6 C telebp Ibìc Pk`cy |ut~ey lcjje` Pfe \pcpe kn pfe \pcpe| ièbpinie| MQ* Uppct Qtcè|f cb` Kti||c c| pfe nc|pe|p mk~et|* i"e"pfk|e wfete pfe mk|p tcqi` imqtk~emebp fc| deeb |eeb k~et pfe qc|p yect ib letpcib ctec|" MQ wc| pfe nc|pe|p mk~et ib -cgtilujpute &ctec ubèt lc|f ltkq|* nctm G@Q ì~iè` dy tutcj qkqujcpikb* qet lcqipc nctm qkwet lkb|umqpikb* nctm jkcb|*nkk` gtcib qtkùlpi~ipy* % kn ittigcpe` ctec) cb` ibntc|ptulpute &% kn fku|efkj`| wipf ejelptilipy* jisuenie` qeptkjeum gc| &JQG)*% ~ijjcge| wipf qullc _lkbltepe] tkc`|* qet lcqipc tkc` jebgpf* dcbo dtcblfe|* èb|ipy kn qk|p knnile| cb` peje~i|ikb)" Kpfet |pcpe|* |ulf c| Difct* C||cm cb` Hfctofcb`* fc~e bkp qetnktme` pfcp wejj" fppq8++ibìcpk`cy"ibpk`cy"ib+" 9 fppq8++www"emqkwetqkkt"lkm+dclogtkubèt"c|q;teqktp=3>> "




http://indiatoday.intoday.in/



http://www.empowerpoor.com/backgrounder.asp?report=166








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mcje| cb` <6% nkt nemcje| ib 399<-3990 pk <7% nkt mcje| cb` 00% nkt nemcje| ib 3999-4111" Pfetefc| deeb cb ibltec|e ib pfe |fcte kn mctgibcj cb` |mcjj nctmet| ib ctec cb` bumdet kn fkjìbg|"Ctkub` >3% kn jcb`fkjìbg| dejkbge` pk mctgibcj cb` |mcjj nctmet| ib 3995-399> &Gk~etbmebp kn MQ*4114) wfk cte ubèt-emqjkye` cb` wkto c| jcdkutet| pk |uqqjemebp pfeit iblkme| ntkm nctmibg"Cllktìbg pk pfe 4113 Leb|u|* 46"7% kn pfe wktoet| ib pfe |pcpe cte cgtilujputcj jcdkutet| cb` mk|p kn pfem cte lkblebptcpe` ib pfe |kupfetb ptidcj cb` nkte|pe` ì|ptilp|" Pfe Dubèjofcb` dejp* wfilfibljuè| Hfcduc* fc| newet cgtilujputcj wktoet|" Pfe ~c|p mchktipy kn pfe wktonktle &ctkub` 90% cbìbljuìbg cgtilujputcj jcdkut* lkb|ptulpikb jcdkut cb` jcdkut ib ptcìpikbcj jecpfet pcbbibg* nkte|pty*ni|fibg* diì tkjjibg* fku|efkj` ibù|pty* ~ijjcge ctpi|cb| cb` utdcb ibnktmcj wktoet|) i| qkkt cb` ib pfeubktgcbi|e` |elpkt"

Ib pfe JKQ* pftee ì|ptilp| wete lk~ete`* teqte|ebpibg pftee ì~et|e tegikb| ib eclf |pcpe" Ib CQ* pfe|ewete Me`co ì|ptilp ib pfe Pejcbgcbc tegikb* Lfippkkt ì|ptilp ib pfe Tcycj|eemc tegikb cb` Oti|fbcì|ptilp ib Lkc|pcj CQ" Ib MQ* pfe ì|ptilp| cb` tegikb| lk~ete` wete Uhhcib ib Mcjwc* Piocmgctf ibDubèjofcb` cb` Mcb`jc ib Mcfcok|fcj" Pwk ~ijjcge| wete |ejelpe` ntkm eclf ì|ptilp* kbe tejcpi~ejytemkpe cb` pfe kpfet wejj lkbbelpe` &|ee Pcdje 3)"

Cgtilujputcj qtk|qetku|* lcbcjittigcpe`* qc``y* quj|e|*|ugctlcbe․ Mive` lc|pe dup nktwct` lc|pe

`kmibcpe`․ Qkjcti|e` jcb` ì|ptidupikb

\emi-cti`* pcbo cb` pudewejjittigcpe`* wejj lkbbelpe` wipfjctge lipie|* gtkub`bup* qc``y*mujdetty* pkmcpk․ DL| emetge` c| qkwetnuj ib

temkpe ~ijjcge telebpjy․ Mkte esuipcdje jcb`fkjìbg|

\emi-cti`* |klicjjy dclowct`*mcibjy pcbo ittigcpe` kt tcibne` cgtilujpute* |ktgfum* qc``y*lkppkb* mcixe ․ Ptcìpikbcj lc|pe fietctlfy ․ Jcb` ì|ptidupikb |pijj cjkbg

neu`cj jibe| ib temkpe ~ijjcge

Cgtilujputcj qtk|qetku|" @eeq djclo lkppkb |kij|* |emi-cti`*pudewejj ittigcpe`* |kydecb cb` wfecp ․ Mive` lc|pe ․ Qkjcti|e` jcb` ì|ptidupikb

C~etcge cgtilujputcj è~ejkqmebp*meìum pk |fcjjkw djclo |kij|*wejj cb` pcbo ittigcpikb* |kydecb*quj|e|* tile cb` wfecp ․ Lc|pe fietctlfie| ntkm neu`cj

jegcly ․ Qkjcti|e` jcb` ì|ptidupikb

Fijjy* nkte|pe`* knpeb ibnetpije |fcjjkw djclo |kij|* jimipe` ittigcpikb cb` jimipe` |qtec` kn ibpeb|i~e cgtilujpute* tile cb` quj|e| ․ Jctge bumdet kn ptidcj| ib

temkpe ~ijjcge ․ Mkte esuipcdje jcb`fkjìbg|

Eclf tkub` ib~kj~e` mkte pfcb kbe |ut~ey" Pfe 4113+14 tkub` degcb wipf c leb|u| lk~etibg cjj pfefku|efkj`| ib cjj |iv ~ijjcge| &0>07 fku|efkj`| ib CQ cb` 3497 fku|efkj`| ib MQ)" Pfe leb|u|lkjjelpe` `cpc kb dc|il fku|efkj` lfctclpeti|pil| kb pfe fku|efkj` |ptulpute* eùlcpikb* cge* gebèt*klluqcpikb|* c||ep kwbet|fiq cb` wfepfet kt bkp pfe fku|efkj` fc` c migtcbp" Pfi| wc| nkjjkwe` dypwk |ec|kbcj |ut~ey| ib pfe ofctin &Hujy-Klpkdet mkb|kkb) cb` tcdi &@elemdet-Cqtij) |ec|kb|* wfete`cpc kb fku|efkj` iblkme cb` evqebìpute nkt pfcp |ec|kb cb` èdp je~ej| wete lkjjelpe`" Eclf|ec|kbcj |ut~ey lk~ete` c |mcjjet |ptcpinie` |cmqje kn 01-61 fku|efkj`| &èqebìbg kb pfe |ixe kn pfe~ijjcge)" \ptcpinilcpikb wc| `kbe dy jcb`fkjìbg cb` lc|pe" Pfe qtimcty qutqk|e kn pfe 4113+14 tkub`

wc| pk lkjjelp `cpc kb ji~ejifkk` ì~et|inilcpikb cb` `cpc kb migtcpikb wete mibimcj"

Pfe bevp tkub`* ib 411<+10* wc| ubètpcoeb wipf pfe |qelinil qutqk|e kn lkjjelpibg mkte èpcije` `cpckb qcppetb| kn migtcpikb* ji~e|pklo oeeqibg cb` jcb` kwbet|fiq cb` jec|ibg" Pftee |ut~ey| wipf



3<

ìnnetebp bumdet| kn tkub`| cb` |cmqje |ixe|" Cbkpfet pwk te|ut~ey| wete `kbe ib 411<+10 cb`411>+17* te|qelpi~ejy" Wfije pfe 411< te|ut~ey lk~ete` cjj |iv ~ijjcge| c| denkte* pfe jc|p tkub`lk~ete` kbjy ni~e delcu|e pfe tilfe|p ~ijjcge|* bcmejy OC ib Cb`ftc Qtcè|f cb` QT ib Mc`fycQtcè|f* fc` ~ety jkw migtcpikb tcpe|"

@utibg eclf tkub`* oey ibnktmcbp ibpet~iew| cb` nklu| gtkuq ì|lu||ikb| &NG@|) wete lkbùlpe` cp pfe|cme pime c| pfe sue|pikbbcite |ut~ey" Oey ibnktmcbp| ibljuè` migtcbp jcdkutet|* pfeit ncmijymemdet|* |ctqcblf &fec` kn jklcj gk~etbmebp)* memdet| kn pfe gtcm qcblfcycp* ~ijjcge- cb` mcb`cj-je~ej gk~etbmebp knnilicj|* jcdkut teltuipibg cgebp| &me|pti|)* ì|ptilp-je~ej knnilicj|* `kbkt-nubè`ji~ejifkk` qtkhelp|* pfe qkjile cb` BGK|" NG@| wete fej` wipf wkmeb cb` meb ib eclf ~ijjcge cbèclf fcmjep wipfib pfe ~ijjcge|"

Pfe |pu`y ~ijjcge| ib CQ cte bumetilcjjy `kmibcpe` dy lc|pe| dejkbgibg pk pfe dtkc` lcpegkty kn DL"

Bevp cte lc|pe| wipfib pfe nktwct` lc|pe| &NL)* cj|k obkwb c| pfe kqeb lcpegkty &KL) kt gebetcjlcpegkty* wfilf ibljuè| mk|p uqqet lc|pe|" Pfe \L| cb` \P| cte bevp ib imqktpcble" Pfe |pcpe-wièc~etcge nkt \P| i| tkugfjy >%* wejj dejkw pfcp nkt MQ"

Pfe Mcjc cb` Mcìgc &dkpf \L|) pkgepfet cllkubp nkt 4<% kn pfe jcb`je|| qkqujcpikb" Ip i| bkpcdje pfcpjctge nctmet| bectjy cjwcy| dejkbg pk pfe DL kt NL lc|pe| &Te``y* Gkw`c* Yc`c~c* O|fctptiyc* Dtcfmcbkt Ocmmc)" Kb pfe kpfet fcb`* c bumdet kn \L| cb` \P| fc~e pebè` pk temcib qkkt kt ~ety qkkt &@cppc cb` \fctmc* 4111? Okxej cb` Qctoet* 4113? Jcbhkuw cb` \petb* 3993)" C |imijct |ipucpikbqte~cij| ib pfe |pu`y ~ijjcge| ib MQ" Wfije NL| cb` DL| fc~e ì~et|inie` |ulle||nujjy ibpk qti~cpeebpetqti|e* gk~etbmebp hkd| cb` pfe qtkne||ikb|* \L| cb` \P| fc~e pebè` pk temcib qkkt" Wepfetenkte lkb|ièt \L cb` \P c| deibg |ybkbymku| wipf deibg lftkbilcjjy qkkt ib pfe |pu`y ~ijjcge|"

Cmkbg pfe dtkc` lcpegkty kn lftkbilcjjy qkkt qekqje* pfk|e wfk ncle `kwbwct` |jiè| ibpk evptemeqk~etpy cte8

․ Pfk|e wipf c lftkbilcjjy ijj qet|kb ib pfe ncmijy* wfete |qebìbg kb fecjpf i| lkb|pcbp cb`tejcpi~ejy figf?

․ Pfk|e wfk fc~e fc` c fecjpf-tejcpe` emetgebly &|utgety* cllièbp* mchkt ijjbe||)* wfilf fc|tesuite` fec~y |qebìbg cb`+kt dkttkwibg èqjepibg |c~ibg| cb` c||ep|?

․ Pfk|e wfk fc~e |qebp deykb` pfeit mecb| kb `cugfpet|’ mctticge| &`kwty* we`ìbg* ptc~ej)?․ Pfk|e wfk fc~e jk|p c dtec`wibbet?․ Pfk|e wfk `k bkp fc~e cb cùjp mcje ib pfe fku|efkj`?․ Nemcje-fecè` kt nemcje-mcibpcibe` fku|efkj`|?․ Ptcìpikbcj |et~ile qtk~ièt|* wfk|e |et~ile| cte bkw kd|kjepe cb`+kt wfk cte ubcdje pk

mkètbi|e?․ Pfk|e wfk fc~e jk|p clle|| pk cb e||ebpicj bcputcj te|kutle delcu|e kn lfcbge| ib |pcpe qkjily*

èpetiktcpikb kn lkmmkb qtkqetpy te|kutle| kt ì|qjclemebp"

Pfe nit|p |ut~ey &4113+14) nkub` migtcbp| ib cjj ~ijjcge| |puìe` dup pfe mcgbipuè kn migtcpikb ~ctie` cgtecp ècj" Ib CQ* pfe wejj-lkbbelpe` ~ijjcge| kn GU cb` KQ fc` kbjy 0% cb` 9% kn pfeit fku|efkj`|migtcpibg* te|qelpi~ejy &dup fc` c jctget bumdet kn lkmmupet|)? je|| wejj-lkbbelpe` ~ijjcge| fc` cjctget qtkqktpikb kn fku|efkj`| wipf cp jec|p kbe migtcbp" Ib ^Q* pfe temkpe ~ijjcge ib Lfippkkt* pfi|qtkqktpikb wc| <<%? ib M@* pfe temkpe ~ijjcge ib Me`co ì|ptilp* ip wc| 76% &Pcdje 4)" C lkmqcti|kb kn pfe jc|p pwk tkub`| |fkw| pfcp pfe bumdet kn fku|efkj`| wipf cp jec|p kbe qet|kb wktoibg kup|iè pfe~ijjcge fc` ibltec|e` ntkm 03% ib 411<+10 pk 50% ib 411>+17? pfe c~etcge cbbucj ibltec|e i| mktepfcb <"<% &Pcdje <)" \e~etcj fku|efkj`| fc` mkte pfcb kbe qet|kb migtcpibg kt lkmmupibg"



30

KQ 430 9 01 31^Q( 55< << >1 49OK 3049 31 61 >OC( 0>0 35 >1 37GU 35>1 0 61 0M@( 047 76 01 75Pkpcj 0>07 37 <>1 39

Lfi 4 5`n =30<<((( Lfi 4 5`n =317(((Bkpe 8 ( Qkktjy lkbbelpe` ~ijjcge|? kpfet ~ijjcge| cte wejj lkbbelpe`"\kutle 8 Fku|efkj` Leb|u|* CQ 4113+14"

KQ 45 35 01 <7"5^Q << 47 >1 05"1OK <6 04 61 54"5GU <6 04 61 54"5M@ 49 33 01 47"5

KQ 35 45 01 >4"5 ^Q 43 <9 >1 >5"1 OK 4> 50 61 >7"5 GU 46 54 61 >5"1 M@ << 7 01 37"5

Migtcpikb tcpe| ib MQ fc~e deeb lkb|i|pebpjy figfet pfcb ib CQ" Pfe leb|u| ntkm pfe nit|p |ut~ey&4113+14) |fkwe` pfcp mkte pfcb fcjn pfe fku|efkj`| ib nkut kup kn |iv |pu`y ~ijjcge| ib MQ fc` cpjec|p kbe qet|kb wfk wc| c pemqktcty migtcbp &Pcdje 0)" Pfe qtkqktpikb wc| c| figf c| 75% ib pfetemkpe|p cb` fijjie|p ptidcj ~ijjcge &QP) wipf ibnetpije |kij|" @cpc nkt pfe bevp tkub` lkb|i|pe` kn 316migtcbp| cb` lkmmupet| `tcwb ntkm c |cmqje kn <14 fku|efkj`|* |fkwibg pfcp pfe qtkqktpikb kn fku|efkj`| wipf cp jec|p kbe qet|kb wktoibg kup|iè pfe ~ijjcge wc| <>% ib 411<+10" Pfi| ibljuè`litlujct migtcbp|* lkmmupet| cb` qetmcbebp migtcbp|" Pfe jc|p tkub` ibljuè` kbjy ni~e ~ijjcge| cb`*lkmqctibg pfe |ipucpikb ib pfe|e ni~e ~ijjcge| ib 411<+10 cb` 411>+17 ip i| |eeb pfcp pfe qtkqktpikb kn fku|efkj`| wipf cp jec|p kbe qet|kb kup|iè pfe ~ijjcge fc` ibltec|e` pk 54% dy 411>+17 ntkm 04% ib411<+10 &Pcdje 5)" Fku|efkj`-je~ej `cpc `k bkp qtk~iè c lkmqjepe qilpute kn mkdijipy" @cpc nkt ibì~iùcj| &|ee Pcdje >) |fkw pfcp* wfije pfe bumdet kn fku|efkj`| wipf migtcbp| cb` lkmmupet| fcìbltec|e` ntkm 31> pk 3<> depweeb pfe jc|p pwk tkub`|* pfe pkpcj bumdet kn ibì~iùcj| fc` ibltec|e`ntkm 3>9 ib 411<+10 pk 4<4 ib 411>+17"

Uhhcib QT |emi-cti`* pudewejj| &wejjlkbbelpe`)

59 3> 5

JH |emi-cti`* `ty &temkpe) 51 > <Mcb`jc GG 0< 31 31

QP nkte|pe` &temkpe) 75 3< 5Piocmgctf \M 43 6 34

MD >0 31 5



35

411>+17 JH &qkktjy lkbbelpe`) 53 3< >0 41"< 311"1GG &wejj lkbbelpe`) 47 3< 01 <4"5 311"1QP &qkktjy lkbbelpe`) 4< 37 01 04"5 311"1\M &wejj lkbbelpe`) 36 >1 76 7>"9 311"1MD &qkktjy lkbbelpe`) 37 45 04 59"5 311"1

411<+10 JH &qkktjy lkbbelpe`) 36 0> >0 73"9 311"1

GG &wejj lkbbelpe`) 40 3> 01 01"1 311"1QP &qkktjy lkbbelpe`) 44 36 01 05"1 311"1\M &wejj lkbbelpe`) 3> >4 76 79"5 311"1MD &qkktjy lkbbelpe`) 4> 3> 04 <6"3 311"1

Pfete wc| mkte pfcb c `kudjibg ib pfe qtkqktpikb kn lkmmupet| ib CQ depweeb pfe jc|p pwk |ut~ey|&Pcdje 7)" Pfi| `tcmcpil lfcbge lcb de evqjcibe` dy pfe gtkwibg tkc` bepwkto* imqtk~e`lkmmubilcpikb| cb` tcqi` tcpe kn utdcbi|cpikb ib CQ* e|qelicjjy pfe gtkwpf kn |mcjj pkwb|" @cpc kb pfeyect kn nit|p migtcpikb cb` lkmmupibg &bkp |fkwb ib c pcdje) lkttkdktcpe pfe ~iew pfcp mkdijipy fc|ibltec|e` |fctqjy k~et pfe qc|p ni~e yect| kt |k" Pfe nibìbg| |fkw pfcp nkt 55"0% kn lkmmupet| pfeyect kn nit|p lkmmupibg+migtcpikb nejj depweeb 4111 cb` 411> cb` nkt 01"<% kn lkmmupet| pfe nit|pyect kn lkmmupibg+migtcpikb nejj depweeb 411< cb` 411>"

Lkmmupet| 00 4>"1 5< 44"6 Litlujct migtcbp| 344 74"4 377 7>"< Qetmcbebp migtcbp| < 3"6 4 1"9

Lkmmupet| 07 44"6 339 00"0Litlujct migtcbp| 311 06"5 6< <3"1 Qetmcbebp migtcbp| 59 46"> >> 40">

Lkmmupibg wc| ubètpcoeb nkt wkto kn cjj oib`| “ nktmcj |elpkt c| wejj c| ibnktmcj |oijje` cbùb|oijje` wkto* nctm cb` bkb-nctm wkto" Cjpfkugf pfe cd|kjupe bumdet kn lkmmupet| ibltec|e`* pfeit tejcpi~e qtkqktpikb nejj delcu|e kn c gtecpet ibltec|e ib pfe bumdet kn litlujct migtcbp|" C |igbinilcbpqtkqktpikb kn lkmmupet| ptc~ejje` pk bectdy pkwb|" Qetmcbebp migtcpikb tcpe| wete jkwet pfcb kpfet oib`| kn mkdijipy cb` pfete wete hu|p pwk lc|e| ib 411>+17" Pfe evqjcbcpikb jie| ib pfe nclp pfcp MQ i|lkmqctcpi~ejy dclowct` wipf c ~ety qkkt tkc` bepwkto &ip i| |ci` pfcp pfi| wc| kbe kn pfe tec|kb| nkt pfe ènecp kn pfe qte~iku| gk~etbmebp) cb` fc| tejcpi~ejy jkwet je~ej| kn utdcbi|cpikb" Lkmmupibg i|pfetenkte ìnnilujp cb` qekqje peb` pk migtcpe kb c |fktp-petm dc|i| pk jctge lipie| wipfib pfe |pcpe cb`kup|iè"



3>

\imqje ltk|| pcdujcpikb kn pfe `cpc ntkm pfe 411>+17 tkub` |fkw| pfe ì|ptidupikb kn mkdije wktoet|dy lc|pe lcpegktie| ib CQ &Pcdje 6) cb` MQ &Pcdje 9)" Litlujct migtcpikb i| pfe mk|p imqktpcbp kqpikb nkt pfe \P| cb` pfi| e|pcdji|fe| c lject jibo depweeb migtcpikb cb` lftkbilcjjy qkkt qekqje" Ibpete|pibgjy*pfete cte fct`jy cby qetmcbebp migtcbp| cmkbg pfe \P|* qtkdcdjy delcu|e kn pfeit qkktet je~ej| kn |oijj|+eùlcpikb cb` cj|k jclo kn |klicj bepwkto| cp è|pibcpikb" \L| ib CQ cte mctgibcjjy cfec` kn \P|

ib pfi| te|qelp dup pfey lkmmupe nkt jkw-qci` cgtilujpute jcdkut wkto" Pfe ì|ptidupikb kn pfe mkdijipy|ptecm| cmkbg pfe KDL| |fkw| c mkte dcjcble` |qtec`* ibìlcpibg pfeit ibpetmeìcpe je~ej ib pfe tutcjfietctlfy" Ib jibe wipf pfe dtkc` |pcpe-je~ej pteb` ib CQ* pfe jctge|p qtkqktpikb kn mkdije wktoet| cmkbg pfe uqqet lc|pe| i| kn qetmcbebp migtcbp|"

\P Bk" < 34 1 35Tkw % 41"1 61"1 "1 311"1

\L Bk" 0< 34 6 ><Tkw % >6"< 39"1 34"7 311"1

DL Bk" 57 54 <4 303

Tkw % 01"0 <>"9 44"7 311"1KL Bk" 3> 7 4> 09

Tkw % <4"7 30"< 5<"3 311"1

\P Bk" 0 <5 3 01 Tkw % 31"1 67"5 4"5 311"1 Lkjumb % 7"5 39"6 51"1 37"4

\L Bk" 35 05 3 >3 % 40"> 7<"6 3"> 311"1 Lkjumb % 46"< 45"0 51"1 4>"<

DL Bk" <3 90 1 345 % 40"6 75"4 "1 311"1 Lkjumb % 56"5 5<"3 "1 5<"9

KL Bk" < < 1 > % 51"1 51"1 "1 311"1 Lkjumb % 5"7 3"7 "1 4">

Jkgi|pil tegte||ikb cbcjy|i| wc| lcttie` kup nkt lkmmupet| cb` litlujct migtcbp| cb` qetmcbebpmigtcbp| wipf 4113+14 cb` 411<+10 `cpc" Ib CQ &Pcdje 31)* lkmmupibg ntkm pfe ~ijjcge| OK &wejjlkbbelpe`) cb` M@ &temkpe)* litlujct migtcpikb ntkm OK cb` qetmcbebp migtcpikb ntkm M@ wete|igbinilcbp ib pfe cbcjy|i|? pfe qtkdcdijipy kn lkmmupibg wc| mkte pfcb eigfp pime| figfet nkt c qet|kbdejkbgibg pk c fku|efkj` ib OK pfcb fku|efkj`| ib kpfet ~ijjcge|* dup pfe qtkdcdijipy wc| cdkup 91%je|| nkt c qet|kb ib c fku|efkj` dejkbgibg pk pfe ~ijjcge M@ pfcb kpfet ~ijjcge|* kb c~etcge" Ib kpfet wkt`|* dejkbgibg pk c wejj-lkbbelpe` ~ijjcge ib c qtk|qetku| tegikb ibltec|e` pfe jioejifkk` kn lkmmupibg cb` dejkbgibg pk c temkpe ~ijjcge ib c qkkt tegikb èltec|e` ip" 31

31 Qetmcbebp migtcpikb wc| cjmk|p cd|ebp ib MQ"

Ib MQ* |igbinilcbpqteìlpkt| cte jcb`fkjìbg* |pklo kn ji~e|pklo* lc|pe cb` gebèt kn lkmmupet| &Pcdje| 33)" Kpfet qteìlpkt| cte bkp |pcpi|pilcjjy |igbinilcbp" Cb k``| tcpik kn gtecpet pfcb kbe mecb| pfcp pfe qtkdcdijipykn `cijy lkmmupibg ibltec|e| cb` je|| pfcb kbe mecb| pfcp ip èltec|e|" Pfe qtkdcdijipy kn lkmmupibg i| pfu| |eeb pk èltec|e |igbinilcbpjy wipf pfe ibltec|e ib jcb` cb` ji~e|pklo fkjìbg" Fku|efkj`| wipf



37

cb c`ìpikbcj clte kn jcb` qet cùjp memdet fc~e cdkup 91% je|| qtkdcdijipy kn lkmmupibg pfcbfku|efkj`| wipf cb c~etcge je~ej kn fkjìbg" Wkmeb’| qtkdcdijipy kn lkmmupibg wc| mkte pfcb nkut pime| figfet pfcb pfcp kn mcje|" îjjcge-|qelinil ennelp| wete bkp |igbinilcbp nkt lkmmupet| 33

dup QP fc`c |igbinilcbpjy figfet jioejifkk` kn migtcpikb"

Kwb jcb` &clte|) qet cùjp esui~cjebp -1"<<4 1"<6 1"74Bumdet kn cùjp| ib pfe fku|efkj` 1"3<7 1"<9 3"35Eùlcpikb kn fec`8 Qtimcty=3 -1"4>7 1">< 1"77

\elkb`cty=3 -1"56< 1"01 1"5>Cge kn fku|efkj` fec` &yt|) 1"145 1"30 3"1<Jkg kn c~etcge |pklo kn ji~e|pklo ubip qet cùjp esui~cjebp -1"4>3 1"31 1"77Jkg kn ~cjue kn cgtilujputcj c||ep| ib fku|efkj` &T|) -1"156 1"<9 1"90Jkg kn ~cjue kn bkb-cgtilujputcj c||ep| ib fku|efkj` &T|) 1"196 1"34 3"31

îjjcge je~ej iblkme ibesucjipy depweeb fku|efkj`| 1"<1> 1"11 3"<>@ummy ~cticdje nkt fec` fc| knn nctm hkd8 3 nkt ye| 1"<57 1"5< 3"0<\lfeùje lc|pe = 3 -1"5>1 1"<> 1"57Dclowct` lc|pe = 3 -1"456 1">4 1"77Fku|efkj` ti|o| cti|eb ntkm ltkq ncijute=3 -4"<91 1"1< 1"19Nemcje fecè` fku|efkj`=3 1"041 1"51 3"54Gebèt kn migtcbp| ib fku|efkj`8 nemcje=3 4"1<3 1"11 7">4îjjcge ùmmy* ^Q = 3 -1">46 1"51 1"5<îjjcge ùmmy* OK = 3 4"16< 1"13 6"1<îjjcge ùmmy* M@=3 -4"004 1"1< 1"19@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije 4 = 3 1"777 1"44 4"36@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije < = 3 1"674 1"3> 4"<9@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije 0 = 3 -1"<46 1">5 1"74@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije 5 = 3 -1"415 1"79 1"63@ummy ~cticdje8 |ud-mctgibcj = 3 -3"177 1"46 1"<0@ummy ~cticdje8 meìum-mctgibcj = 3 1"145 1"96 3"1<@ummy ~cticdje8 mctgibcj = 3 3"444 1"10 <"<9@ummy ~cticdje8 |mcjj = 3 1"0<< 1"59 3"50@ummy ~cticdje8 |emi-meìum = 3 -3">14 1"4< 1"41Lkb|pcbp ->"410 1"11 1"11

Bkpe 8 Kmbidu| pe|p Lfi \sucte = 9>"91* @N=47* \ig" = "111? Bcgejoetoe T 4 = 1"04? teneteble gtkuq nkt pfe fec` kn pfe ncmijy i| ‖bk eùlcpikb’* nkt lc|pe gtkuq i| ‖kpfet lc|pe’* nkt ~ijjcge ‖KQ cb` GU’* nkt iblkme suibpije i| ‖pfeqkkte|p’ cb` nkt jcb`fkjìbg gtkuq i| ‖jcb`je||’"

33 Pfe |igbinilcble je~ej èqebè` kb pfe dc|e ~ijjcge lfk|eb" Pfe ~ijjcge| GG cb` QP |fkwe` |igbinilcbpjy figfet qtkdcdijipie| kn lkmmupibg wfeb JH wc| lkb|iète` pfe dc|e" GG wc| lfk|eb c| pfe dc|e delcu|e pfi| wc| pfe kbjy ~ijjcgewipf bk lkmmupet| ib pfe gebetcj lc|pe lcpegkty cb` ip wc| nejp pfcp ip migfp qilo uq pfe ennelp kn pfe KL* wfilf i| pfe dc|elfk|e nkt pfe lc|pe lcpegkty"



36

Kwb jcb` &clte|) qet cùjp esui~cjebp -0"066 1"13 1"13Bumdet kn cùjp| ib pfe fku|efkj` -1"470 1"44 1"7>Eùlcpikb kn fku|efkj` &c~etcge yect| kn |lfkkjibg) 1"160 1"<7 3"19Cge kn fku|efkj` fec` &yt|) 1"130 1"0> 3"13\pklo kn ji~e|pklo ubip -1"0>> 1"15 1"><Jkg kn ~cjue kn cgtilujputcj c||ep| ib fku|efkj` &T|) -1"309 1"39 1"6>Jkg kn ~cjue kn bkb-cgtilujputcj c||ep| ib fku|efkj` &T|) 1"133 1"69 3"13îjjcge je~ej iblkme ibesucjipy depweeb fku|efkj`| -1"<53 1"04 1"71@ummy ~cticdje nkt fec` fc| knn nctm hkd8 3 nkt ye| -1"464 1">5 1"75\lfeùje ptide &\P) = 3 0"473 1"11 73">4Dclowct` lc|pe &DL) = 3 <"373 1"13 4<"64Nemcje fecè` fku|efkj`=3 3"367 1"00 <"46Gebèt kn migtcbp| ib fku|efkj`8 nemcje=3 3"0<7 1"13 0"43

îjjcge ùmmy* JH = 3 1"556 1"07 3"75îjjcge ùmmy* QP = 3 1">30 1"59 3"65@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije 4 = 3 1"606 1"47 4"<<@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije < = 3 -1"167 1"93 1"94@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije 0 = 3 -1"0<4 1">0 1">5@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije 5 = 3 1"416 1"64 3"4<@ummy ~cticdje8 |ud-mctgibcj = 3 -1"93> 1"49 1"01@ummy ~cticdje8 meìum-mctgibcj = 3 1"440 1"79 3"45@ummy ~cticdje8 mctgibcj = 3 1">53 1"53 3"94@ummy ~cticdje8 |mcjj = 3 3"461 1"<5 <">1@ummy ~cticdje8 meìum = 3 >"<>1 1"14 577"9>Lkb|pcbp -<"5>> 1"1< 1"1<

Bkpe 8 Kmbidu| pe|p Lfi \sucte = 31>"6>* @N=40* \ig" = "111? Bcgejoetoe T 4 = 1"54? teneteble gtkuq nkt lc|pegtkuq i| ‖kpfet lc|pe’* nkt ~ijjcge i| ‖GG’* nkt iblkme suibpije i| ‖pfe qkkte|p’ cb` nkt jcb`fkjìbg gtkuq i|‖jcb`je||’"

Pfe te|ujp| nkt litlujct migtcpikb wete pfe evclp kqqk|ipe* i"e" mulf figfet ib temkpe ~ijjcge|" Pfeqtkdcdijipy kn litlujct migtcpikb wc| mkte pfcb ni~e pime| figfet nkt c qet|kb ib c fku|efkj` dejkbgibg pk pfe temkpe ~ijjcge kn M@ lkmqcte` wipf kpfet ~ijjcge| cb` cdkup 91% je|| nkt c qet|kb ibfku|efkj`| dejkbgibg pk pfe wejj-lkbbelpe` ~ijjcge kn OK pfcb kpfet ~ijjcge| &Pcdje 34)"



39

Kwb jcb` &clte|) qet cùjp esui~cjebp -1"31> 1"77 1"91Bumdet kn cùjp| ib pfe fku|efkj` 1"465 1"10 3"<<Eùlcpikb kn fec`8 Qtimcty=3 1"<>0 1"09 3"00

\elkb`cty=3 -1"155 1"9< 1"95Cge kn fku|efkj` fec` &yt|) -1"135 1"<> 1"99Jkg kn c~etcge |pklo kn ji~e|pklo ubip qet cùjp esui~cjebp -1"4>9 1"17 1"7>Jkg kn ~cjue kn cgtilujputcj c||ep| ib fku|efkj` &T|) -1"1>< 1"<1 1"90Jkg kn ~cjue kn bkb-cgtilujputcj c||ep| ib fku|efkj` &T|) -1"1<4 1">1 1"97îjjcge je~ej iblkme ibesucjipy depweeb fku|efkj`| -1">95 1"11 1"51@ummy ~cticdje nkt fec` fc| knn nctm hkd8 3 nkt ye| -1">09 1"4< 1"54\lfeùje ptide=3 0"5<4 1"11 94"9<\lfeùje lc|pe = 3 3"9>3 1"14 7"33Dclowct` lc|pe = 3 4"1<4 1"11 7"><Fku|efkj` ti|o| cti|eb ntkm ltkq ncijute=3 1"<69 1"05 3"06

Nemcje fecè` fku|efkj`=3 -3"6<5 1"15 1"3>Gebèt kn migtcbp| ib fku|efkj`8 nemcje=3 <"757 1"11 04"60îjjcge ùmmy* ^Q = 3 1"339 1"65 3"3<îjjcge ùmmy* OK = 3 -4"041 1"14 1"19îjjcge ùmmy* OC = 3 -1"1>1 1"95 1"90îjjcge ùmmy* M@=3 1"<>6 1"56 3"05@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije 4 = 3 1"<03 1"57 3"03@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije < = 3 1"393 1"7> 3"43@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije 0 = 3 1"774 1"46 4"3>@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije 5 = 3 1"<40 1"73 3"<6@ummy ~cticdje8 |ud-mctgibcj = 3 -1"0>> 1"5< 1"><@ummy ~cticdje8 meìum-mctgibcj = 3 1"0>9 1"07 3">1

@ummy ~cticdje8 mctgibcj = 3 3"5>7 1"14 0"79@ummy ~cticdje8 |mcjj = 3 1"15> 1"90 3"1>@ummy ~cticdje8 |emi-meìum = 3 -1"<1> 1"76 1"70Lkb|pcbp -4"09< 1"33 1"16

Bkpe 8 Kmbidu| pe|p Lfi \sucte = 4>5"<3* @N=49* \ig" "111? Bcgejoetoe T 4 = 1"71? teneteble gtkuq nkt pfe fec` kn pfe ncmijy i| ‖bk eùlcpikb’* nkt lc|pe gtkuq i| ‖kpfet lc|pe’* nkt ~ijjcge ‖KQ cb` GU’* nkt iblkme suibpije i| ‖pfeqkkte|p’ cb` nkt jcb`fkjìbg gtkuq i| ‖jcb`je||’"

Kwibg pk ì~et|ipie| ib pfe qcppetb kn `cijy lkmmupibg cb` litlujct migtcpikb ib tejcpikb pk jcb`fkjìbg*lc|pe* iblkme suibpije* epl"* mujpi~cticpe jkgi|pil tegte||ikb cbcjy|i| wc| lcttie` kup |eqctcpejy nkt pfe|e pwk ìnnetebp pyqe| kn mkdijipy" Pfe ~cticdje| ibljuè` ib pfe mkèj| wete mk|pjy fku|efkj`|qelinil kwibg pk cd|eble kn ibì~iùcj |qelinil fumcb lcqipcj ~cticdje| |ulf c| eùlcpikb* cge cb`klluqcpikb nkt bkb-migtcbp ibì~iùcj|" Pfe e|pimcpe| nip pfe `cpc |igbinilcbpjy nkt cjj mkèj|* c| |fkwbdy pfe gkk`be||-kn-nip Lfi-|sucte pe|p"

Jcb`* ji~e|pklo cb` cgtilujputcj c||ep| cte imqktpcbp nclpkt| teùlibg litlujct migtcpikb ib MQ &Pcdje3<)" Ji~e|pklo teùle| pfe qtkdcdijipy kn dkpf lkmmupibg cb` litlujct migtcpikb" îjjcge-je~ej iblkmeibesucjipy i| c||klicpe` begcpi~ejy wipf pfe qtkdcdijipy kn |ec|kbcj migtcpikb" Pfi| mcy ibìlcpec~cijcdijipy kn jklcj emqjkymebp" Pfe qtkdcdijipy kn pemqktcty migtcpikb kn \L| i| |igbinilcbpjy figfet pfcb pfe gebetcj uqqet lcpegkty &mkte pfcb |e~eb pime| figfet)" Pfe qtkdcdijipy kn pemqktcty migtcpikbdy mctgibcj pk meìum nctm| i| figfet pfcb nkt pfe jcb`je||"



41

Kwb jcb` &clte|) qet cùjp esui~cjebp -1"65> 1"16 1"04Bumdet kn cùjp| ib pfe fku|efkj` -1"100 1"77 1"9>Eùlcpikb kn fku|efkj` &c~etcge yect| kn |lfkkjibg) 1"110 1"77 3"11Cge kn fku|efkj` fec` &yt|) -1"131 1"04 1"99\pklo kn ji~e|pklo ubip -1"474 1"14 1"7>Jkg kn ~cjue kn cgtilujputcj c||ep| ib fku|efkj` &T|) -1"330 1"1> 1"69Jkg kn ~cjue kn bkb-cgtilujputcj c||ep| ib fku|efkj`&T|)

-1"16> 1"3> 1"94

îjjcge je~ej iblkme ibesucjipy depweeb fku|efkj`| -<"53< 1"13 1"1<@ummy ~cticdje nkt fec` fc| knn nctm hkd8 3 nkt ye| 1"307 1"74 3"3>\lfeùje ptide &\P) = 3 -1"557 1"<4 1"57\lfeùje lc|pe &\L) = 3 4"114 1"11 7"01Gebèt kn migtcbp| ib fku|efkj`8 nemcje=3 3"199 1"14 <"11îjjcge ùmmy* GG = 3 3"466 1"34 <"><

îjjcge ùmmy* QP = 3 31"<99 1"11 <4646"55îjjcge ùmmy* \M = 3 5"465 1"13 397"<4îjjcge ùmmy* MD =3 1"<63 1">6 3"0>@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije 4 = 3 -1"01> 1"0< 1">7@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije < = 3 1"3>> 1"7< 3"36@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije 0 = 3 1"<4< 1"55 3"<6@ummy ~cticdje8 iblkme suibpije 5 = 3 1"470 1">0 3"<4@ummy ~cticdje8 |ud-mctgibcj = 3 3"6>5 1"13 >"05@ummy ~cticdje8 meìum-mctgibcj = 3 1"674 1"34 4"<9@ummy ~cticdje8 mctgibcj = 3 3">74 1"13 5"<4@ummy ~cticdje8 |mcjj = 3 1"746 1"49 4"17@ummy ~cticdje8 |emi-meìum = 3 4"509 1"13 34"79

@ummy ~cticdje8 meìum = 3 <"0>3 1"13 <3"60Lkb|pcbp 4"060 1"3> 33"99

Bkpe 8 Kmbidu| pe|p Lfi \sucte = 303">3* @N=4>* \ig" "111? Bcgejoetoe T 4 = 1"09? teneteble gtkuq nkt lc|pe gtkuqi| ‖kpfet lc|pe’* nkt ~ijjcge ‖JH’* nkt iblkme suibpije i| ‖pfe qkkte|p’ cb` nkt jcb`fkjìbg gtkuq i| ‖jcb`je||’"

Ip |fkuj` de telkgbi|e` pfcp pfe `cpc u|e` nkt pfe cbcjy|i| fete cte `tcwb ntkm c |cmqje kn <14fku|efkj`|* wfilf i| bkp ~ety jctge? lkmmupet| cb` litlujct migtcbp| dejkbge` pk cb e~eb |mcjjet bumdet kn fku|efkj`|" Pfe bumdet kn kd|et~cpikb| ib |kme kn pfe gtkuq| i| ~ety |mcjj" Nkt evcmqje*pfete wete kbjy pftee lkmmupet| ib pfe ~ijjcge QP* pwk kn pfem \L cb` pfe kpfet \P" Cjpfkugf pfelkenniliebp| kn jkgi|pil tegte||ikb cbcjy|i| evleqp pfe lkb|pcbp petm cte bkp bktmcjjy cnnelpe` dyubesucj |cmqjibg qtkqktpikb|* gtkuq |qelinil gebetcji|cpikb lcbbkp de mcè wipf pfe u|e kn |ulf|mcjj bumdet|" Ubnktpubcpejy* ibì~iùcj ièbpipie| wete bkp telktè` ib 411<+10 `cpc pk lkmdibe wipf411>+17 `cpc wfilf fc| ibì~iùcj ièbpipie|" C new mkte qcbej| cte bele||cty pk ibltec|e pfe bumdet kn kd|et~cpikb| ib eclf gtkuq jkbgipuìbcjjy? pfi| lkuj` cjjkw u| pk mcoe mkte cllutcpe gebetcji|cpikb|tegctìbg gtkuq| dc|e` kb lc|pe* jcb`fkjìbg* iblkme gtkuq* epl" Ip i| cj|k bele||cty pk telktìbì~iùcj lfctclpeti|pil| |ulf c| cge* eùlcpikb* |oijj* klluqcpikb* epl"* |k pfcp pfey cte lkmqctcdje"

Litlujct migtcpikb ectbibg| cllkubp nkt c figfet qtkqktpikb kn fku|efkj` iblkme cmkbg pfe jkwet lc|pe| cb` ptide|* bcmejy pfe \L* DL cb` \P &ib fku|efkj`| wipf kbe qet|kb wktoibg kup|iè pfe~ijjcge)" \P| ectbe` k~et 47% kn pfeit cbbucj fku|efkj` iblkme ntkm migtcpikb ib MQ &70% ib CQ) &|ee

Pcdje| 30 cb` 35)" Nkt \P| ib MQ* jklcj jcdkutibg* eipfet kb nctm kt knn-nctm* wc| pfe |elkb` mk|pimqktpcbp |kutle kn iblkme? kbjy <% wc| èti~e` ntkm lujpi~cpikb kwibg pk pfeit qkktet c||ep dc|e"Fkwe~et* pfey èti~e` lkb|iètcdjy mkte &6%) ntkm nkte|p qtkùlp| cb` lkmmkb qtkqetpy te|kutle|*



43

pfetedy lkbnitmibg èqebèble kn pfe qkkt kb pfe lkmmkb|" Ib pfe lc|e kn \L|* migtcpikb cllkubpe`nkt cjmk|p 07% kn fku|efkj` iblkme ib MQ dup \L| ib CQ wete mkte fec~ijy èqebèbp kb lkmmupibg*èti~ibg c| mulf c| <6% ntkm wkto ib bectdy pkwb| cb` ~ijjcge|" Pfe uqqet lc|pe| cj|k gep c jctgeqtkqktpikb kn pfeit iblkme ntkm lkmmupibg dup* ib lkbptc|p wipf pfe \L|* pfey cte mk|pjy ibpk deppet-qcyibg bkb-nctm clpi~ipie| |ulf c| |ejn-emqjkymebp cb` wfipe lkjjct hkd|" Pfi| |ugge|p| pfcp \P| ib CQcte mkte èqebèbp kb migtcpikb pfcb lkmmupibg delcu|e pfey cte bkp cdje pk nib` emqjkymebp ibbectdy pkwb| cb` ~ijjcge|" Pfe KL| èti~e` pfe jec|p iblkme ntkm litlujct migtcpikb &39%) ib MQ &44%ib CQ) c| lujpi~cpikb cb` lkmmupibg wete mkte imqktpcbp nkt pfem"

Temippcble| ntkm qetmcbebp migtcpikb cllkubpe` nkt 35% kn pfe iblkme kn KL| cb` 9% ib pfe lc|e kn \L|* dup mulf je|| nkt kpfet gtkuq|" Oey ibnktmcbp ibpet~iew| |fkwe` pfcp mcby KL ncmijie| ib Lkc|pcjCb`ftc fc~e migtcbp| ib dig lipie| ib pfe |pcpe cb` ej|ewfete ib Ibìc* cb` e~eb kpfet lkubptie| |ulf c|pfe U\" Wfije |cjctie` hkd| cllkubpe` nkt c |igbinilcbp qtkqktpikb kn iblkme| ib MQ* pfe|e |eeme` pkde je|| imqktpcbp ib CQ* cllkubpibg nkt kbjy 4-<% cmkbg pfe \L* DL cb` KL" Pfe KL| `tew c| mulf c|01% kn pfeit iblkme ntkm lujpi~cpikb* mulf figfet pfcb cby kpfet gtkuq" Nkt pfe \P|* pfi| cllkubpe` nkt kbjy 7% kn bep cbbucj iblkme* cb` nkt \L| cb` DL| 34% cb` 36%* te|qelpi~ejy" \P| cqqect jec|pì~et|inie` cb` fec~ijy èqebèbp kb migtcpikb* wfetec| kpfet gtkuq| cte mkte ì~et|inie` cb` ectbntkm c ~ctiepy kn |kutle|" Pfe KL| cqqect pk fc~e c |ptkbg cgtilujputcj dc|e cb` ì~et|iny pftkugflkmmupibg pk mcvimi|e pfeit gcib| ntkm kqpikb| bectdy" Pfe KL| telei~e temippcble| mk|pjy ntkm|oijje` cb`+kt wfipe lkjjct cb` |ejn-emqjkye` migtcbp|" Dy lkbptc|p* \L cb` DL ncmijie| telei~etemippcble| mk|pjy ntkm ub|oijje` kt |emi-|oijje` migtcbp|"

Litlujct migtcpikb 47"< 0>"6 47"6 39"3

Lkmmupibg 4"5 0"7 5"3 44">Temippcble 1"<Jklcj bkb-nctm wcge jcdkut 39"9 4"5 3<"9Jklcj cgtilujputcj jcdkut 39"4 9"6 <"1 3<"5\cjcty 3<"6 6"4 34"< 34"0Nkte|p qtkùlp tejcpe` cb` lkmmkb qtkqetpy te|kutle| 6"9 4"1Lujpi~cpikb <"3 0"7 43"7 45"5\et~ile* ltcnp cb` ptcè tejcpe` 4"9 4"6 >"< >"9Kpfet ejemebpcty 3"7 37"7 5"1Ubljc||inie` wkto 1"0 1"7 1"<Ji~e|pklo 1"< 3"3\fcteltkqqibg+jec|ibg 4"3 1"9



44

Lkmmupibg 33"1 <7"7 44"6 4>"7Litlujct migtcpikb 70"3 3<"0 46"5 <"0Temippcble 6"5 <"1 30"7\cjcty 4"7 4"9 <"3\et~ile* ltcnp cb` ptcè tejcpe` 4"7 6"> 7"4Lujpi~cpikb 7"0 33"9 36"3 <9"6Cgtilujputcj jcdkut >"1 41"3 6"6 3"4Ji~e|pklo <"3 0"1 3">\fcteltkqqibg+jec|ibg 4"0 4"4Nkte|p qtkùlp tejcpe` cb` lkmmkb qtkqetpy te|kutle|Lkb|ptulpikb wkto ub|oijje`Bkb-nctm wcge jcdkut 1"9Kpfet ejemebpcty 3"5Ubljc||inie` wkto

NG@| ibìlcpe` pfcp migtcpikb fc` ibltec|e` k~et pfe yect|* e|qelicjjy cnpet elkbkmil jidetcji|cpikb ibpfe ectjy 3991|" Fkwe~et* pfe degibbibg| cb` fi|pktilcj e~kjupikb kn migtcpikb |ptecm| cb` qcppetb|~ctie` c gtecp ècj" Nkt evcmqje* migtcpikb pk pfe |ugct mijj| kn CQ degcb ntkm M@ &temkpe ~ijjcge ibMe`co) ctkub` <7 yect| cgk wfeb cb cgebp lcme pk pfe ~ijjcge jkkoibg nkt wktoet| pk lup pfe lcbe"\ugctlcbe fct~e|pibg wkto i| bkp c mchkt migtcpikb |ptecm ntkm M@" Migtcpikb ntkm QP &temkpe ~ijjcgeib Mcb`jc ì|ptilp* MQ) pk pfe ittigcpe` ~ijjcge| ib beigfdkutibg ì|ptilp| degcb mulf ectjiet* wfeb

cgebp| kn pfe nctmet| lcme jkkoibg nkt ptidcj wktoet|" Ib dkpf kn pfe|e evcmqje|* migtcpikb fcqqebe`mcibjy delcu|e pfete wc| jippje wkto ib pfe ~ijjcge| cb` pfe qekqje wete qkkt cb` wete qteqcte` pkwkto nkt ~ety jippje ib ìnnilujp lkbìpikb|" Pfi| lkbpibue| pk de c mchkt nclpkt ib migtcbp wktoet emqjkymebp “ emqjkyet| wijj jkko nkt jcdkutet| wfk wijj mcoe c qjicdje jcdkut nktle cb` |eb` pfeit cgebp| kup |lkupibg nkt pfem pk obkwb ctec| kn lftkbil qk~etpy |ulf c| temkpe ptidcj ~ijjcge|" Fkwe~et*kpfet |ptecm| fc~e e~kj~e` kwibg pk |qelinil |oijj| kn wktoet|* c| ib pfe lc|e kn pfe |pkbe wktoet| ntkmCQ wfk dejkbg pk pfe lc|pe kn ^c`ì"

Cjpfkugf pfete wete njulpucpikb| ib pfe bumdet| migtcpibg ntkm yect pk yect èqebìbg kb pfe ùtcpikbcb` |e~etipy kn `tkugfp* pfe c~cijcdijipy kn wkto pftkugf qudjil wkto| qtkgtcmme| cb` wcpet|fe`è~ejkqmebp qtkgtcmme|* pfe gebetcj pteb` wc| ibltec|ibg mkdijipy" Migtcpikb wc| ubètpcoeb yect

cnpet yect cb` fc` delkme c qctp kn pfe ji~ejifkk` |ptcpegie| qut|ue` dy pfe qkkt" Ncmijie| wipfmigtcbp| cte u|ucjjy jctge cb` migtcpikb i| qctp kn pfe jcdkut cjjklcpikb |ptcpegy* wfete kbe cùjp mcjetemcib| ib pfe ~ijjcge pk jkko cnpet pfe ncmijy nctm kt du|ibe||" Ib fku|efkj`| wfete pfete cte gtkwb-uq|kb|* c oib` kn tejcy migtcpikb pcoe| qjcle* wfete pfe |kb| degib pk migtcpe wfeb pfey cte ctkub` 36"Pfe ncpfet mcy |pkq migtcpibg cp pfi| qkibp cb` |pcy cp fkme pk mcbcge pfe nctm cb` jkko cnpet pfe|kb’| lfij`teb"

Nkt mcby lftkbilcjjy qkkt qekqje wipf new c||ep|* eùlcpikb kt |klicj lkbbelpikb* migtcpikb fc|delkme cb imqktpcbp wcy kn lkqibg wipf |ec|kbcj njulpucpikb| ib iblkme" Wfete cgebp| kt mi``jemeb&|kmepime| wkmeb) cte ib~kj~e`* ectbibg| lcb de jimipe` cb` wktoibg cb` ji~ibg lkbìpikb| lcb de

dc|il" Kj|eb cb` Tcmcbcmutpfy &4111) `klumebp pfe ~ctiepy kn ib|iìku| wcy| ib wfilf migtcbplkb|ptulpikb wktoet| cte evqjkipe` dy me|pti| kt teltuipibg cgebp|* tcbgibg ntkm ptcqqibg pfem ibdkbè` jcdkut dy qcyibg je|| pfcb |ud|i|peble je~ej* evptclpibg k~etpime cb` lfij` jcdkut cb` u|ibg



4<

lc|pe-dc|e` cb` qcptictlfcj mkè| kn kqqte||ikb pk mcibpcib evqjkipcpi~e jcdkut tejcpikb|" Pfe |y|pem|ut~i~e| delcu|e me|pti| cte |eeb c| pfk|e wfk |c~e pfe jcdkutet ib ì|pte|| dy knnetibg wkto wfebkpfetwi|e pfey migfp |pct~e" \kme jkwet-lc|pe qekqje wfk |et~e pfe jcb`jkt`| cb` emqjkyet| pfibopfey wijj de tewctè` wipf qcptkbcge ùtibg lti|e|" Pfi| qcptkbcge mcy lkb|i|p kbjy kn jkcb|* wfilfnutpfet dib` pfe wktoet cb` pfe wktoet’| ncmijy &Dkv 3)"

Mcjpi Dci Dcitcgi i| c <3-yect-kj` jcb`je|| wi`kw wfk lkmdibe| jklcj cb` migtcpkty jcdkutibg pk mcoe c ji~ibg"\fe migtcpe| pwile c yect nkt fct~e|pibg wkto kb ittigcpe` nctm| ib c beigfdkutibg ì|ptilp" Pfi| fc| fejqe` fet pklkqe |ible pfe ècpf kn fet fu|dcb`* c| |fe wc| pftkwb kup kn fet ib-jcw| fku|e cb` fc` bk mecb| kn |ut~i~cj"\fe ji~e| ib c kbe-tkkm mu` fku|e wipf fet |lfkkj-gkibg |kb" \fe i| qci` ib oib` &lkkoe` nkk` cb` gtcib) cb`lkme| fkme wipf tkugfjy 311og kn wfecp* 5og gtcm cb` jebpij| cb` 61og kn qc``y nkt pwk mkbpf| kn wkto" Cpkpfet pime|* |fe wkto| ib |pkbe sucttie| c| cb ub|oijje` jcdkutet" Pfe sucttie| cte cdkup 61om ntkm fet ~ijjcge"\fe migtcpe| nkt kbe pk pwk mkbpf| c yect cb` ectb| T|<1 c `cy" \fe migtcpe| ib c gtkuq wipf kpfet qekqje ntkmpfe ~ijjcge ubèt c teltuipibg cgebp" Pfe cgebp i| wejj obkwb cb` qcy| cjj pfe ptc~ejjibg evqeb|e|" \fe ptie| pk `k|kme nctm wkto jklcjjy dup ip i| bkp cjwcy| c~cijcdje cb` ip i| bkp cb imqktpcbp |kutle kn iblkme nkt fet" Cqctpntkm pfcp* |fe ectb| ctkub` T|3111 c yect ntkm pebù jecn lkjjelpikb ib pfe nkte|p| bect fet ~ijjcge ib pfe mkbpf|kn Mcy cb` Hube" \fe |cy| |fe fc| bk fkqe| kn c deppet nupute dup mcbcge| pk mcoe eb`| meep cb` eùlcpe fet |kb"\kutle 8 Oey ibnktmcbp Ibpet~iew* ~ijjcge QP"

Pfi| oib` kn migtcpikb tctejy te|ujp| ib pfe cllumujcpikb kn c||ep|" \ulf migtcbp| knpeb migtcpe pftkugfcb cgebp wfk pcoe| c fec~y lup kn pfeit ectbibg|* cb` pfi| i| kbe kn pfe tec|kb| nkt pfem bkp deibg cdjepk dteco kup kn qk~etpy" Fkwe~et* pfe imqktpcble kn |ulf migtcpikb |fkuj` bkp de ubète|pimcpe`*delcu|e ib pfe cd|eble kn jklcj kqqktpubipie| nkt emqjkymebp cb` ebpetqti|e* ip qtk~iè| ectbibg|wfilf qte~ebp `kwbwct` |jiè| ibpk qk~etpy" Wipfkup pfi| kqpikb* pfe qkkt wkuj` de èqebèbp kbjklcj mkbeyjebèt| cb` ncle |pct~cpikb" Ib nclp* pfi| i| wfcp pfe qkkt |cy “ migtcpikb i| bkp ec|y kt cbiècj wcy kn ectbibg mkbey dup ip |c~e| pfem ntkm |pct~ibg pk ècpf cb` deggibg nkt nkk`"

Nkt pfk|e wipf deppet |klicj bepwkto|* mctoepcdje |oijj| cb` mkte eùlcpikb cb`+kt c||ep|* migtcpikbfc| delkme cb cllumujcpi~e |ptcpegy" Pcoe pfe lc|e kn pfe ^c`ì lc|pe ntkm CQ" Pfe ^c`ì* cj|k obkwbc| ^c`ètc* wete ptcìpikbcjjy |oijje` |pkbeluppet| cb` wejj ìgget|" Pfey fc~e c`cqpe` pfi| |oijj pkcdje pk ìg pteblfe| nkt pejeqfkbe lcdje| cb` gtc~e|* è|ijp pcbo| cb` lctty kup tkc` wkto|* cb` fc~ebkw delkme wejj obkwb cjj k~et |kupf Ibìc" Ib tutcj ctec|* pfey fc~e debenipe` ntkm qudjil wkto|evelupe` dy gtcm qcblfcycp| cb` |pcpe cgeblie| pftkugf |lfeme| nkt tutcj wcpet |uqqjy* fku|ibg*nkk` nkt wkto* wcpet|fe` è~ejkqmebp cb` pfe lkb|ptulpikb kn |lfkkj|* qudjil duijìbg| cb` knnile|"Pfey wkto cjmk|p cjj yect tkub` dup pfe bcpute kn pfe hkd ~ctie| dy cgtilujputcj |ec|kb8 è|ijpibg kn pcbo| cb` nkte|p èqctpmebp wkto i| ubètpcoeb ib pfe `ty |ec|kb cb` tkc` wkto| cb` pteblf ìggibg cte `kbe ib pfe tciby |ec|kb" Dkpf pfe qkkt cb` bkb-qkkt migtcpe cb` cjj jcb`je|| fku|efkj`| migtcpe"Gtkuq| kn ^c`ì tejcpi~e| &35-<1 qet|kb|) migtcpe pkgepfet cb` gk nkt 35-<1 `cy| cp c pime" Pfey mcoe31 |ulf ptiq| ib c yect" Eclf gtkuq i| fecè` dy c me|pti* u|ucjjy c ^c`ì* wfk dect| cjj ptc~ejjibg cb`nkk` evqeb|e|" Pfe me|pti mcy gi~e cb c`~cble pk pfe jcdkutet| pk |eb` temippcble| pk pfeit ncmijy" Fejcpet lup| pfi| ntkm pfe wcge| kn pfe jcdkutet|" Pfete cte 34 me|pti| ib pfe ~ijjcge" Ectjiet* me|pti| wkuj`de pfe mcib |kutle kn ibnktmcpikb cdkup bew hkd| cb` wcge| dup k~et pime pfeit qkwet fc| etkè` cb`pfey bkw qjcy c mkte nclijipcpibg tkje tcpfet pfcb lkbptkjjibg cb` evqjkipibg jcdkutet|" Pfe|e `cy|* mk|p^c`ì `k bkp fc~e nive` me|pti| cb` wkto nkt pfe qet|kb wfk mcoe| pfe de|p knnet" Ip i| e~ièbp pfcp pfe^c`ì fc~e `kbe wejj nkt pfem|ej~e| kup kn migtcpikb* ibì~iùcjjy cb` lkjjelpi~ejy" Mcby fc~e pwk-|pktey lkbltepe fku|e| wipf cjj oib`| kn ùtcdje| &P^* nti`ge* JQG gc| |pk~e* mkpktlylje)" Bkp kbjy pfcp*dup pfey fc~e ib~e|pe` pfeit bewjy clsuite` wecjpf ib duijìbg pemqje|* lkmmubipy fcjj| cb` |lfkkj|ib pfe ~ijjcge" Qetfcq| ip i| delcu|e kn pfeit elkbkmil qkwet pfcp pfey fc~e cj|k gcibe` c |ptkbg qte|eble ib pfe gtcm |cdfc* è|qipe deibg cd|ebp ntesuebpjy cb` dejkbgibg pk c jkwet lc|pe"

Pfe kpfet evcmqje i| kn tilo|fcw qujjet| ib MQ" Pfi| migtcpikb i| bkp c||klicpe` wipf cby lc|pe cb``ke| bkp tesuite cby qctpilujct |oijj|" Dup obkwibg pfe tigfp qekqje cb` deibg |ptkbg cb` nip cte dc|il



40

tesuitemebp|" Cjpfkugf ip i| bkp qctpilujctjy wejj qci`* tilo|fcw qujjibg wkto i| mkte tegujct pfcb jklcjcgtilujputcj jcdkutibg cb` lcb dtibg ib evptc lc|f wfeb beeè`" K~et pime* pfi| lcb fejq pfe ncmijy pk|c~e ebkugf pk |qeb` kb mctticge| kt teqcy èdp| pfcp fc~e deeb iblutte` nkt |ulf e~ebp|" Pfi| lcbteùle pfeit ~ujbetcdijipy pk |jiqqibg ibpk evpteme qk~etpy &Dkv 4)"

Lfcbèt \ibgf Dcigc i| c ptidcj ji~ibg ib pfe temkpe ~ijjcge kn QP ib pfe nkte|pe` ì|ptilp kn Mcb`jc ib MQ" Fe i| 01yect| kj` cb` kwb| < clte| kn `ty jcb`" Fe fc| pwk `cugfpet|" Lfcbèt \ibgf |pctpe` migtcpibg pk pfe ì|ptilplcqipcj kn Hcdcjqut pk wkto c| c tilo|fcw qujjet cdkup 37 yect| cgk delcu|e fe lkuj` bkp nib` ebkugf wkto jklcjjy"Fe u|e` pk lkmdibe pfi| wipf migtcpikb pk ittigcpe` ctec| nkt fct~e|pibg wkto wipf fi| wine cb` tejcpi~e|"

C| fi| elkbkmil qk|ipikb imqtk~e` fe wc| cdje pk dkttkw mkte ntkm jklcj mkbeyjebèt| nkt fi| `cugfpet’|mctticge cb` nkt |qebìbg kb fi| kwb fecjpf" Fe mktpgcge` fi| jcb` pk tci|e T|351*111 cb` i| bkw teqcyibg pfeèdp pftkugf migtcpikb" Fe mcoe| |e~etcj |fktp ptiq| pk Hcdcjqut nkt tilo|fcw qujjibg kn ctkub` 31 `cy| eclf" Fepcoe| c weeo knn cnpet eclf ptiq" Fe `ke| bkp migtcpe nkt mkbpf| pkgepfet delcu|e fi| elkbkmil |ipucpikb fc|imqtk~e` cb` cj|k delcu|e fe i| bkp c| |ptkbg c| fe u|e` pk de" Fe fc| cj|k |pkqqe` migtcpibg nkt fct~e|pibg wkto" Ib Hcdcjqut* fe fite| c tilo|fcw nkt T|35-41 c `cy cb` ectb| T|>1-311 qet `cy" Fe |c~e| kbjy T|<1-01+`cydelcu|e kn pfe figf ji~ibg lk|p| ib Hcdcjqut dup fe |pijj tegct`| ip c| c gkk` wcy kn ectbibg lc|f ib pfe `ty |ec|kb"Pfete cte 41-45 qekqje ib QP jioe fim wfk migtcpe nkt tilo|fcw qujjibg" Pfey cjj tegct` ip c| cb cllumujcpi~e|ptcpegy"\kutle 8 Oey ibnktmcbp ibpet~iew* QP ~ijjcge"

Pfe |ut~ey `cpc |fkw pfcp pfete cte lject ìnneteble| ib |qebìbg qtiktipie| cb` bee`| dy lc|pe" Bectjy6>% kn \P| ib CQ mebpikbe` lkb|umqpikb c| pfe mk|p imqktpcbp u|e kn migtcpikb cb` lkmmupibg ectbibg|" Nkt pfe \P| ib MQ* pfe mk|p imqktpcbp u|e kn mkbey wc| pk teqcy èdp"

U|egtkuqtcbo 3

Lkb|umqpikb 65"7 56"< 5>"> 71"0 >3"4Eùlcpikb cb` fecjpf 34"5 >"> 7"0 7"5Ib~e|pmebp cb` |c~ibg| 30"< 6"< 36"0 33"3 30"9Qcyibg knn èdp 41"6 36"0 33"3 3>"0

U|egtkuqtcbo 3

Lkb|umqpikb 4>"< 71"0 5>"1 51"1 50"5Fecjpf cb` eùlcpikb( 31"5 30"6 >"1 45"1 9"1Ib~e|pmebp cb` |c~ibg| 5"< 9"5 >"7Qcyibg knn èdp 57"9 30"6 46"> 45"1 49"9

Bkpe 8 ( Kbjy kbe fku|efkj` teqktpe` u|e kb eùlcpikb c| tcbo 3"

\L| pkk |qeb` mk|p kn pfeit ectbibg| kb lkb|umqpikb" Fkwe~et* qcyibg knn èdp wc| mebpikbe` dy 43%kn \L| ib CQ c| pfe mk|p imqktpcbp u|e kn migtcpikb ectbibg|" Pfe|e cte èdp| pfcp cte iblutte` nkt c~ctiepy kn qutqk|e|* ibljuè` meìlcj emetgeblie|* we`ìbg|* `tijjibg pudewejj| cb` |klicj

kdjigcpikb|" \L| cj|k mebpikbe` |qebìbg kb eùlcpikb c| c qtiktipy mkte knpeb pfcb \P|" Pfe lc|e|puìe| dejkw |fkw fkw migtcpikb nip| ibpk pfe fku|efkj`’| |ptcpegy nkt imqtk~ibg ip| |pcb`ct` kn ji~ibg cb` qtk|qelp| nkt nupute gebetcpikb|"



45

Jibgcicf &\L) i| c 51-yect-kj` ijjipetcpe jcdkutet wfk ji~e| ib M@* c temkpe ~ijjcge ib Me`co ì|ptilp" Fe cb` fi|wine ji~e wipf pfeit pwk |kb| cb` pfe |kb|’ ncmijie| ib pfe |cme fku|e" Jibgcicf’| ncmijy wc| jcb`je|| ib pfe qc|pdup fe wc| gi~eb cb clte kn `tyjcb` dy pfe gk~etbmebp ùtibg c jcb` tenktm qtkgtcmme |kme yect| cgk" Pfe jcb`yiejè` ~ety jippje cb` dkpf fe cb` fi| wine lkbpibue` pfeit ptcìpikbcj klluqcpikb kn wktoibg c| cgtilujputcjjcdkutet| ib pfe jklcj jcb`jkt`’| niej`" Cdkup 31 yect| cgk* fi| ejèt |kb degcb pk migtcpe pk Fyètcdc` nkt lkb|ptulpikb wkto" Pfe ~ijjcge i| kbjy cdkup nkut fkut| cwcy ntkm Fyètcdc` dy du| cb` mcby kpfet qekqjemigtcpe pk pfe lipy" Pfe |kb gkp mcttie` cb` pkko fi| wine wipf fim c lkuqje kn yect| jcpet" Dup wfeb pfey fc`lfij`teb pfey jenp pfem wipf Jibgcicf cb` fi| wine ib pfe ~ijjcge" Pfe |kb cb` fi| wine lkme dclo pk pfe ~ijjcgee~ety pwk mkbpf| cb` dtibg mkbey* ljkpfe| cb` ginp| nkt pfe qctebp|* lfij`teb cb` kpfet tejcpi~e|" Pfey pcoe tiledclo wipf pfem" Pfe tile i| kdpcibe` dy pfe qctebp| c| wcge| nkt pfeit jcdkutibg wkto ib pfe niej`|" E~eb wfebpfey bee` pk duy tile* ip i| lfecqet ib pfe ~ijjcge pk duy ntkm nctmet| tcpfet pfcb qcyibg pkwb qtile| ib Fyètcdc`"Pfe |elkb` |kb |pctpe` migtcpibg eigfp yect| cgk" Pfe ncmijy ib pfe ~ijjcge wc| cdje pk ecp deppet cb` |eb` pfelfij`teb pk |lfkkj delcu|e kn pfe mkbey dtkugfp dclo dy pfe |kb|" Pfi| wc| c mchkt |peq nkt c ncmijy wfete|e~etcj gebetcpikb| fc~e deeb ijjipetcpe" Pfey fc~e cj|k mcbcge` pk dkttkw T|<1*111 pk ìg c pudewejj" Pfeywete cdje pk dkttkw delcu|e pfeit lteìpwktpfibe|| fc| imqtk~e` ib pfe eye| kn pfe mkbeyjebèt| wfk obkw pfcppfey fc~e pwk migtcbp |kb| wfk lcb teqcy pfe èdp" Pfe pudewejj fc| tci|e` pfeit |pcpu| ib pfe ~ijjcge cb` pfeycte bkw cdje pk gtkw pwk ltkq| c yect kb pfeit jcb`" Dkpf |kb| cb` pfeit wi~e| ji~e ib tebpe` tkkm| ib Fyètcdc`nkt ctkub` T|511 c mkbpf"

Jibgcicf |cy| pfcp cjj ncmijie| jioe fi| cte `kibg pfe |cme ib pfe ~ijjcge" In pfe qctebp| cte tejcpi~ejy ykubg cb`fecjpfy* pfe |kb| jec~e pfeit lfij`teb ib pfe ~ijjcge cb` pfey u|e migtcpikb mkbey pk ecp deppet* eùlcpe pfeit lfij`teb* ib~e|p ib pudewejj| kt imqtk~e pfeit fku|e|"

Oi|fcb Bcyco i| c 51-yect-kj` Jcmdc`c &\P) ji~ibg ib pfe |cme ~ijjcge" Fe ji~e| wipf fi| wine cb` ni~e lfij`teb" Fekwb| 3"5 clte| kn `ty cb` tkloy jcb` cb` fc| ebltkclfe` kb cb clte kn nkte|p èqctpmebp jcb`" Fe gtkw| tcibne`|ktgfum cb` qc``y kb fi| nctm" Oi|fcb fc| deeb migtcpibg nkt |ugctlcbe fct~e|pibg wipfib pfe |pcpe nkt pfe qc|p41 yect|" Cp nit|p ip wc| hu|p fim cb` fi| wine migtcpibg dup jcpet dkpf kn fi| |kb| |pctpe` pk cllkmqcby pfem cb`fe bkw fc| nkut ectbibg memdet| ib pfe fku|e" Fe |pctpe` migtcpibg wfeb teltuipibg cgebp| ntkm pfe |ugctlcbemijj lcme pk fi| ~ijjcge pk nib` wktoet| pk fct~e|p pfe lcbe" Fe dkugfp c lkuqje kn dujj| cb` c lctp wipf dkttkwe`mkbey cb` |pctpe` migtcpibg" Pfe teltuipibg cgebp| gc~e wktoet| cb c`~cble wfilf pfey wkuj` u|e pk duye||ebpicj| cb` teqcy |kme kn pfe èdp" Pfe c`~cble wkuj` de qci` knn pftkugf pfeit ectbibg|" Ib 411>* c pecm kn pftee wktoet| cb` c dujjklo lctp lcb |c~e T|<1*111 ib c |ec|kb kn lcbe luppibg" Pfe nit|p |kb migtcpe| wipf Oi|fcbcb` fi| wine" Pfe |elkb` |kb gke| pk wkto wipf cbkpfet qet|kb ntkm pfe ~ijjcge wfk cj|k kwb| c dujjklo lctp" Feectb| T|5111"

Pfe ncmijy i| bk jkbget ib èdp cb` k~et pfe yect| pfey fc~e imqtk~e` pfeit ji~ibg |pcb`ct`| lkb|iètcdjy" Oi|fcb|qebp kb fi| ejè|p `cugfpet’| we`ìbg cb` ì` bkp fc~e pk dkttkw" Fe fc| duijp c jctget fku|e wipf c |eqctcpeoiplfeb+|pktcge tkkm cb` |eqctcpe |fe` nkt pfe lcppje" Fe bkw qjcb| pk ìg c pudewejj"

C| c lkmmubipy* pfe Jcmdc`c| fc~e `kbe wejj pftkugf migtcpikb" Pfey cte bkw migtcpibg kb pfeit kwb wipfkupteltuipibg cgebp| delcu|e pfey obkw pfe mctoep wejj" Pfey cte cj|k ib~e|pibg ib pfe eùlcpikb kn pfeit lfij`tebcb` pfe ykubget gebetcpikb i| gkibg ibpk wfipe lkjjct hkd|" Pfete cte bkw pwk qkjile lkb|pcdje|* pwk |lfkkjpeclfet|* kbe c||i|pcbp ebgibeet cb` kbe lkb|ptulpikb |uqet~i|kt ib pfe Jcmdc`c fcmjep"

\kutle8 Oey ibnktmcbp ibpet~iew| ib M@"

Dup pfete cte je|| lject lup lc|e| pfcb pfe|e* wfete pfe lk|p| cb` ti|o| kn migtcpikb mcy kupweigf pfedebenip|" Cb evcmqje i| pfe migtcpikb kt ptcnniloibg kn lfij`teb nkt wkto wfete pfe evptc iblkme mcyfejq pk nee` pfe ncmijy dup i| cp pfe lk|p kn pfe lfij`’| eùlcpikb cb` lcttie| pfe ti|o kn qetqepucpibg ibpetgebetcpikbcj qk~etpy" Pfe ptcnniloibg kn ptidcj gitj| wc| mebpikbe` ùtibg pfe niej`wkto ib MQ &|eeDkv 0)" Cupkbkmku| lfij` migtcpikb i| cj|k c gtkwibg qfebkmebkb cltk|| Ibìc"



4>

Migtcpikb dy ptidcj gitj| pk lipie| nkt `kme|pil wkto cqqect| pk de kb pfe ibltec|e" Gtkuq| kn gitj| je` dy cbevqetieble` migtcbp &|kmekbe wfk fc| eipfet wktoe` ib pfe lipy denkte c| c `kme|pil wktoet fet|ejn kt obkw||kmekbe wfk i| wktoibg c| c `kme|pil wktoet) ptc~ej dy ptcib ntkm ~ctiku| ptidcj ctec|" Cjpfkugf pfete fc| be~et deeb c lkmqtefeb|i~e |ut~ey* BGK| |ulf c| Lfepcbcjcyc* Bitmcjc Bioepcb cb` pfe Ibìcb \klicj Ib|pipupe* wfilfcte ptyibg pk ktgcbi|e `kme|pil wktoet| ib Bew @ejfi* e|pimcpe pfcp pfeit bumdet lkuj` de cbywfete depweeb61*111 cb` 311*111 ib pfe lcqipcj" Nkt gitj| migtcpibg ntkm MQ* Mumdci cb` lipie| ib we|petb Ibìc cte qtkdcdjeè|pibcpikb|" \kme gitj| migtcpe pftkugf qjclemebp cgeblie|" Pfeit ji~ibg cb` wktoibg lkbìpikb| cte figfjyevqjkipcpi~e c| pfey cte be~et qci` pfeit nujj |cjcty cb` qjclemebp cgeblie| knpeb pcoe fcjn pfe migtcbp’| |cjcty"\kutle 8 Oey ibnktmcbp ibpet~iew* QP"

Lfij` jcdkut i| cj|k wiè|qtec` ib lkppkb|ee` qtkùlpikb ib CQ" CQ i| pfe |elkb`-jctge|p lkppkb|ee`-qtkùlibg |pcpe ib pfe lkubpty cnpet Guhctcp" Mcby kn pfe|e nctm|* jklcpe` ib pfe ì|ptilp| kn Outbkkj cb`Mcfcdudbcgct* emqjky lfij`teb wfk cte migtcbp| ntkm bectdy ~ijjcge| dejkbgibg pk qkkt \L ncmijie|"Ib 411<-4110* bectjy 55*111 clte| wete ubèt lkppkb|ee` qtkùlpikb ib pfe lkubpty* kn wfilf CQcllkubpe` nkt 30*111 clte| &êbocpe|wctju* 4110)" E|pimcpe| kn pfe bumdet| kn lfij`teb wktoibg iblkppkb|ee` nctm| ~cty" Cllktìbg pk pfe Ubipe` Bcpikb| Lfij`teb’| Nub` &UBILEN)* lkppkb qjcbpcpikb| ibCQ emqjky 411*111 lfij`teb dejkw pfe cge kn 30" 34 Pfe ~c|p mchktipy cte gitj|* c| pfey cte qtenette` k~et

dky|" Pfe Eb~itkbmebpcj Hu|pile Nkub`cpikb qup| pfe bumdet cp ctkub` 311*111"3<

Lfij`teb wktoibg ib lkppkb|ee` nctm| cte teltuipe` dy cgebp| wfk qcy pfeit qctebp| cb c`~cble" Pfelfij`teb qcy knn pfi| mkbey dy wktoibg jkbg `cy| ntkm Hujy pk Nedtucty" Pfe lfij`teb wkto 3< fkut| c`cy nkt ctkub` T|<1 &EHN)" Kb c~etcge* 31-34 gitj| wkto qet clte* mk|pjy `tcwb ntkm pfe ptcìpikbcjjykqqte||e` cb` mctgibcji|e` lkmmubipie|* wfk|e ncmijie| cte fec~ijy ibèdpe` cb` fc~e qje`ge` pfeit lfij`’| jcdkut pk qcy knn pfe èdp" E~eb in qctebp| `k bkp wcbp pk evqjkip pfeit lfij`teb* pfey cte knpeblkmqejje` pk `k ip delcu|e kn è|qetcpe qk~etpy cb` èdp" Ji~ibg cb` wktoibg lkbìpikb| cte dc|il cb`mcby lfij`teb `tkq kup kn |lfkkj" UBILEN nkub` pfcp >1% kn lfij`teb wktoibg ib lkppkb|ee` niej`| fc``tkqqe` kup kn |lfkkj cb` 49% fc` be~et cppebè` |lfkkj" C| cdkup fcjn kn pfem degcb wktoibg denkte pfe cge kn 33* jipetcly je~ej| cte ~ety jkw"

Pfe |ut~ey| cb` ibpet~iew| te~ecje` pfcp ub|oijje` migtcbp| u|ucjjy wkto ib klluqcpikb| pfcp cteljc||inie` c| ‖<@’ &ìtpy* ègtcìbg cb` `cbgetku|)" Pfe wkto i| nct ntkm ‖èlebp’ delcu|e pfete cteu|ucjjy bk lkbptclp| kt |klicj |elutipy" Pfk|e dejkbgibg pk jkwet lc|pe| cb` ptide| cte knpebì|ltimibcpe` cgcib|p ib |e~etcj wcy| &ubètqci`* ptecpe` wipf lkbpemqp* bkp qtk~iè` dc|ilcmebipie|)" Migtcbp| ptc~ej* ji~e cb` wkto ib figfjy ib|elute lkbìpikb| cb` wkmeb cb` gitj| cte mktedutèbe` dy evptc wkto cb` cj|k mkte ~ujbetcdje pk |evucj evqjkipcpikb" Ltælfe| cte fct`jy e~et qtk~iè` dy lkbptclpkt|* e~eb pfkugf pfey cte mecbp pk `k |k dy jcw* cb` migtcbp|’ lfij`teb mi||mkbpf| kn |lfkkj kt `tkq kup cjpkgepfet"

Pfe te|ectlf pecm nkub` c new ib|pcble| kn ncmijie| jenp defib` ib pfe |ebìbg ~ijjcge nclibg ìnnilujpie|ùe pk pfe cd|eble kn migtcpibg memdet| ntkm pfeit fku|efkj`" Ip wc| mcibjy wi`kw| wfk|e |kb| fc`migtcpe` cb` wkmeb ib bulject ncmijie| wfk|e fu|dcb`| fc` migtcpe` wfk ncle` pfe gtecpe|pqtkdjem| ib pfe ~ijjcge" Dup |ulf lc|e| wete tcte" Pfe mchktipy kn migtcbp| dejkbge` pk jctgefku|efkj`| wfete pfete wc| |unniliebp |utqju| jcdkut wipfib pfe fku|efkj` pk mcbcge pfe ncmijy nctmkt du|ibe|| ennelpi~ejy ib pfe cd|eble kn pfe migtcbp" Ip wc| cj|k lkmmkb nkt mcje tejcpi~e| pk fejqwkmeb wfk|e fu|dcb`| kt |kb| fc` migtcpe`"

Wfije pfe tejcpi~e| kn pfe qkkte|p migtcbp| nkub` ip ìnnilujp pk fc~e pfeit lkbletb| fect` cp ~ijjcgelkublij meepibg|* ncmijie| kn mkte qkwetnuj migtcbp| |ulf c| pfe ^c`ì ntkm CQ wete cdje pk tepcib c

qte|eble ib ~ijjcge ib|pipupikb|"

34 www"ubilen"ktg+ibìc+lfij`[qtkpelpikb[37<9"fpm " 3< www"ehnkub`cpikb"ktg+qcge<<1"fpmj"

http://www.unicef.org/india/child_protection_1739.htm



http://www.ejfoundation.org/page330.html







47

Dkpf pfe emqitilcj nibìbg| cb` pfe |elkb`cty mcpeticj te~iewe` ib pfi| qcqet |fkw pfcp migtcpikb i|figfet ib temkpe tutcj ctec| cb`* wipfib pfk|e ctec|* cmkbg pfe lftkbilcjjy qkkt* wfk ib pfi| lc|e ctepfe \L| cb` \P|" Cb imqktpcbp nibìbg wc| pfcp qetmcbebp migtcpikb lkb|pipupe` c |mcjj qtkqktpikb kn pkpcj mk~emebp| nkt wkto cb` pfcp litlujct migtcpikb wc| pfe mk|p imqktpcbp nktm kn mkdijipy" Pfi|èmkb|ptcpe| qkwetnujjy pfe ibcèsucly kn knnilicj |pcpi|pil| ib lcqputibg pfe mkdijipy kn pfe qkkt"

Ib temkpe ~ijjcge|* migtcpikb ib~kj~e` cjj dup pfe qkkte|p &ì|cdje`* kj` cb` |ilo) cb` pfe tilfe|pfku|efkj`|" Ib pfe lc|e kn pfe qkkte|p* pfi| i| delcu|e pfey `k bkp e~eb fc~e jcdkut pk |ejj kb cllkubpkn deibg kj`* |ilo kt ì|cdje` cb` pfetenkte lcbbkp ubètpcoe qfy|ilcj wkto" Ib pfe lc|e kn pfe tilfe|p*pfe tec|kb nkt bkp migtcpibg i| pfcp pfey lcb ji~e lkmnktpcdjy ntkm nctmibg cb`+kt kpfet ebpetqti|e" Pfedtkc` dc|e kn migtcpikb fc| te|ujpe` ib ip| debenip| clltuibg pk c jctge bumdet kn fku|efkj`|*lfcjjebgibg pfe bkpikb pfcp migtcpikb debenip| kbjy c qti~ijege` new wipf pfe tigfp lkbpclp|* c||ep| cbèùlcpikb"

Litlujct migtcpikb ectbibg| cllkubp nkt c figfet qtkqktpikb kn fku|efkj` iblkme cmkbg pfe jkwet lc|pe| cb` ptide|* bcmejy \L* DL cb` \P &ib fku|efkj`| wipf kbe qet|kb wktoibg kup|iè pfe ~ijjcge)"Migtcpikb i| ltipilcj pk mcbcgibg ti|o cb` |mkkpfibg lkb|umqpikb nkt c mchktipy kn lftkbilcjjy qkkt fku|efkj`| ji~ibg ib temkpe tutcj ctec|" Pfe evptc iblkme ntkm migtcpikb fc| cjjkwe` pfe ncmijy pk ecptegujctjy cb` deppet* qcy nkt fecjpf lcte wfeb beeè` cb` |qeb` kb |klicj e~ebp|" Migtcpikb fc|imqtk~e` pfe lteìpwktpfibe|| kn ncmijie| jenp defib` ib pfe ~ijjcge* wfk lcb bkw kdpcib jctge jkcb|ec|ijy"

Nkt pfk|e wfk fc~e new c||ep|* eùlcpikb kt |klicj bepwkto|* migtcpikb qtk~iè| c wcy kn lkqibg cb`|ut~i~cj* qtk~iìbg iblkme nkt lkb|umqpikb cb` qcyibg knn èdp" Nkt qekqje wipf mkte |oijj|* |klicjlkbbelpikb| cb` c||ep|* migtcpikb lcb dtibg ib ebkugf lc|f pk |ep pfe fku|efkj` kb cb uqwct`cllumujcpi~e ptchelpkty pfcp lcb e~ebpucjjy jec` pk cb evip ntkm qk~etpy" Migtcpikb ntkm TTC| lcb pfu|delkme cb imqktpcbp qk~etpy ibpettuqpkt" Fkwe~et* pfe cllkubp| gi~eb fete |fkw pfcp ip i| ìnnilujp pkènibe qteli|ejy cp wfcp je~ej kn cllumujcpikb pfi| evip kllut|* delcu|e cllumujcpikb i| kn ìnnetebpoib`|* tcbgibg ntkm bkp fc~ibg pk dkttkw cby mkte* pk deibg cdje pk |qeb` kb mctticge| cb` fecjpf*ecpibg deppet cb` ib~e|pibg ib pudewejj| cb` ittigcpikb"

NG@| cb` oey ibnktmcbp ibpet~iew| |ugge|p pfcp* cjpfkugf pfe qutlfc|ibg qkwet kn migtcpibg fku|efkj`| fc| imqtk~e`* pfi| fc| bkp je` pk cb ibltec|e ib pfe qtile kn e||ebpicj lkmmkìpie|" Pfi| i|delcu|e pfe qkkt ib pfe ~ijjcge duy gtcib ntkm gk~etbmebp kupjep| pfcp cte |uqqjie` pftkugf c |pcpe-je~ej bepwkto cb` cj|k delcu|e migtcpikb i| |ec|kbcj* |k wktoet| teputb ùtibg pfe qeco cgtilujputcj|ec|kb| cb` pfe qtile kn jcdkut fc| bkp deeb cnnelpe`"

Pfe e~ièble |k nct |ugge|p| pfcp |ebìbg ctec| debenip ntkm migtcpikb nit|p pftkugf cb imqtk~emebp ibpfe ji~e| kn fku|efkj`| wipf migtcbp| cb` k~et pime pftkugf obklo-kb ennelp| kb pfe ebpite ~ijjcge*pftkugf imqtk~e` cgtilujputcj qtkùlpi~ipy cb` mkte elkbkmil clpi~ipy" Fkwe~et* nutpfet te|ut~ey|wkuj` de beeè` pk è~ejkq c mkte èpcije` qilpute kn pfe imqclp kn migtcpikb kb |ebìbg ~ijjcge|"

Pfe lkmqjevipy kn pfe migtcpikb qtkle|| i| |ulf pfcp ip| lk|p| cb` debenip| mu|p de ~iewe` cgcib|p pfek~etcjj |klicj* qkjipilcj cb` ib|pipupikbcj lkbpevp kn temkpe tutcj ctec|" Wfije ip i| kd~iku| pfcp migtcpikbi| bkp cb iècj kt ec|y wcy kn ectbibg mkbey cb` imqtk~ibg pfe ji~ibg |pcb`ct` kn pfe ncmijy* ip i| knpebpfe kbjy kqpikb ib qjcle| pfcp fc~e |unnete` ntkm jkg hcm| kn ì|c`~cbpcge" Pfe temkpe ~ijjcge| ib CQcb` MQ fc~e ibèe` |unnete` ntkm |kme lkmdibcpikb kn qkkt gk~etbcble* jecocge cb` lkttuqpikb*|klicj evlju|ikb* qfy|ilcj i|kjcpikb* te|ptilpe` clle|| pk bcputcj te|kutle| cb` jkw tcibncjj"

Pfe lk|p| cb` ti|o| kn migtcpikb cte fec~y* ibljuìbg pfe ti|o kn ì|ec|e* ibhuty cb` bkp deibg cdje pk|eb` lfij`teb pk |lfkkj" Gi~eb c lfkile* migtcbp| wkuj` bkp |cltinile pfeit lfij`teb’| nupute kt pfeit kwb



46

fecjpf* dup pfey cte lkmqejje` pk `k |k delcu|e pfey lcbbkp jkko cnpet pfem|ej~e| kt pfeit lfij`tebqtkqetjy wfeb pfey migtcpe" Pfe ncujp jie| wipf pfe ib|pipupikbcj cb` qkjily eb~itkbmebp cb` bkp wipfmigtcpikb qet |e" Pfe lc|e fi|pktie| cj|k |fkw pfcp pfe ì|piblpikb depweeb emqjkymebp* dkb`cge cb`ptcnniloibg nkt lftkbilcjjy qkkt cb` |klicjjy evljuè` gtkuq| i| djutte`" Klluqcpikb| cp pfe è|pibcpikbcte ntesuebpjy ib pfe <@ lcpegkty cb` knpeb dktèt kb ijjegcjipy kt cte ijjegcj" Qkjily te|qkb|e| bee` pkde è~ejkqe` pfcp lcb fejq pfe mk|p ~ujbetcdje migtcbp|* bkp kbjy migtcbp| wfk cte wktoibg jegcjjy"

Pfe emqfc|i| kn qkjily |fkuj` de kb mibimi|ibg pfe lk|p| cb` ti|o| kn migtcpikb cb` mcvimi|ibg ip|teputb|" Cp qte|ebp* migtcbp| lcbbkp clle|| pk |ud|iì|e` nkk` pftkugf pfe Qudjil @i|ptidupikb \y|pem&Q@\)* wfilf wkto| kb te|ièble ltipetic? pfey lcbbkp ec|ijy clle|| |pcpe |lfkkj|* lfecq fku|ibg kt gk~etbmebp fecjpf lcte" Pfete i| cb utgebp bee` pk tenktm qkjily ib pfe|e ltipilcj ctec|" Wfije ib~e|pibg ib `tyjcb` ctec| |fkuj` temcib c qtiktipy nkt gk~etbmebp* qekqje’| kwb ennktp| pk clle|| pfe debenip| kn gtkwpf ib kpfet tegikb| |fkuj` bkp de ì|lkutcge`"

Cp pfe |cme pime* pfete i| c bee` pk qtk~iè migtcbp| wipf clle|| pk ibnktmcpikb kb hkd|* wcge tcpe|cb` pfeit tigfp|" Pfete i| cj|k c bee` pk ltecpe cwctebe|| cmkbg pfe qkjile cb` kpfet gk~etbmebpèqctpmebp| wfk ~iew migtcpikb begcpi~ejy" Pfete cte bkw c bumdet kn BGK| ib Ibìc pfcp cteqtk~iìbg migtcbp |uqqktp* dup pfey kqetcpe kb c |mcjj |lcje wipf jimipe` nubìbg"

\kme je||kb| lcb de `tcwb ntkm pfe telebp evqetieble kn Lfibc* wfete pfe qk~etpy-teùlibg ennelp| kn tutcj utdcb migtcpikb fc~e bkw deeb knnilicjjy telkgbi|e` cb` ennktp| cte deibg mcè pk mcoemigtcpikb c je|| qcibnuj cb` evqeb|i~e evqetieble" Emqjkyet| cte deibg qup ubèt qte||ute dygk~etbmebp pk qcy migtcbp| kb pime cb` |lfkkj| cb` kpfet utdcb cmebipie| cte deibg qtk~iè` nkt migtcbp wktoet|" Pfe |y|pem kn tegi|ptcpikb &pfe Fuoku |y|pem) i| deibg gtcùcjjy tenktme` pk gi~emigtcbp| clle|| pk fku|ibg cb` gk~etbmebp |et~ile|? `kbkt-nubè` qtkhelp|* |ulf c| pfe utdcbqk~etpy teùlpikb qtkhelp kn pfe C|icb @e~ejkqmebp Dcbo &C@D) cte quppibg migtcpikb lkbletb| cp pfelebpte kn pfeit cgeb`c|"

Pfe nupute kn litlujct migtcpikb i| ubletpcib" Ip wijj lkbpibue c| jkbg c| tegikbcj ibesucjipie| qet|i|p* dup

pfe qcle kn è~ejkqmebp cb` utdcbi|cpikb i| bkw ibltec|ibg ib |ebìbg |pcpe|* |k ip i| ~ety jioejy pfcplkmmupibg wijj ibltec|e tcqi`jy" Qekqje mcy e~ebpucjjy de cdje pk ji~e ib pfe ~ijjcge cb` wkto ib bectdypkwb| cb` nctm|" Ubpij |ulf c pime* ip i| imqetcpi~e nkt qkjily pk telkgbi|e pfe imqktpcble kn mkdijipycb` litlujct migtcpikb* ib qctpilujct nkt |u|pcibibg pfe ji~ejifkk`| kn pfe qkkte|p gtkuq| ib Ibìc ji~ibg ibtemkpe tutcj ctec|"



49

C|icb @e~ejkqmebp Te|ectlf Ib|pipupe &411>) Pfe \klikelkbkmil cb` Eùlcpikbcj \pcpu| kn Mu|jim| ib Difct " Qcpbc8 C@TI"

Dfiè* \" cb` C"O" Mefpc &411>) ‖Lkttejcpe| kn Iblièble cb` Evip ntkm Lftkbil Qk~etpy ib Tutcj Ibìc8E~ièble ntkm Qcbej @cpc’* ib C"O" Mefpc cb` C" \feqfet` &e`|) Lftkbil Qk~etpy cb` @e~ejkqmebp Qkjily " Bew @ejfi8 \cge Qudjilcpikb|"

Dit`* O"* @" Fujme* O" Mkkte cb` C" \feqfet` &4114) Lftkbil Qk~etpy Cb` Temkpe Tutcj Ctec| " Wktoibg Qcqet 3<" Mcblfe|pet8 LQTL"

Dtemcb* H" &3990) ‖\ec|kbcj Migtcpikb cb` Lk-kqetcpi~e Lcqipcji|m8 Ltu|fibg kn Lcbe cb` Jcdkut dy\ugct Nclpktie| ib Dct`kji’* Wcge Fubpet| cb` Gcpfetet| " Bew @ejfi8 Kvnkt` Ubi~et|ipy Qte||"

Lkbbejj* H"* D" @c|guqpc* T" Jci|fjey cb` M" Jiqpkb &397>)Migtcpikb ntkm Tutcj Ctec|8 Pfe E~ièble ntkm îjjcge \puìe| " Bew @ejfi8 Kvnkt` Ubi~et|ipy Qte||"

Lu|pet* L"* Q" Gkycj* \" Oumcti* \" Qcteeo cb` I" Mclcu|jcb &4115) ‖Cb Ib~e|pigcpikb Ibpk Pfe Lcu|e|Cb` Lkb|esueble| kn C`kje|lebp Migtcpikb Ib U`ciqut @i|ptilp’" U`ciqut8 \ewc Mcbìt"

Lftkbil Qk~etpy Te|ectlf Lebpte Ibìc cb` P" Dtcubfkjpx &4117) Lftkbil Qk~etpy ib Ibìc8 Qkjily

Te|qkb|e| " Qkjily Dtien 0" Bew @ejfi8 LQTL"@cppc* O"J" cb` \" \fctmc &4111) Je~ej| kn Ji~ibg ib Ibìc " Bew @ejfi8 Qet|qelpi~e Qjcbbibg @i~i|ikb*Qjcbbibg Lkmmi||ikb"

@cycj F" cb` C"O" Octcb &411<)Jcdkut Migtcpikb ntkm Hfctofcb` " Bew @ejfi8 Ib|pipupe nkt Fumcb@e~ejkqmebp"

@ecpkb* C" cb` H" @tæxe &4114) ‖Qk~etpy cb` Ibesucjipy ib Ibìc8 C Te-evcmibcpikb’"Elkbkmil cb` Qkjipilcj Weeojy 7 \eqpemdet8 <749-<706"

@ed* U"O"* G"@" Bcge|wctc Tck* Y" Mkfcb Tck cb` T" \jcpet &4114)@i~et|inilcpikb cb` Ji~ejifkk` Kqpikb|8 C \pu`y kn Pwk îjjcge| ib Cb`ftc Qtcè|f* Ibìc 3975-4113" Wktoibg Qcqet 376"Jkb`kb8 K@I"

è Fccb* C" &4111) Migtcbp|* Ji~ejifkk`|* cb` Tigfp|8 Pfe Teje~cble kn Migtcpikb ib @e~ejkqmebp Qkjilie| " \klicj @e~ejkqmebp Wktoibg Qcqet 0" Jkb`kb8 @NI@"

è Fccb* C" cb` M" Jiqpkb &3996) ‖Qk~etpy ib Emetgibg C|ic8 Qtkgte|| cb` \epdclo|’" Qcqet nkt pfe C@D"Dtigfpkb8 Qk~etpy Te|ectlf Ubip* Ubi~et|ipy kn \u||ev"

@e|fibgoct* Q"* cb` \pctp* @" &411<)\ec|kbcj Migtcpikb nkt Ji~ejifkk`| ib Ibìc8 Lkqibg* Cllumujcpikb cb` Evlju|ikb " Wktoibg Qcqet 441" Jkb`kb8 K@I"

@e|fibgoct* Q* @" \pctp cb` H" Ncttibgpkb &411>) ‖Lfcbgibg Ji~ejifkk` Lkbpevp| ib pfe \pu`y Jklcpikb|’*ib H" Ncttibgpkb* Q" @e|fibgoct* L" Hkfb|kb cb` @" \pctp &411>)Qkjily Wib`kw| cb` Ji~ejifkk`| Nupute| " Bew @ejfi8 Kvnkt` Ubi~et|ipy Qte||"

@e~* \"M" &4114) ‖Fumcb @e~ejkqmebp ib Cb`ftc Qtcè|f’* ib Y"^" Oti|fbc Tck cb` \" \udtcfmcbycm&e`|) @e~ejkqmebp kn Cb`ftc Qtcè|f* 395>-41138 C \pu`y kn Tegikbcj @i|qctipie| " Fyètcdc`8BTT Te|ectlf Lebpte"

@e~* \"M" cb` Q" Tck &4114)Qk~etpy Cjje~icpikb Qtkgtcmme| ib Cb`ftc Qtcè|f8 Cb C||e||mebp "Fyètcdc`8 Lebpte nkt Elkbkmil cb` \klicj \puìe|"

@udey* C"* T" Qcjmet-Hkbe| cb` O" \eb &411>) ‖\utqju| Jcdkut* \klicj \ptulpute cb` Tutcj pk UtdcbMigtcpikb8 E~ièble ntkm Ibìcb @cpc’" Eutkqecb Hkutbcj kn @e~ejkqmebp Te|ectlf 36&3)8 6>-310"

Gcifc* T" &3969) ‖Cte pfe Lftkbilcjjy Qkkt Cj|k pfe Qkkte|p ib Ibìc;’ @e~ejkqmebp cb` Lfcbge 41&4)8465-<44"

Gcifc* T" cb` O" Imci &411<)ûjbetcdijipy* \fklo| cb` Qet|i|peble kn Qk~etpy E|pimcpe| nkt \emi-cti` Tutcj \kupf Ibìc " @ejfi cb` Kvnkt`8 Ubi~et|ipy kn @ejfi cb` Ubi~et|ipy kn Kvnkt`"

Gfcpe* Q" &4115) ‖\et~ibg Migtcbp| \u|pcibcdjy8 Temippcble \et~ile| Qtk~iè` dy cb MNI ib Guhctcp’"Elkbkmil cb` Qkjipilcj Weeojy 4< Cqtij8 3701-370>"

Gk~etbmebp kn Cb`ftc Qtcè|f &4110) Elkbkmil \ut~ey 411<-10 " Fyètcdc`8 Qjcbbibg @eqctpmebp"

Gk~etbmebp kn Mc`fyc Qtcè|f &4114) Mc`fyc Qtcè|f Fumcb @e~ejkqmebp Teqktp " Dfkqcj8@itelpktcpe kn Ib|pipupikbcj Nibcble"



<1

Fujme* @"* O" Mkkte cb` C" \feqfet` &4113) Lftkbil Qk~etpy8 Mecbibg| cb` Cbcjypilcj Ntcmewkto| "Wktoibg Qcqet 4" Mcblfe|pet8 LQTL"

I|jcm* B" &3997)Pfe Bkbnctm \elpkt Cb` Tutcj @e~ejkqmebp8 Te~iew kn I||ue| cb` E~ièble " Dtien 07"Wc|fibgpkb* @L8 INQTI"

Hcgkti &4113)Migtcpikb* Ptcnniloibg cb` \ipe| kn Wkto8 ûjbetcdijipie| cb` Tigfp|" Bew @ejfi8 Hcgkti" Hcib* \"O" &411>) ‖Qk~etpy* Migtcpikb . Bcpikbcj Tutcj Emqjkymebp Guctcbpee \lfeme* C lc|e |pu`y kb

\cfctiyc Qtimipi~e ptidcj gtkuq ib Mc`fyc Qtcè|f’" îoc| \cm~c`* Dfkqcj* Tigfp pk Nkk`Lcmqcigb* Mc`fyc Qtcè|f \uqqktp Gtkuq* Dfkqcj Ntee`km ntkm Fubget cb` Nect ibipicpi~e*\fi~quti* www"tigfppknkkìbìc"ktg+`cpc+qk~etpy[migtcpikb[bteg|lfeme|ohcib4116"q`n

Ocpiyct* \" &411>)Wcge| kn C`kje|leble8 Cbbucj Evkù| kn Ptidcj C`kje|lebp| ntkm \kupf Tchc|pfcb pk DP Lkppkb \ee` Qjkp| kn Bktpf Guhctcp " U`ciqut8 \u`tco"

Ofcbèjwcj T" cb` \" Ocpiyct &411<) Cchee~ioc Dutecu8 Cb Ibipicpi~e pk Uqgtcè Jcdkut cb` Migtcpikb Kqqktpubipie| nkt pfe Tutcj Qkkt ib \kupf Tchc|pfcb " U`ciqut8 Cchee~ioc Dutecu"

Ofcbèjwcj* \" &4114) ‖\pu`y kb Pemqktcty Migtcpikb ib Gfcppu Mcb`cj’" Teqktp nkt pfe Gk~etbmebp kn Cb`ftc Qtcè|f dy pfe \kliepy nkt pfe Ejimibcpikb kn Tutcj Qk~etpy"

Okpfcti* U" &4114)Migtcpikb cb` Lftkbil Qk~etpy " Wktoibg Qcqet 3>" Mcblfe|pet8 LQTL"Okxej* ^" cb`1 D" Qctoet &4113)Qk~etpy ib Tutcj Ibìc8 Pfe Lkbptidupikb kn Sucjipcpi~e Te|ectlf ib

Qk~etpy " Wc|fibgpkb* @L8 Wktj` Dcbo"Oumct* C" &411<)Qk~etpy Ib Ibìc8 Depweeb Qkjipil| kn Qk~etpy cb` Qk~etpy kn Qkjipil|"Wktoibg Qcqet <"

Mcblfe|pet cb` Bew @ejfi8 LQTL cb` IIQC"Oubù* C" &4117) ‖Migtcpikb cb` Utdcbi|cpikb ib Ibìc ib pfe Lkbpevp kn Qk~etpy Cjje~icpikb’" Qcqet

qte|ebpe` cp ibpetbcpikbcj lkbneteble cb` wkto|fkq kb Qkjily Qet|qelpi~e| kb Gtkwpf*Elkbkmil \ptulpute| cb` Qk~etpy Teùlpikb* Deihibg* Lfibc* <-9 Hube"

Jcbhkuw* Q" &3999)Qkjily Kqpikb| nkt Emqjkymebp ib pfe Tutcj Bkb-nctm \elpkt " Tutcj @e~ejkqmebpBkpe 0" Wc|fibgpkb* @L8 Wktj` Dcbo"

Jcbhkuw* Q" cb` B" \petb &3993) ‖Qk~etpy ib Qcjcbqut’" Wktj` Dcbo Elkbkmil Te~iew 5&3)8 41->1"Jjewejyb* \" &4115) ‖Gjkdcjixcpikb cb` Jcdkut Migtcpikb ib Depuj ì|ptilp* Mc`fyc Qtcè|f8 C Lc|e

\pu`y’" Ib`k-Lcbcìcb \fc|pti Cqqjie` Te|ectlf Qtkhelp &\FCTQ)" Bew @ejfi8 Hcwcfctjcj BeftuUbi~et|ipy"

Jiqpkb* M" &3961) ‖Migtcpikb ntkm Tutcj Ctec| kn Qkkt Lkubptie|8 Pfe Imqclp kb Tutcj Qtkùlpi~ipy cbÌblkme @i|ptidupikb’" Wktj` @e~ejkqmebp 6&447)8 3-40"

Mcfcqcptc* M"O" &3996) ‖Jcdkut Migtcpikb ntkm c dclowct` tegikb kn Kti||c’* Pfe Ibìcb Hkutbcj kn Jcdkut Elkbkmil| * 03 &0)8 7<7-700"

Mlocy* C" cb` D" Dcujlf &4110) Fkw Mcby Lftkbilcjjy Qkkt Qekqje Cte Pfete ib pfe Wktj` ; \kme Qtejimibcty E|pimcpe| " Wktoibg Qcqet 05" Mcblfe|pet8 LQTL"

Mk||e* @"* \" Guqpc* M" Mefpc* ^" \fcf cb` H" Tee| &3997) \ec|kbcj Jcdkut Migtcpikb ib Ptidcj &Dfij) We|petb Ibìc " OTIDQ Wktoibg Qcqet" \wcb|ec8 L@\* Ubi~et|ipy kn Wcje|"

Muofethee* B" &4110) ‖Migtcbp Wkmeb ntkm We|p Debgcj “ Ji~ejifkk`|* ûjbetcdijipy* Ijj-Deibg cb` WejjDeibg8 \kme Qet|qelpi~e| ntkm pfe Niej`’" Bew @ejfi8 @e~ejkqmebp Ptclo| ib Te|ectlf* Ptcibibg . Lkb|ujpcbly"

Mutpfy* T"^" &3993) ‖\ec|kbcj Jcdkut Migtcpikb ib \emi-cti` Ctec|8 c Lc|e \pu`y kn Qcjcmutu Jcdkut’"MC ì||etpcpikb* @eqctpmebp kn Elkbkmil|* Ubi~et|ipy kn Fyètcdc`"Mutpfy* L"\"* \"B" Te``y* \" \udtcfmcbycm* ^" \ctc~cbcb cb` O"\" Dcdu &4110) ‖\u|pcibcdje Ptidcj

@e~ejkqmebp Qtkhelp kn Lcte î|fcofcqcpbcm8 Dc|ejibe \ut~ey’" Fyètcdc`8 Lebpte nkt Elkbkmil cb` \klicj \puìe|"

Bctcib* U"* \" Guqpc cb` O" ~cb ’p" êj` &4115)Qk~etpy cb` pfe Eb~itkbmebp8 Evqjktibg pfe Tejcpikb|fiq depweeb Fku|efkj` Iblkme|* Qti~cpe C||ep|* cb` Bcputcj C||ep| " Wktoibg Qcqet 3<0" Bew@ejfi8 Lebpte nkt @e~ejkqmebp Elkbkmil|* @eqctpmebp kn Elkbkmil|* @ejfi \lfkkj kn Elkbkmil|"

Bcpikbcj Lkublij nkt Cqqjie` Elkbkmil Te|ectlf &396>) Lfcbge| ib Fku|efkj` Iblkme* Ibpetljc|| Mkdijipy cb` Iblkme @i|ptidupikb ib Tutcj Ibìc8 C Jkbgipuìbcj \pu`y* 3971-73 pk 3963-64 " Bew@ejfi8 BLCET"

Kj|eb* W" cb` T"^" Tcmcbcmutpfy &4111) ‖Lkbptclp Jcdkut cb` Dkb`cge ib Cb`ftc Qtcè|f &Ibìc)’" Hkutbcj kn \klicj cb` Qkjipilcj Pfkugfp 3&4)" www"yktou"lc+h|qkp"

http://www.yorku.ca/jspot






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Qtc|c` Q" cb` Q"^" Tck &399>) ‖Qcppetb| kn Migtcpikb ntkm c @tkugfp-qtkbe Ctec ib Cb`ftc Qtcè|f8 CLc|e \pu`y’" Hkutbcj kn Fumcb Elkjkgy 7&4)8 3-6"

Tc`fcoti|fbc* T"* O" Fcbumcbpfc Tck* L" Tc~i cb` D" \cmdi Te``y &4117) E|pimcpikb cb` @epetmibcpikb kn Lftkbil Qk~etpy ib Ibìc8 Cb Cjpetbcpi~e Cqqtkclf " Wktoibg Qcqet 91" Mumdcicb` Mcblfe|pet8 IGI@T cb` LQTL"

Tck* G"D" &4113)Fku|efkj` Lkqibg+\ut~i~cj \ptcpegie| ib @tkugfp-qtkbe Tegikb|8 C Lc|e \pu`y kn Cbcbpcqut @i|ptilp* Cb`ftc Qtcè|f* Ibìc " Bew @ejfi8 \kliepy nkt Qtkmkpikb kn Wc|pejcb`|@e~ejkqmebp"

Tck* J"\" &4110) Tutcj Jcdkut Migtcpikb ib Cb`ftc Qtcè|f* Ibìc8 Pkwct`| C``te||ibg Bew Qkjily \qcle| " Fyètcdc`8 Nkub`cpikb nkt Tutcj cb` \klicj @e~ejkqmebp"

Tck* U" &3990)Qcjcmkkt Jcdkut8 C \pu`y kn Migtcbp Jcdkut ib Mcfcdudbcgct @i|ptilp " Fyètcdc`8 L"@"@e|fmuof Imqclp Lebpte* Lkublij nkt \klicj @e~ejkqmebp"

Te``y* @"B" &3991) ‖Tutcj Migtcbp Jcdkut ib Cb`ftc Qtcè|f’" Teqktp |udmippe` pk pfe BcpikbcjLkmmi||ikb kb Tutcj Jcdkut* Gk~etbmebp kn Ibìc"

Tkgcjy D" cb` @" Lkqqct` &411<) ‖Pfey U|e` pk Gk pk Ecp* Bkw Pfey Gk pk Ectb8 Pfe Lfcbgibg Mecbibg|kn \ec|kbcj Migtcpikb ntkm Qutujiyc @i|ptilp ib We|p Debgcj’" Hkutbcj kn Cgtcticb Lfcbge <&<)8<95-0<<"

Tkgcjy* D"* @" Lkqqct`* C" Tcpisue* O" Tcbc* C" \ebguqpc cb` H" Di|wc| &4114) ‖\ec|kbcj Migtcpikb cb`Wejncte+Ijjncte ib Ec|petb Ibìc8 C \klicj Cbcjy|i|’" Hkutbcj kn @e~ejkqmebp \puìe| <6&5)8 69-330"

\cmcj L"O" &411>) ‖Temippcble| cb` \u|pcibcdje Ji~ejifkk`| ib \emi-cti` Ctec|’" C|ic-Qclinil @e~ejkqmebp Hkutbcj 3<&4)8 7<-94"

\eb* D cb` @" Fujme &4114) ‖Qtkgtcmme nkt Te|ectlf kb Lftkbil Qk~etpy ib Dcbgjcè|f8 C Qtkqk|cjCqtij 4114-Cqtij 411>’" Mcblfe|pet8 LQTL"

\fcf C" &4117) ‖Qk~etpy ib Temkpe Tutcj Ctec| ib Ibìc8 Qcppetb* Qtkle||e| kn Teqtkùlpikb* cb` QkjilyImqetcpi~e|’" Qcqet qte|ebpe` cp K@I cb` LQTL ibpetbcpikbcj wkto|fkq kb Ubèt|pcbìbg cb`C``te||ibg \qcpicj Qk~etpy Ptcq|* \qiet E|pcpe* \pejjebdk|lf* \kupf Cntilc* 49 Mctlf"

\fcf C" cb` @"L" \cf &4110) ‖Qk~etpy cmkbg Ptidcj| ib \kupf We|p Mc`fyc Qtcè|f8 Fc| Cbypfibg Lfcbge` K~et Pime;’ Hkutbcj kn Fumcb @e~ejkqmebp 5&4)8 409-4><"

\ibgf* M" cb` C"O" Octcb &4113) Tutcj Jcdkut Migtcpikb ntkm Difct " Bew @ejfi8 Ib|pipupe nkt Fumcb@e~ejkqmebp"

\tibi~c|uju* O" &4114) Lc|pe* Ljc|| cb` \klicj Ctpilujcpikb ib Cb`ftc Qtcè|f8 Mcqqibg @innetebpicj Tegikbcj Ptchelpktie| " Wktoibg Qcqet 379" Jkb`kb8 K@I"

\ti~c|pc~c* T" &4115)Dkbè` Jcdkut ib Ibìc8 Ip| Iblièble cb` Qcppetb " Gebe~c8 IJK"\udtcfmcbycm* \" &4114) ‖Tegikbcj @i|qctipie| ib Cb`ftc Qtcè|f cp pfe Mijjebbium’* ib Y"^" Oti|fbc

Tck cb` \" \udtcfmcbycm &e`|) @e~ejkqmebp kn Cb`ftc Qtcè|f* 395>-41138 C \pu`y kn Tegikbcj @i|qctipie| " Fyètcdc`8 BTT Te|ectlf Lebpte"

\ub`cti* \" &4115) ‖Migtcpikb c| c Ji~ejifkk` \ptcpegy8 C Gebèt Qet|qelpi~e’" Elkbkmil cb` Qkjipilcj Weeojy 46 Mcy-0 Hube8 4495-4<1<"

Pfktcp* \"* cb` M" Mcfcmcjjio &4115) ‖Qet|i|pebp Qk~etpy8 Wfy @k \lfeùje` Lc|pe| cb` \lfeùje`

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www"ibìcbep"bj+Guh-Octb[lkppkb|ee`"`kl " îtgk* O"T"* Y" Yc`c~* Ocbugk cb` T" Dkb` &411<) ‖Cgtilujpute kt Ji~ejifkk`|; Evqetieble| kn

Qtclpipikbet| cb` Debenilictie| kn pfe @NI@-nubè` We|petb Ibìc Tcibne` Nctmibg Qtkhelp’"Qcqet qte|ebpe` cp pfe Ptkqilcj Cgtilujpute C||klicpikb \emibct* Ubi~et|ipy kn Dcpf* UO* < Hujy"

Wcb`|lfbeièt* P" cb` Q" Mi|ftc &411<) ‖Pfe Tkje kn \mcjj Tutcj Pkwb| ib Dkjcbgit @i|ptilp* Ibìc8 Cîjjcge-je~ej Qet|qelpi~e’" Teqktp 4751* @NI@“Wktj` Dcbo Lkjjcdktcpi~e Te|ectlf Qtkhelp kb pfeTutcj Bkb-nctm Elkbkmy cb` Ji~ejifkk` Ebfcblemebp" Lfcpfcm8 BTI"

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Pej8 /00 &1)41 7944 1<11Ncv8 /00 &1)41 7944 1<99

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Migration, Remote Rural Areas and Chronic Poverty in India- Deshingkar (Chronic Poverty Research Centre)