MIGRATIONMIGRATION WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT? GEOGRAPHICGEOGRAPHIC MOVEMENTMOVEMENT CHANGES PEOPLE, PLACESCHANGES PEOPLE, PLACES DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION SPATIAL INTERACTIONSSPATIAL INTERACTIONS CONNECTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONSCONNECTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS MOBILITY, FROM LOCAL TO GLOBAL, FROM DAILY MOBILITY, FROM LOCAL TO GLOBAL, FROM DAILY

TO ONCE IN A LIFETIMETO ONCE IN A LIFETIME WE ALL LEAVE HOME!WE ALL LEAVE HOME!

Human migrationHuman migration is physical movement is physical movement by humans from one area to another, by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large sometimes over long distances or in large groups. The movement of populations in groups. The movement of populations in modern times has continued under the modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond, and one's region, country, or beyond, and involuntary migrationinvoluntary migration (which includes the (which includes the slave trade, and ethnic cleansing). slave trade, and ethnic cleansing).

TYPES OF MOVEMENTTYPES OF MOVEMENT CYCLIC, SHORTER PERIODS AWAY FROM HOME; CYCLIC, SHORTER PERIODS AWAY FROM HOME; *ACTIVITY SPACES*ACTIVITY SPACES *COMMUTING*COMMUTING *SEASONAL*SEASONAL *NOMADISM*NOMADISM PERIODIC, LONGER PERIODSPERIODIC, LONGER PERIODS *MIGRANT LABOR*MIGRANT LABOR *TRANSHUMANCE-PASTORAL FARMING*TRANSHUMANCE-PASTORAL FARMING *COLLEGE*COLLEGE *MILITARY SERVICE*MILITARY SERVICE MIGRATION, PERMANENCEMIGRATION, PERMANENCE *RELOCATION ACROSS DISTANCE*RELOCATION ACROSS DISTANCE *INTERNATIONAL (TRANSNATIONAL, ACROSS BORDERS) *INTERNATIONAL (TRANSNATIONAL, ACROSS BORDERS) *EMIGRANT (ONE WHO MIGRATES OUT) TO IMMIGRANT (ONE *EMIGRANT (ONE WHO MIGRATES OUT) TO IMMIGRANT (ONE MIGRATES IN)MIGRATES IN) *EMIGRATION SUBTRACTS FROM TOTAL POP. WHILE IMMIGRATION*EMIGRATION SUBTRACTS FROM TOTAL POP. WHILE IMMIGRATION ADDS TO TOTAL POP.ADDS TO TOTAL POP. *INTERNAL MIGRATION*INTERNAL MIGRATION

THINKING ACTIVITYTHINKING ACTIVITY

CHOOSE A TYPE OF CYCLIC OR CHOOSE A TYPE OF CYCLIC OR PERIODIC MOVEMENT. THEN PERIODIC MOVEMENT. THEN THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF THE KIND OF MOVEMENT. OF THE KIND OF MOVEMENT. DETERMINE HOW THIS DETERMINE HOW THIS MOVEMENT CHANGES BOTH THE MOVEMENT CHANGES BOTH THE HOME AND THE DESTINATION. HOME AND THE DESTINATION. HOW DO THESE PLACES CHANGE HOW DO THESE PLACES CHANGE AS A RESULT OF THIS CYCLIC OR AS A RESULT OF THIS CYCLIC OR PERIOD MOVEMENT?PERIOD MOVEMENT?

WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

FORCED MIGRATION - IMPOSTION OF POWER FOR FORCED MIGRATION - IMPOSTION OF POWER FOR MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

*EX., ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE*EX., ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

BRITISH CONVICTS TO AUSTRALIA, USA AND NATIVE BRITISH CONVICTS TO AUSTRALIA, USA AND NATIVE AMERICAN REMOVALS, USSR PURGESAMERICAN REMOVALS, USSR PURGES

VOLUNTARY MIGRATION – MOVEMENT AFTER VOLUNTARY MIGRATION – MOVEMENT AFTER OPTIONS/CHOICESOPTIONS/CHOICES

*EX., EUROPEAN MIGRATION *EX., EUROPEAN MIGRATION

TO USA, 19TO USA, 19THTH AND 20 AND 20THTH CEN., CEN.,

EXCEPT IRISHEXCEPT IRISH

THE DECISION TO MIGRATE HAPPENS THE DECISION TO MIGRATE HAPPENS WITHIN A HOUSEHOLD, PLACE, WITHIN A HOUSEHOLD, PLACE, NATION, REGION, AND WORLD, EACH NATION, REGION, AND WORLD, EACH WITH ITS DYNAMICS.WITH ITS DYNAMICS.

WHY? REASONSWHY? REASONS RAVENSTEIN, UK DEMOGRAPHER AND LAWS OF RAVENSTEIN, UK DEMOGRAPHER AND LAWS OF

MIGRATIONMIGRATION 1.EVERY MIGRATION FLOW GENERATES A 1.EVERY MIGRATION FLOW GENERATES A

RETURN OR COUNTER-MIGRATIONRETURN OR COUNTER-MIGRATION 2.MAJORITY OF MIGRANTS MOVE A SHORT 2.MAJORITY OF MIGRANTS MOVE A SHORT

DISTANCE.DISTANCE. 3.MIGRANTS WHO MOVE LONG DISTANCES TEND 3.MIGRANTS WHO MOVE LONG DISTANCES TEND

TO MOVE TO URBAN AREAS.TO MOVE TO URBAN AREAS. 4.URBAN RESIDENTS ARE LESS MIGRATORY THAN 4.URBAN RESIDENTS ARE LESS MIGRATORY THAN

RURAL RESIDENTS.RURAL RESIDENTS. 5.FAMILIES ARE LESS LIKELY TO MAKE 5.FAMILIES ARE LESS LIKELY TO MAKE

INTERNATIONAL MOVES THAN YOUNG ADULTS.INTERNATIONAL MOVES THAN YOUNG ADULTS.

PUSH AND PULL FACTORSPUSH AND PULL FACTORS RAVENSTEIN’S GRAVITY MODEL, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLACES BASED RAVENSTEIN’S GRAVITY MODEL, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLACES BASED

ON POP. SIZE AND DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM.ON POP. SIZE AND DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM. THE NUMBER OF MIGRANTS TO A PLACE DECLINES AS DISTANCE OF THE NUMBER OF MIGRANTS TO A PLACE DECLINES AS DISTANCE OF

TRAVEL INCREASES.TRAVEL INCREASES.

PUSH-CONDITIONS WHICH FORCE MIGRANT TO LEAVEPUSH-CONDITIONS WHICH FORCE MIGRANT TO LEAVE PULL-CONDITIONS WHICH ATTRACT MIGRANT TO GO ELSEWHEREPULL-CONDITIONS WHICH ATTRACT MIGRANT TO GO ELSEWHERE RELATED TO PULL IS DISTANCE DECAY, WHICH IS RELATED TO DISTANCE, RELATED TO PULL IS DISTANCE DECAY, WHICH IS RELATED TO DISTANCE,

THE GREATER THE DISTANCE, THE LESS INTERACTION.THE GREATER THE DISTANCE, THE LESS INTERACTION. ANOTHER FACTOR, INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY, STATES NEARER ANOTHER FACTOR, INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY, STATES NEARER

OPPORTUNITY DIMINISHES FARTHER AWAY SITES.OPPORTUNITY DIMINISHES FARTHER AWAY SITES. STEP MIGRATION, STAGES OF MIGRATIONSTEP MIGRATION, STAGES OF MIGRATION CHAIN MIGRATION, PREPARATION FOR FAMILY MIGRATION RESULTING IN CHAIN MIGRATION, PREPARATION FOR FAMILY MIGRATION RESULTING IN

POSSIBLE IMMIGRATION WAVESPOSSIBLE IMMIGRATION WAVES EX., GREAT MIGRATION, USA, EARLY 1900SEX., GREAT MIGRATION, USA, EARLY 1900S

TYPES OF PUSH AND PULLTYPES OF PUSH AND PULL 1.LEGAL STATUS1.LEGAL STATUS DEPORTATIONDEPORTATION2.ECO. CONDITIONS2.ECO. CONDITIONS3.POWER RELATIONSHIPS3.POWER RELATIONSHIPS GENDER, ETHNICITY, MONEY FACTORSGENDER, ETHNICITY, MONEY FACTORS4.POLITICS4.POLITICS5.CONFLICT AND CIVIL WAR5.CONFLICT AND CIVIL WAR6.ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS6.ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS7.CULTURE AND TRADITIONS7.CULTURE AND TRADITIONS8.TECHNOLOGY8.TECHNOLOGY

WHERE DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?WHERE DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

WHAT ARE MIGRANTS’ WHAT ARE MIGRANTS’ DESTINATIONS?DESTINATIONS?

MIGRATION FLOWSMIGRATION FLOWS 1.GLOBAL1.GLOBAL 2.REGIONAL2.REGIONAL 3.NATIONAL3.NATIONAL

Net migration rate showing positive, Net migration rate showing positive, negative and 0 (=N/A), based on CIA negative and 0 (=N/A), based on CIA factbook data, accessed April 2006 factbook data, accessed April 2006

GLOBAL, AFTER 1500GLOBAL, AFTER 1500

EURO COLONIZATIONEURO COLONIZATION FLOWSFLOWS 1.FROM EUR TO N. AM.1.FROM EUR TO N. AM. 2.FROM S. EUR TO MID. AND S. AM.2.FROM S. EUR TO MID. AND S. AM. 3.FROM GB AND IRE TO AF AND AUS3.FROM GB AND IRE TO AF AND AUS 4.FROM AF TO NEW WORLD, 4.FROM AF TO NEW WORLD, SLAVERYSLAVERY 5.FROM INDIA TO E. AF , SE ASIA, WEST 5.FROM INDIA TO E. AF , SE ASIA, WEST

INDIESINDIES

REGIONALREGIONAL NATION TO NATIONNATION TO NATION WHY? WHY? 1.ECO1.ECO ISLANDS OF DEVELOPMENTISLANDS OF DEVELOPMENT (ECO. ACT, JOBS, INFRASTRUCTURE)(ECO. ACT, JOBS, INFRASTRUCTURE) EX., EUR COL IN AFRICAN COASTAL CITIES, EX., EUR COL IN AFRICAN COASTAL CITIES,

AND CHINESE TO SE ASIA AND CHINESE TO SE ASIA 2.CUL. CONNECTIVITY2.CUL. CONNECTIVITY JEWS IN THE MID. EAST, ISRAELJEWS IN THE MID. EAST, ISRAEL 3.FLEE CONFLICT3.FLEE CONFLICT GERMAN MIGRATION AFTER WW IIGERMAN MIGRATION AFTER WW II

NATIONALNATIONAL

INTERNAL MIGRATIONINTERNAL MIGRATION EX., USA, POP MOVEMENT W. AND S.; EX., USA, POP MOVEMENT W. AND S.;

BLACK MIGRATION FROM S TO N BLACK MIGRATION FROM S TO N THEN BACK STHEN BACK S

RUSSIA, W. TO E.RUSSIA, W. TO E.

REFUGEESREFUGEES 1951, REFUGEE CONVENTION1951, REFUGEE CONVENTION ““A PERSON WHO HAS A WELLFOUNDED A PERSON WHO HAS A WELLFOUNDED

FEAR OF BEING PERSECUTED FOR FEAR OF BEING PERSECUTED FOR REASONS OF RACE, RELIGION, REASONS OF RACE, RELIGION, NATIONALITY, MEMBERSHIP OF A NATIONALITY, MEMBERSHIP OF A PARICULAR SOCIAL GROUP, OR POLITICAL PARICULAR SOCIAL GROUP, OR POLITICAL OPINION”OPINION”

ASYLUM, RIGHT TO PROTECTION IN FIRST ASYLUM, RIGHT TO PROTECTION IN FIRST NATIONNATION

REPATRIATION, RETURN TO HOMELANDREPATRIATION, RETURN TO HOMELAND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS, IDPsINTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS, IDPs

LARGEST SPATIAL AREAS OF LARGEST SPATIAL AREAS OF REFUGEESREFUGEES

1.SUBSAHARAN AFRICA1.SUBSAHARAN AFRICA 2.SW ASIA AND N. AF2.SW ASIA AND N. AF

1.SUBSAHARAN AFRICA1.SUBSAHARAN AFRICA

EX. SUDAN, DARFUR REGION, NWEX. SUDAN, DARFUR REGION, NW THE ARAB, ISLAMIC GOVT IN THE N. BEGAN A THE ARAB, ISLAMIC GOVT IN THE N. BEGAN A

CAMPAIGN OF GENOCIDE AGAINST NON ARAB, CAMPAIGN OF GENOCIDE AGAINST NON ARAB, DARK-SKINNED AFRICANS IN THE S., ALSO DARK-SKINNED AFRICANS IN THE S., ALSO FUNDING THE REBEL MILITIA GROUP, THE FUNDING THE REBEL MILITIA GROUP, THE JAJAWEED.JAJAWEED.

POSSIBLY 500,000 DEATHS, 2.5 MIL DISPLACEDPOSSIBLY 500,000 DEATHS, 2.5 MIL DISPLACED ABOVE HELPS UNDERSTAND COMPLEX POL. ABOVE HELPS UNDERSTAND COMPLEX POL.

CONFLICT AND MIGRATION FLOWS IN CONFLICT AND MIGRATION FLOWS IN SUBSAHARAN AF.SUBSAHARAN AF.

2.NORTH AFRICA AND 2.NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIASOUTHWEST ASIA

REGION OF LONGEST-LASTING REGION OF LONGEST-LASTING REFUGEE PROBLEMSREFUGEE PROBLEMS

EX…EX… ISRAEL…DISPLACED ?ISRAEL…DISPLACED ? IRAQ…DISPLACED ?IRAQ…DISPLACED ? JORDAN AND SYRIA… DISPLACED ?JORDAN AND SYRIA… DISPLACED ? IRAN AND PAKISTAN…DISPLACED ?IRAN AND PAKISTAN…DISPLACED ?