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Military Component Planning Process (MCPP)
ADF UNSOC 15
SO STM Module 6
Military Component Planning Process (MCPP)
The aim of this module is to provide Military Staff Officers with the fundamental skill of the UN Military Component Planning Process, its requirements and procedures in a United Nations Peacekeeping operation.
As a UN Staff Officer…Why should I know this?
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Learning Outcome
• Identify the phases of the Military Component Planning Process.
• Describe the basic tenets of Mission Command. • Understand the Staff officers’ contribution to
UNPKO Military Component Planning Process.• Understand the UN military component authority,
command and control structure and relations.• Understand the how Operational Area is generally
organised for effective mandate implementation.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Structure of the Presentation
• Conceptual Background.– Risk management.– UN Authority, Command, and Control.
• The planning process.– Analysis of the Operational environment.– Step 1. Guidance.– Step 2. Mission Analysis.– Step 3. Courses of Action Development.– Step 4. Course of Action Analysis and
Selection.– Step 5. Develop Concept of Operations and
Plan.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Conceptual Background
• UN Authority, Command, and Control.
• UN Operational Area Organisation.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Principles of Planning
• Methodical Process leading to Optimal Solutions.
• Should be:– Comprehensive.– Efficient.– Inclusive.– Informative.– Integrated (with long term goals).– Logical.– Transparent.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Themes of Planning
• Determine the nature of the problem and what is to be achieved.
• Gather information.• Generate options to achieve those goals.• Decide on the way ahead and then execute it.
Who, What, Where, When, How, Why?
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Tenets of Mission Command
• Decentralised Command.• Commander’s Intent.• Initiative.• Responsibility.• Trust and Mutual Understanding.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Visualisation of the Operational Area
• Decisive Operations.
• Shaping Operations.
• Sustainment Operations.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Risk Management
The identification and assessment of potential risks in a given Course of Action with the view to minimising, monitoring, and controlling its probability and possibly exploiting its inherent opportunities.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Threats
A condition, event, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesirable situation.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Risk
The combination of the impact and likelihood for harm, loss or damage to the Operation from the exposure to threats.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Risk Management Principles
• Transference (to another party).• Avoidance.• Reduction.• Acceptance.• Exploitation.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Risk Management Process
• Identify Threats.• Assess Threats.• Develop Control Measures.• Disseminate Controls Measures.• Monitor.• Evaluate.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Likelihood/Probability that an Event will occur
• Very Likely– Occurs often, continuously experienced.
• Likely – Occurs several times.
• Moderately Likely– Occurs sporadically.
• Unlikely – Unlikely, but could occur at some time.
• Very Unlikely – Can assume it will not occur.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Status of UNDPKO Authority, Command and Control Relations
The authority, command and control arrangements within military components of United Nations peacekeeping operations as well as their relationship with other uniformed and civilian components is an important tool for effective integration of the mission effort in multidimensional peacekeeping operations.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Status of UNDPKO Command and Control
• United Nations Operational Authority (OPA).• Tasking Authority (TA).• Command (COMD).• United Nations Operational Control (OPCON).
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Status of UNDPKO Command and Control
• United Nations Tactical Command (TACOM).• United Nations Tactical Control (TACON).• Administrative Control (ADCON).
UNSOC STM - Module 6
THE PLANNING PROCESS
• Analysis of the Operational environment
• Step 1. Guidance.
• Step 2. Mission Analysis.
• Step 3. Courses of Action Development.
• Step 4. Course of Action Analysis and Selection.
• Step 5. Develop Concept of Operations and Plan.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Analysis of the Operational Environment
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Analysis of the Operational Environment
• Description of the Operational Environment.
– Describe the environment.
– Analyse the Terrain.
– Describe the effects on operations.
• Threat Evaluation.
– Conflict Parties.
– Internal Dynamics.
– External Interest.UNSOC STM - Module 6
Analysis of the Operational Environment (cont)
• Determination of Threat’s Courses of Action.
– Visualise Potential Problems Using Effects.
– Determine Conflict Parties’ Most Dangerous and Most
Likely COAs.
• Develop Information Collection Plan.
• Risk Management.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Description of the Operational Environment (Factors)
Climatic Cultural Social
Terrain Religious Political
Infrastructural Historical Economic etc
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Threat Evaluation
• Composition and organisation.
• Leadership and chain of command.
• Tactical doctrine.
• Weapons and equipment.
• Sustainment systems.
• Sources of motivation.
• External and internal support.
• Military and political objective, etc.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Threat Evaluation (Cont…)
• External Interest.
– Regional organisations.
– Neighbouring countries.
– Position of powerful countries on the conflict.
– Governmental and non-governmental organisations, etc.
• Internal Dynamics (See factors under description of
operational environment).
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Determination of Adversary’s Courses of Action
Also known as Threat’s COA, Conflict Parties’
COA or Spoilers’ COA.
– Prepare a List of Potential Problems Using Effects.
– Develop Conflict Parties Most Dangerous and Most
Likely COAs.
– Prepare Information Collection Plan.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Step 1 GUIDANCE
• Collect DPKO Guidance Materials.
• Study Initial Assessment of Operational
Environment.
• Prepare/Update Staff Estimates.
• Conduct Quick Time Estimate.
• Issue Initial Warning Order.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Collection of DPKO Guidance Materials
• UNHQ Strategic/Operational Estimates.
• Technical Assessment Report.
• Secretary General’s Report.
• Rules of Engagement.
• Integrated Strategic Framework.
• Mission Concept.
• HOMC Directive and CONOPS.
• Troop Contributing Country (TCC) Guidelines.
• Input from other Programmes and Agencies.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Initial Estimates and the MCPP Process
Sample Format for Staff Estimates
• Mission (Given by higher HQ).• Higher Commander’s Intent.• Situation.
– Characteristics of area of operation.– Conflict Parties.– UN Mission Component (Military, Police, and
Civilians).– UN Country Team .– Other NGOs and GOs.– Assumptions.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Sample Format for Staff Estimates (cont)
• Analysis.– Each COA.
– Troops to Task.• Comparison.• Conclusions.• Recommendations.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Step 2. Mission Analysis
• Mission Analysis is an important planning tool
that guides the CPP.
• It helps the command and staff elements to
refine their situational awareness and
understanding in order to have better
visualisation of the operational environment.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Security CouncilSecurity CouncilResolutionResolution
Planning
MOUMOUNegotiationNegotiation
Pre-DeploymentPre-DeploymentVisitVisit
CONOPSROEFR
Requests / Pledges
Recce
Force GenerationForce GenerationPlanningPlanning DeploymentDeployment
Report
Load Lists
ContractingContracting
Transport(COE)
Transport(Personnel)
6 months
6 months
6 months
6 months
The Force Generation The Force Generation ProcessProcessThe Force Generation The Force Generation ProcessProcess
Process Output
1. Review AOE
2. Analyse Higher HQ Msn/Intent
3. Identify Specified Implied,
and Essential Tasks
4. Determine Constraints and Restrictions
5. Conduct Operational Risk Assessment
6. Troops to Task Assessment
7. Identify and Analyse Critical Facts and
Assumptions
1. Re-stated Mission
2. Commander’s Intent
3. Commander’s Guidance
4. Warning Order No.2
5. Risk Assessment Chart
6. Updated Staff Estimate
7. Mission Analysis Brief
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Higher Command Intent
• Must understand the purpose of the operation and the key effects.
• Must understand the key tasks.• Must understand the commanders SOM and
synchronisation of effects.• Identifies your role in the comd’s plan and
where the comd ME will be.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Categorisation of Tasks
• Specified Tasks – Stated tasks in DPKO CONOPS.
• Implied Tasks – Those task that need to be performed to
accomplish a specified task, but which are not specifically ordered.
• Essential Tasks – Those specified and/or implied task(s) that
must be carried out in order to accomplish the assigned mission.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Operational Limitations
• Constraints
– ‘Must do’ actions.
• Restraints
– ‘Must not do’ actions.
• Caveats
– Restrictions attached to the deployment of troops or employment of resources.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Commander’s Critical Information Requirements
• Priority Information Requirements (PIR) – A list of information requirements which the
commander has an anticipated and stated priority.
• Essential Elements of Friendly Information (EEFI) – Those elements of friendly information which, if known
by an adversary, would compromise friendly plans or operations through indicators of dispositions, capabilities and intentions.
• Friendly Force Information Requirements (FFIR)– Prohibitions imposed by superior authority that affect
the manner in which the subordinate’s operation can be conduct.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Critical Facts
• Facts are statements of known data or actual or
existing circumstances of the operational environment
including the Conflict Parties’ and the mission
components’ strengths, dispositions, resources etc.
• Critical facts are therefore those facts that need to
be analysed because of their crucial importance in
determining the state of affairs in the mission.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Assumptions
• state essential conditions, which must exist if a specific plan is to succeed.
• take the place of facts.• must be valid and necessary. • regularly validated.
• Example:– The population generally support the implementation
of the Peace Agreement and the presence of peacekeeping troops in the area of responsibility (AOR).
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Five Elements of a Mission Statement
• Who – The Unit to execute the action.
• What – The task or tasks (Bde and above) to be performed.
• When – The action will begin.
• Where – The action will occur.
• Why – (for what purpose) each Unit will conduct its part.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Commanders Intent
Must be understood two levels down and contain:– Clear and concise statement of the
success criteria and desired end-state.
– Key tasks that become the basis for planning.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Mission Analysis Brief - Purpose
• To integrate the mission analysis.
• Seek approval of the re-stated Mission Statement.
• Obtain additional guidance from the FC.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Sample Mission Analysis Brief
Briefer SubjectChief of Staff Agenda, purpose, mission,
U2 Estimate (environmental and threat briefs)
U3 Intent, tasks, end state, suggested COAs, CCIR, facts and assumptions
U1 Personnel service support
U4 Sustainment systems
U5 Initial CIMIC estimate.
Chief of Staff Proposed restated mission
Commander Guidance
MISSION ANALYSIS WORK SHEET
Handout
UNSOC STM - Module 6
PDF Version In P:drive
DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY(may be Mission specific)
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Step3. COURSE OF ACTION DEVELOPMENT
Inputs Process Output Remarks
1. Adversary’s COAs
2. Staff Estimates
3. Restated Mission
4. Cdr's Guidance / Intent
1. Review FC’s Planning Guidance
2. Analyse Centre of Gravity
3. Generate Options
4. Develop the Scheme of Manoeuvre
1. Prepare COA Statements / Graphics
2. COA Development Brief
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Centre of Gravity
A characteristic, capability or locality from which the force derives its freedom of action, strength or will to engage in the operation.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Elements of Centre of Gravity
• Critical Capabilities.
• Critical Requirements.
• Critical Vulnerabilities.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Criteria
• Suitability– will it result in Mission accomplishment?
• Feasibility – achievable within allocated resources?
• Acceptability – accepted doctrine, risk, etc
• Exclusivity – different from other COAs?
• Completeness – answers the 5W questions?
UNSOC STM - Module 6
No dictionary has ever been able to satisfactorily define
the difference between “complete” and “finished”.
However, at a recent linguist conference in London,
attended by some of the best linguists in the world,
Prof Samsundar Balgobin, a Guyanese linguist was the
presenter when he was asked to make that very
destinction.
The question put to him by a colleague in the audience
was this: “Some say there is no difference between
‘complete’ and ‘finished’. Please explain the
difference in a way that is easy to understand?”
Prof. Balgobin’s response: “When you marry the right
woman, you are ‘complete’.
If you marry the wrong woman, you are ‘finished’
and..
and.., if the right one catches you with the wrong one, you are
‘completely finished’.
His answer received a five minute standing ovation.
Scheme of Manoeuvre
• Description of how the FC’s intent is expressed in the deployment of military assets under his command to accomplish the mission.
• Will include:– Threat intent, MLCOA, MDCOA, Strengths,
vulnerabilities– FF intent, msn, SOM, phases, ME, BOS spt,
CCIR, C2, recommendations and includes specialist representation where appropriate
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Step 4. Course of Action Analysis and Selection
Inputs Process Output Remarks
1. Adversary’s COA
2. COA sketches
3. Staff Estimates
4. List of assumptions
5. List of Critical Events
6. Risk Management Chart
7. ROE
1. Conduct COA Testing (Wargaming)
2. Conduct COA Evaluation and Comparison
1. COA Testing Results
2. Task Organization
3. CCIR confirmed
4. Control Measures
5. Decision Brief
6. Synch Matrix
7. Warning Order
COA Testing Methods
• Box Method.
• Belt Method.
• Avenue-in-depth Method.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
COA Testing Guidelines
• Remain objective and impartial.
• Continuous verification of each COA’s credibility.
• Avoiding premature conclusions.
• Each COA to be tested against each Conflict Party’s COA.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Comparison
COA Advantages Disadvantages1 Surprise
Less employment of robust capabilities
Potential loss of domestic and international support
May compromise inter – agency cooperation
2 Affords flexibility
Provides Initiative
Strengthens moral authority of UN forces
Lacks Long-term sustainability
Vulnerability of forward deployed forces
Highly dependent on Host Nation Support
3 Strong moral authority and internationalacceptance
Domestically popular
Loses military initiative
Potentially attritional
Course of Action Evaluation
Serial CRITERIA COA1 COA2
1 Consent 3 2
2 Impartiality 4 4
3 Non-Use of Force 3 2
4 Legitimacy 5 3
5 Credibility 4 3
6 ROE 4 3
7 Risk Management 3 3 2
8 Totals 20 19
UNSOC STM - Module 6
COA Decision Brief Template
Briefer SubjectChief of Staff Higher Commander’s Intent,
situation, HOMC Guidance, conclusion
JMAC - U2 AOE (Relevant aspects)
Chief of Ops / U3 Re-stated Mission and Status of own forces
Staff branches - U1, 4, 5, 6, 9 Own situation
Chief of Plans /U5 COA Comparison (Including risks and control measures)
Commander Decision
Chief of Staff Apportion tasks to staff areas; plan for the further development of the selected COA
Questions so far?
Step 4. Course of Action Analysis and Selection
Inputs Process Output Remarks
1. Adversary’s COA
2. COA sketches
3. Staff Estimates
4. List of assumptions
5. List of Critical Events
6. Risk Management Chart
7. ROE
1. Conduct COA Testing (Wargaming)
2. Conduct COA Evaluation and Comparison
1. COA Testing Results
2. Task Organization
3. CCIR confirmed
4. Control Measures
5. Decision Brief
6. Synch Matrix
7. Warning Order
COA Testing Methods
• Box Method.
• Belt Method.
• Avenue-in-depth Method.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
COA Testing Guidelines
• Remaining objective and impartial.• Continuous verification each COA’s credibility.• Avoiding premature conclusions.• Each COA to be tested against each Conflict
Party’s COA.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Comparison
COA Advantages Disadvantages
1 Surprise
Less employment of robust capabilities
Potential loss of domestic and international support
May compromise inter – agency cooperation
2 Affords flexibility
Provides Initiative
Strengthens moral authority of UN forces
Lacks Long-term sustainability
Vulnerability of forward deployed forces
Highly dependent on Host Nation Support
3 Strong moral authority and internationalacceptance
Domestically popular
Loses military initiative
Potentially attritional
Course of Action Evaluation
Serial CRITERIA COA1 COA2
1 Consent 3 2
2 Impartiality 4 4
3 Non-Use of Force 3 2
4 Legitimacy 5 3
5 Credibility 4 3
6 ROE 4 3
7 Risk Management 3 3 2
8 Totals 20 19
UNSOC STM - Module 6
COA Decision Brief Template
Briefer Subject
Chief of Staff Higher Commander’s Intent, situation, HOMC Guidance, conclusion
JMAC - J2 AOE (Relevant aspects)
Chief of Ops / J3 Re-stated Mission and Status of own forces
Staff branches - J1, 4, 5, 6, 9 Own situation
Chief of Plans /J5 COA Comparison (Including risks and control measures)
Commander Decision
Chief of Staff Apportion tasks to staff areas; plan for the further development of the selected COA
COA Selection - Synchronisation Matrix
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Step 5. DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS & PLAN
Inputs Process Output Remarks
1. Selected COA (s)
1. Develop CONOPS
2. Produce Plan
3. Develop Draft Contingency Plans
1. CONOPS
2. Plan
3. Draft Contingency Plans
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Characteristics of the Plan
• Clear.
• Concise.
• Complete.
• Authoritative.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Headings of the Plan
• BACKGROUND• CURRENT SITUATION
– Conflict Parties.– Own Forces.– Assumptions.– Limitations and Constraints.
• MISSION• EXECUTION
– Concept of Operations.– Tasks.– Coordinating Instructions.
• INTEGRATED SUPPORT SYSTEM (ISS)
Learning Assessment
1. List three of the seven Principles of Planning– Comprehensive , Efficient, Inclusive– Also: Informative; Integrated (with long-term
goals); Logical and Transparent.
2. List the five Risk Management Principles– Transference (to another party)– Avoidance, Reduction, Acceptance,
Exploitation
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Learning Assessment
3. List three of the five senior officials that hold operational level authority, and command and control responsibilities at the Mission HQ– Head of Mission (HOM)– Head of Military Component (HOMC)– Head of Police Component (HOPC)– Also: Deputy Special Representative(s) of the
Secretary-General (DSRSG); Director of Mission Support / Chief of Mission (DMSICMS)
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Learning Assessment
4. What is UN Operational Authority: • The authority transferred by the member
states to the UN to use the operational capabilities of their national military contingents, units etc to undertake mandated missions and tasks. Operational authority is vested in the Secretary-General. Field mission Operational Authority is vested in the SRSG.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Learning Assessment
5. List the five Steps in the planning process– Step 1. Guidance– Step 2. Mission Analysis– Step 3. Courses of Action Development– Step 4. Course of Action Analysis and
Selection– Step 5. Develop Concept of Operations
and Plan.
UNSOC STM - Module 6
Learning Assessment
6. List the five main steps in Analysis of the Operational Environment– Description of the Operational Environment– Threat Evaluation– Determination of the Threat’s Courses of
Action– Develop Information Collection Plan– Risk Management
UNSOC STM - Module 6
ADF Peace Operations Training Centre
UNSOC 15