Military Intervention in Politics

1

ConceptVarious form of military interventionHistoryCase Studies

2

Imposition of military rule by military authorities over designated regions on an emergency basis

Maintain law and order and security, and provide essential services extensive riots and protests, the disobedience of the law

Military replace civil authorities and perform some or all of their functions

The constitution could be suspended, and in full-scale martial law, the highest-ranking military officer would take over the govt

3

Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public. When threatened by popular protest (China,

Tiananmen Square protests of 1989) To suppress political opposition (Poland in

1981) To stabilize insurrection or perceived

insurrections (Canada, The October Crisis of 1970)

Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts and in cases of occupations, where the absence of any other civil government provides for an unstable population. World War II reconstruction in Germany and Japan

4

a government led by a committee of military leaders, Sometimes it becomes a military dictatorship, though the terms are not synonymous. Nigerian military juntas f 1966–1979 and

1983–1998Military dictatorship a government

where in the political power resides with the military

Stratocracy _Absolute rule5

In Abbasids regime military was more powerful than the Khalifa

Victorious Generals were made rulers 1206-1526

Mansab Dari System of Mughals was revenue administration combine with military rule

British ImperialismRecent History

6

Egypt In Egypt, a State of Emergency

almost continuously since 1967 The Parliament has renewed the

emergency laws every three years since they were imposed

The legislation was last extended in 2003 and was due to expire at the end of May 2006; plans were in place to replace it with new anti-terrorism laws

In May 2008 there was a further extension to June 2010

Finally Replaced by Muhammad Mursi of Al-Akhwan

7

Since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 the military conducted three coups d'état and announced martial law.

Martial law(Ahmet Kenan Evren) between 1978 and 1983 was replaced by a State of emergency that lasted until November 2002.

1960 & 1971 Coups

8

Israil 1994-96

Irland 1916

Poland 1981

Tiwan 1947-87

9

Diversion from Ideological basis on Politics

Ideological Basis of MilitaryDelay in Constitution DevelopmentSupport of BureaucracyPolitics of Reconciliation- (Principles

or Reconciliation)Public Policy and MilitaryDemand of role in govt by Military

10

Political role of Military NAB Disaster Management Weak Law Enforcement Agencies

Charges of Corruption and Shame democracy

Ineffective Article 6 Specific reasons

Delay in Election 1958 Rigging 1977 Democratic Monarchy 1999

11

Failure of Politicians in political solution of problems

Various Military Operations of 1971,1973,1993-94,2008

No alternative leadership/opposition Failure to bring in house changes Removal of Safety-Valve from Constitution 8th 13th 17th Failure of Major Political Parties No National Political Party Formation of various Political Alliance by Military Weak Political Institutions 1953 Partial Martial Law gave rationale

12

Economic development Decade of Development 1960 Stable Dollar 1980 Real estate Economy 2000

Gross Root Democracy BD System0-Controlled Democracy District Council-apolitical Democracy Local Govt-Matric Democracy

Sabotage of Constitution Ethnic Conflicts

Pakhtoon Mahajer 1958 MQM 1985

13

Weakening political institutionsWars with in and outside the bordersEffecting the balance of Power in the

RegionRole of Military in Foreign Policy_

National Interest (sic) Of ??????

14

Kashmir IssueAfghanistan PolicyNuclear ProgramWar Against TerrorismEconomic and Military AidMajor Infrastructure ProjectsRelations with India

15

16

17

Army general and the leader of South Korea (the Republic of Korea) from 1961 to 1979

He remains a controversial figure in South Korea as a dictator who seized power with a military coup and ruled the country with iron fist for 18 years

He has been credited with the industrialization of the Republic of Korea through export-led growth.

He was named one of the top 100 Asians of the Century by Time magazine (1999)

18

As Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) in Japan, helped Japan rebuild itself, institute democratic government, and chart a new course that ultimately made Japan one of the world's leading industrial power

He was effective interim leader of Japan from 1945 until 1948

In 1946, MacArthur's staff drafted a new constitution that renounced war and stripped the Emperor of his military authority

19

A French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II

He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969

20

21

22

23

Retired Air Marshal Noor Khan has asked that the army should admit that the mistakes were committed so that it becomes a moral force, and not just a mercenary army

Political Solution of Political ProblemsReinventing our foreign policyRational Role of Military in

Governance/National Security Council

24

Stable Political Governments K.B Saeed “1950-58 Pakistan had seven

PM and one C-n-C while India had one PM and various C-n-C”

Reconstructing the ideological Basis of Military In the past, military justified the rule as

a way of bringing political stability for the nation or rescuing it from the threat of "dangerous ideologies”

25

US in the aftermath of the Vietnam debacle, and produced dramatic results during the 1991 Gulf War

The Egyptian Army learned from its defeat in the Six-Day War of 1967, and improved greatly by the time of the Yom Kippur War in 1973

The top echelons of the Pakistani military need to rethink their strategy of continuing to ignore their troubled history

Those who forget the past are condemned to repeat it

26

A a form of government in which an authoritarian leader exercises political power for the benefit of the whole population rather than exclusively for his or her own self-interest or benefit or for the benefit of only a small portion of the population

A benevolent dictator may allow for some democratic decision-making to exist, such as through public referendums

27

Rapid economic growth in some authoritarian countries has led many to believe that democracy is not necessary for prosperity and economic development

Democratic governance, however, is essential for economic growth to be sustainable in the long term

Strong democratic institutions, not strong leaders, are necessary for continued growth and investment.

28

MILBUS also exists in well developed countries like the USA, UK, France, China, Israel or even Turkey. The Milbus or the PMEs (Private Military Enterprises) are generally known as the Private Military Industry. Famous US PMEs include Halliburton, Black-water worldwide, Defensecurity, Titan Corporations, Kellogg Brown & Root, Air Scan, DynCorp’s, CACI International, etc. Famous UK PMEs include Black-Op’s and Aegis Defense Services. Most of these are active beneficiaries of the Iraq War. The worldwide PME industry is now worth over $100 billion a year. Thus, this is not just a Pakistan specific industry

29