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Milk fat secretion in lactating dairy cattle is influenced by soybean fatty
acid profile and particle sizeKristina weldNovember 3, 2015Dairy showcase
Milk Fat Depression
Biohydrogenation Theory Rumen microbes form bioactive FA from unsaturated
feed FA Absorption of bioactive FA in the small intestine Bioactive FA act on genes in the mammary gland to
downregulate milk fat synthesis and uptake of FA from the blood
Biohydrogenation Pathways
Linoleic Acid Pathway
Oleic Acid Pathway
Oleic vs. Linoleic
• Oils high in linoleic acid have been shown to be more fat depressing than oils high in oleic acid (He et al., 2012) Produce more bioactive FA (trans-10, cis-12 CLA)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
2 3 4 5 6 7
Dietary FA %DM
Milk
fat y
ield
(kg
/d)
C18:1
C18:2
Linoleic vs. Oleic
LOLL
MOLL
LOML
HOLL
LOHL
MOML
No FAT
He et al., 2012
Particle Size
• Oil availability also influences biohydrogenation (Chilliard et al., 2009)
Free oil is more fat depressing than whole oilseeds Too much at once for microbes to biohydrogenate
successfully?
Particle Size
• Much of the vegetable fat in dairy diets is linoleic acid.
• If that linoleic acid is replaced with oleic acid, then milk fat will increase.
Summary
Soybean Fatty Acid Profiles
Fatty Acid Plenish Conventional16:0 6.0 10.218:0 3.3 3.618:1 80.0 27.118:2 4.2 50.318:3 1.0 5.2
Trial 1 Design• 63 cows (28 primiparous, 35 multiparous) 111 ± 20 DIM• Housed in one pen containing 32 Insentec RIC gates • Covariate period followed by 3 a week treatment period
• Treatment diets containing whole raw Plenish beans (WP) or whole raw conventional beans (WC)
Diets
DietsDiet Component WC WPAlfalfa Haylage 12.4 12.5Corn Silage 41.8 41.5Concentrate 16.8 16.8High Moisture Corn 10.0 10.1Soybean Meal 3.2 -Whole Conventional Beans 15.9 -Whole Plenish Beans - 19.1
DietsDiet Analysis WC WPaNDF 25.5 25.9CP 17.6 17.4Ether Extract 5.0 5.1Ash 5.8 5.7NFC 46.1 45.9
ProductionTreatments
Multiparous (MP)
Primiparous (PP) P-Value
Variable WC WP WC WP SE diet parity Parity*diet
MP diet
PP diet
DMI (kg/d) 26.5 26.8 22.7 23.5 0.9 0.30 0.99 0.61 0.70 0.31Milk (kg/d) 45.1 45.0 40.5 38.4 1.2 0.32 0.44 0.33 0.95 0.19Fat % 3.84 4.07 4.13 4.08 0.10 0.45 0.44 0.08 0.12 0.72Protein % 3.05 3.06 2.97 3.03 0.05 0.41 0.75 0.53 0.87 0.33Lactose % 4.97 5.01 5.10 5.17 0.06 0.32 0.19 0.84 0.55 0.43Fat (kg/d) 1.70 1.84 1.63 1.58 0.06 0.56 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.35Protein (kg/d) 1.36 1.40 1.19 1.18 0.06 0.79 0.91 0.6 0.55 0.86Lactose (kg/d) 2.25 2.26 2.08 1.99 0.07 0.48 0.27 0.4 0.94 0.3Milk (Mcal/d) 32.3 33.9 30.4 29.0 1.2 0.91 0.77 0.12 0.20 0.34
Conclusions Trial 1
• There were no production effects in primiparous cows
• Plenish beans increased milk fat relative to conventional beans in multiparous cows
Trial 2 Design
• 20 cows (10 primiparous, 10 multiparous), 88 ± 10 DIM
• 5 diets fed in Latin squares
• 2x2 factorial of bean type (Plenish or conventional) and particle size (ground or whole, all raw) plus a low fat control
Diets
DietsDiet Component LF GC GP WC WP Alfalfa Haylage 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 Corn Silage 44.7 44.6 44.7 44.5 44.7 Concentrate A 44.9 - - - - Concentrate B - 29.0 - 29.0 - Concentrate C - - 26.3 - 26.3 Ground Conventional beans - 16.0 - - - Ground Plenish beans - - 18.6 - - Whole Conventional beans - - - 16.1 - Whole Plenish beans - - - - 18.6
Diets
DietsDiet Analysis LF GC GP WC WP aNDF 25.9 25.0 25.6 24.8 25.4 CP 17.0 16.3 16.8 16.8 17.0 Ether Extract 3.2 6.4 7.1 6.7 6.9 Ash 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.1 NFC 49.3 47.9 46.1 47.1 46.2 Starch 30.4 30.0 28.8 30.0 28.9
Production Diet Least Squares Means P-Values
Variable LF GC GP WC WP SE FatPlenish
*sizeWP vs.
WCGP vs.
GCGrou
ndPlen-
ishDMI (kg/d) 26.5 26.3 26.3 26.7 26.6 0.6 0.98 1.00 0.45 0.83
Milk (kg/d) 48.0 48.8 47.2 48.5 46.8 1.0 0.80 0.87 0.58 0.01Fat % 3.25 3.09 3.50 3.40 3.53 0.16 0.17 0.10 0.28 0.01Protein % 3.18 3.09 3.18 3.08 3.13 0.04 0.06 0.35 0.24 0.01
Lactose % 4.96 5.00 5.07 5.00 5.01 0.04 0.08 0.27 0.34 0.19
Fat (kg/d) 1.54 1.49 1.64 1.64 1.63 0.08 0.18 0.06 0.96 0.01Protein (kg/d) 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.40 0.03 0.11 0.55 0.23 0.19Lactose (kg/d) 2.37 2.43 2.37 2.42 2.34 0.05 0.61 0.63 0.41 0.01
Milk (Mcal/d) 32.2 31.9 33.0 33.0 32.6 0.87 0.48 0.40 0.19 0.70
Production Diet Least Squares Means P-Values
Variable LF GC GP WC WP SE FatInteraction
WP vs. WC
GP vs. GC
Ground
Plen-ish
DMI (kg/d) 26.5 26.3 26.3 26.7 26.6 0.6 0.98 1.00 0.45 0.83
Milk (kg/d) 48.0 48.8 47.2 48.5 46.8 1.0 0.80 0.87 0.58 0.01Fat % 3.25 3.09 3.50 3.40 3.53 0.16 0.17 0.10 0.28 0.01Protein % 3.18 3.09 3.18 3.08 3.13 0.04 0.06 0.35 0.24 0.01
Lactose % 4.96 5.00 5.07 5.00 5.01 0.04 0.08 0.27 0.34 0.19
Fat (kg/d) 1.54 1.49 1.64 1.64 1.63 0.08 0.18 0.06 0.96 0.01Protein (kg/d) 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.40 0.03 0.11 0.55 0.23 0.19Lactose (kg/d) 2.37 2.43 2.37 2.42 2.34 0.05 0.61 0.63 0.41 0.01
Milk (Mcal/d) 32.2 31.9 33.0 33.0 32.6 0.87 0.48 0.40 0.19 0.70
Conventional Average: 48.7
Plenish Average: 47.0
Trial 2 Conclusion
• There is a significant interaction between the particle size of soybeans and their fatty acid profile on milk fat concentration and yield.
Multiparous and primiparous
Overall
• Plenish studies confirm that substituting oleic for linoleic acid in typical dairy feeds can have a positive effect on milk fat.
• FA profile of soybeans may be more important when soybeans are ground rather than whole.
Implications• If one is feeding/growing soybeans for dairy cattle then it
would make sense to feed/grow Plenish rather than conventional beans
• As long as…
• yield/acre (cost) is similar between Plenish and conventional
• The decrease in milk production was not due to the difference in soybean FA profile.
• High oleic corn?
Acknowledgements
• Thank you to DuPont Pioneer for the donation of the soybeans!
• Thank you to all the barn staff – especially Sandy Trower and David Rieman – for making these trials run smoothly!
Questions?
ProductionTreatments
MP PP P-Value
Variable WC WP WC WP SE diet parity Interaction
MP diet PP diet
DMI (kg/d) 26.5 26.8 22.7 23.5 0.9 0.30 0.99 0.61 0.70 0.31Milk (kg/d) 45.1 45.0 40.5 38.4 1.2 0.32 0.44 0.33 0.95 0.19Fat % 3.84 4.07 4.13 4.08 0.10 0.45 0.44 0.08 0.12 0.72Protein % 3.05 3.06 2.97 3.03 0.05 0.41 0.75 0.53 0.87 0.33Lactose % 4.97 5.01 5.10 5.17 0.06 0.32 0.19 0.84 0.55 0.43Fat (kg/d) 1.70 1.84 1.63 1.58 0.06 0.56 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.35Protein (kg/d) 1.36 1.40 1.19 1.18 0.06 0.79 0.91 0.6 0.55 0.86Lactose (kg/d) 2.25 2.26 2.08 1.99 0.07 0.48 0.27 0.4 0.94 0.3Milk (Mcal/d) 32.3 33.9 30.4 29.0 1.2 0.91 0.77 0.12 0.20 0.34
Production Diet Least Squares Means P-Values
Variable LF GC GP WC WP SE FatInteraction
WP vs. WC
GP vs. GC
Ground
Plenish
DMI (kg/d) 26.5 26.3 26.3 26.7 26.6 0.6 0.98 1.00 0.45 0.83Milk (kg/d) 48.0 48.8 47.2 48.5 46.8 1.0 0.80 0.87 0.58 0.01Fat % 3.25 3.09 3.50 3.40 3.53 0.16 0.17 0.10 0.28 0.01Protein % 3.18 3.09 3.18 3.08 3.13 0.04 0.06 0.35 0.24 0.01Lactose % 4.96 5.00 5.07 5.00 5.01 0.04 0.08 0.27 0.34 0.19Fat (kg/d) 1.54 1.49 1.64 1.64 1.63 0.08 0.18 0.06 0.96 0.01Protein (kg/d) 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.40 0.03 0.11 0.55 0.23 0.19Lactose (kg/d) 2.37 2.43 2.37 2.42 2.34 0.05 0.61 0.63 0.41 0.01Milk (Mcal/d) 32.2 31.9 33.0 33.0 32.6 0.87 0.48 0.40 0.19 0.70