Meeting the Global Challenge
The 8th Biennial SGA Meeting is held in Beijing, August 18–21,
2005
Sponsored by
Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological
Sciences
National Natural Science Foundation of China
China Society of Geology
Society for Resource Geology
Society of Economic Geologists
Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS
Institute of Geochemistry, CAS
State Key Lab for Mineral Deposit Research (Nanjing
University)
Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge Proceedings
of the Eighth Biennial SGA Meeting Beijing, China, 18–21 August
2005
Jingwen Mao Frank P. Bierlein (Eds.)
Volume 1
Editors
Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Institute of Mineral
Resources 26 Baiwanzhuang Road Beijing 100037 China
Dr. Frank P. Bierlein
University of Western Australia School of Earth and Geographical
Sciences Tectonics Special Research Centre 35 Stirling Highway
Crawley WA 6009 Australia
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005929130
ISBN-10 3-540-27945-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13
978-3-540-27945-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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In June 1965, a small group of European economic geologists
gathered in Heidelberg, Germany, at the invitation of Professor G.
C. Amstutz and decided to establish the Society for Geology Applied
to Mineral Deposits (SGA) and to start a journal to be called
Mineralium Deposita. The first issue of the journal came out in May
1966, and has now matured to a leading journal in economic geology
The first Biennial SGA Meeting was held successfully in Nancy,
France, in 1991, with subsequent meetings in Grenada (Spain; 1993),
Prague (Czech Republic; 1995), Turku (Finland; 1997), London
(United Kingdom; 1999), Krakov (Poland; 2001) and Athens (Greece;
2003). In 2002, the SGA Council decided that its 8th Biennial
Meeting in 2005 should be held in Beijing, China, making this the
first Biennial Meeting to be convened outside Eu- rope.
Significantly, 2005 also marks the 40th anniversary of the SGA. The
decision to host this year’s premier meeting in Beijing reflects
the Society’s successful transition from its traditional European
focus to a truly global organization, with 24% of SGA members
situated in North America, 13% in Australia and Oceania, and 5% in
Asia.
Over the last 27 years China has made dramatic progress towards
political and economic reform, and opening the nation to the
outside world. China’s rapid eco- nomic development demands
increasing amounts of minerals, fuels and materials, and this is
currently a major driver for the global economic markets.
Specifically, new policies that encourage prospecting and
exploration for mineral resources in western China, are attracting
both domestic and international mining corporations. This 8th SGA
Biennial Meeting in Beijing provides outstanding opportunities for
rep- resentatives from academia, government organizations and the
industry from around the world to come together and exchange ideas,
foster collaboration, and establish long-term linkages between
China and the global geosciences community.
Three major tectonic metallogenic belts extend, converge and are
superimposed in China, namely the Paleozoic Ancient Asia (or
Altaides), the Mesozoic to Recent circum-Pacific belt, and the
Mesozoic/Cenozoic Tethys. Because of this protracted tectonic
evolution, the geological phenomena are complex and diverse. Some
Pre- cambrian mineral deposits occur in China, but the most
significant deposits in the country, with the highest concentration
of metallic elements occur within the Meso- zoic extensional regime
of East China, within the Cenozoic post-collision regime in Tibet
and adjourning areas, and within the Paleozoic subduction –
collision – post- collision regime in Xinjiang and Inner
Mongolia.
The long mining history in China is reflected by the cover of this
volume which shows a picture of mining potash salt in ca. 1,200
year old incorporated in a book of “Tian-Gong-Kai-Wu” published in
Ming Dynasty (368 years old), and the old Chi- nese character of
“ore”, and the old Chinese character of “ore”. Mining has histori-
cally played a significant role in the development of both China
and many of its neighboring countries. With this in mind, we have
arranged 14 sessions focusing on a diversity of relevant topics
that include 1) tectonics, lithospheric, and mantle con- trols on
global metallogenic provinces and giant ore deposits; 2) basin
evolution: base and precious metal mineralization in sediments; 3)
uranium deposits: metallogeny and exploration; 4) magmas and
base-metal ore deposits; 5) epigenetic gold systems;
Preface
VI Preface
6) submarine ore systems and ancient analogues: global comparisons
of VMS (spon- sored by IGCP-502); 7) understanding ore systems
through precise geochemistry, isotope tracing and
microgeochemistry; 8) general economic geology; 9) Mesozoic to
recent geodynamic and metallogeny of eastern Asia; 10) metallogeny
of the Tethys- Himalayan orogen; 11) geodynamics and metallogeny of
the Altaid orogen (spon- sored by both IAGOD and IGCP-473); 12)
metallogeny of the Au-Ag-Se-Te mineral- ized systems (sponsored by
both IAGOD and IGCP-486); 13) conceptual targeting of mineral
deposits; and 14) exploration, discovery, and mine developments in
China (sponsored by SEG). Four short courses and workshops will be
held prior to the meeting, i.e. 1) “geochemical mapping – regional
national and global”; 2) “metallogeny: current theory and
exploration models”; 3) “gold deposits: new development and
exploration” (sponsored by SEG), and 4) “metallogeny of
intrusion-related gold de- posits in China and adjacent countries”.
Another short course on magmatic sulfide deposits (“geology,
geochemistry and exploration” will be offered following the meet-
ing. Moreover, a total of 15 pre- and post-meeting field excursions
have been orga- nized. These field trips will provide the
participants with unique opportunities to visit metallogenic
provinces and important deposits in China, Mongolia, Japan, New
Zealand, and Iran.
The response to our invitation to meet in Beijing has been
exceptional, with over 450 extended abstracts submitted by authors
from 39 countries. Following review and editing of all submissions
by ourselves and a panel of dedicated reviewers (cf. complete list
of reviewers), 400 revised submissions were accepted and are
included in this volume. These papers present a diverse and
comprehensive snapshot of glo- bal mineral resources research and
exploration at the beginning of the 21st century.
On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we wish to express our
sincere gratitude for the joint sponsorship of the following
organizations: China University of Geo- sciences (Beijing);
Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological
Sciences; National Natural Science Foundation of China; China
Society of Geology; Society of Economic Geologists (SEG);
International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits (IAGOD);
Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences;
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; and State
Key Lab for Mineral Deposit Research, Nanjing University. More than
sixty students from around the world and ten professionals from
developing countries have received financial grants to assist their
participation in the meeting. This was made possible by generous
financial donations from 17 mining and exploration companies (Anglo
American; Anglogold Ashanti China; BHP Billiton Word Exploration;
De Beers; Gold- fields Australia; Ivanhoe Mines; Newmont Mining;
Oxiana Resources; Placer Dome Exploration; Rio Tinto London;
Sino-Oz; Sino Gold; Silvercorp Metals Inc; SRK Con- sulting; Teck
Cominco; Garrison International) and the Specialist Group in
Economic Geology of the Geological Society of Australia.
We are extremely grateful to all co-convenors involved in
organizing the scientific sessions and for their editing of
numerous papers with patience, tolerance and dedi- cation. We also
wish to thank the Organizing Committee for their enthusiasm and
hard work that made this meeting possible and ensured its
international recogni- tion. We are confident this conference will
be a milestone in the 40th anniversary year of our SGA and extend a
warm welcome to all participants of the 8th Biennial SGA
Meeting.
Beijing, August 2005 Jingwen Mao, Frank Bierlein
Contents
Session 1 Tectonics, lithospheric, and deep mantle controls on
global metallogenic provinces and giant ore deposits . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1-1 Global tectonic settings and deep mantle control on Hg
and Au-Hg deposits . . . . . . 3 A.S. Borisenko · A.A. Obolenskiy ·
E.A. Naumov
Chapter 1-2 Upper mantle composition: Tools for smarter diamond
exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 William L. Griffin ·
Suzanne Y. O’Reilly
Chapter 1-3 Tectonic and lithospheric controls on the heterogeneous
temporal distribution of mineral deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 D.I.
Groves · R.M. Vielreicher · R.J. Goldfarb · J.M.A. Hronsky · K.C.
Condie
Chapter 1-4 Tectonic controls on the endowment of Archean cratons
in VHMS deposits: Evidence from Pb and Nd isotopes . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 15 David L. Huston · David C. Champion · Kevin F.
Cassidy
Chapter 1-5 Neoproterozoic and Early Palaeozoic metallogenies in
the Dinarides, South Tisia, Pelagonides and Serbo-Macedonian Mass .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Ivan
Jurkovic
Chapter 1-6 Mantle control for a giant Neoproterozoic epithermal
silver deposit: Imiter (Morocco) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Gilles Levresse · Alain Cheilletz
· Dominique Gasquet · Moulay Rachid Azizi-Samir
Chapter 1-7 Formation of giant Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in dynamic
magma conduits . . . . . . . . . . . 27 C. Li · E.M. Ripley
Chapter 1-8 Synchronous vertical and horizontal tectonism during
the late stage of Archean cratonization: An important process in
gold mineralization? . . . . . . . . . . 29 Shoufa Lin · Andrew
Parmenter · Jen Parks
Chapter 1-9 Characteristics of isotope geochemistry of deep mantle
constraints on metallization in alkali-enriched porphyry systems .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Liu
Xianfan · Lu Qiuxia · Long Xunrong · Tao Zhuan · Song
Xiangfeng
Chapter 1-10 The formation of a mantle-branch structure in western
Shandong and its constraints on gold mineralization . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Shuyin Niu · Aiqun Sun · Huabin Hu · Baode Wang · Chuanshi Xu ·
Jingwen Mao
Chapter 1-11 The evolution of lithospheric domains: A new framework
to enhance mineral exploration targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 41 Suzanne Y. O’Reilly · Jon Hronsky · William L.
Griffin · Graham Begg
Chapter 1-12 Geodynamic considerations of Uralian metallogeny . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Victor N.
Puchkov
Chapter 1-13 Magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization at a convergent
plate boundary: Preliminary mineralogic and isotopic studies of the
Duke Island Complex, Alaska . . . 49 E.M. Ripley · C. Li · J.
Thakurta
Chapter 1-14 The tectonics and metallogeny of the Precambrian of
the Aldan-Stanovoy Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
A.P. Smelov · V.F. Timofeev
VIII Contents
Chapter 1-15 New classification of magmatic sulphide deposits in
China and metallogenesis related to small intrusions . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Tang
Zhongli · Yan Haiqing · Jiao Jiangang · Li Xiaohu
Chapter 1-16 Geodynamic controls on giant metallogenic provinces:
Insights from gold provinces in southeast Australia . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 I.M.A. Vos · F.P.
Bierlein · P.S. Heithersay · G.S. Lister
Chapter 1-17 Mineral systems, hydridic fluids, the Earth’s core,
mass extinction events and related phenomena . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 John L. Walshe · Bruce Hobbs · Alison
Ord · Klaus Regenauer-Lieb · Andy Barnicoat
Chapter 1-18 Lead isotopic composition of rutiles from the Chinese
continental scientific drill (CCSD) hole and its genetic
significance for the superlarge rutile deposit in Maobei, Jiangsu
Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Wang Denghong · Li Huaqin · Chen Yuchuan
· Xu Jue · Yu Jinjie · Chen Zhenyu
Wang Ping’an
Chapter 1-19 Modes of occurrence of H2 in mantle-derived rocks . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 M.J.
Zhang · P.Q. Hu · P. Zheng · X.B. Wang · L.W. Li
Chapter 1-20 Controls of magmatism and hydrothermal activities on
mineralization in the Emeishan flood basalt Province, SW China . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Zhu Bing-Quan · Zhang Zheng-wei · Hu Yao-Guo
Session 2 Basin evolution: base and precious metal mineralization
in sediments . . . . . . . 81
Chapter 2-1 Iron transport in redbeds during the genesis of
sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 83 A.C. Brown
Chapter 2-2 Application of scanned digital imagery to ore texture
interpretation at the Century zinc deposit, NW Queensland . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87 Lucy H. Chapman · Patrick J. Williams · Rod S. Hill · Kevin L.
Blake
Chapter 2-3 Diagenetic origin of the Luzhou copper deposit, Yunnan
Province, China . . . . . . . . . . 91 Wengen Chen · Bin Xia
Chapter 2-4 An overpressured fluid system associated with the giant
sandstone-hosted Jinding Zn-Pb deposit, western Yunnan, China . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93 Guoxiang Chi · Hairuo Qing · Chunji Xue · Rong Zeng
Chapter 2-5 Stratiform Sb and Au mineralizations in the Hercynian
Dúrico-Beirã area (North Portugal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Helena Couto · Frederico Sodré
Borges
Chapter 2-6 Origins of Au-Pt-Pd-bearing Ni-Mo-As-(Zn) deposits
hosted by Chinese black shales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 101 Raymond Coveney · Jan Pasava
Chapter 2-7 A scale-integrated structural analysis of the Mount Isa
Zn-Pb-Ag deposit and implications for genesis . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 103 Toby P. Davis
Chapter 2-8 Fluid system and ore-forming dynamics of the Yuebei
Basin, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Jun Deng · Liqing Yang ·
Xueming Chen · Qingfei Wang · Yan Liu
Chapter 2-9 Synthesis and structure of single-crystal marcasite . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Milan
Drábek · Milan Rieder
Chapter 2-10 Lower cambrian metallogenesis of south China:
Interplay between diverse basinal hydrothermal fluids and marine
chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Poul
Emsbo · Albert H. Hofstra · Craig A. Johnson · Alan Koenig
Richard Grauch · Xing-chun Zhang · Rui-zhong Hu · Wen-chao Su ·
Dao-hui Pi
Chapter 2-11 Early-diagenetic sulphides in sediment-hosted
deposits: A textural and geochemical study from an unmetamorphosed
QPC gold placer, Belle-Brook, New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 D.M. Falconer
· D. Craw · K. Faure · L. Lawrance
IXContents
Chapter 2-12 Geochemistry and provenance of clastic metasedimentary
host rocks of the Rosh Pinah Zn-Pb-Ag(-Cu-Au) deposit, Southern
Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Christoph D.K.
Gauert
Chapter 2-13 Wernecke breccia, Canada: A large-scale Proterozoic
IOCG system related to basin evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 127 Julie A. Hunt · Timothy Baker · David Gillen · Derek J.
Thorkelson
Chapter 2-14 Use of petrophysical characterisation techniques in
receptivity definition for carbonate-hosted MVT deposits . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 131 Kip Jeffrey
Chapter 2-15 Geological and economic conditions of the Gar iron ore
deposit development (Amur region, Russia) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 135 V.V. Kichanova · V.D. Kichanov
Chapter 2-16 Palaeofluid flow in siliciclastic Lower Carboniferous
rocks: Evidence from stable isotopes and fluid inclusions,
Rhenohercynian Zone, Czech Republic . . . . . 137 Jan Kucera ·
Klára Kucerová-Charvátová · Phillipe Muchez · Walter
Prochaska
Chapter 2-17 Origin and significance of calcite-marcasite-pyrite
mineralisation in siliciclastic Lower Carboniferous rocks, eastern
margin of the Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic . . . . . 141 Klára
Kucerová-Charvátová · Jan Kucera · Zdenek Dolnícek
Chapter 2-18 The distribution of SEDEX Pb-Zn deposits through Earth
history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 D. Leach · E. Marsh ·
D. Bradley · S. Gardoll · D. Huston
Chapter 2-19 Epigenetic hydrothermal features of the Emeishan
basalt copper mineralization in NE Yunnan, SW China . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149 Houmin Li · Jingwen Mao · Yuchuan Chen · Denghong Wang
Changqing Zhang · Hong Xu
Chapter 2-20 Geologic characteristics and ore-controls of the
Fenghuoshan copper ore deposit, Qinghai province, China . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Li Wenming · Song Zhongbao · Liou Zhiyong · Li Changan · Li Zhucang
· Li Hongpu
Chapter 2-21 Geological and geochemical characteristics of the
Changba and Dengjiashan Pb-Zn deposits in the Qinling orogenic
belt, China . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Guoliang Ma · Georges
Beaudoin
Chapter 2-22 Pyrite trace element halos to northern Australian
sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 161 Rodney C. Maier · Peter J.
McGoldrick
Chapter 2-23 Darhand copper occurrence: An example of Michigan-type
native copper deposits in central Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Nima Nezafati · Morteza Momenzadeh · Ernst Pernicka
Chapter 2-24 Rare metal sequestration and mobility in mineralized
black shales from the Zunyi region, South China . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 167 B. Orberger · C. Wagner · A. Vymazalová · J. Pašava · B.
Kríbek · J.-P. Gallien
Chapter 2-25 Origin of the Nchanga copper-cobalt deposits of the
Zambian Copperbelt . . . . . . 171 Stephen Roberts · Ross McGowan ·
Adrian Boyce
Chapter 2-26 Alpine type Pb-Zn-deposits (APT) hosted by Triassic
carbonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Erich Schroll
Chapter 2-27 Generation of hydrocarbons: Mechanism of reaction,
geologic and experimental evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 179 N.G. Stenina · A.K. Gutakovskii · L.M. Plyasova
Chapter 2-28 N2-Ar-He tracing systematics of ore-forming fluids: A
case study from the Songxi large-scale Ag(Sb) deposit, eastern
Guangdong Province, China . . . . . . . . . 183 Sun Xiaoming · Xu
Li · Xue Ting · Chen Binghui · Sun Kai · David I. Norman
Chapter 2-29 Geochemistry and gold content of the Triassic
cabonaceous cherts of the Sikhote-Alin, Russia . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 187 Yu.G. Volokhin · A.I. Khanchuk · V.V.
Ivanov · V.T. Kazachenko · V.V. Sattarova
Chapter 2-30 Genesis of PGE-polymetallic deposits in lower Cambrian
black rock series, southern China: Evidence from fluid inclusion
and inert gas isotopic studies . . . . 191 Wang Min · Sun Xiaoming
· Ma Mingyang
X Contents
Chapter 2-31 Preliminary study of the source of base metals in MVT
deposits of the Canning Basin, Western Australia . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Andy R. Wilde · D.C. McPhail · J. Brugger · S. McKnight · D.
Garnett
Chapter 2-32 Geochemical process model for the Mt Isa Cu-Co-Ag
deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Andy Wilde ·
Melissa Gregory · Robert Duncan · Klaus Gessner
Michael Kühn · Peter Jones
Chapter 2-33 Mineralization stages and fluid processes in the giant
Jinding deposit, western Yunnan, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 203 C-J. Xue · R. Zeng · S-W. Liu · G. Chi · H.
Qing
Chapter 2-34 Geochemistry of PGE and Au in ferromanganese crusts
from seamounts in the west Pacific Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 207 Xue Ting · Sun Xiaoming · He Gaowen · Wang
Shengwei · Lu Hongfeng · Zhang Mei
Chapter 2-35 Mirror-image coupling between sedimentary depression
and the upper mantle uplifting in the Shengli oil/gas region,
China: Implications for tectonics and exploratory practice . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Liqiang Yang
· Zhongjie Zhang · José Badal
Chapter 2-36 An ore-forming model for Pb-Zn deposits in the Qinling
orogenic belt, China . . . 215 Yao Shuzhen · Ding Zhenju · Zhou
Zonggui · Lü Xinbiao
Chapter 2-37 Platinum-group elements in Cambrian black shale in
southern China: Differential enrichment of platinum and palladium .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Guangdi
Zhang · Jiuling Li · Qunyao Xiong · Fangyuan Chen
Session 3 Uranium deposits: metallogeny and exploration . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Chapter 3-1 Geochemistry, geothermometry, and K-Ar dating of
episyenitic rocks associated with the Guarda uraniferous granites,
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 I. Bobos ·
L. Jaques · F. Noronha · N. Clauer · N. Liewig
Chapter 3-2 Petroleum-related origin for sandstone-hosted uranium
deposits in the Dongsheng area, Ordos Basin (China) . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Chunfang Cai · Hongtao Li · Xiaorong Luo
Chapter 3-3 Mesozoic - Neozoic structural evolution and its
relationship to the formation of sandstone-type uranium deposits in
the Yili Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 233 Yuqi Cai · Shengxiang Li · Xiaozhong Han · Enjiu Zheng ·
Xigen Li
Chapter 3-4 Geodynamic setting of Mesozoic magmatism and its
relationship to uranium metallogenesis in southeastern China . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Chen
Pei-rong · Zhang Min · Chen Wei-feng
Chapter 3-5 Cenozoic tectonic movement and its control on
sandstone-type uranium deposits in the northern Junggar Basin . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 237 Z.-L. Chen · J. Liu · H.-L. Gong · E.-J. Zheng · X.-H.
Wang
Chapter 3-6 The evolution of prototype basin and its relation to
sandstone-hosted uranium ore-formation in northwestern China . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Chen Zu-yi · Guo Qing-yin · Liu Hong-xu
Chapter 3-7 World-class unconformity-related uranium deposits: Key
factors for their genesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
M.L. Cuney
Chapter 3-8 Alteration characteristics of the sandstone-type
uranium deposit in Qianjiadian, Inner Mongolia . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 249 Wenming Dong · Jinrong Lin · Yuliang Xia · Daneng
Qi
Chapter 3-9 Simple deposition versus replacement and
re-equilibration at the Crescencia Ni-(Co-U) deposit (Central
Pyrenees, Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 I. Fanlo
· I. Subías · J. Manuel · A. Paniagua · S. Morales
Chapter 3-10 Evolution of Mezozoic to Cenozoic basins in the
Beishan-Gansu Corridor region with respect to uranium ore formation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 257 Qingyin Guo · Zuyi Chen · Hongxu Liu
XIContents
Chapter 3-11 Study of methods and techniques of aeroradiometric
weak information extraction for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits
based on GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Han Shao-yang · Hou
Hui-qun · Ke Dan
Chapter 3-12 A new sandstone type uranium metallogenetic type -
“Structure – Oil, Gas Type” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
265 Huang Xian-fang · Liu De-chang · Du Le-tian · Zhao
Ying-jun
Chapter 3-13 Mantle-derived fluid and uranium mineralization:
Evidence from the world-class Xiangshan uranium deposit, SE China .
. . . . . . . . . . 269 Yaohui Jiang · Hongfei Ling · Shaoyong
Jiang
Chapter 3-14 Forecasting the occurrence of sandstone-type uranium
deposits by spatial analysis: An example from the northeastern
Ordos Basin, China . . . . . . . . . 273 Yangquan Jiao · Liqun Wu ·
Minfang Wang · Zhicheng Xu
Chapter 3-15 Hydrothermal alteration of the graphitized organic
matter at the Kansanshi Cu (Au-, U-) deposit, Zambia . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 B.
Kríbek · I. Knésl · J. Pasava · K. Malý · H. Caruthers · I.
Sykorová
J. Jehlicka
Chapter 3-16 Australia’s uranium endowment: Metallogeny,
exploration and potential . . . . . . . 281 Ian Lambert · Subhash
Jaireth · Aden McKay · Yanis Miezitis
Chapter 3-17 Features of mylonite and its relationship to uranium
ore-formation in the Xiazhuang uranium ore field . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 285 Jianhong Li · Liang Liang
Chapter 3-18 Mineralization characteristics and origin of the
Qianjiadian uranium deposit . . . 289 Shengxiang Li · Yuqi Cai ·
Yuliang Xia · Guangxi Ou · Jinrong Lin
Wenming Dong
Chapter 3-19 Metallogenetic conditions and exploration criteria of
the Dongsheng sandstone type uranium deposit in Inner Mongolia,
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Ziying Li ·
Xiheng Fang · Yuliang Xia · Xinjian Xiao · Ye Sun
Anping Chen · Yangquan Jiao · Ke Zhang
Chapter 3-20 New discovery in the study of remote sensing image
characteristics in sandstone-type uranium districts in China and
its significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Dechang Liu ·
Xianfang Huang · Fawang Ye
Chapter 3-21 Controls on Precambrian uranium ore formation: The
role of ancient oil (and evaporates?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 I.G.
Mineeva
Chapter 3-22 Uranium deposits in the Arlit area (Niger) . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
303 Maurice Pagel · Sabine Cavellec · Pierre Forbes · Olivier
Gerbaud
Pierre Vergely · Ibrahim Wagani · Régis Mathieu
Chapter 3-23 Metallogeny of the uranium-bearing sedimentary basins
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 I.G. Pechenkin ·
I.F. Volfson · A.N. Sysoev · V.G. Pechenkin · G.V. Grushevoy
Chapter 3-24 Reduction of fluids in the Bashbulak sandstone type
uranium deposit in the Tarim Basin, China . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 311 Mingkuan Qin · Wenming Dong · Guangxi
Ou
Chapter 3-25 Study on the relationship between coal-derived
hydrocarbon and formation of sandstone-type uranium deposits in the
basins of North China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Sun Ye · Li
Zi-ying
Chapter 3-26 Analysis of pegmatitic granite-uranium deposit
formation conditions and exploitation prospects in the Shaanxi
Shang-Dan triangular region, China . . . . . . 317 Jianguo Wang ·
Changwei Mu · Zhongduo Wang
Chapter 3-27 Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary evolution
and sandstone-hosted uranium mineralization of the Erlian basin . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Sanyuan Wei · Mingkuan Qin · Yuexiang
Li · Zhongbo He · Anping Chen
Kefeng Shen
Chapter 3-28 Geologic features and mineralization of the
uranium-bearing Vonsenite deposit in the LiaoDong rift . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 323 Xuehui Xia · Fei Yan · Yuhai Zhao · Wenzong Chang
XII
Chapter 3-29 Geology and origin of the Dongsheng uranium deposit in
the Ordos basin, North China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Weidong Xiang · Xiheng Fang ·
Tiangang Li · Xiaolin Chen · Yaqing Pang
Huahan Cheng
Chapter 3-30 On the “complex three member fluids genesis” sandstone
type uranium deposit in Dongsheng district, Inner Mongolia, NW
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Xinjian Xiao · Ziying Li ·
Xiheng Fang · Guangxi Ou · Ye Sun · Anping Chen
Chapter 3-31 Establishment of a virtual geological environment: A
case study from the Dongsheng U-mineralized area, China . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Fawang Ye · Yingjun Zhao · Dechang
Liu
Chapter 3-32 Correlation between shoshonitic rocks and uranium
mineralization in the Xiangshan uranium ore field . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 337 Shuming Zhang · Dagan Yu · T.S. Brewer
Chapter 3-33 Metallogenic time-space evolution of the Xiangshan
Uranium ore field in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Wanliang Zhang · Ziying
Li
Chapter 3-34 Alkali-metasomatism and uranium mineralization . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Fengmin
Zhao
Chapter 3-35 Evidence of early oxidation related to sandstone-type
uranium mineralization within the Zhiluo Formation (J2z), Ordos
Basin, China . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Minqiang Zhu · Rengui Wu ·
Dagan Yu
Session 4 Magmas and base-metal ore deposits . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Chapter 4-1 Factors controlling palladium and gold contents in the
Aksug porphyry Cu-Mo deposit (Russia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
353 A.N. Berzina · V.I. Sotnikov · M. Economou-Eliopoulos · D.G.
Eliopoulos
Chapter 4-2 The Boyongan porphyry Cu-Au deposit: Repeated
hydrothermal cycles tied to discrete intrusive events . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 357 D.P. Braxton · D.R. Cooke
Chapter 4-3 Endoskarn and Cu-Zn mineralization at the Empire mine,
Idaho, USA . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Zhaoshan Chang · Lawrence D.
Meinert
Chapter 4-4 The Rosario porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, northern Chile:
Hypogene upgrading during gravitational collapse of the Domeyko
Cordillera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
David R. Cooke · Glenton J. Masterman · Ron F. Berry · John L.
Walshe
Chapter 4-5 Copper mineralization in the western Longbohe area, SE
Yunnan, China – a comparison with the Shengquan copper deposit,
Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Yinliang Cui ·
Dexian Qin · Yaoguang Chen
Chapter 4-6 Sulfur isotope zonation at the Mt Polley alkalic
porphyry Cu-Au deposit, British Columbia, Canada . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 C.L. Deyell
Chapter 4-7 Genesis of regionally metamorphosed skarns from the
Bohemian Massif: Contact metasomatic versus sedimentary-exhalative
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 P.
Drahota · Z. Pertold · M. Pudilová
Chapter 4-8 Sm-Nd isotope dating of fluorites from the Xiangquan
thallium deposit, Anhui Province, East China . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 381 Y. Fan · T.F. Zhou · F. Yuan · M.A. Wu · M.J.
Hou · G. Voicu · Q.H. Hu
Q.M. Zhang
Chapter 4-9 Geochemical characteristics and genesis of Na-rich
rocks in the Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, Inner Mongolia, China . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 385 Hongcai Fei · Rongge Xiao · Lan Cheng · Cuizhi Wang
Chapter 4-10 Tsav: A shoshonite-hosted intermediate sulfidation
epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, eastern Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
389 H. Gantumur · D. Batulzii · Wang Lijuan · Zhu Heping
Contents
XIII
Chapter 4-11 Timing of volatile and magma ascent in the formation
of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry Cu-Au deposit . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 A.C. Harris · D.R.
Cooke · N.C. White · W.J. Dunlap · C.M. Allen · I. Campbell
P.W. Reiners
Chapter 4-12 Trace element content of quartz from the
Ehrenfriedersdorf Sn-W deposit, Germany: Results of an acid-wash
procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 397 S. Haßler · U. Kempe · T. Monecke · J.
Götze
Chapter 4-13 Three large-scale metallogenic events related to the
Yanshanian Period in Southern China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Renmin Hua · Peirong Chen · Wenlan
Zhang · Jianjun Lu
Chapter 4-14 Intercummulus massive Ni-Cu-Co and PGE-bearing
sulphides in pyroxenite: a new mineralization type in the layered
gabbroic sequence of the Beja Igneous Complex (Portugal) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 405 Ana P. Jesus · António Mateus · José Munhá · Álvaro
Pinto
Chapter 4-15 Geochemical characteristics of ores from the Tangziwa
deposit, Gejiu district, Yunnan province, China . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
409 Run-Xing Jia · Wei-Xuan Fang · Zhen-Min Gao · Hong-Yang
Li
Ying He
Chapter 4-17 Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization in the Filfila Massif,
northeastern Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 O. Kolli
Chapter 4-18 Mass-balance analysis of mineralized skarn systems:
Implications for replacement processes, carbonate mobility, and
permeability evolution . . . . . . . . 421 D.R. Lentz
Chapter 4-19 Numerical simulations of heat and mass transfer for
the Tongchang porphyry copper deposit, Dexing, Jiangxi Province,
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Jiankang Li
· Dehui Zhang · Denghong Wang
Chapter 4-20 Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE deposits in the Qilian-Longshou
mountains, Northwest China – part of a Proterozoic large igneous
province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Li Wenyuan · Wang
Wei · Guo Zhouping
Chapter 4-21 A study of clay mineralogy and illite Kübler index
with respect to hydrothermal alteration in the Yinshan polymetallic
deposit, South China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Li Xiaofeng · Mao Jingwen · Hua
Renmin
Chapter 4-22 Structural controls on copper skarn mineralization in
the Fenghuangshan copper deposit, Tongling, China . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 437 Liangming Liu · Shenglin Peng · Yanhua Zhang ·
Chongbin Zhao
Chapter 4-23 Rutile - the tin-tungsten host in the intrusive
tourmaline breccia at Wheal Remfry, SW England . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 441 A. Müller · C. Halls
Chapter 4-24 Intrusion-related gold occurrences in the
Astaneh-Sarband area, west central Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 N. Nezafati · P.M. Herzig · E.
Pernicka · M. Momenzadeh
Chapter 4-25 The La Fortuna Cu-Au porphyry deposit, Chile . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Piotr Paleczek · Waldo Cuadra · Michael Donnelly · Robert
Page
Chapter 4-26 Fe-Ti-V oxide mineralization in the Permian Panzhihua
Gabbro, Emeishan large igneous province, SW China . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Kwan-Nang Pang · Mei-Fu Zhou · Yuxiao Ma
Chapter 4-27 Nodular chromite deposits in some Tethyan ophiolites .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 M. Rahgoshay
· H. Shafaii Moghadam · V. Forouzesh
Chapter 4-28 Sulfosalt mineral compositions from the No 10 vein,
Zletovo lead-zinc deposit, Macedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 T.
Serafimovski · P. Lazarov · G. Tasev
Contents
XIV
Chapter 4-29 Magmatic sulfide deposits in the Permian Emeishan
large igneous province, SW China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Xie-Yan Song · Hong
Zhong · Yan Tao · Mei-Fu Zhou
Chapter 4-30 Composition and mineralisation potential of A-type
granites of the Kolyma tectonic block (northeast Yakutia) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Vera A.
Trunilina · Sergey P. Roev
Chapter 4-31 New porphyry - Cu ± Mo occurrences in the
north-eastern Aegean, Greece: Ore mineralogy and epithermal
relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 473 Panagiotis Voudouris · Dimitrios Alfieris
Chapter 4-32 Five questions for fun and profit: A mineral systems
perspective on metallogenic epochs, provinces and magmatic
hydrothermal Cu and Au deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 John L. Walshe · David R. Cooke ·
Peter Neumayr
Chapter 4-33 Mineral chemistry of Fe-Ti oxides from the Xinjie
PGE-bearing layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion in Sichuan, SW China
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Christina Yan Wang · Mei-Fu Zhou
Chapter 4-34 Volcanism and mineralization in the North Qilian
Orogenic Belt, Northwestern China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 487 Xue-Yi Xu · Lin-Qi Xia · Zu-Chun Xia
Chapter 4-35 The Shaxi porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Anhui Province,
eastern China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 Xiao-Yong Yang ·
Yong-Fei Zheng
Chapter 4-36 Evidence for evolution of fluorine-chlorine activity
in intrusion-related gold systems, southwestern New Brunswick,
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
X.M. Yang · D.R. Lentz
Chapter 4-37 Geochemistry of the Kalatongke layered intrusion,
Xinjiang NW China: Implications for the genesis of a magmatic Cu-Ni
sulfide deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Zhaochong Zhang
· Jingwen Mao · Zhou Gang · Fengmei Chai · Shenghao Yan
Bailin Chen
Chapter 4-38 A preliminary investigation of autometasomatic
phenomena in the host rocks to the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit,
Inner Mongolia, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 503 Yuan Zhongxin · Bai Ge · Zhang Zongqing
Chapter 4-39 REE-Nb (Fe, U,Th)-bearing alkaline skarns of China . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 Zhao
Yiming · Bai Ge · Li Daxin
Chapter 4-40 Origin of giant Fe-Ti-V oxide deposits in layered
gabbroic intrusions, Pan-Xi district, Sichuan Province, SW China .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 511 Mei-Fu Zhou · Christina Yan Wang · Kwan-Nang Pang ·
Gregory J. Shellnutt
Yuxiao Ma
Chapter 4-41 Xiangquan: The World’s first reported sediment-hosted
thallium-only deposit, northeastern margin of the Yangtze Block,
eastern China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
T.F. Zhou · Y. Fan · F. Yuan · M.A. Wu · M.J. Hou · G. Voicu · Q.H.
Hu
Q.M. Zhang
Session 5 Epigenetic gold systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 519
Chapter 5-1 Geochemical and isotopic constraints on Palaeozoic
orogenic gold endowment and crustal evolution of the south central
Andes, NW Argentina . . . 521 Frank P. Bierlein · Beatriz Coira ·
Holly Stein
Chapter 5-2 Models for epigenetic gold exploration in the northern
Cordilleran Orogen, Yukon, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Mike Burke · Craig J.R. Hart ·
Lara L. Lewis
Chapter 5-3 Characteristics and evolution of hydrothermal fluids
from the Archean orogenic New Celebration gold deposits, Western
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 J.L. Hodge · S.G. Hagemann ·
P. Neumayr
Contents
XV
Chapter 5-4 Source of ore fluids in Carlin-type gold deposits,
China: Implications for genetic models . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 533 A.H. Hofstra · X.-C. Zhang · P. Emsbo · R.-Z. Hu · W.-C. Su ·
W.D. Christiansen
S.-H. Fu · P. Theodorakos
Chapter 5-5 Geology and ore genesis of the Nanjinshan gold deposit
in Beishan Mountain area, northwestern China . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Si-hong Jiang ·
Feng-jun Nie
Chapter 5-6 Age and origin of advanced argillic alteration at the
Bor Cu-Au deposit, Serbia . . . . 541 C. Lerouge · L. Bailly · E.
Béchu · C. Fléhoc · A. Genna · J.L. Lescuyer · G. Stein
P.Y. Gillot · D. Kozelj
Chapter 5-7 Turbidite-hosted gold deposits of SE Guizhou, China:
Their regional setting, mineralizing styles, and some genetic
constrains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 545 Huan-Zhang Lu · Zhonggang Wang · Wenyi Chen · Xueyi
Wu
Ruizhong Hu · Moussa Keita
Chapter 5-8 Carlin-like gold mineralization in the Gaspé Peninsula,
Canadian Appalachians . . . 549 M. Malo · B. Dubé · V. Garnier · A.
Chagnon
Chapter 5-9 Fluid inclusion study of quartz veins from the orogenic
Klecza gold deposit in the Kaczawa Mountains (SW Poland) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 553 S.Z. Mikulski · S. Speczik · A. Kozlowski
Chapter 5-10 Deformation history and multiple gold mineralisation
events within the Bardoc Tectonic Zone, Eastern Goldfields, Western
Australia . . . . . . . . . 557 Anthony A. Morey · Roberto F.
Weinberg · Frank P. Bierlein
Chapter 5-11 Structural control of mineralization in metamorphic
core complexes . . . . . . . . . . . 561 F. Neubauer
Chapter 5-12 Using remote sensing technology for the determination
of mineralization in the Kal-e-Kafi porphyritic deposit, Anarak,
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
565 M.H. Nezampour · I. Rassa
Chapter 5-13 New observations on W-Sb-Au mineralization at Woxi,
western Hunan, China . . 569 B. Peng · A. Piestrzynski · J.
Pieczonka
Chapter 5-14 Paleohydrologic evolution of the St. Ives gold camp .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Klaus
J. Petersen · Peter Neumayr · Steffen G. Hagemann · John L.
Walshe
Chapter 5-15 Tectonic setting of epithermal deposits in mainland
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Jinping Qi ·
Yanjing Chen · Franco Pirajno
Chapter 5-16 Gold deposits rich in bismuth minerals: An important
type of gold deposits . . . . 581 Ren Yunsheng · Liu Liandeng ·
Zhang Huihuang
Chapter 5-17 Analysis of Au content in sedimentary rocks around the
Hishikari gold deposit, Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
585 Kenzo Sanematsu · Akira Imai · Koichiro Watanabe · Tetsuya
Nakanishi
Chapter 5-18 A case study of structure-controlled mineralization –
the Huangtuliang gold deposit, northwestern Hebei, China . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 A.Q. Sun · J.Z. Zhang · S.Y.
Niu · H.B. Hu · F.J. Fu · Y.C. Han · F. Li
Chapter 5-19 Gold systems in northeastern Queensland: A key to
tectonic evolution of the northern Tasman Fold Belt System,
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
593 I.M.A. Vos · F.P. Bierlein
Session 6 Submarine ore systems and ancient analogues: Global
comparisons of VMS (IGCP 502) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Chapter 6-1 Polymetallic VMS deposits of the Andes Fueguinos
(southernmost Argentina): Preliminary report . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 R.D. Acevedo · I. Fanlo · I.
Subías · A. Paniagua · D.E. Buffone
Chapter 6-2 Mineralogical and geochemical hydrothermal evidences on
sediments from the serpentinite-hosted Saldanha hydrothermal field
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Ágata S.C.M.A. Dias ·
Fernando J.A.S. Barriga
Contents
XVI
Chapter 6-3 Geological features and sulphur isotope study of the
Meixian-style Pb-Zn-(Ag) deposits in Fujian Province, South China .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 Feng
Chengyou · Zhang Dequan · She Hongquan · Li Daxin · Wu
Jianshe
Chapter 6-4 Formation mechanism of oreshoots in massive sulphide
orebodies at Hongtoushan, NE China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 611 Gu Lianxing · Tang Xiaoqian · Zheng Yuanchuan · Wu
Changzhi · Lu Jianjun
Ni Pei · Xiao Xinjian · Tian Zeman
Chapter 6-5 The Khandiza Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag VMS deposit: Part of a new
‘Bathurst District’ in southern Uzbekistan? . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 615 R.J. Herrington · N.A. Achmedov · W.J.
Charter
Chapter 6-6 Massive sulfide deposits in continental volcanic basins
at the lower Yangtze Valley, Southeast China . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 Wenxuan Hu ·
Wenlan Zhang · Lianxing Gu · Yucai Song
Chapter 6-7 Siting of gold and characteristics of gold-bearing
massive sulfides from the interior of the felsic-hosted PACMANUS
massive sulfide deposit, eastern Manus basin (PNG) . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 623 T. Ihle · S. Petersen · P.M. Herzig ·
M.D. Hannington
Chapter 6-8 Volcanic stratigraphy, chemical stratigraphy and
alteration system of the Storliden massive sulphide deposit,
Skellefte district, northern Sweden . . 627 Marcello Imaña · Rodney
Allen · Tim Barrett
Chapter 6-9 Silica gel microtextures in siliceous exhalites at the
Soloviejo manganese deposit, Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 R.C.G.S. Jorge ·
J.M.R.S. Relvas · F.J.A.S. Barriga
Chapter 6-10 ‘T’-type mineralisation – a pseudo-epithermal style of
VHMS associated gold mineralisation, Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
S.M. Jowitt · R.G.M. Osborn · R.D.H. Thomas · J. Naden · A.G.
Gunn
R.J. Herrington · S. Nicolaides
Chapter 6-11 Some new constraints on hydrothermal alteration and
deformation of the Paleoproterozoic serpentinite-hosted Outokumpu
Cu-Co-Ni-Zn-Au deposits, Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 A. Kontinen · P.
Sorjonen-Ward · P. Peltonen · U. Kuronen
Chapter 6-12 Transport and deposition of selenium in felsic
volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits of the Finlayson Lake
District, Yukon Territory, Canada . . . . . . . . . . 643 D.
Layton-Matthews · S.D. Scott · J.M. Peter · M.I. Leybourne
Chapter 6-13 Rare mineral assemblages in black and white smoker
vent chimneys from Uralian VHMS deposits, Russia . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 647 V.V. Maslennikov · S.P. Maslennikova
Chapter 6-14 Back-arc basin constraints on the genesis of
Ordovician volcanogenic massive sulfides in the Flat Landing Brook
Formation, Bathurst Mining Camp, Canada . . . 651 S.H. McClenaghan
· D.R. Lentz · J.A. Walker
Chapter 6-15 The submarine volcanic succession hosting the massive
sulfide and sulfosalt Eskay Creek deposit, Canada . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 T.
Monecke · D. Gale · T. Roth · M.D. Hannington
Chapter 6-16 Unraveling mineral isotope signatures from whole-rock
oxygen and hydrogen isotope data: A case study . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 T.
Monecke · H. Paulick · R. Kleeberg
Chapter 6-17 Osmium isotope systematics in the Iberian Pyrite Belt
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 J. Munhá ·
J.M.R.S. Relvas · F.J.A.S. Barriga · P. Conceição · R.C.G.S.
Jorge
R. Mathur · J. Ruiz · C.C.G. Tassinari
Chapter 6-18 Lead isotopic systematics of Urals massive sulphide
deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 Jean-Jacques
Orgeval · Catherine Guerrot · Svetlana G. Tessalina · Bernard
Bourdon
Victor Zaykov · Claudia Buley · Berndt Bushmann · Richard
Herrington · Rex Taylor
Chapter 6-19 Local and regional geochemical variations in
VHMS-related felsic volcanic series in the Iberian Pyrite Belt . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
671 Emilio Pascual · Teodosio Donaire · Alfonso Valenzuela
Contents
XVII
Chapter 6-20 Volcanic sequences, lithostratigraphy and geochemistry
of altered rocks at the Jbel Malek deposit: Clues for the origins
of a Neoproterozoic gold deposit, High-Atlas, Morocco . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 675 Ewan Pelleter · Alain Cheilletz · Abdellah Mouttaqi
· Abdelkhalek El Hakour
Gasquet Dominique
Chapter 6-21 Factors controlling precious and base-metal
enrichments at the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field,
14°45’N on the MAR: New insights from cruise M60/3 . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 679 S. Petersen · T. Kuhn · P.M. Herzig · M.D.
Hannington
Chapter 6-22 Gold mineralization in recent and ancient
volcanic-hosted massive sulfides: The PACMANUS field and the Neves
Corvo deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 683 A.M.M. Pinto · J.M.R.S. Relvas · F.J.A.S. Barriga · J.
Munhá · N. Pacheco
S.D. Scott
Chapter 6-23 TAG hydrothermal field: A key to modern and ancient
seafloor hydrothermal VMS ore-forming systems . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 Peter
A. Rona
Chapter 6-24 Felsic pyroclastic and effusive volcanic facies
hosting the Neves Corvo massive sulfide deposit, Iberian Pyrite
Belt, Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 691 C.J.P. Rosa · J. McPhie · J.M.R.S. Relvas · Z. Pereira · N.
Pacheco
Chapter 6-25 Dufrenoysite and marumoite from the Okoppe Mine, Japan
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 M. Shimizu · Y.
Ishizaki · T. Honma · S. Matsubara · R. Miyawaki
Chapter 6-26 Trace and rare earth element chemistry of garnet and
apatite as discriminant for Broken Hill-Type mineralization,
Namaqua Province, South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . 699 Marcel
Stalder · Abraham Rozendaal
Chapter 6-27 The effect of weathering on reflectance spectra of
hydrothermal white micas and chlorites: Implications for alteration
mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 S. Ehara Suryantini ·
F.J.A. van Ruitenbeek · F.D. van der Meer
Chapter 6-28 Gold and silver in Cu-Zn massive sulphide deposits of
the Urals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 I.V.
Vikentyev
Chapter 6-29 Spherulitic pyrite in seafloor hydrothermal deposits:
Products of rapid crystallization from mixing fluids . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 Qidong Xu · Steven
D. Scott
Chapter 6-30 Magmatic sources of volatiles and metals for
volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits on modern and ancient
seafloors: Evidence from melt inclusions . . . . . . 715 Kaihui
Yang · Steven D. Scott
Chapter 6-31 Anhydrite-pyrite-magnetite-pyroxene-type deposits in
volcanic basins of a Mesozoic continent, Yangtze River Valley,
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Ronghua Zhang · Shumin Hu · Xuetong Zhang
Session 7 Understanding ore systems though precise geochronology,
isotope tracing and microgeochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Chapter 7-1 Origin of titanomagnetite-ilmenite mineralization,
Arsentyev gabbro-syenite massif, Transbaikalia, Russia . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 Roza Badmatsyrenova ·
Dmitriy Orsoev
Chapter 7-2 Direct dating of ore minerals: A feasibility study of
the Pb-Pb isotope step-leaching technique . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 729 K. Bassano · J. Hergt · R. Maas · J. Woodhead
Chapter 7-3 Rutiles in eclogite from the Sulu UHPM Terrane: A
preliminary study . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 Chen Zhenyu · Chen
Yuchuan · Wang Denghong · Xu Jue
Zhou Jianxiong
Chapter 7-4 A non-magmatic component in fluids of South American Fe
oxide-Cu-Au deposits inferred from δδδδδ37Cl, 87Sr/86Sri and Cl/Br
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 M. Chiaradia · D. Banks · R.
Cliff · R. Marschik · A. de Haller
Contents
XVIII
Chapter 7-5 Origin of hydrothermal ore-forming processes in the
Dapingzhang polymetallic copper deposit in the Lanping- Simao
Basin, Yunnan Province . . . . . 739 Dai Baozhang · Jiang Shaoyong
· Liao Qilin
Chapter 7-6 Stable isotope geochemistry of the gold-sulfide
mineralized zone of the Kottapalle block of the Ramagiri greenstone
belt, Dharwar Craton, South India . . . 743 M. Deb · K.
Bheemalingeswara
Chapter 7-7 Isotope systematics of ore-bearing granites and host
rocks of the Orlovka-Spokoinoe mining district, eastern
Transbaikalia, Russia . . . . . . . . . 747 A. Dolgopolova · R.
Seltmann · C. Stanley · D. Weiss · B. Kober · W. Siebel
Chapter 7-8 Syn-metamorphic dates for tourmaline formation around
Mount Isa, north-west Queensland, Australia . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 751 Robert J. Duncan · Andy R. Wilde · Roland Mass · Katherine
Bassano
Chapter 7-9 Potassic alteration and veining and the age of copper
emplacement at Mount Isa, Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 755 Melissa J. Gregory · Andy R. Wilde · Bruce F.
Schaefer · Reid R. Keays
Chapter 7-10 Contact metamorphism at the manganese deposits of the
Noda-Tamagawa Mine, northeast Japan: Insight from oxygen isotope
data of manganese minerals . . . . 759 Ken-ichiro Hayashi
Chapter 7-11 Isotopic geochemistry of Mesozoic igneous rocks and
mineralization of Shanmen silver deposit in Yi-Su Basin, Jilin
Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Huang Wenbin · Shen Haoche · Fen Lin
Chapter 7-12 Platinum group elements as useful genetic tracers for
the origin of polymetallic Ni-Mo-PGE-Au sulfide ores in Lower
Cambrian black shales, Yangtze Platform, South China . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 765 S.-Y. Jiang · Y.-Q. Chen · H.-F. Ling · J.-H.
Yang · H.-Z. Feng
Chapter 7-13 Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of
tourmaline in pegmatites from Vavdos, Chalkidiki peninsula, N
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 769 M.D. Laskou
Chapter 7-14 Geochemical characteristics of He-Ar and Pb isotopes
in the Dajiangping pyrite deposit, western Guangdong, South China .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Kuang Li · Kai Hu · Shaoyong Jiang · Shiming Song
Chapter 7-15 Precise Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the east
Qinling molybdenum belt in central China and its geodynamic
implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
777 Yong-Feng Li · Jing-Wen Mao · Feng-Jun Bai · Bao-Jian Guo ·
Zhi-Guang Wang
Chapter 7-16 Studies on the genesis of adjacent Changkeng gold- and
Fuwang silver-deposits, Guangdong Province, China . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 Hua-Ying Liang · Ping Xia
· Xiu-Zhang Wang · Heng-Xiang Yu
Chapter 7-17 Fluid inclusion and stable isotope geochemistry of the
Ernest Henry Fe oxide-Cu-Au deposit, Queensland, Australia . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Geordie Mark · Patrick J. Williams · Nick H.S. Oliver · Chris Ryan
· Terry Mernagh
Chapter 7-18 The Re-Os age for molybdenite from the Variscan
Strzegom-Sobótka massif, SW Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 Stanislaw Z. Mikulski ·
Holly J. Stein
Chapter 7-19 Re-Os ages for auriferous sulfides from the gold
deposits in the Kaczawa Mountains (SW Poland) . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Stanislaw Z. Mikulski · Richard J. Markey · Holly J. Stein
Chapter 7-20 Dating of gold occurrences in the Sayan-Baikal Fold
Belt, Southern Siberia, Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 797 A.G. Mironov · H. Stein · A. Zimmerman · S.M.
Zhmodik
Chapter 7-21 Jurassic magmatism and Au-Ag mineralization in the
Deseado Massif (Patagonia Argentina): Lead and sulfur isotopic
studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 P.
Moreira · R.R. Fernández · I.A. Schalamuk · R.O. Etcheverry · A.P.
Rolando
Chapter 7-22 Re-Os ages for molybdenite from the Tepeoba
breccia-centered Cu-Mo-Au deposit, western Turkey:
Brecciation-triggered mineralization . . . . . . . 805 Hiroyasu
Murakami · Yasushi Watanabe · Holly Stein
Contents
XIX
Chapter 7-23 U-Pb SHRIMP dating of zircon from quartz veins at the
Yangshan gold deposit: Evidence for multiple magmatic-hydrothermal
events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Qi
Jinzhong · Li Li · Yuan Shisong · Liu Zhijie
Chapter 7-24 87Sr/86Sr, 3He/4He, REE and stable isotope (δδδδδ34S,
δδδδδ18O) constraints on the hydrothermal fluid evolution of the
PACMANUS system, Manus Basin . . . . . . . . . . . 813 Stephen
Roberts · Wolfgang Bach · Adrian Boyce · Ray Burgess
Chapter 7-25 U-Pb dating of micro-inclusions: The age of the
Ehrenfriedersdorf tin deposit (Erzgebirge, Germany) . . . . . . . .
. . . . 817 R.L. Romer · R. Thomas
Chapter 7-26 U-Pb data of Au-Pd-Pt-bearing quartz-hematite veins,
Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 R.L.
Romer · V. Lüders · D.A. Banks · J. Schneider
Chapter 7-27 Constraints on the source and evolution of
mineralising fluids in the Norrbotten Fe oxide-Cu-Au province,
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
Martin Smith · Sarah A. Gleeson
Chapter 7-28 LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating of titanite: New constraints on
multistage geological evolution of the Norrbotten mining district,
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 Martin Smith · Craig
Storey · Teresa Jeffries
Chapter 7-29 Metamorphic to magmatic transition captured at the
Myszków Mo-W deposit, southern Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 H.J. Stein · M. Markowiak · S.Z.
Mikulski
Chapter 7-30 New K-Ar, 87Sr/86Sr, REE, and XRF data for Tertiary
volcanic rocks in the Sasa-Toranica ore district, Macedonia . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
837 G. Tasev · T. Serafimovski · P. Lazarov
Chapter 7-31 Sources of rhenium and osmium enrichment in fumaroles,
sulphide sublimates and volcanic rocks from the Kudriavy volcano .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 841 Svetlana G. Tessalina · Françoise
Capmas · Jean-Louis Birck · Claude-Jean Allègre
Marina A. Yudovskaya · Vadim V. Distler · Ilya V. Chaplygin
Chapter 7-32 Muluozhai REE deposit in Sichuan Province, China:
Stable isotope data and their implications on the dynamics of
mineralization . . 845 Shihong Tian · Zengqian Hou · Tiping Ding ·
Yuling Xie · Zhongxin Yuan
Ge Bai · Tianren Zou
Chapter 7-33 Stable isotope composition of the Dalucao rare earth
deposit in western Sichuan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 849 Wan Defang · Tian Sihong · Luo Mei · Jiang
Shaoyong
Chapter 7-34 Preliminary study on the Chinese continental
mineralization system . . . . . . . . . . . 853 Wang Denghong ·
Chen Yuchuan
Chapter 7-35 Origin and evolution of Sn- and Cu-rich fluids in the
Dajing tin-polymetal deposit – evidence from LA-ICP-MS analysis of
individual fluid inclusions . . . . . . . 857 Wang Lijuan · Wang
Yuwang · Wang Jingbin · Zhu Heping · Günther Detlef
Chapter 7-36 Lead and zinc-rich fluid inclusions in Broken
Hill-type deposits: Fractionates from sulphide-rich melts or
consequences of exotic fluid infiltration? . . . . . . . . . . .
861 Patrick J. Williams · Dong Guoyi · Bruce Yardley · Thomas
Ullrich · Chris Ryan
Terry Mernagh
Chapter 7-37 Isotopic composition and source of lead in the Jinding
Zn-Pb Deposit, Yunnan, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 Zeng Rong · Zhao Shihua · Gao
Yongbao · Li Yongqiang
Chapter 7-38 Geology and geochemistry of the Furong Tin Deposit,
Hunan Province, P. R. China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
869 Zhao Kuidong · Jiang Shaoyong · Jiang Yaohui
Contents
Chairman: Chen Yuchuan Vice Chairmen: Wu Ganguo, Zhang
Hongtao,
Chai Yucheng, Mao Jingwen Members: Nigel Cook, Richard Goldfarb,
David Groves,
Craig J.R. Hart, Peter Herzig, Brian Hoal, Deng Jun, Hou Zengqian,
Hu Ruizhong, Hua Renmin, David Leach, Li Zhijian, Li Ziying, Liu
Dunyi, Nie Fengjun, Jan Pašava, Pei Rongfu, Peng Qiming, Reimar
Seltmann, Masaaki Shimizu, Wang Jingbin, Wang Mili, Yao Yupeng,
Zhai Mingguo, Zhai Yusheng, Zheng Mianping, Zhou Meifu
Secretary General: Mao Jingwen Secretary Group: Zhao Caisheng, Zhao
Kelin, Meng Dahu Treasurer: Wang Lijie SGA Technical Liaison: Bernd
Lehmann Program Committee: David Groves, Craig J.R. Hart,
Mao Jingwen, Zhou Meifu Field Trip Chairmen: Richard Goldfarb, Wang
Yitian,
Masaaki Shimizu Short Courses: Nie Fengjun, Timothy Baker
Exhibition Manager: Xu Haiming SGA Promotion Manager: Gregor Borg
Student Representatives: Jorge Relvas, Zhao Caisheng
and Anna Vymazalova Corporate Representative: Doug Kirwin
Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (SGA)
Publications: Jingwen Mao, Frank P. Bierlein Spouse and Guest
Activities: Susan Leach, Li Hongyan,
An Yulan
8th Biennial SGA Meeting
Executive Committee: President: D. Leach (USA) Vice-President: H.
Frimmel (South Africa) Executive Secretary: J. Pašava (Czech
Republic) Treasurer: P. Herzig (Germany) Promotion Manager: G. Borg
(Germany) Chief Editors: B. Lehmann (Germany) – MD European Office;
L. Meinert (USA) – MD North American Office; M. Chiaradia
(Switzerland) – SGA News Student Representative: A. Vymazalová
(Czech Republic) Past President: P. Fenoll-Hach Alí (Spain)
Regional Vice-Presidents Africa: I. Nyambe (Zambia) North America:
G. Beaudoin (Canada) South America: J. Cabello (Chile) Asia: Mei-Fu
Zhou (China) Australia/Oceania: F.P. Bierlein (Australia) Middle
East: M. Yazdi (Iran) Europe: R. Herrington (U.K.)
Councillors through December 31, 2005 N. Arndt (France), F. Barriga
(Portugal), A. Boyce (U.K.), Ch. Heinrich (Switzerland), J. Mao
(China), P. Weihed (Sweden)
Councillors through December 31, 2007 D. Eliopoulos (Greece),
A.Gemmel (Australia), V. Shatov (Russia), P. Spry (USA), H. Stein
(USA), F. Tornos (Spain)
Ex officio Members, SEG: President: M. Hitzman (USA) Executive
Director: B. Hoal (USA)
Ex officio Members, IAGOD: Secretary General: N. Cook (Norway)
Publications Manager: R.Seltmann (U.K)
Beaudoin, Georges
Bierlein, Frank
Cabral, Alexandre R.
Cook, Nigel J.
Cooke, David
Coveney, Raymond M.
Emsbo, Poul
Fan, Hongrui
Franklin, Jim
Groves, David
Gu, Lianxing
Hall, Greg
Scientific Reviewers
Hart, Craig
Herrington, Richard
Hofstra, Albert
Hou, Zengqian
Hrischeva, Elitsa
Hua, Renmin
Jiang, Shaoyong
Kribek, Bohdah
Lambert, Ian
Li, Jianghai
Liu, Jiajun
Mo, Xuanxue
Morris, Paul
Mudrovska, Inna
XXIV
Nie, Fengjun
Nokleberg, Warren
Pagel, Maurice
Peter, Jan
Pirajno, Franco
Roberts, Paul
Romer, Rolf L.
Shimazaki, Hidehiko
Scientific Reviewers
Smith, Roric
Stein, Holly
Sun, Xiaoming
Tornos, Fernando
Walshe, John
Watanabe, Yasushi
William-Jones, Anthony
Zhou, Meifu
Zimmerman, Aaron
Session 1
Tectonics, lithospheric, and deep mantle controls on global
metallogenic provinces and giant ore deposits
Abstract. Three main geodynamic environments are favorable for the
developmemnt of ore-forming systems of Hg and Au-Hg de- posits:
Intracontinental rifts and aulacogens at the ancient cratons,
intraplate rifting in the orogenic belts of different ages, and
active continental margins of the continents. The
isotope-geochemical characteristics of ore-forming systems of Hg
and Au-Hg deposits, changes in 3He/4Hg ratio, and paragenetic
relationship between subcrustal basite and alkaline basite
magmatism suggest that mantle plumes played a significant role in
their formation.
Keywords. Mercury, gold-mercury deposits, geodynamic settings,
mantle plumes, helium isotopes, Ar/Ar dating
1 Introduction
Analysis of the siting of Hg and Au-Hg deposits indicates their
joint deposition sites in the well- known metallogenic belts:
Pacific-Ocean, Mediterranean, and Central Asia (Obolenskiy and
Naumov 2003). The most ancient Pre- cambrian Au-Hg deposits only of
Canada, South America and Australia, which are localized in the
separate ore dis- tricts and controlled by rifting structures of
the ancient cratons, occur beyond the limits of the belts.
Different geodynamic environments are typical for the Hg and Au- Hg
deposits localized within the limits of recognized global
metallogenic belts.
2 Global metallogenic belts
The well-known Almaden ore district in the rift struc- tures of the
ancient Iberian plate, and the Donetsk basin ore province in the
Dnepr-Donetsk aulacogen in the flank of the ancient Ukraine shield,
occupy separate positions in the Mediterranean belt, where Mesozoic
and Cenozoic Hg and Au-Hg deposits are related to the post Jurassic
subduction zones and overlying continental volcanic belts (Bailey
et al. 1973; Tanelli et al. 1991). Mercury deposits of the Almaden
district are the Silurian-Devonian in age, while mercury deposits
of the Donetsk basin are of Per- mian-Triassic age.
Mercury and Au-Hg deposits of the Central Asian belt, localized in
Early Paleozoic and Hercinian orogenic belts, are related to
various metallogenic epochs (Table 1). The four main periods of Hg
and Au-Hg deposits are distin- guished in the Altai-Sayan orogenic
region using Ar-Ar dating: Early Paleozoic, Middle Paleozoic, Early
Meso- zoic and Late Mesozoic. Industrial Hg and Au-Hg de- posits of
the Altai-Sayan and Tien-Shan ore provinces are related to the most
productive Early Mesozoic pe- riod. Geodynamic environment of
formation of these belts is caused by the intraplate riftogenesis,
confined to the large scale displacements along strike-slip faults
of
Chapter 1-1
Global tectonic settings and deep mantle control on Hg and Au-Hg
deposits A.S. Borisenko, A.A. Obolenskiy, E.A. Naumov Institute of
Geology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 pr.
Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, Russia
1-1
4
Late Paleozic – Early Mesozoic age. There are no known mercury
deposits of Paleozoic age, and Hg enters into the sulfides and
native gold of lode gold and Au-Cu-skarn deposits, and forms
complex Au-Hg occurrences related to the granitoids (D-C1) (Table
1).
A large quantity of Hg and especially Au-Hg deposits are localized
mainly in the back-arc rift structures of the Basin and Ranges
province, occur in the global Pacific- Ocean metallogenic belt and
particularly in its North American branch. The main Au-Hg deposits
of the world class occur there, and since their discovery in the
1860s they became one of the major industrial types of Au de-
posits (Radtke 1985; Muntean et al. 2004).
Mercury deposits are localized within the limits of ac- tive
continental margins of Andean and Californian types of South and
North America in frontal accretion com- plexes of subduction zones
and overlying continental vol- canic belts. Mercury deposits of
North-East and Far East Russia are situated in similar geodynamic
environments. Au-Hg deposits in these structures are minor.
Small Hg and Au-Hg deposits occur in island-arc sys- tems of
ensialic type predominantly in the West Pacific- Ocean segment of
the belt (Japan, Oceania, New Zealand). The important Au-Hg
province of South-East China is situated in this part of the
Pacific Ocean belt including large Sb-Hg (Vanshan) and Au-Hg
deposits of Carlin type related to the structures of Mesozoic
active rifting of South-China craton (Hu Rui-Zhong et al. 2002).
Thus, analysis of Hg and Au-Hg deposits localization in global
metallogenic belts allows us to establish the main regu- larities
of their position.
3 Geodynamic settings
Proterozoic and Paleozoic deposits occur in rift struc- tures or
aulacogens are confined to continental rifts and related
genetically to the mantle plumes. Mercury and Au-Hg deposits are
located separately as a rule, although Hg mineralization coincides
with Au-Hg mineralization in the South-East China province.
Mercury and Au-Hg deposits, whose formation is caused by the
intraplate rifting development of anorogenic magmatism and
plutonogenic ore-forming systems with complex Cu-Au-Hg ore, occur
in the reactivated orogenic belts of different age in Central Asia.
The intraplate riftogenesis is completed by basite and
alkaline-basite magmatism as dike swarms and epithermal Au-Hg and
Hg mineralization at the Permian-Triassic boundary. Mesozoic and
Cenozoic Hg and Au-Hg deposits are located at active continental
margins. They are known in ensialic island-arcs, accretion
complexes of subduction zones, overlying conti- nental volcanic
belts, and in the back-arc rifting structures. There is a close
relation between Hg and Au-Hg deposits in this geodynamic
environment, with common ore-forming epithermal and
volcanogenous-hydrothermal systems.
Thus, three main geodynamic environments are fa- vorable for the
development of ore-forming systems of Hg and Au-Hg deposits:
intracontinental riftogenesis at the cratons, intraplate rifting
related to strike-slip faults in the orogenic belts, and active
continental margins of the continents. Magmatism of mantle (plume)
nature, according to the isotope-geochemical characteristics,
arises as volcanogenic-plutonogenic or dike complexes and
magmatogenic-hydrothermal ore-forming systems in each of these
geodynamic environments. Mercury and Au-Hg deposits are related to
the late periods of their development. Ore-forming systems of the
Hg deposits may occur separately as well.
4 Mantle plumes and ore forming processes
A mantle origin of ore-forming systems of Hg and Au- Hg deposits is
proved by isotopic composition of helium from fluid inclusions in
quartz at these deposits (Table 2) (Torgersen et al. 1981, 1982,
Cline et al. 2003). Isotope com-
A.S. Borisenko · A.A. Obolenskiy · E.A. Naumov
5
position of He was measured in the laboratory of geo- chronology
and geochemistry of isotopes at the Kola Geo- logical InstituteRAS.
The lowest 3He/4He ratios (from 0.12*10-6 to 0.38*10-6) are typical
for mercury deposits (Vanshan, Nikitovka). The copper-mercury
(Djilkidal) and gold-mercury (Murzinskoe) deposits with the
isotopes of helium varying from 1.06*10-6 to 1.6*10-6 belong to the
intermediate type. Relatively high-temperature Ni-Co-As and Ag-Sb
deposits (Bu-Azzer and Akdjilga) are charac- terized by a higher
proportion of light helium isotope, average 3He/4He ratio varies
from 4*10-6 to 18*10-6, re- spectively (Naumov et al. 2004).
We observed some inverse correlation between 3He/ 4He values of
ore-forming fluids and resources of epithermal Au and Hg deposits
from different parts of the world (Table 3).
These data suggest that in a series of deposits: mer- cury ?
copper-mercury ? gold -mercury ? nickel-cobalt arsenide ?
silver-antimony, the proportion of mantle he- lium increases
significantly in the composition of ore- forming fluids.
In this series a marked isotope shift in the ä18OH2O of
hydrothermal solutions suggests a higher concentration of
magmatogenic fluids in their composition (Fig. 1).
Ore-forming systems in different geodynamic envi- ronments differ
in ore productivity. The unique mercury deposits were formed by
ore-forming systems of intracontinental rifts (Nikitovka, Almaden,
Vanshan).
Ore-forming systems of overlying subaerial volcanic belts in the
Tuscan province in Italy, Idria in Slovenia, and Huancavelica in
Peru formed the world- class Hg deposits. Ore-forming systems in
subduction zones (de- posits of Coastal Ridge in California, USA,
Tamvatney, Chukotka, SE Russia) are of the same grade. Ore-forming
systems in zones of regional thrusting of the orogens are
not so productive (Tien-Shan and Altai-Sayan – Aktash and
Chagan-Uzun deposits).
The geodynamic environment of back-arc riftogenesis occupies a
special place in formation of highly produc- tive ore-forming
systems, an example of which is the Ba- sin and Ranges province.
The Nevadan belt occurs in this province, where most of the Hg and
Au-Hg deposits are concentrated.
Independent of an approach to explain the origin of tectonic
structures of the Nevadan belt, evolution of Ceno- zoic (40 Ma)
magmatism is established on the boundary of 20-15 Ma, when typical
bimodal calc-alkaline magmatism gives place to the alkaline-basite,
and over 5 Ma to the basite one. That is the most satisfactory ex-
plained by the influence of Yellowstone mantle plume and common
reconstruction of volcanic arc geodynamic en- vironment on the
riftogenesis. The most important ore- magmatic systems of
porphyry-Cu-Mo and Au-Hg epithermal deposits were formed at the
boundary of 45- 35 Ma, and also at 26-22 and 9-5 Ma. The intensity
and duration of ore-forming processes in the Nevadan belt may be
explained by the consecutive influence of mantle plumes on tectonic
structure formation, magmatism, and associated ore-forming process
(Pirajno 2000; Muntean et al. 2004).
Thus, mantle alkaline-basite magmatism immediately precedes the Hg
and Au-Hg deposits forming in a num- ber of ore provinces, for
example Iberian (Higueras and Munha, 1993; Hernandez 1999),
Donetsk, South-China (Hu Rui-Zhong et al. 2002), Tuscan (Tanelli,
1991), and Neva- dan provinces (Pirajno, 2000).
Age displacements of ore-forming processes relative to the time of
the main phase of plume magmatism are
Chapter 1-1 · Global tectonic settings and deep mantle control on
Hg and Au-Hg deposits
6
established for the South Siberian and Tien-Shan prov- inces
(Siberian superplume 250-244 Ma, Hg mineraliza- tion 230-235 Ma,
Tien-Shan alkaline-basite magmatism 255-240 Ma, Hg deposits 236-228
Ma). This is possibly caused by specific development of the
structures of intraplate riftogenesis in the orogenic belts, as
well as the location of arising under-crust magmatic centers oc-
curred generally as basite and the late alkaline basite dike
swarms.
5 Conclusions
Geohistorical analysis, geodynamic environments, and spatial and
temporal paragenetic relationship of ore-form- ing systems of Hg
and Au-Hg deposits with mantle magmatism allow consideration of
their formation as one of the events related to mantle plumes in
the Earth’s crustal structures (Pirajno, 2000). The
intracontinental rifts (aulacogens) arising in the Early and Middle
Paleozoic period, structures of intraplate riftogenesis in the
reacti- vated Paleozoic orogenic belts, and subduction zones and
active continental margins in Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods are the
most favorable for the localization of ore- forming systems of not
only Au-Hg but most of Hg de- posits.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to I. Kamenskiy (KGI RAS) for carrying out He
isotope analyses. This work was financially sup- ported by the
Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants 04-05-64485,
04-05-64399) and “Leading scientific schools” (grant
1573.2003.5.).
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A.S. Borisenko · A.A. Obolenskiy · E.A. Naumov
Abstract. The traditional use of major-element data on diamond in-
dicator minerals such as garnet and chromite is based on empirical
correlations that have proven unreliable in some exploration situa-
tions. The use of trace-element data on these minerals, combined
with mantle-mapping techniques, provides clear explanations of both
the successes and the failures of the traditional approaches. These
techniques make it possible to determine, at an early stage of
exploration, both the overall prospectivity of a region and the
most appropriate application of indicator mineral chemistry.
Keywords. Diamond exploration, mantle petrology, trace elements,
lithosphere mapping
1 Introduction
The formation of known economic deposits of gem dia- monds has
involved sampling of the subcontinental litho- spheric mantle
(SCLM) by ascending kimberlitic or lamproitic magmas, and much of
our knowledge of cra- tonic SCLM has been a byproduct of diamond
explora- tion and production. The factors that control the distri-
bution of diamond in the SCLM are still incompletely known,
although numerous empirical studies have pro- vided constraints.
Early studies of diamond inclusions identified an important suite
of harzburgitic minerals, especially low-Ca, high-Cr (“G10”) pyrope
garnets and high-Cr chromites. The use of these as “indicator
miner- als” has led to some significant exploration successes (es-
pecially in S. Africa and Siberia) but has proven mislead- ing in
several other regions, leading to significant waste of exploration
resources.
However, developments in the use of mantle-derived xenocryst
minerals to map vertical and lateral variations in SCLM composition
(Griffin and Ryan 1995; O’Reilly and Griffin 1996) provide tools
that can explain both the successes and the failures, and shed
light on diamond for- mation processes that can be used to improve
explora- tion models.
2 Mapping SCLM composition
The application of single-grain thermometers based on Ni in garnet
and clinopyroxene, and Zn in chromite (Ryan et al. 1996) allows the
depth of origin of each grain to be
estimated, by referral of T to a known or assumed geo- therm. Such
geotherms can also be derived directly from data on garnet and
chromite compositions. This approach allows the mapping of mineral
chemistry on to depth sec- tions, which contain information on
mantle composition, structure and processes (Fig. 1).
3 Examples
As an example, SCLM sections from kimberlites in S. Af- rica and
Siberia (Fig. 1) show that harzburgites (olivine- orthopyroxene
rocks), identified as important diamond- bearing rock types in
these areas, occur mainly at depths that are in the diamond
stability field.
However, in the Lac de Gras area of the Slave Province (northern
Canada), “G10” garnets and high-Cr chromites have proven
counter-indicative