Minerals and Rocks Name__________________________

1. Base your answer to the following question on the map and cross section below. The shaded areas onthe map represent regions of the United States that have evaporite rock layers (layers of rock formedfrom the evaporation of seawater) under the surface bedrock. The cross section shows the generalizedstructure of the area in which the evaporite layers are found in New York State.

A) garnet and pyroxene B) mica and feldsparC) hornblende and olivine D) halite and gypsum

These evaporite deposits could be composed of which minerals?

A) B)

C) D)

2. In which set are the rock drawings labeled with their correct rock types?

A) galena B) magnetite C) pyroxene D) graphite

3. Which mineral has a metallic luster, a black streak, and is an ore of iron?

A) calcite B) feldspar C) quartz D) talc

4. Which common mineral fizzes when dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is placed on it?

A) hardness B) streak C) cleavage D) density

5. The diagrams below represent fractured samples of four minerals.

Which mineral property is best illustrated by the samples?

A) B) C) D)

6. Which object is the best model of the shape of a silicon-oxygen structural unit?

7. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows the results of threedifferent physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral.

A) using an electronic balanceB) using a graduated cylinderC) observing how light reflects from the surface of the mineralD) observing what happens when acid is placed on the mineral

The luster of this mineral could be determined by

A) density B) fracture C) streak D) luster

8. The diagram below shows the results of one test for mineral identification.

Which mineral property is being tested?

A) granite B) gneissC) shale D) metaconglomerate

9. Which type of rock is most likely to contain fossils?

A)

B)

C)

D)

10. Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks?

A) light reflects from crystal surfacesB) energy is released during crystallizationC) of impurities that produce surface variationsD) of the internal arrangement of the atoms

11. The diagrams below show the crystal shapes of two minerals.

Quartz and halite have different crystal shapes primarily because

12. Base your answer to the following question on the drawings of six sedimentary rocks labeled A through F.

A) volcanic eruptions and crystallization B) compaction and/or cementationC) heat and pressure D) melting and/or solidification

Most of the rocks shown were formed by

A) A fingernail will scratch calcite but not gypsum.B) Calcite will be scratched by a copper penny.C) The mineral apatite will scratch topaz.D) A steel file has a hardness of about 7.5.

13. The diagram below shows the index minerals of Mohs hardness scale compared with the hardness ofsome common objects.

Which statement is best supported by the diagram?

A) fluorite B) halite C) quartz D) galena

14. The elements contained in four minerals are given in the table below. The basic structural unit of oneof the minerals is also shown. The atom of element 1 is surrounded by four atoms of element 2.

In which mineral are the atoms arranged as shown in the basic structural unit?

A) hardness B) a dark colorC) a large grain size D) a large amount of cement

15. Which characteristic would best indicate that a rock was formed from sediments deposited in shallowwater near shore rather than in deep water?

Base your answers to questions 16 through 18 on the graph below, which shows the crustaltemperature and pressure conditions under which three different minerals with the same chemicalcomposition (Al2SiO5) crystallize.

A) pyrite B) gypsumC) dolomite D) potassium feldspar

16. Which mineral has a chemical composition most similar to andalusite, sillimanite, and kyanite?

A) 300°C and 6000 atmospheres B) 500°C and 2000 atmospheresC) 600°C and 4000 atmospheres D) 700°C and 8000 atmospheres

17. Under which crustal temperature and pressure conditions will andalusite form?

A) weathering B) solidificationC) metamorphism D) cementation

18. If bedrock at a collisional plate boundary contains andalusite crystals, these crystals are changed intosillimanite and/or kyanite as temperature and pressure conditions increase. What is this processcalled?

A) active volcanoes B) continental ice sheetsC) fault zones in the crust D) shallow evaporating seas

19. Large deposits of rock gypsum and rock salt usually form in areas of

A) rock gypsum B) phyllite C) breccia D) coal

20. Which rock was organically formed and sometimes contains fossilized plant impressions?

A) lava that cooled slowly on Earth’s surfaceB) lava that cooled quickly on Earth’s surfaceC) silt that settled slowly in ocean waterD) silt that settled quickly in ocean water

21. What is the origin of fine-grained igneous rock?

A) continental crust B) oceanic crustC) plastic mantle D) rigid mantle

22. In which part of the Earth are felsic rocks most likely to be found?

Base your answers to questions 23 and 24 on the cross section below, which shows a typical bedrockstructure where oil and natural gas deposits are found.

A) principle of superpositionB) principle of original horizontalityC) differences in the density of the three materialsD) differences in the geologic age of the three materials

23. The natural gas, oil, and saltwater have formed layers at different levels in the same rock layer due tothe

A) coarse-textured igneous rock B) foliated metamorphic rockC) porous clastic sedimentary rock D) intrusive crystalline sedimentary rock

24. According to the diagram, in which type of rock are these natural gas and oil deposits found?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

25. The profile below shows the average diameter of sediment that was sorted and deposited in specificareas A, B, C, and D by a stream entering an ocean.

As compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will becomesiltstone?

A) solidification and evaporation B) melting and solidificationC) crystallization and cementation D) compression and precipitation

26. Which two processes result in the formation of igneous rocks?

A) erosion and deposition B) melting and solidificationC) evaporation and condensation D) temperature and pressure changes

27. Which processes change sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks?

28. Base your answer to the following question on the cross sections below, which show widely separatedoutcrops at locations X, Y, and Z.

A) red sandstone B) green shale C) brown siltstone D) conglomerate

Which rock layer was formed by the compaction and cementation of particles that were all less than0.0004 centimeter in diameter?

A) siltstone B) basalt C) quartzite D) limestone

29. The diagram below shows some features in a cave.

Which type of rock was chemically weathered by acidic groundwater to produce the cave and itsfeatures?

A) The rock was formed by the metamorphism of sedimentary rock deposited in a terrestrialenvironment during the Cretaceous Period.

B) The rock was formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments deposited in a terrestrialenvironment during the Triassic Period.

C) The rock was formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments deposited in amarine environment during the Cambrian Period.

D) The rock was formed from the solidification of magma in a marine environment during theTriassic Period.

30. The fossil below was found in surface bedrock in the eastern United States.

Which statement best describes the formation of the rock containing this fossil?

A) B) C) D)

31. Which granite sample most likely formed from magma that cooled and solidified at the slowest rate?

A) density B) colorC) crystal grain size D) mineral content

32. The four igneous rocks below are classified into two groups.

What is the basis for this classification?

Base your answers to questions 33 through 35 on the cross section below which shows the surfaceand subsurface rock formations near New York City.

A) Palisades sill B) Fordham gneissC) Inwood marble D) Manhattan schist

33. Which rock formation was originally limestone?

A) obsidian B) granite C) basalt glass D) gabbro

34. The portion of the Palisades sill that contains large crystals of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene isconsidered to be similar in texture and composition to

A) heat and pressure exerted on previously existing rockB) melting and solidification of crustal rocks at

great depthsC) tectonic plate boundaries diverging at the mid-ocean ridgeD) compaction and cementation of sediments under ocean waters

35. The rock types shown on the left side of this geologic cross section were mainly the result of

A) sediments that were deposited on the ocean floorB) heat and pressure that changed a preexisting rockC) volcanic lava that cooled on Earth's surfaceD) a meteor impact on Earth's surface

36. The diagram below shows a rock with deformed structure and intergrown crystals.

The rock was probably formed by

A) A B) B C) C D) D

37. The diagram below shows four rock samples.

Which sample best shows the physical properties normally associated with regional metamorphism?

A) B)

C) D)

38. Which diagram below shows an area in which fine-grained igneous rocks are most likely to befound?

A) the calcite vein B) the crack labeled XYC) the sandstone layer D) the individual sand grains in the rock

39. The diagram below represents a layer of sandstone containing a vein of calcite and a crack labeled XY.

Which is oldest?

A) Magma must be weathered before it can change to metamorphic rock.B) Sediment must be compacted and cemented before it can change to sedimentary rock.C) Sedimentary rock must melt before it can change to metamorphic rock.D) Metamorphic rock must melt before it can change to sedimentary rock.

40. Which statement about the formation of a rock is best supported by the rock cycle?

Base your answers to questions 41 through 43 on the flowchart below and on your knowledge ofEarth science. The flowchart shows the formation of some igneous rocks. The bold letters A, B, C, and D indicate parts of the flowchart that have not been labeled.

41. Give the numerical grain-size range that should be placed in the flowchart at C . Units must beincluded in your answer.

42. Contrast the rate of cooling at A that forms intrusive igneous rock with a rate of cooling at B thatforms extrusive igneous rock.

43. State one igneous rock that could be placed in the flowchart at D.

Base your answers to questions 44 and 45 on the rock cycle diagram below.

44. State the specific names of rocks A, B, and C in the diagram. Do not write the terms "sedimentary,""igneous," and "metamorphic."

45. State one condition or process that would cause the high-grade metamorphism of rock A.

Answer KeyRocks and Minerals Regents Review

1. D2. D3. B4. A5. C6. B7. C8. C9. C10. B11. D12. B13. B14. C15. C16. D17. B18. C19. D20. D21. B22. A23. C24. C25. C26. B27. D28. B29. D30. C31. D32. C33. C34. D35. A

36. B37. A38. C39. D40. B41. 1mm to 10 mm42. Responses include,

but are not limitedto: A is slowercooling than B; B isfaster cooling than A; Intrusive rockforms from moltenrock that coolsslowly; Extrusiverock forms frommolten rock thancools rapidly.

43. Responses include,but are not limitedto: obsidian; basalticglass; pumice;vesicular basaltglass.

44. Rock A – shale;Rock B – gneiss;Rock C – granite ordiorite or pegmatite

45. examples: – heatand/or pressure –The rock is burieddeep underground.– plate collisions –mountain building