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Minimum Requirements for a
Helicopter Rescue Program Including
Hoist vs. Short Haul Rescue
Operations based on the South
African Red Cross Air Mercy Service
ModelPresented by Capt Iefan Blake
Senior Helicopter Pilot
Air Mercy Service
The AMS model works for our specific set of conditions and is subject to: Mandate given to us by our Provincial Partners Resources-Aircraft, Crew (volunteers), Equipment Geographical Location-Mountain Heights, Wx,
Terrain Nature of incidents-very few vertical face/cliff
rescues
May Not Be Applicable,
Insight-establish safe, efficient heli rescue serv.
Share thoughts, comments and experiences, all learn
AMS MODEL
AMS History and Helicopter Introduction
Progression to Fully Fledged Rescue Service
Minimum Requirements based on AMS Model
Considerations, Hoist vs. Short Haul AMS Model
Conclusion
CONTENTS
Established 1966 by Red Cross Society, non profit
basis, C205
Primary Focus transport critically ill & injured patients
Remote and under resourced areas
In collaboration with Prov. Dept of Health
Western Cape first to introduce Helicopter Service,
BO105-2000
AMS HISTORY AND HELICOPTER
INTRODUCTION
Now we operate a fleet of 15 Aircraft
7 X PC 12
3 X EC 130 B4
4 X AW119MKII
1 X A109S
Providing Flying Doctor, Air Ambulance, Rescue services
AMS HISTORY AND HELICOPTER
INTRODUCTION CONT.
PROGRESSION TO FULLY FLEDGED
RESCUE SERVICE
History
Catalyst for Change
Hoist Introduction
Short Haul Introduction
PROGRESSION TO FULLY FLEDGED
RESCUE SERVICE - HISTORY
Western Cape Dep. of Health
2000-BO105
MVA, IFT and ‘assist with rescue where possible’
PROGRESSION TO
FULLY FLEDGED
RESCUE SERVICE -
HISTORY
PROGRESSION TO FULLY FLEDGED RESCUE
SERVICE -
HISTORY
PROGRESSION TO FULLY FLEDGED
RESCUE SERVICE - HISTORY
Where landing not possible and due to not having a
hoist-toe in and single skid landings were carried out
PROGRESSION TO
FULLY FLEDGED
RESCUE SERVICE -
HISTORY
Dangers of toe in
and single skid
landings.
Proximity to
terrain and
rescuers/patients,
self induced
pressure, not
trained high error
rate
PROGRESSION TO FULLY FLEDGED
RESCUE SERVICE - CATALYST FOR
CHANGE
To Mitigate Risk
Improve rescue capability
Ultimately to try and save more lives
PROGRESSION TO FULLY FLEDGED
RESCUE SERVICE - HOIST INTRODUCTION
Introduce Alouette-2002 fitted with hoist
Provided the capability to access patients without the
high risk of toe in and single skid landings.
Patient could be hoisted in harness or stretcher
PROGRESSION TO FULLY FLEDGED
RESCUE SERVICE - HOIST INTRODUCTION
PROGRESSION TO FULLY FLEDGED
RESCUE SERVICE - HOIST INTRODUCTION
AMS MOUNTAIN RESCUE SERVICE-
SHORT HAUL INTRODUCTION
2004-AloIII replaced with AS350
Permitted HEMS and Rescue at same time
Hoist and Dual Cargo Hook fitted
Allowed development of Short Haul Rescue technique
Possible to extract patient with medic
Back up when hoist u/s
AMS MOUNTAIN RESCUE SERVICE -
SHORT HAUL INTRODUCTION
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS AS PER
THE AMS MODEL Legal, Policy, Planning and Control Matters
Dispatch
Equipment
Crew Requirements
Currency System
Procedures (SOPS) Quality System
Safety System
LEGAL, POLICY, PLANNING &
CONTROL MATTERS Operator responsible-Licensing Local Regulatory
Body (CAA)
Flight Operations Manual (FOM) endorsed by CAA
Operator must be properly insured again aviation
risks under the hull and third party liability insurance
of the aircraft.
LEGAL, POLICY, PLANNING AND
CONTROL MATTERS Key Role Players and responsible persons involved
Regular meetings
Overall Policy
Control of Operations
Integrate helicopter in established EMS system
LEGAL, POLICY, PLANNING AND
CONTROL MATTERS Monthly Meeting
Training arrangements, Venue, Permissions, Team
Future Developments, Techniques, Equipment
Review and Debrief Rescue Missions
Unresolved, elevate to Policy & Control Meeting
DISPATCH Any organization can request through EMS Control
Delay in dispatch significantly impacts chances of survival/recovery.
Injury in Mountainous terrain, dispatch to:
Locate patient and assess
If safe, deploy Mountain Medic
Provide situation report to Control, inc Patient condition and additional resources required
Fly in additional support if required
Extract to Hospital expediently
EQUIPMENT – HELICOPTER Modern Helicopter with the following specifications Reliable and proven engine Engine, Gearbox and Main Rotor Exceedence
Monitoring and recording Dual Hydraulics Radar Alt Moving Map GPS Satellite tracking System Performance capabilities to provide sufficient payload to
accommodate Rescue Equipment, Pilot, Hoist Operator, Medic and Tech Rescuer and enough fuel to be operationally effective.
HOGE for the area the helicopter is based in
EQUIPMENT – HOIST
EQUIPMENT – HOIST Operational working load of at least 200kg’s (450Lbs)
Hoist cable length of at least 50m’s (164ft)
Useful to have hoist cable payout display for pilot and hoist operator
Ability to allow the pilot to hoist the cable in or out in case of an emergency, the pilot’s input must override the hoist operator’s input
Ability to allow the pilot to jettison the cable in case of emergency by use of a cable cut switch.
EQUIPMENT – HOIST Recommended that the operation of the hoist master
switch must activate an advisory on the aircraft indicating system so as to prevent inadvertent lowering of the cable during flight.
Hoist must have an over temperature sensor to inform operator when he/she needs to stop hoisting to allow the hoist motor to cool down to prevent hoist motor burn-out.
Hoist to have a cable foul sensor to prevent incorrect role up on hoist drum and possible failure of entire cable.
EQUIPMENT – DUAL CARGO HOOKS
EQUIPMENT – DUAL CARGO HOOKS
Dual Cargo hook load limit of at least 500kg’s.
Must have a dual cargo hook system installed
and certified by manufacturer consisting of a main
cargo hook and a safety cargo hook.
When Flying HEC dual cargo hooks must be
independently connected to separate release
mechanisms which require two separate
actions by the pilot to release the load.
EQUIPMENT – DUAL CARGO HOOKS
Preferably a mirror must be fitted to allow the pilot to see the cargo hooks and confirm that they are open and free of the load when the load is jettisoned.
The main cargo hook must have a load measuring system and readout indicator in the cockpit so that the pilot can check the weight being lifted by the hook and verify that it is within the hook loading limitations.
CREW REQUIREMENTS Rescue Pilots- Min Commercial Pilot, Hoist/Sling, Night,
recommend IR, 1500 Hours, Mountain experience
Hoist Operators- Have mountain rescue experience who have completed a Certified/CAA Endorsed Hoist Operator Course and passed the assessment.
Mountain Medic and Technical Rescuers-Appropriatleyskilled and experienced crews that have successfully undergone helicopter training and have been appointed to the helicopter program by the operator.
Note:
The total number of team members must not be
more than what can be kept current by the system
CURRENCY AND TRAINING SYSTEM
CURRENCY AND TRAINING SYSTEM One of the ways to mitigate some of the risk of Helicopter
Rescue operations is to carry out regular training sessions in line with accepted Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). The principle here is to operate as you train, in other words whatever you do during training is what you do during rescues.
Training is to be prioritized over no urgent transfers Training is as important and requires a commitment from
operator/client Training needs to be completed in full, including attending the
briefing and debrief for currency to be awarded Pilots, Hoist Operators, Medics and Tech Rescuers are
required to regain currency every 6 Months. A record of all training and currency is to be kept by
the operator.
PROCEDURES (SOPS) AND QUALITY
SYSTEM SOP’s are there to provide the rescue team members with
the necessary information for them to safely and
successfully perform their specific function in the rescue
environment
The SOP's should be written using all the experience,
expertise and knowledge in the system.
The operators Quality Manager will ensure regular audits
are conducted to ensure that this SOP is adhered to.
SAFETY SYSTEM
The operator will need to implement a Safety
Management System to identify hazards and control
risks while maintaining assurance that these risk
controls are effective
CONSIDERATIONS:
HOIST VS SHORT HAUL
AMS MODEL
CONSIDERATIONS:
HOIST VS SHORT HAUL
AMS MODEL
General Information
Capabilities
Limitations
Reliability
Cost and Maintenance
Training of crews
GENERAL INFORMATION Almost always an installed hoist system on a helicopter will be
the fastest way to get rescuers to a patient side (dependent on hoist cable length)
The extraction time between the two methods is normally very similar, although the short haul allows the medic to remain at the side of the patient during the extraction. Most cases power margins allow the technical rescuer to be extracted at the same time.
Note:
Hoist and Cargo Hooks are manufactured by third
party vendors who sell them to Helicopter
Manufacturers and operators.
CAPABILITIES
Hoist
Short Haul
(Duel Cargo Hooks)
Load limit – 204 kgs
Cable Length – 50 m
Load Limit – 500 kgs
Rope Length – Limited
only by Pilot & Crew
capabilities and
organization’s SOP’s
LIMITATIONS
Hoist
Short Haul
(Duel Cargo Hooks) Aircraft stationary in hover during
hoisting in or out
Load limit of 204 kgs prevents Medic accompanying patient next to stretcher during hoisting
Limited access gorges and vertical cliff faces due to hoist length limit of 50 m
Hoist weighs 46 kgs – Increased aircraft weight for all missions, not just rescue
100 Knots but limited to 40
Knots for Rescuer Comfort
Duel cargo Hook weighs 20 kgs
– Increased aircraft weight for
all missions, not just rescue.
RELIABILITY
Hoist
Short Haul
(Duel Cargo Hooks)
In excess of 10 malfunction of some kind or another, since introduction of brand new hoist into the system. We have 2 spare hoists in the fleet.
Not one malfunction
recorded since
introduction of Short
Haul in 2004.
COST & MAINTENANCE
Hoist
Short Haul
(Duel Cargo Hooks)
New Hoist US$110000
Overhaul required every 5
years, US$40 000, sent
away to service centre
Hoist Cable US$3000
Cable Tensioner US$3000
New Duel Cargo Hooks
US$43000
Overhaul required after 5 years,
can be overhauled by the In-
House AMO
No repairs required so no price
available
COST & MAINTENANCE CONT.
Hoist
Short Haul
(Duel Cargo Hooks)
Maintenance required every 3 months / 200 cycles, 6 months / 400 cycles, annually, 1500 cycles, 5 years / 2000 cycles overhaul
Geneva Wheel failure requires hoist to be sent to service centre causing weeks of delays for overhaul
Annual inspection and
cleaning required
Overhaul required after 5
years, can be overhauled by
the In-House AMO
COST & MAINTENANCE CONT.
Hoist
Short Haul
(Duel Cargo Hooks)
Typical Failures: Bird caging
Milking Geneva Wheel Failures Self Tentioner
R1 500 per hoist as calculated by AMS finance (R42000/TrngSession for 8 Crew, 28 Hoist, no Short Haul)
Typical Failures: NIL
TRAINING OF CREWS
Hoist
Short Haul
(Duel Cargo Hooks)
18 flight hours for Hoist
Operator training
No exclusive training given
yet but estimate 10 hours
for crewman BUT if Pilot
trained in Vertical
Referencing no crewman
required
RECOMMENDATIONS:
HOIST VS SHORT HAUL
AMS MODEL If budget and helicopter performance allows – buy both!
The reliability of the Short Haul makes it a good backup for the hoist.
If budget/helicopter performance does not allow both but a rescue capability is required consider the following: Terrain, Crew Compliment, Altitude, Helicopter Capabilities - Vertical Face Rescues where a Hoist Cable cannot reach – Short Haul
High altitude, operating at engine limits – Short Haul and Vertical Reference
Low cloud base or excessively high winds – Hoist
Extracting more than 2 people at once – Short Haul
Medic required to treat patient during extraction – Short Haul
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS