Miniopterusgriveaudi

Conservationstatus

DataDeficient(IUCN3.1)[1]

Scientificclassification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Chiroptera

Family: Miniopteridae

Genus: Miniopterus

Species: M.griveaudi

Binomialname

MiniopterusgriveaudiHarrison,1959

CollectionlocalitiesofMiniopterus

griveaudi

MiniopterusgriveaudiFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

MiniopterusgriveaudiisabatinthegenusMiniopterusfoundonGrandeComoreandAnjouanintheComorosandinnorthernandwesternMadagascar.Firstdescribedin1959fromGrandeComoreasasubspeciesofthemainlandAfricanM.minor,itwaslaterplacedwiththeMalagasyM.manavi.However,morphologicalandmolecularstudiespublishedin2008and2009indicatedthatM.manaviasthendefinedcontainedfivedistinct,unrelatedspecies,andM.griveaudiwasredefinedasaspeciesoccurringonbothMadagascarandtheComoros.

Withaforearmlengthof35to38mm(1.4to1.5in),M.griveaudiisasmallMiniopterus.Itisusuallydarkbrown,butsometimesreddish.Thetragus(aprojectioninsidetheear)isnarrowandendsinaroundedtip.Theuropatagium(tailmembrane)appearsvirtuallynaked.Intheskull,thepalateisconcaveandtherostrum(frontpart)isrounded.Thespeciesoccursupto480m(1570ft)abovesealevelonMadagascar,ofteninkarsticareas.IntheComoros,itreaches890m(2920ft)androostsinlavatubesaswellasshallowercaves.FemalescollectedonGrandeComoreinNovemberwerepregnant,butdataonreproductionislimitedandsuggestsindividualandinterislandvariation.

Contents

1Taxonomy2Description3Distributionandecology4References5Literaturecited

Taxonomy

In1959,DavidHarrisondescribedasmallMiniopterusfromtheislandofGrandeComoreasasubspecies,Miniopterusminorgriveaudi,ofthemainlandAfricanspeciesM.minor.ThenamegriveaudihonorsPaulGriveaud,whocollectedthespecimensonwhichHarrisonbasedhisdescription.[2]Thisclassificationremainedforthenextfewdecadesin1992,forexample,JavierJusteandCarlosIbezrecognizedfivesubspecies,includinggriveaudi,

Synonyms

MiniopterusminorgriveaudiHarrison,1959Miniopterusmanavigriveaudi:Petersonetal.,1995Miniopterusgriveaudi:Justeetal.,2007

IllustrationofMiniopterusmanavi

withinM.minor,rangingfromSoTomtoMadagascar.[3]Intheir1995reviewofMadagascarbats,RandolphPetersonandcolleaguesrecognizedthesmallMalagasyMiniopterusasaseparatespecies,Miniopterusmanavi,withgriveaudiasasubspecies.[4]

In2007,JusteandcolleaguesreexaminedtherelationshipsoftheM.minorgroupusingDNAsequencesfromthemitochondrialcytochromeb(cytb)gene.[5]TheyfoundthatgriveaudifromGrandeComoro,manavifromMadagascar,andM.minornewtoni(currentlyMiniopterusnewtoni)fromSoTomwerenotcloselyrelated[6]however,therepresentativesof"manavi"usedintheirstudyweremisidentifiedspecimensofM.majori.[7]

Inanothermolecularstudy,publishedin2008andusingbothcytbandmitochondrialDloopsequences,NicoleWeyenethandcolleaguesfoundthatexaminedspecimensof"Miniopterusmanavi"actuallygroupedintwo,distantlyrelatedcladesoneincludingspecimensfromMadagascar,Anjouan,andGrandeComore,andtheotheroccurringonMadagascarandAnjouanonly.[8]

Thenextyear,StevenGoodmanandcolleaguesfurtherexploredtherelationshipsofthebatsknownas"Miniopterusmanavi"usingcytbsequencesandmorphologicalcomparisons.Theyfoundfivespecieswithin"M.manavi",whicharenoteachother'sclosestrelatives,forminganexampleofconvergentevolution.[9]Uptofourspeciesofthegroupmayoccurinasinglelocality.[10]Miniopterusgriveaudi,nowrecognizedasafullspecies,wasfoundtooccuronGrandeComore,Anjouan,andnorthernandwesternMadagascar,andM.manaviwasrestrictedtotheeasternmarginofMadagascar'sCentralHighlands.Threeotherspecieswerenewlydescribed:MiniopterusaellenionAnjouanandinnorthernandwesternMadagascarMiniopterusbrachytragosinnorthernandwesternMadagascaronlyandMiniopterusmahafaliensisinsouthwesternMadagascar.[11]CytbsequencessuggestthatM.griveaudioccupiesanisolatedpositionamongAfricanandMalagasyMiniopterus.[12]

Description

Miniopterusgriveaudiisasmall,darkbrownMiniopterusspecies.[13]M.aelleniissimilarincolor,butM.manaviisdarkerandM.brachytragosandM.mahafaliensisarelighter.[14]TheupperpartsareoccasionallyreddishbrownthiscolorvariantoccursmoreoftenintheComoropopulationsthanonMadagascar.[13]IntheComoros,individualcoloniesorgroupssometimesconsistexclusivelyofonecolorvariant,butthereisnoapparentgeneticdifferentiationbetweenthetwoforms.[15]Theheadisusuallysomewhatlighterthanthebodyandthehairsoftheunderpartshavebuffishtips.Thetragus(aprojectionontheinnersideoftheouterear)isstraightandnarrowandendsinaroundedtip.[13]Otherspecieshavedifferentlyshapedtragi.[16]Thewingmembraneisalsobrown,buttheuropatagium(tailmembrane)islighter.Thewingmembraneanduropatagiumareattachedtotheupperlegatthesamelevel,neartheankle.Theuropatagiumissparselycoveredwiththinhairsthatarevirtuallyinvisibletothenakedeye.[13]In

Measurements[19]

Island n Totallength Tail Hindfoot Tragus Ear Forearm Mass

Anjouan 38 87.8(8591)41.0(3844) 5.0(46)

5.2(56) 10.1(911)

36.8(3538)

4.8(3.85.8)

GrandeComore

3437

83.6(8089)

39.4(3542) 4.9(45)

5.8(56)

10.3(1011)

36.3(3538)

4.4(3.65.8)

Madagascar 18 89.3(8693)40.1(3543) 5.8(57)

5.9(57) 10.4(911)

36.9(3538)

5.4(4.17.1)

Allmeasurementsareintheform"mean(minimummaximum)"andareinmillimeters,exceptmassingrams.

contrast,M.manavi,M.mahafaliensis,andM.brachytragoshavedenselycovereduropatagiaandthatofM.aelleniissparsely,butvisiblyhaired.[17]TherearesomedifferencesinmeasurementsamongtheislandpopulationsanimalsfromGrandeComorearegenerallysmallest,thosefromAnjouanareintermediate,andthosefromMadagascararelargest.[18]

Theanimalhasakaryotypeof46chromosomes,withatotalof50majorarmsontheautosomes(nonsexchromosomes).TheXchromosomeissubmetacentric(withonearmslightlylongerthantheother)andtheYchromosomeissmallandacrocentric(withoneveryshortandonelongarm).[20]ThekaryotypeisconservedamongspeciesofMiniopterusthenumberofchromosomesandarmsisidenticalinM.griveaudi,theMalagasyM.aelleniandM.gleni,andeventheAsianM.fuliginosus.[21]

Intheskull,therostrum(frontpart)isrounded.[13]Thecentralgrooveinthenasaldepression(theloweredareaatthenose)isrelativelybroadincomparisontoM.manavi.[22]Thefrontalbones(partoftheskullroof)bearawelldevelopedsagittalcrest(acrestthatprovidessupportformusclesofthehead).[13]Furtherbackonthebraincase,thelambdoidcrest(anothersuchcrest)isalsoprominent.[13]Themiddlepartofthepalateisconcave,asinM.brachytragosandM.mahafaliensis,butunlikeinM.aelleniandM.manavi,whichhaveaflatpalate.[17]Atthepalate'sbackmarginisalong,robustposteriorpalatalspine.[22]

Distributionandecology

OnMadagascar,thedistributionofM.griveaudiextendsalongthewesternlowlandsnorthtoAnkaranainthefarnorthoftheisland,andoneasternMadagascarsouthtothevicinityofDaraina.Itisfoundupto480m(1570ft)abovesealevelandoftenoccursinkarsticareas.ItsrangeextensivelyoverlapsthatofM.aelleni,whichisregularlyfoundinthesameforestsandcaves.[23]Althoughsomeecologicalandbehavioraldatahasbeenpublishedon"Miniopterusmanavi",therecognitionofseveralcrypticspecieswithinthisgroup,whichmayoccurinthesameplaces,renderstheassociationofthesedatawithanyofthespeciesnowrecognizeduncertain[24]however,speciesofMiniopterusgenerallyfeedoninsects.[25]

Miniopterusgriveaudiwasassessedas"DataDeficient"ontheIUCNRedListin2008,[1]buttheaccountpredatestherecognitionofthespeciesonAnjouanandMadagascar.

Miniopterusgriveaudiisknownfrom15to670m(50to2200ft)altitudeonGrandeComoreand5to890m(20to2920ft)onAnjouan.IntheComoros,itroostsincaves,bothlavatubesandshallowerstructuresitwasfoundtoshareonecaveonGrandeComorewithanotherbat,Rousettusobliviosus.[15]

IndividualsofM.griveaudihavebeenfoundtoleaveaGrandeComorecaveatsunset.[26]FlyingM.griveaudihavemostlybeenrecordedinforests,butthismayreflectalackofsurveyeffortinopenareas.[27]Incaves,individualseithergroupinlargegroupsofmorethan50batswithoutreproductiveactivityorinsmallergroupsofatmostfivereproductivelyactivebats.[15]Limiteddataonreproductionshowsomenotablevariationbetweenindividualsandislands.IntwocavessurveyedonGrandeComoreinNovember2006,allfemaleswerepregnantwithsingleembryoswithcrownrumplengthsof14to19mm(0.6to0.7in),butnoneofthemaleswerereproductivelyactive.Inanothercave,noneofthebatsexaminedatthesametimeallmaleswerereproductivelyactive.NoneofthebatscapturedinoneofthecavesinApril2007showedsignsofreproductiveactivity.OnAnjouan,nobatswerereproductivelyactiveintwocavessurveyedinlateNovember2006.[26]

AlthoughspecimensofM.griveaudidifferbyonly0.6%intheircytbsequences,analysisofDloopdatadoesshowsomedifferentiationbetweentheislandpopulations.[28]ThesedatasuggestthatthespeciesoriginatedonMadagascar,wherealarge,stablepopulationpersists,andindependentlycolonizedGrandeComoreandAnjouansubsequently,theGrandeComoreandAnjouanpopulationscameintocontact,resultingininterislandgeneflow.[15]

References

1. Juste,20082. Harrison,1959,p.1923. JusteandIbez,1992,table24. Petersonetal.,1995,pp.120,1355. Justeetal.,2007,p.306. Justeetal.,2007,fig.27. Weyenethetal.,2008,fig.2,p.52158. Weyenethetal.,2008,p.5205,fig.29. Goodmanetal.,2009b,pp.12

10. Goodmanetal.,2009b,table711. Goodmanetal.,2009b,pp.12,5612. Goodmanetal.,2009a,fig.22009b,fig.213. Goodmanetal.,2009a,p.35114. Goodmanetal.,2009b,pp.212215. Goodmanetal.,2010,p.13016. Goodmanetal.,2009b,p.2117. Goodmanetal.,2009b,p.2218. Goodmanetal.,2009a,pp.35235319. Goodmanetal.,2009a,table220. Richardsetal.,2010,p.64121. Richardsetal.,2010,p.64922. Goodmanetal.,2009a,p.35223. Goodmanetal.,2009a,pp.352,35835924. Goodmanetal.,2009b,p.3125. Nowak,1994,p.22226. Goodmanetal.,2010,p.13127. Goodmanetal.,2010,pp.13013128. Goodmanetal.,2009a,pp.351352

Literaturecited

Goodman,S.M.,Maminirina,C.P.,Weyeneth,N.,Bradman,H.M.,Christidis,L.,Ruedi,M.andAppleton,B.2009a.Theuseofmolecularandmorphologicalcharacterstoresolvethetaxonomicidentityofcrypticspecies:thecaseofMiniopterusmanavi(Chiroptera:Miniopteridae)(http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122463311/abstract)(subscriptionrequired).ZoologicaScripta38:339363.Goodman,S.M.,Maminirina,C.P.,Bradman,H.M.,Christidis,L.andAppleton,B.2009b.Theuseofmolecularphylogeneticandmorphologicaltoolstoidentifycrypticandparaphyleticspecies:Examplesfromthediminutivelongfingeredbats(Chiroptera:Miniopteridae:Miniopterus)onMadagascar(http://hdl.handle.net/2246/6028).AmericanMuseumNovitates3669:134.Goodman,S.M.,Weyeneth,N.,Ibrahim,Y.,Sad,I.andRuedi,M.2010.AreviewofthebatfaunaoftheComoroArchipelago(http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.3161/150811010X504635)(subscriptionrequired).ActaChiropterologica12(1):117141.Harrison,D.L.1959.AnewsubspeciesoflesserlongwingedbatMiniopterusminorPeters,1867,fromtheComoroIslands.DurbanMuseumNovitates5:191196.Juste,J.andIbez,C.1992.TaxonomicreviewofMiniopterusminorPeters,1867(Mammalia:Chiroptera)fromwesterncentralAfrica.BonnerZoologischeBeitrge43:355365.Juste,J.2008.Miniopterusgriveaudi(http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/full/136752/0).InIUCN.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2010.2..DownloadedonAugust14,2010.Juste,J.,Ferrndez,A.,Fa,J.E.,Masefield,W.andIbez,C.2007.Taxonomyoflittlebentwingedbats(Miniopterus,Miniopteridae)fromtheAfricanislandsofSoTom,GrandComoroandMadagascar,basedonmtDNA(http://dx.doi.org/10.3161%2F17335329%282007%299%5B27%3ATOLBBM%5D2.0.CO%3B2)(subscriptionrequired).ActaChiropterologica9:2737.Nowak,R.M.1994.Walker'sBatsoftheWorld.Baltimore:TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,287pp.ISBN9780801849862Peterson,R.L.,Eger,J.L.andMitchell,L.1995.Chiroptres.FaunedeMadagascar84:1204(inFrench).Richards,L.R.,Rambau,R.V.,Lamb,J.M.,Taylor,P.J.,Yang,F.,Schoeman,M.C.andGoodman,S.M.2010.CrossspecieschromosomepaintinginbatsfromMadagascar:thecontributionofMyzopodidaetorevealingancestralsynteniesinChiroptera(http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s1057701091396)(subscriptionrequired).ChromosomeResearch18:635653.Weyeneth,N.,Goodman,S.M.,Stanley,W.T.andRuedi,M.2008.ThebiogeographyofMiniopterusbats(Chiroptera:Miniopteridae)fromtheComoroArchipelagoinferredfrommitochondrialDNA(http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365294X.2008.03994.x)(subscriptionrequired).MolecularEcology17:52055219.

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