a

Ministry of Education

Deputy M

inistry of Curriculum

Developm

ent,Teacher Education &

Science Center

Directorate G

eneral of Curriculum

Developm

ent&

Com

piling of Textbooks

English for A

fghanistanStudent’s B

ook

Published: 1390

b

co

mm

itt

ee

s of c

om

pilin

g, r

ese

ar

ch

& e

dit

ing

of t

ex

tb

oo

ks

Authors:1.

Jamshid "Zaynal"

2.S. N

ematullah "M

ushtaq"3.

Frishta "Kazim

i"4.

Ghulam

Rabani “Ludin”

Technical advisor and E

ditor:-

Abdul H

akim"M

ujahid"

Religious, Political and C

ultural Com

mittee:

1.D

r. Ataullah “W

ahidyar” (Sr. Advisor to the M

inister ofEducation and D

irector of Publication)2.

Habibullah “R

ahil” (Advisor to the M

inister of Education)3.

Moham

mad A

sif “Kochi” (H

ead of Islamic education D

epartment)

sup

er

visin

g c

om

mit

te

e

1.D

r. Asadullah M

uhaqqique (Deputy M

inistry of Curriculum

development, Teacher Education and Science C

enter).2.

Dr.Shir A

li Zarifi Head of the C

urriculum D

evelopment Project.

3.A

bdul Zahir Gulistani (D

irector General of C

urriculumD

evelopment &

Com

piling of Textbooks).

Com

posed and Designed by:

-Jam

shid “Zaynal”

c

d

��������� ������������������� ����������� ��

�������� � ������� �������� � �������

�� ���������� ���������� � �������� ��

�� ��������������� �� ������������������� �

�� ��������!�" #$������% ����������

�� &

�������'��( #�� �

����������)

����*+, -����� .����) ����������*� ���

/

.����) ��������*�0 � ������ .������1*� .�����

���������'�� ��������2 3�����4 � 5������

�� ������������ ������������� � 6���������% ��

������7) ��������8

�� �����������2�9( �������:

������������������������;)<� � �����������������������=�+) �

����������������������;!�� � ����������������������1>��� �

��������������������*����� #��:�����������������?2��

�������: .�@������ A������ #B���������>:� A������

���������>�0 .1������C �������� ���������>� .��������;�

��D:������������������! �� �E< .�����������������;�

�������:���������'�� F

� �������:�� �������'�� F�

e

The M

essageFrom

his Excellency M

inister of Education

Dear teachers and students,

As education is the foundation of development, a key elem

ent in defining quality,relevance and effectiveness of education is its curriculum

. Our new

curriculum has been

shaped by

the desires

of our people for an

ideal future using

the latest advances

ineducation developm

ent. Our education system

and curricula should provide the type ofeducation that w

ill enable our future generations to build and Islamic society that is m

oral,m

odern and prosperous. Through widespread consultations, the M

inistry of Education hasattem

pted to come up w

ith content, structure, scope and sequence for various curricula thatw

ill equip our children and youths with values, know

ledge and skills that are essential forassisting the learners to becom

e positive and contributing mem

bers of their families and

their society. I am confident that the curriculum

development team

s of the Ministry of

Education tried hard to incorporate the latest developments in the science of learning,

educational psychology as well as m

ental, intellectual and emotional developm

ent ofchildren, as they developed the new

curriculum. It is m

y honor to assure our students,teachers and their fam

ilies that the school curriculum is not a m

eans for spreading politicalideologies.

I hope this textbook precisely represent our intentions and efforts to offer you the bestresource for learning and application. This book is designed to m

eet the learning needs ofthe pupils and facilitate active participation of students in learning and teaching processes.

I expect our teachers to apply the active teaching methods to engage all students and

carefully follow the Teacher’s G

uide to facilitate active learning. Teachers are required toprovide opportunities for all students to learn by doing; understand through discovery; useim

agination, thinking, creativity and take joy in instructional activities.

I also call on the guardians and parents of the students to take interest in the education oftheir daughters and sons, participate in school’s Shuras and turn learning into a daily fam

ilyroutine. Parents can both give by helping their children w

ith their studies and take bylearning from

the school curriculum through their children. R

aising our future generation isa joint responsibility of the fam

ilies and the Ministry of Education.

Ministry of Education is comm

itted to a constant improvem

ent of our curriculum;

therefore, I welcom

e parents, scholars and educationalists to provide us with feedback for

improving our curricula, textbooks and other resources m

aterial.

I wholeheartedly appreciate the hard w

ork of the authors, reviewers, editors, com

posers,designers and others w

ho participated in preparation this textbook. I am also grateful to the

support of the institutions and experts, national and international and donors for supportingthe process and especially printing and distribution of our textbooks.

May A

llah bless us all!Farooq W

ardakM

inister of Education

f

Introduction

Rational for learning E

nglish Language

Studying English Language, as a very effective foreign languageis crucial and essential for the people of A

fghanistan because ofm

any reasons:a.

It can enable learners to comm

unicate with other people

and acquire needed information.

b.It can help students and scholars to get know

ledge aboutthe daily life, culture, religion, politics, science and thetechnologies developed in English Language, and use theknow

ledge in the development of their country.

c.It can help the students and scholars to learn about thecontributions of great w

riters, thinkers, scientists, poets,inventors, statesm

en in the progress of the people’s of thislanguage.

d.It can help our statesm

en understanding International Lawand culture and consequently, im

prove internationalrelations of A

fghanistan with the N

ations of the world.

e.It can help our people to prom

ote their business andstrengthen the econom

y of the country.f.

It can help our religious scholars to comm

unicate thepeople of the w

orld, comprehend their culture and the w

ayof life, and accordingly preach them

the precious Islamic

teachings and values. Consequently, prom

ote mutual

understanding and conviction.

***

g

Methods ofthe C

ourse

“English for Afghanistan” is an English Course for the people of

Afghanistan, to m

eet their needs. The course has been designed to promote

English Language Learning through the following m

ethods and techniques:

1.In the course, students are encouraged to talk first about them

selvesand their environm

ents and then to broaden their horizons.

2.The course develops an aw

areness of the link between language,

religion and culture.

3. The course provides students w

ith the opportunity to acquireEnglish language skills in an enjoyable and challenging role.

4. In the course, there is a consistent focus on learning English in orderto develop practical and functional skills in w

hich gramm

ar iscarefully controlled.

5. The course provides enough tim

e for students to master and acquire

the lexicon and structures which are taught to them

.

6.The skills of listening, speaking, reading and w

riting are developedgradually.

7.M

aximum

opportunities of interaction are provided for students.

8.M

aximum

use is made of pair and group activities w

here studentsundertake tasks collaboratively.

9.M

oreover, revision and recycling are integrated into the course tofacilitate m

ore learning skills.

10. This book of the course is consisting of (12) units.

***

h

Unit

Title

Page Num

ber

1C

ountries and Nationalities

1

2L

et’s Know

13

3G

oing to School27

4People lives

41

5C

urrency54

6G

oing to Hajj Pilgrim

age66

7Pilgrim

age Program78

8D

ining Custom

s90

9T

raditional Gam

es103

10A

t the Hospital

114

11L

anguage Ability

126

12T

echnical School141

1

In this unit you are going to:

listen to an introduction.learn proper adjectives.know

the countries and nationalities.read a paragraph about television.learn new

words.

2

A.L

isten to your teacher while he/she is reading the follow

ingT

eam Introduction then practice it w

ith yourself.

B.In pairs: A

sk and answer the follow

ing question.

1. What is M

r. Noorudin's program

called?2. W

ho is the producer of the program?

3. Who is escorting N

oorudin everywhere he goes?

4. Where is M

r. Shams from

?

Introduction

Good m

orning, I am N

oorudin Ham

idi. I am a TV

interviewer on

Educational TV netw

ork. We have a new

program every w

eek

called “Lets Know

”. You are going to see m

e a lot with this

program in this book. First, let m

e tell you a little about myself.

I am 25 years old. I com

e from N

emrooz. I graduated from

Kabul

University as journalist. N

ow let’s know

two of the people in our

team.

This is our cameram

en, Shamsudin Sham

s. He

comes from

Lugar. He goes everyw

here with

us. We also have a driver Farooq. H

e is from

Laghman. H

e escorts us everywhere as w

ell.

Sharif Noor w

ho comes from

Marzar e Sharif is

our director. He produces the program

and help

us with m

anaging the works.

Together we have a lot of fun. I think you're

going to enjoy our program and the interesting

things we do.

3

A.R

ead these sentences:a. H

e is from A

fghanistan. b. He is from

India. H

e is Afghan.

He is Indian.

B. Look at the map and m

ake sentences about these countries andnationalities. H

e is from U

zbekistan. He is U

zbek.

C. C

omplete the sentences w

ith the correct nationality.1.

We are from

Afghanistan. W

e are ____________.2.

She is from Saudi A

rabia. She is ____________.3.

They are from Iran. They are ____________.

4.H

e is my friend. H

e is from Pakistan, so he is ____________.

5.They are from

England. They are ____________.

Gram

mar

4

D.R

ead these words and w

rite sentences.

Example:Toshio is from

Japan.

He is Japanese.

1.______________________________________________________.

2.______________________________________________________.

3.______________________________________________________.

4.______________________________________________________.

5.______________________________________________________.

6.______________________________________________________.

7.______________________________________________________.

8.______________________________________________________.

9.______________________________________________________.

10.______________________________________________________.

1.Japan

Japanese

2.Egypt

Egyptian

3.India

Indian

4.Iran

Iranian

5.C

hinaC

hinese

6.Libya

Libyan

7.R

ussiaR

ussian

8.Pakistan

Pakistani

9.A

merica

Am

erican

10.PalestinePalestinian

5

Read the passage and then answ

er the questions below.

1.W

hat is the term of T.V

. made of and w

hat does it mean?

2.W

hat does T.V provide to the people?

3.W

ho speaks to the people through T.V. to guide them

to the rightpath?

4.W

hat are the evil of T.V. W

hen it is misused?

5.W

ho is responsible for having control over T.V. channels?

ReadingThe term

of television is made of tw

o words, viz (tele)

and (vision). It means to see from

a distance. Televisionis an im

proved form of radio and providing a better

source of instruction and amusem

ent. T.V is a useful

source for getting education and knowledge.

We

can m

ake and

broadcast effective

educativeprogram

s for

children and

students through

T.Vchannels. N

owadays religious scholars, intellectuals and

politicians speak to the people on the T.V to guide them

to the right path of morality and public virtues.

Although,

television has

all these

advantages and

facilities, we should also be aw

are of evils that it bringsto the people. B

ecause it may be m

isused and make the

people corrupt by showing and displaying them

ofim

moral pictures and film

s. Nonetheless, this is the

responsibility of the government to have control over

T.V. channels and prevent them

from m

isusing thisuseful source of guidance in the country.

6

A. D

o you remem

ber the order of the English A

lphabet? Practice!

B. Put these w

ords into alphabetical order:secondary

attendance radio

interviewcustom

C. R

ead the following w

ords and notice their arrangement in

alphabetical order. Read their m

eanings and answer the

questions with your teacher and friends.

ab

cd

ef

gh

ij

kl

mn

op

qr

st

uv

wx

yz

Word study

Custom

: a custom is a traditional activity or festival w

hich all the peoplein a country or a region usually do.It is a custom

in Afghanistan to take off your shoes w

hile entering theroom

.D

o you know any other custom

in Afghanistan?

Can you tell us about it?

Keen: very interested in som

ething, clever.H

e is a keen volleyball player. It means that he is interested in volleyball.

He is a keen student. It m

eans that he works hard and learns his lessons

fast.There are keen athletes if w

e give them opportunities.

Make a sentence w

ith keen about your classmates.

Make a sentence w

ith keen about your family m

embers.

Ow

n: peculiar to oneself.H

e is going to wash his ow

n car.Is this your ow

n radio?M

ake sentences with the w

ordow

n.C

omplete the sentence.

Who has his/ her ________house?

Various: M

ore than one, different.There are various w

ays to get education.I w

ould like to go to Foroshga. Can you tell m

e how to get there?

There are various ways to go there, by car, by bus or on foot.

You can find cars in __________, ________, red, blue, yellow

, black,silver and m

any more.

7

A. C

omplete the sentences w

ith correct word.

1.It is ________________ in A

fghanistan andIslam

ic countries to say "Assalam

u Alikum

"w

hile meeting people or entering a house.

2.There are six people in a volleyball______________.

3.Every one is a ________________.

4.A

man w

ho interview people is

______________.5.

Nadia attended to engineering faculty in

Kabul ________________.

B. N

ow com

plete the sentences with the follow

ing words.

1.______________ w

as the ancient name of A

fghanistan.2.

______________ is located in the south west of A

fghanistan.3.

______________ was our biology teacher before you.

4.______________ is in the north east of A

fghanistan.5.

______________ is the name of H

amidi's program

.6.

______________ is a wild anim

al which is available in W

akhanM

ountains.

C. C

omplete the sentences w

ith the words below

and change theform

if it is necessary.

1.H

e knows ______________ program

s of computer.

2.O

ur friends ______________ him "the hero".

3.O

ur children program's ______________ is from

Qalat.

4.H

e is a ______________ tennis player. He plays everyday.

5.I w

ant to have my ______________ car, but m

y dad doesn’t agreew

ith my idea.

Word study

Turkmenistan

"lets know"

Nasim

Ariana

TigerW

akhan

called

directorkeen

own

various

player universitya custom

teaman interview

er

8

A. T

alk about this man.

Nam

e: Bahram

Age: tw

enty oneC

ountry: Afghanistan

Hom

etown: Lugar Province

Address: H

ouse No 13, W

aisal Abad Street, C

halstoon RoadH

igh school: Muhm

mood H

otakiU

niversity: Kabul U

niversity, Faculty of Arts

Present occupation: Cam

eraman

Hobbies: R

eading, swim

ming, chess playing

Future: Producer

B. W

rite the conversation in your notebook then complete it about

someone you know

.

C. N

ow ask sim

ilar questions about your classmates.

a.W

ho?b.

How

old?c.

Nationality?

d.H

ometow

n?e.

His/ her education?

f.Job?

g.H

obbies?h.

Want to be in the future?

Activities

A: W

ho is this?A

: How

old is he?A

: Where is he from

?A

: What is his hom

etown?

A: W

hat is his last name?

A: W

hich high school did he go to?A

: What does he do? W

hat is his job?A

: What does he like to do?

A: W

hat does he want to be in the future?

B: This is _____________.

B: H

e is ______________.B

: ______________________.B

: ______________________.B

: ______________________.B

: ______________________.B

: ______________________.B

: ______________________.B

: ______________________.

9

D.

Now

read

this paragraph

about B

ahram

then w

rite a

paragraph about the one whom

you asked and answered

questions in part C.

This is Bahram

. He is tw

enty two years old.

He is A

fghan and he comes from

Lugar province.

He w

ent to Mahm

mod H

otaki High school and

completed his education in the field of A

rts in

Kabul U

niversity. Now

he works as a cam

eraman

for Educational TV N

etwork. H

e is keen in swim

ming, chess playing and

interested in reading. In facts he spends his free time in reading

magazines and playing chess.

When you are asked to w

rite, make sure that you considered the

following rules:

1.G

ive your title capital letters and underline it.2.

Leave one letter space between w

ords.3.

Leave one letter space between sentences.

4.Start each sentence w

ith a capital letter.5.

Write the sentences com

pletely.6.

End each sentence with a full stop or a question m

ark.7.

Spell all the words correctly and carefully.

10

A. R

ead, learn and remem

ber.A

lgeria.A

lgerian.Egypt.

Egyptian.Iran.

Iranian.Jordan.

Jordanian.Libya.

Libyan.M

orocco.M

oroccan.

He is from

Tunisia.

He is

Tunisian.B

ahrain.B

ahraini.Iraq.

Iraqi.G

ermany.

Germ

an.Italy.

Italian.France.

French.Spain.

Spanish.

She is from

Canada.

She is

Canadian.

askyou som

e questions.explain

the lesson.tell

you something about m

y experiences.Let m

e

showyou m

y evidence.play

football.study

the lesson.go

to the park.Let's

learnA

rabic.B

. Com

plete the sentences with "let m

e" or "let's".1.

__________ watch the children program

.2.

__________ go to the mosque.

3.__________ explain the form

to you.4.

__________ learn English.5.

__________ help you in loading the truck.6.

__________ play tennis.7.

__________ show you the bedroom

.8.

__________ play chess.9.

__________ introduce my friends.

10.__________ read the letter for the students.

Review

11

A. R

ead the definition of these words and learn them

.

A custom

a traditionalactivity

which all the people of a country

do.

Auniversity

isa place

where you can continue your

studies after you graduated fromhigh school.

A teacher

a personw

ho teaches the pupils/ students.A

horsean anim

alw

hich carries people/ goods.

A key

isan object

which opens a door’s lock/ a

lock.

B. M

atch the words w

ith their correct definitions.

Review

1.a shop is

2.a satellite is

3.a farm

er

4.a porter

5.a therm

ometer

6.a donkey

7.a cam

era

8.an envelope

9.a cam

el

10.a post office

a.a place w

here you can buy stamps and send letters.

b.is the rectangular paper cover in w

hich you send a

letter through the post.

c.is a thing w

hich measures tem

perature.

d.is a thing w

hich takes photograph.

e.is an anim

al which carries people in the dessert.

f.is a person w

ho grows vegetables, corns and foods.

g.a thing w

hich orbits the earth.

h.a place w

here you can buy things.

i.is an anim

al which pulls carts.

j.is a person w

ho carries the luggage's.

12

vo

ca

bu

lar

y list

Nouns

Am

ericaSatellite

artSpain

athlete tribecam

eraman

thermom

eterC

anada Turkmenistan

cart Urdu

chess Uzbekistan

China

cinema

corndirectorearthEgyptEngineeringevidencefacultyhom

etown

ideaIndiainterview

erIranItalyJordanjournalistLibyam

agazinem

asteropportunityorbitPakistanPalestinePorterphotographprofessionR

ussia

Verbs

calldisagreeeducateenjoyenterescortinterviewlocateobeyproducetake off

Adjectives

Afghan

Am

ericanA

rabicboldC

anadianC

hineseFrenchH

eroIndianInterestedIranianItalianJapaneseJordaniankeenLibyanow

nPakistaniPalestinianpeculiarproperR

ussianU

zbekvarious

Adverb

soontogether

13

In this unit you are going to:

listen to an introduction.learn Sim

ple Future Tenseread a letter.learn new

words.

read about time.

write a letter.

14

Listen to your teacher w

hile he/ she is reading the following text.

Do you rem

ember N

oorudin Ham

idi? Last Saturday he introduced hiscolleagues to you. N

ow he is on your TV

screen. He is going to tell you

about his new program

.

Answ

er the

following

questions then

write

them

in your

notebooks.1.

Do you w

atch Educational TV?

2.W

hich programs do you like the best?

3.Is there a program

called "Let's know" in Education TV

?4.

Have you ever participated in any TV

programs?

5.W

hat is a good TV program

?6.

Is watching TV

useful? Why?

Listening

And w

e will m

eet those who are com

ing here for sightseeing.

Good evening, everyone. It is great to be

with you. W

elcome to “let's know

”. Now

thisprogram is on access every Saturday

night at 6:00. I hope you enjoy it.

This program is going

to be about people andplaces.

I will be your host. O

urguests w

ill be Afghans

and foreigners.

We w

ill visit peopleat

school, at

work,

and we w

ill discusstheir health and thefood they

eat.

15

A. Practice the follow

ing conversations with your partner.

1.Karim

: Hello I am

Karim

.W

ahid: Hello I am

Wahid. It is nice to

meet you.

Karim

: Welcom

e to Helm

and.W

ahid: Thank you. It is nice to be here.H

elmand is such a nice place.

Karim

: Yes, I love it. Let's show

you thehotel, you look tired. Enjoy thedelicious foods and drinks.

Wahid: Y

es, it was a long trip, but it w

asw

onderful.K

arim: I knew

that you may enjoy this trip.

2.Ham

idi: Welcom

e to our program.

Samim

: Thank you Mr. H

amidi. It is nice

to be with you.

Ham

idi: My first question is, how

did youfind Laghm

an?Sam

im: That is great, it is w

arm in w

interand it is very hot in sum

mer.

Ham

idi: How

are the people?Sam

im: The people are really hospitable

and friendly.H

amidi: A

nd the last question, what did

you do there?Sam

im: I visited M

ehtarlam B

aba shrine.H

amidi: Thank you M

r. Samim

for joining us.Sam

im: Y

ou are welcom

e.B

. Now

make tw

o similar conversations, but this tim

e, don't use"m

y program", instead you can use these w

ords: home, our

school, our team, our village, and our departm

ent.

Conversation

16

A. Sim

ple Future tenseD

o you remem

ber these signs called "timelines"?

Meansthe past.

Exam

ple:Tw

o weeks ago, w

e were in M

aimana.

Meansthe present.

Exam

ple:Now

we are in K

abul.M

eans the futureE

xample: W

e will go to Takharnext m

onth.I

amH

e, She, Itis

We, Y

ou, Theyare

going to

IHe, She, It

We, Y

ou, They

will

begin a new course.

prepare a report.enjoy the party.discuss about it tom

orrow.

work for Educational TV

.participate on TV

discussion.

B. R

ead the sentences then draw one line under present tense, tw

olines under past tense and circle the future tense.1.

Winter starts in D

ecember in A

fghanistan.2.

Nooria visited her relatives in Sam

angan two m

onths ago.3.

Taher and his cousin will participate in the children program

.4.

Squirrels gather nuts every autumn in order to prepare for w

inter.5.

He is going to m

ake a program soon.

6.O

ur school’s principal resigned two w

eeks ago.7.

Afghans vote for presidential election every four years.

8.The craters on the m

oon look like dark spots.9.

Last night the animal w

orld showed a blind lion.

10.The cameram

an is going to take pictures of the lion.C

. How

can you make questions? R

emem

ber the changes below.

He, She is going to participate in our

program.

Is he, shegoing

to participate inour program

?Y

ou, We, They are going to film

theblind lion.

Are you, w

e, theygoing

to filmthe blind lion?

Where are you

going to film the blind lion?

What is he

going to do?H

ow m

any peopleare going to participate in the program

?

Gram

mar

17

D. C

hange the following sentences into questions.

1.W

e are going to Japan. _____________________________________________________2.

A new

TV program

will start.

_____________________________________________________3.

Mr. Q

adeem is going to be the host. (W

ho) _____________________________________________________4.

Mr. K

abir will never m

arry. (When)

_____________________________________________________5.

They are going to open a supermarket by the end of the year.

_____________________________________________________6.

Five new students w

ill come to our class. (H

ow m

any) _____________________________________________________7.

She is going to establish a library over here. (What)

_____________________________________________________8.

You w

ill be with us in this program

for two hours. (H

ow long)

_____________________________________________________9.

He is going to join in our team

. _____________________________________________________10.W

e will play in national team

. (Where)

_____________________________________________________

E. A

rrange the following w

ords to meaningful sentences.

1.going/ the/ director/ to/ is/ describe/ film

/ the/. ____________________________________________2.

many/ are/ how

/ to/ people/ participate/ the/ discussion/ in/ going/? ____________________________________________3.

to/ am/ going/ I/ travel/ to/ N

igeria/ next week/.

____________________________________________4.

observe/ the/ project/ to/ going/ I/ am/.

____________________________________________5.

will/ they/ w

hen/ arrange/ program/ the/?

____________________________________________

18

Eleven twelve

Twelve past eleven

Two tw

enty fiveTw

enty five past two

Three fifty sevenFifty seven past three

Eleven forty fiveQ

uarter to eleven

There are two w

ays to say the time:

Mr.

Ham

idi needs

permission

for his

plan to

promote

theprogram

"Let's know

".

Answ

er the following questions.

a.H

ow long w

ill the trip last?b.

How

many program

s there will be?

c.H

ow m

uch will be the total cost?

d.H

ow long w

ill each program last?

e.W

hat is the director's name?

Reading

The hour + T

he minutes

The m

inutes to/ past the hour

Date:

20 Decem

ber 2009.To:

Mr. Salim

, Director of

Educational TV program

From:

Noorudin H

amidi,

Subject:plans to prom

ote "Let's Know

" I have the follow

ing plans for our program. I w

ould like to have yourperm

ission to go ahead and expand our program. There w

ill be around 7program

s. Each one will last 20 m

inutes. They w

ill be from 8:30 to 8:50 on Friday evenings. W

e are going tointerview

people in the studio. For example, there w

ill be the head ofEnglish

department

from

Directorate

General

of C

urriculumD

evelopment and w

e plan to travel to the North as w

ell. In addition, we

intend to fly to Kandahar and interview

some students and teachers to ask

about their problems. O

ur journey will take about tw

o weeks and w

illcost around 20000 A

fghanis. The total cost of the program w

ill beapproxim

ately 50000 Afghanis.

So I need your permission for going ahead.

Sincerely yours,

19

Read the follow

ing words.

Com

plete the sentences with the given w

ords in the table.

1.W

e learned how to fix m

achines in _____________ school.

Word study

about, approximately, around, exactly

This room is exactly 5m

long neither more nor less.

These students are about fifteen years old.H

e comes around five o'clock.

It is approximately 4m

wide.

Foreigner means stranger

He has com

e from Japan. H

e is a foreigner.A

re you a stranger in our country?G

uest, is the person who is invited to

a party, a programThe guests w

ere all in the hall.H

ostis the person who invites people

or introduces a program.

The host introduced me to the other guests.

Studiois the place w

here a program is m

ade.The new

s usually broadcast from the studio.

Take place m

eans to occurThe w

orld football match takes place

every four years.Intend m

eans to have a plan or purposeH

e intended to stay here for long.H

e intended to get married soon.

Healthy m

eans the state of being well.

Healthy m

eans strong and well.

He is in good health and looks healthy enough.

Healthy person can w

ork very hard.

Studio health technical goes ahead with about foreigner

intend mem

o negative permission below

All H

ajj nicetake place discussed total host screen guest in order to

20

2.It is _____________ 220 km

from K

abul to Ghazni.

3.G

ood _____________ depends on good food.

4.I w

as interviewed in the _____________.

5.M

y dad let me to _____________ w

ith my com

puter lessons.

6.The one w

ho comes from

other countries is called _____________.

7.The ______ care organization decided to build a clinic in our village.

8.H

er response was _____________w

hen I asked Am

ina to lend me

some m

oney.

9.Every year a lot of A

fghans go to perform _____________.

10.The representative of the people wrote a _____________.

11.Question num

ber 12 is _____________ the page.

12.The doctor gave me _____________ to leave the bed.

13.I _____________ to study hard this year in order to get a position.

14.When I said “G

ood bye”, he replied, “Have a _____________ day.”

15.School examinations _________ tw

ice in a year.

16.Let's _____________ about our plan with them

.

17.When he passed the exam

inations, his _____________ number w

as

500 and it was enough to be accepted in the next sem

ester.

18.My com

puter _____________ is burnt down. Can you fix it?

19._____________ were im

patiently waiting to announce the results.

20.Faisal should work hard _____________ stay in the first position.

21.We w

ere the _________ and we had to w

elcome every one w

ho was

in the hall.

21

Mr. H

amidi w

rote this note to his director about his plans. He

used this note to write his m

emo. R

ead the note and say theincom

plete sentences in mem

o.E

xample: I w

ould like your permission to go ahead and expand our

programs. There w

ill be seven programs.

Imagine you are M

r. Ham

idi. Write to your director and m

ake anote then use your note to w

rite a mem

o.

Writing

Let's know

Permission – 7 program

s

20 minutes – 8:30 – 8:50 p.m

.

Friday evening

Interview people

Head of English D

epartment

Sultan Razia H

igh School

North

Mazar-e Sharif

Two w

eeks – 20000 Afghanis

Go ahead – 50000 A

fghanis

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

22

Look at the picture. D

o you remem

ber Mr. H

amidi's m

emo on

page 21? His director is reading it. H

e doesn't like Mr. H

amidi's

plans. He is talking to M

r. Ham

idi now. H

ere are his notes. Read

them.

Now

imagine that you are M

r. Ham

idi's director. Tell M

r. Ham

idiyou do not like his plans.

Make a conversation betw

een the director and Mr. H

amidi. U

sethe ideas and w

ords of your own.

Speaking

Notes

1-7 program

s – too many – should have few

er.2-

Program's duration – not long enough – should be longer.

3-8:30 – 8:50 – too late – should be earlier.

4-The journey – too long and expensive.

5-The total cost – too m

uch – should be less.

I don't agree.That is not true.I think …

…..

I don't think ……

……

……

..

23

Mr. H

amidi is talking w

ith his director. The director doesn't

approve his plans. Look at the director's notes on page 22 and

complete the conversation below

.

Director: Y

ou have got ____________________ programs.

Mr. H

amidi: I don't think there are too m

any __________________.

Director: The durations are not ______________.

Mr. H

amidi: I don't _____________. They are ___________ enough.

Director: The _______________ should be in the ________________.

Mr. H

amidi: That is not _______________. ___________ should be in the

evening

Director: Y

our_____________________________________________.

Mr. H

amidi: I don't think so. W

e can make it shorter and cheaper.

Director: The total cost is too m

uch. It should be less.

Mr. H

amidi: W

e can't _____________ _________ less.

24

A. Practice these conversations.

I hope you enjoy

it.yourself.our programyour visit from

Taluqan.your stay in Laghm

an.the journey.A

fghanistan.

Well, I m

ust gonow

. I will see you

in two w

eekslater.soon.at 10 o'clock.tom

orrow.

next Saturday.M

r. Ham

idi wrote. C

an I go ahead with m

y plans, please?H

e wants perm

ission. You w

ant permission, too. Y

ou ask

Can I

go out?leave the classroom

?play football w

ith my friends?

come in?

go with Faisal?

have lunch in the restaurant?B

. Read, learn and rem

ember:

Review

I am sure I w

ill.

Right, I w

ill see youthen. G

ood bye.

Why …

……

.? To …

…../ In order to …

……

.W

hen we ask the question W

hy ……

.? We can answ

er with To…

.. or inorder to…

…Example: W

hy is Mr. H

amidi going to invite guests?

To interview them

. OR

In order to interview them

.N

ow answ

er these questions.-

Why is he in the studio?

(interview people)

-W

hy do you write your hom

ework?

(practice)-

Why are they looking the list?

(find the right people)-

Why did he visit his doctor?

(cure his illness)-

Why does she practice the problem

s?(m

ake herself perfect)-

Why are you w

orking hard?(pass exam

)

25

th

e fu

tu

re

am/ is/ are going to, indicate future events or actions.1.

Are you going to the studio? Y

es, I am.

No, I am

not.2.

Is she going to participate in the program?

Yes, she is.

No, she

is not.3.

Am

I going to enjoy the program?

Yes, you are.

No, you are not.

C. N

ow answ

er these questions.1.

Is he going to seek a new job?

2.A

re you going to do the wash?

3.A

m I going to go w

ith you?D

. Now

see the negative form.

1.I am

not going to attend the "Let's know" program

.2.

She is not going to discuss with her parents.

3.They are not going to travel to N

igeria?E

. Now

study these sentences.1.

Where are you going on your vocation?

We are going to Sorobi.

2.W

hat are you going to do?I am

going to visit my

uncle.3.

How

are you going to Sorobi?I am

going by car.W

ill with future tense.

1.W

ill you be in the studio? Y

es, I will.

No, I w

ill not (won't).

2.W

ill she participate in the program? Y

es, she will. N

o, she will not.

3.W

ill I enjoy the program?

Yes, you w

ill. No, you w

ill not.F. N

ow answ

er these questions.1.

Will you com

e to the program?

2.W

ill they buy a new car?

3.W

ill they return soon?G

. Read these sentences.

1.W

hat will you do at night?

I will w

atch the football game.

2.W

here will you go on Tuesday?

We w

ill go on a picnic.3.

When w

ill you call me?

I will call you tom

orrow.

4.H

ow m

any students will be in the class?

Nineteen students.

H. A

nswer these questions.

1.W

ill you be in the party?2.

When w

ill you return from the party?

3.W

hat will you do w

hen you graduated from high school?

26

vo

ca

bu

lar

y lsit

Nouns

aimblindcolleagueconferencecraterC

urriculumdepartm

entdurationfactoryforeignerhallhostjourneym

emo

nutparty planperm

issionpositionresultscreensquirrelstrangerstudiotechnicaltotaltripvillagevocation

Verbs

absorbacceptaccessannounceapproveburn/ dow

ncostdependearnestablishexpandfixgraduateim

agineindicateintendlastlendoccurperformplanprepareresignresponsereturnseektake place

Adjective

fewer

Adverb

aheadapproxim

atelyim

patientlyin additionrepresentativetw

ice

Conjunctions

In order to

27

In this unit you are going to:

practice Simple Present Tense and com

parative adjective.read about schools in the U

.S.A.

learn new w

ords.w

rite a letter.solve a puzzle.

28

Practice the following conversation w

ith your partner.M

r. Ham

idi is interviewing a young B

ritish boy called James

Brow

n at "Lets know

" TV

program.

Mr. H

amidi: Jam

es, how does school in B

ritain compare w

ith school here?Jam

es: Well, M

r. Ham

idi, we start earlier. C

hildren begin school at theage of five in B

ritain. It is compulsory. Everyone m

ust gobetw

een the ages of five and sixteen. Of course m

any pupilscontinue until they are eighteen.

Mr. H

amidi: D

o you go to the same school all the tim

e?Jam

es: No. B

ut I think we go to few

er schools than Afghanistan. There

are primary schools for children from

the age of five to eleven.Then w

e go to secondary from eleven to eighteen.

Mr. H

amidi. A

nd what is the school day like? Is it long?

James: W

ell, it is completely different from

Afghanistan school day,

but it seems longer. W

e start at about 9 a.m. and go on until 12,

and then there is lunch. School starts again at around 1:30 p.m.

and lasts until 4. In secondary school, there is usuallyhom

ework every evening.

Mr. H

amidi: O

k. Let's take a short break now. W

e'll be back in minute,

viewers.

Mr. H

amidi: W

elcome back view

ers. Let's ask James som

e more questions

about secondary school in Britain. Jam

es, can you choose thesubject that you study in secondary school?

James: N

ot for the first three years, but after that, we usually choose

between science and arts subjects, but everybody takes English

and math. From

the age of sixteen, we can specialize and study

only two or three subjects.

Mr. H

amidi: H

umm

m, A

fghan’s school children have to study more

subjects when they are older. W

hat about exams?

James: W

ell we take exam

s every year, but the important ones are at

age of sixteen and eighteen. That is when w

e can leave school,if w

e pass those exams, w

e can get a certificate.M

r. Ham

idi: Ok Jam

es. Thank you for your presence in our tonight'sprogram

.Jam

es: You are w

elcome. G

ood bye.

Conversation

29

A. Study the follow

ing sentences and observe how com

parativeadjectives are used.1.

In secondary school Afghan students have to study m

ore subjectsthan B

ritish students.2.

British students have m

ore time than A

fghan students.3.

There are fewer schools than B

ritain.4.

The Britain school day seem

s longer than Afghan school day.

5.Students in A

fghanistan have less time in class than B

ritain.B

. Now

look at these two schools. C

ompare them

. Use the

adjectives in the box.

The present

Do you rem

ember this tim

eline?W

e use simple present w

hen an action happens regularly, againand again.C

. Read the follow

ing sentences.1.

I go to primary school.

2.W

e attend intermediate school.

3.They attend to the secondary school.

4.The head m

aster introduces the new teachers.

5.She attends university.

6.The bus goes to C

ity center.7.

She offers five times prayer regularly.

8.Lions live in jungle.

Gram

mar

High

wide

big noisy

small

quiet old

new

bad good

30

D. D

o you remem

ber how to ask questions? R

ead these sentences.1.

Do you start your w

ork at 9:00 a.m.?

2.D

o they come to class early?

3.D

o we prepare the program

properly?4.

Does he speak w

ell in the program?

5.D

oes she participate in the program?

6.D

oes the bus come on tim

e?

E. C

hange the following sentences to questions.

1.W

e live in suburb.2.

He com

es to class early.3.

You record the program

for "Let's Know

".4.

She attends to secondary school.5.

The dog barks.6.

They want to join to the conference.

F. Finally read these sentences.1.

I don't like playing tennis.2.

We don't play every day.

3.Y

ou don't come to class early.

4.They don't w

ant to go on a picnic every Friday.5.

He doesn't play w

ell.6.

She doesn't attend to the class on Tuesdays.7.

The bus doesn't go to the city directly.

G. R

eadthese sentences, change them

to negative questions. The

first sentence is made for you.

1.I study every night, because I don't have enough tim

e during the day.D

on't I study every night because of not having enough time during

the day?2.

She works for Educational TV

Netw

ork.

______________________________________________________3.

We have football m

atch every Friday.______________________________________________________

4.They go to M

eli Guli Sorkh every year.

______________________________________________________5.

Your father returns at 4:00 o'clock from

his office.______________________________________________________

31

6.W

e try to sketch a building, but we can't.

______________________________________________________7.

You com

e to class late, try to be early by then.______________________________________________________

H. C

omplete the follow

ing sentences with the w

ords from the box.

Exam

ple: Britain has m

ore snow than A

fghanistan.

1.There is_______________ rain in A

fghanistan than twenty years

ago.2.

There are _______________ tourists in Afghanistan than eight years

ago.3.

We study _______________ geography period than sport.

4.A

mechanic know

s _______________ about machine than a driver.

5.If you w

ant to learn more, you m

ust do _______________hom

ework.

6.M

ost boys think football has _______________ fun than volleyball.7.

We have _______________ sport periods than geography.

8.G

rade six has _______________ subjects than grade eight.9.

Our school has _______________ students than yours.

10.There are _______________ motorbikes than cars.

more

fewer

less

32

Read the follow

ing paragraph.

Every child in the U. S. A

must go to school

from the age of six to sixteen, but m

ost stay atschool until they graduate at eighteen. B

etween

those ages, they attend three different schools.From

six to twelve, children go to elem

entaryschool.

From

twelve

to fifteen,

they attendjunior

high school.

Finally, from

fifteen

toeighteen, they go to high school. At high school, the day usually begins atabout 8:30 a.m

. and ends at about 3:30 p.m.

Lunch lasts an hour and is usually from 12 to 1

o'clock. There

is hom

ework

every evening.

Pupils may choose som

e less important subject

at high school. But, in general, everyone take

English, m

ath, one

foreign language

(oftenSpanish),

history, geography,

the science

(physics, chemistry and biology) and PE (Public

Educations,) is compulsory until they leave at

eighteen. In general, students do not take exam

s when they leave school. Instead,

they collect credits for every course which they attend. They do this until

they have enough credits to graduate. For example, a student m

ay need 120credits to graduate. If he/ she takes three English courses, he w

ill get 30credits. So he/ she w

ill need 90 more credits to graduate, and so on. W

hen astudent collects all his credits, he/ she can graduate w

ith a high schooldiplom

a. About 50 percent of A

merican students go on to university.

Read the passage silently then answ

er the questions.1.

What kinds of schools do children attend in the U

.S.A?

2.D

o Am

erican children take exams w

hen they leave school?3.

How

many credits do students in A

merica need to graduate?

4.W

hich school do children go to from 12 to 15?

5.W

hat do the underlined words refer to?

6.W

hich kinds of subjects do the students choose?

Reading

33

Word study

Biology: B

iology is the science which studies the

bodies of plants, animals and hum

an.If you w

ant to understand your own body, you

must study biology.

- Can you think of any jobs w

hich need a study ofbiology?

Chem

istry:Chem

istry is the science which

studies these questions: What are things m

ade of?H

ow do they join together? H

ow do they change?

If you want to exam

ine your food, you must

know som

e chemistry.

- What else can chem

istry help you tod

d?C

ourse:A course is a group of lessons w

hich gotogether. A

t university you can choose some of

the courses which you study. "English for

Afghanistan" is the nam

e of the English course inA

fghanistan schools. The whole course lasts nine

years.- W

hat is the name of your m

athematic course?

Credit:C

redits are mark w

hich you get forfinishing a course. N

ow a day in A

fghanistanuniversities you get credits for your courses.- D

o you get credits for this course or you must

pass an exam?

Physics: Physics is the science which studies

light, heat, sound and electricity.H

owdoes a radio w

ork? If you want to

understand, you must know

physics.-W

ho use physicsin his work?

Biology

(noun): It is the science which studies the

bodiesof plants, animalsand hum

an beings.-

If you want to understand your ow

nbody, you

muststudy

biology.-

Can

you think of any jobs which need to

studybiology?

Chem

istry (noun):It is the science which studies

these questions: What are things m

ade of? How

dothey join together?

How

dothey change?

-Ifyou w

ant to examine your food,you m

ustknow

some

chemistry.

-W

hat else canchem

istry help you tounderstand?

Course (noun): A

course is a group of lessons which

go together. Or a course is also the place w

here thestudents go for getting a specific know

ledge.-

At university you can choose

some of the

courses which you study.

-English for A

fghanistan is the name of English

course in schools.-

There are many

courses established in ourlocal area.

-H

ow long a com

putercourse last?C

redit (noun): A unit w

hich represents a successfullycom

pleted part of an educational coursein a

university.-

If you want to pass a course in university, you

musthave enough

credits.-

Do

you getcredits for finishing a semester or

mustyou pass an exam

ination?Physics (noun): It is the science w

hich studies light,heat, sound and electricity.

-H

owdoes a radio w

ork? If you want to

understand, you must know

physics.-

Who

usesphysics in his work?

34

Choose the correct w

ords.

Write a paragraph about going to school in A

fghanistan.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Word study

1. Afghan children go to _______________

when they are 7 years old.

2. British children go to ________________

when they are 5 years old.

3. Am

erican children go to___________w

hen they are 16 years old.4. A

fghan students go to _______________ from 15 to 18.

5. Am

erican go to _____________ from 12 to 15. a. a high school

b. a secondary schoolc. an elem

entaryd. a junior high schoole. a prim

ary school

1. Can you ________________ an A

merican diplom

aw

ith a British certificate.

2. Pupils must ______________Pashto and D

ari ascom

pulsory subjects in Afghanistan.

3. At the university, students ___________ in science

or arts subjects.4. W

hen you ______________ from H

igh school in Afghanistan, you

take the graduation certificate.

a. graduateb. com

parec. taked. specialize

1. Fifty in one hundred is the same as fifty ________.

2. In Afghanistan, religion, m

athematics and

sciences are______________ subjects.3. M

any people in Am

erica speaks ______________.4. H

e liked ____________ at school. So, he decidedto be a doctor.

5. A person w

ho watches television is a ____________.

6. If you want to understand electricity, take ___________ in physics.

a. percentb. Spanishc. view

erd. coursee. com

pulsoryf. biology

Writing

35

A. Study this table w

ith your partner.A

fghanistanB

ritainU

. S. A1. H

ow old are the children w

henthey start prim

ary school?7

56

2. How

old are children when they

graduate from high school?

1816

16

3. How

many schools do the

children usually attend?2

23

4. When does the school day

start?7:00 a.m

.9:00 a.m

.8:30 a.m

.

5. When does the school day

finish?11:30 a.m

.4:00 p.m

.3:30 p.m

.

6. How

many hours do the

children spend in classFour and half

hours6 hours

6 hours

7. How

many subjects do the

pupils study in high school?18

2 or 3A

ll

B. N

ow m

ake sentences. Use the table to com

pare schools in thedifferent countries. T

he words in box below

will help you.

Example: Schools in A

fghanistan is earlier than Britain.

1.______________________________________________.

2.______________________________________________.

3.______________________________________________.

4.______________________________________________.

5.______________________________________________.

6.______________________________________________.

7.______________________________________________.

8.______________________________________________.

Activities

shorter later more older earlier longer younger

36

A. Practice the follow

ing conversation with your partner.

Student A: H

ello. You are from

Saudi Arabia, aren't you?

Student B: Y

es, I am.

Student A: W

hat is it like? Does everybody have to go

to school?Student B

: Yes, everybody goes to school now

adays.Student A

: Do you have a long day in school?

Student B: W

ell, we start at about 7:00 in the m

orningand finish at around 1:00 in the afternoon.

Student A: H

ow often do you have hom

ework?

Student B: Every evening.

Student A: D

o you take exams or collect credits to get a

school certificate?Student B

: We take exam

s.Student A

: It sounds interesting, doesn't it?Student B

: Yes, it does.

B. U

se the words in the table below

to make conversation like the

one above about New

Zealand and Canada.

Country

New

ZealandC

anada

Is school compulsory?

Yes

Yes

Length of school day?

9 a.m. – 3:30 p.m

.8:30 a.m

. – 3:30 p.m.

Hom

ework?

Every evening

Every evening

Exam

s or creditsExam

sB

oth

C. U

se the information in this unit to m

ake conversations like theone above about B

ritain and the U.S.A

.

Activities

37

D. T

here are 17 words about school in this box. L

ook at the threeexam

ples: Can you find the rest?

absentY

ou can look these ways.

compulsory

quizgraduate

reviseheadm

asterscience

homew

orkspecialize

lessonsubject

mark

teacherm

athtim

etableprim

aryuniversity

f v

a r

s s

g u

l o

t p

r i

ma

r y

x f

g r

a d

u a

t e

o v

x r

i m

xo

g o

s v

r a

h t

a t

s a

u r

a r

s a

mt

u s

g c

o m

p u

l s

o r

y t

p v

n v

b u

v o

mv

h p

v v

o v

r y

e s

wn

j a

b s

e n

t h

n v

t n

v r

c a

s w

e j

a b

we

n t

s t

v v

n v

i c

f b

c k

b v

o b

t n

b c

n b

v t

a o

h v

t o

a b

r o

n w

n b

i n

b o

l a

h e

t j

o b

k r

r w

s a

i e

q u

i z

e s

a e

d b

e k

d e

e s

e p

n e

z i

we

t d

d t

i m

e t

a b

l e

n c

e a

e v

v j

ma

r k

ma

t b

b l

n n

e n

me

a v

e a

a e

k m

mt

r e

v i

s e

u n

i v

e r

s i

t y

ma

r r

e i

t a

v u

n j

v v

s t

i t

v r

t t

r r

i t

n v

a u

j n

v s

e i

n y

j h

t n

r v

j a

vt

e a

c h

e r

i n

y j

s t

r r

38

Read, learn and rem

ember.c

om

pa

rin

g

Rem

ember the rules.

taller than Tamim

.+ er

tallN

emat is

longer than Helm

and river.+ er

longA

mu river is

wider than the principal

office+ r

wide

Our office is

bigger than the loin.+ ger

bigThe elephant is

hotter than autumn.

+ terhot

Summ

er isearlier than Latif.

earlyN

oor Ahm

ad isheavier than w

ood.+ ier

Heavy

Stone isbetter than rice.w

orse than vegetable.goodbad

Squash isM

eat isthe tallest student in the class.

+ estTall

Rahm

at isthe longest river in the w

orld.+ est

longN

ail isthe w

idest river in Afghanistan.

+ stw

ideA

mu is

the biggest animal.

+ gestbig

Elephant isthe hottest season.

+ testhot

Summ

er isthe earliest student in our class.

earlySharif is

the heaviest animal.

+ iestH

eavyH

ippopotamus is

the best animal.

the worst anim

al.goodbad

Horse is

Pig is

Review

more

pensN

asir has more books than A

sad. m

oney

fewer

pensA

sad has fewer books than N

asir. less m

oney

most

pensN

asir has the most books than A

sad. m

oney

fewest

pensA

sad has the fewest books than N

asir. least m

oney

39

th

e p

re

sen

t t

en

seR

ead these sentences.A

.IW

eY

ouThey

take

He

Shetakes

English and sciences courses every winter.

Itw

orksvery soft.

B.

Do

youw

etheyheshe

take English and sciences courses everyw

inter?

Does

itw

ork very soft?C

.IW

eY

ouThey

don't

He

She

take English and sciences courses everyw

inter.

It

doesn't

works very soft.

Now

read these sentences.

He is from

Britain.

England.Spain.Turkey.C

anada.Egypt.Iran.

He is

British.

English.Spanish.Turkish.C

anadian.Egyptian.Iranian.

40

vo

ca

bu

lar

y list

Nouns

actionbreakB

ritishcertificatecreditdiplom

aheadm

asterjunglejuniorm

arkm

otorbikepercentplantpupilpresencerecordtim

etable

Verbs

barkbreakseemsketchspecialize

Adjectives

bothprim

arysecondarycom

pulsory

Adverb

directlyregularly

41

In this unit you are going to:

listen to a paragraph about houses.practice Sim

ple Past Tense.read about life of the people in the past.read about the shapes of houses.learn new

words.

write about houses in C

anada.

42

Thousands of years ago, people lived in caves. Theysheltered there from

the weather. In cold clim

ates, theycould light fires. In hot ones they could keep cool. Sotheir caves w

ere natural places, not man m

ade. In them

, the cavemen could protect them

selves fromdangers like w

ild animals. So they felt safer and m

orecom

fortable there. But cave w

eren't very comfortable

place, were they? N

o, they weren't. Cavem

en didn't haveany furniture. They probably covered the floor w

ithgrass, leaves or anim

al skins. And they som

etimes drew

pictures on the walls to decorate them

. W

ell, there is a big difference between those caves

and our modern houses, isn't there? Y

es, there is. Now

adays, we build houses w

ith many m

aterials,like concrete and steel. These houses shelter us betterthan caves. W

e make them

more com

fortable furnitureand m

ake machines. W

e make them

more beautiful, too,

with ornam

ents and pictures. Of course, they cost a lot

of money. B

ut that is another subject.

A.L

isten to your teacher while reading the follow

ing paragraphsabout houses then read it aloud.

B. A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.W

hat are the differences between caves and m

odern houses?2.W

hat is the opposite of comfortable?

3.How

did people live thousands years ago?4.W

hat do you mean by ornam

ents?5.H

ow do people cover the floors, thousands years ago?

6.How

do people build their house nowadays?

7.Why did people live in caves?

8.How

did they decorate their caves? And how

we decorate our houses?

9.Have you ever seen a cave w

here people lived thousands years ago?10.

If you were a m

an of thousands years ago, what w

ould you do tosave yourself?

Listening

ed

43

A. Practice the follow

ing conversation with your partner.

Yusof: There is a big difference betw

een those caves and our modern

houses, isn't there?M

urtaza: Yes, there is.

Yusof: A

nd do you know w

hat did they wear?

Murtaza: They used leaves of the trees and anim

al’sskin.

Yusof: H

ow did they cover the floor?

Murtaza: They also used grass, leaves of plants or

animal skins for covering of the floor.

Yusof: Their life w

asn't comfortable, w

as it?M

urtaza: No, it w

asn't, but they didn't know m

ore. Y

usof: How

did the people developed their life?M

urtaza: By hardw

orking and efforts. Don't you see the high buildings and

the vehicles? They are the results of hard work of the hum

anbeings.

Yusof: H

ow did they decorate their houses?

Murtaza: They drew

pictures on the walls of the caves.

Yusof: A

nd how did they keep them

selves warm

?M

urtaza: The lighted fire. Y

usof: Now

I know; how

those people lived thousands years ago.B

. Is it important to w

ork hard? Why?

simp

le p

ast

te

nse

Do you rem

ember this tim

eline?W

e use simple past w

hen an action or activity started in the pastand com

pleted in a particular time in the past.

A. R

ead these sentences and notice the usage and change of theverbs.1.

Thousands of years ago, people lived in caves.2.

They could light fire.3.

In the caves, people felt safer.4.

The floor was covered w

ith grass.5.

They didn't have comfortable live.

6.They didn't w

ear clothes like us.7.

I didn't know m

ore about cavemen.

Conversation

Gram

mar

44

B. L

ook at these verbs.

every day yesterday

has/ have till now

cover/ covers covered

covered live/ lives

lived lived

shelter/ shelters sheltered

sheltered am

/ is/ are w

as/ were

been draw

drew draw

n feel/ feels

felt felt

have/ has had

hadR

emem

ber:R

egular verbs takes "d or ed" to form their second or past participle.

Irregular verbs change in different ways.

C. W

rite down w

hich of the above verbs are regular and which are

irregular.D

.Now

see the changes of the verbs in questions and negativesentences.

Regular:C

aveman covered

the floor.1.

Did they cover the floor?

Yes, they did. N

o, they didn't.2.

Did they cover the ceiling?

Yes, they did. N

o, they didn't.3.

They didn't cover the ceiling.4.

They didn't cover the floor with rug.

5.They didn't cover the hall.

6.D

id you cover the hall with rug?

7.H

ow did they cover them

selves?

Irregular:They drewpictures.

1.Did they draw

pictures of the animals? Y

es, they did. No, they didn't.

2.Did they draw

pictures of the houses? Yes, they did. N

o, they didn't.3.They didn't draw

pictures of each other.4.They didn't draw

pictures of the birds.5.They didn't draw

map of the w

orld.6.D

id you draw the picture of your father?

7.How

did you draw it?

45

E. C

hange these sentences to the past tense.1.

Cavem

an live in caves.2.

They protect themselves from

danger.3.

They cover the floor with leaves.

4.They draw

picture on the wall to

decorate their rooms.

5.They feel safe in the caves.

6.They are m

ore comfortable in there

than out.7.

They can shelter from the w

eather.8.

They do not have any furniture.

F. Now

change these sentences to question and negative.1.

The people lived in caves thousands years ago?______________________________________.______________________________________.

2.They had com

fortable life.______________________________________.______________________________________.

3.The caves protected them

from anim

als’ attacks.______________________________________.______________________________________.

4.The caves sheltered them

from the eyes of w

ild animals.

______________________________________.______________________________________.

5.It sheltered them

from the w

eather.______________________________________.______________________________________.

6.They covered the floor w

ith animal skins.

______________________________________.______________________________________.

G. A

sk question with the w

ords in parenthesis.1.

Cavem

en lived somew

here. (where)

2.They covered the floor w

ith something. (W

hat)3.

They had fires in the caves. (why)

4.They didn’t have any furniture. (w

hy)5.

They protect themselves from

dangerous animals. (how

)

46

A. R

ead the following article.

B. A

nswer the questions in your notebooks.

1.W

hen does it usually get cold?2.

How

are the houses built in the rainy and cold areas?3.

What is the clim

ate like in south eastern Asia?

4.W

hy do people build houses with sloping roofs and thin w

alls?5.

Why do houses in south eastern A

sia stand on wooden legs?

6.H

ow is the clim

ate like in the city you live in?7.

How

do the people build their houses in the center of Afghanistan?

8.H

ave you ever lived in a house made of w

ood?

Reading

In some parts of the earth, it rains or snow

s alot. It also gets cold, especially in the w

interseason. Som

e of the houses there are stone builtand have sloping w

all. They are box shaped andhave flat roofs. The room

s in many of these houses

are small. They have thick w

alls and low ceilings.

In this way, people can keep them

selves warm

more easily.

In some parts of south eastern A

sia, there areplenty

of trees. The climate is hot and

humid. It

rains a lot too. For this reason, some people build

houses sloping roofs and thin walls of planks or

leaves. These houses stand on wooden legs. In that

way, the w

ind can blow around and into them

andkeep them

cool. Their legs keep them dry above

water.

In

our beautiful

country w

e have

differentclim

ate. In the center of the country the weather is

cold and people live in the house made of clay and

bricks, but in east of the country some people live

in houses made of w

ood, and some people live in

houses made of stone.

47

Read these w

ords and sentences.W

ord study

danger means risk, hazard (the noun form

ofdangerous) The signs in the picture m

eans danger.If you drink from

the bottle, it will kill you. It is

dangerous to touchthe box.

-W

heredo

usually see danger sign?-

Where do you see the third sign?

-W

hat does it mean?

furniture means coach, sofa, bed and etc:

A bookcase is a piece of furniture. Tw

o armchairs

are two pieces of furniture.

- How

much furniture are there in your

classroomcount the pieces.

Rem

emberthis w

ordnever takes

‘s’ in its pluralform

.

man-m

ade means not natural:

A cave is a natural place. People did not m

ake it.B

uildersmake m

odern houses. So theyare m

an-m

ade.m

aterial means a physicalsubstance w

hich thingsare m

ade from:

-W

em

akew

indow w

ith wood

and glass.-

We m

ake airplaneout of iron.

-W

e make pots w

ith clay.reason m

eans the cause of an event or situations.W

ew

ant to know the reason

for something:

-W

hy did cavemen use caves?

Reason: to shelter from

weather and

animals attack.

-W

hat are your reasons for coming to

school?-

What reasons do students have w

hen theycom

e late to class?-

Why do you study hard?

To pass the exam. !! !!!

48

Choose the correct w

ords, and then write them

in your notebooks.

Word study

1.B

e careful not to ___________ a fire near petrol.2.

Parents ___________ their children from danger.

3.I can not ___________ pictures of people, but youcan.

4.Som

e drivers ___________ their trucks by paintingsdifferent colors on them

.5.

You should ___________ your head in the sun to protect it.

a. lightb. drawc. coverd. decoratee. protect

1.It is nice to picnic outside on som

e ___________.2.

Paper is a ___________ that comes from

wood.

3.B

ritain has a cold, wet ___________.

4.The room

was em

pty. There was no ___________ in

it.5.

You can not reach the ___________ w

ithout a ladder.

a. climate

b. furniturec. grassd. ceilinge. m

aterial

1.A

wolf is a ___________ anim

al.2.

___________ house burn more easily than a stone

built ones.3.

A lot of m

odern concrete houses are ___________.4.

You do not need a ___________ roof in a dry

climate.

5.Stone is natural, but steel is ___________.

a. wooden

b. wild

c. slopingd. m

an made

e. box shaped

1.The garden has ___________ w

alls around it.2.

Houses are expensive ___________.

3.Thousands of years ago, m

en lived in __________.4.

Afghanistan, Indonesia and C

hina are all in -_____________.

5.In Jalalabad, you need an a/c (air conditioner) _______ in sum

mer.

a. Asia

b. lowc. especiallyd. cavese. now

adays

49

A. M

r. Taw

ab went to K

host province for three months last

summ

er. He m

ade some notes about the houses that he stayed

in. Read the sentences and paragraph and then w

rite one forpart B

.1.

Summ

er – Khost

2.hot, dry clim

ate3.

mud house

4.flat roof

5.single floor

6.big room

s7.

thick carpets with expensive curtains

8.big garden

9.high w

all around it Last sum

mer, I w

ent to Khost. It has a hot and dry clim

ate. I stayed in ahouse that w

as L – shape and made of m

ud with w

ood and straw. It had a

flat floor. The floor was single. The room

s were big. They had thick carpets.

Outside, there w

as a big garden with trees in it. It w

as surrounded with high

walls m

ade of mud.

B. N

ow w

rite a paragraph about the house from these notes. B

ecareful that the title of your paragraph should be "T

he housein C

anada".1.

Last month – C

anada2.

cold, rainy and dry climate

3.brick – built house

4.sloping roof

5.tw

o floors6.

small room

s7.

modern arm

chairs and couches8.

flowers and grass in the garden

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Writing

50

A. C

omplete the spelling of these w

ords from lesson 1 – 4 of this

unit.1.

no___n6. c___rta___ns

2.c___ill___g

7. st___e___t3.

e___pec___all___ 8. m

a___e___ia___s4.

r___as___n9. o___na___ents

5.t___i___k

10. n___wa___ays

B. L

ook at these two houses.

Now

write tw

o sentences about each of the things below in your

notebook.

C. A

nswer these questions in your notebook.

1.W

hat shape is your house?_____________________________________

2.W

hat shape is your classroom?

_____________________________________3.

What shape is your desk?

_____________________________________4.

What shape is your school?

_____________________________________5.

What shape is your book?

_____________________________________

Activities

1. (first house) This house is T – shaped. It is a T – shaped house.2. (second house) This house is box – shaped. It is a box – shaped house.

51

A. M

r. Ham

id has just built a house in Jalalabad. Read the notes

then complete and practice it w

ith your partner.Exam

ple: Where …

……

… build the house?

We built it in the north of the city.

Notes:

1.W

here ……

….build

the house?2.

How

long ……

…. it take?

3.…

……

…. the w

eather like?4.

……

…. kind of house …

……

..?5.

What shape …

……

…..?

6.…

……

……

kind of roof ……

……

……

……

?7.

How

many floors …

……

……

……

..?8.

……

……

.. big or small?

9.…

……

….. kind of furniture …

……

……

..?10.…

……

….. in the garden?

B. C

omplete the conversation and copy it in your notebook.

Pretend your cousin built a house. Interview him

about it.Student A

: ……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

…..?

Student B: W

e built it in ……

……

……

..Student A

: ……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

…...?

Student B: It took three m

onths.Student A

: ……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

?Student B

: It was in L – shaped.

Student A: …

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

…?

Student B: Y

es, I had a lot of furniture.Student A

: ……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

?Student B

: Yes, there w

as a big garden with grass, flow

ers and trees in it.

Activities

Where did you

build the house?

We built it in the

north of the city.

52

Read, learn and rem

ember.

th

e p

ast

te

nse

Was/ W

ere

Was Sham

sia present yesterday?W

as she sick?W

ere Toor Gul and Shabir at hom

e last night?W

ere they with you last night?

Yes, she w

as.N

o, she wasn't.

No, they w

eren't.Y

es, they were.

Where w

as Shamsia yesterday?

Where w

ere you?W

here were Toor G

ul and Shabir last night?

She was at school.

I was at hom

e.They w

ere with m

e.

Could

Could cavem

en build houses?C

ould she read the story for thestudents?C

ould they swim

fast?W

hat could they do?W

hat could you do?

No, they couldn't.

Yes, she could.

Yes, they could.

They could swim

fast.I could run a hundred m

eter in fivem

inutes.

Change the follow

ing sentences to simple past tense.

1.He w

orks hard.2.They go to Laghm

an every winter.

3.They take English course on their vocation.4.O

mer travels to N

epal.5.W

hat does he do?6.W

e don’t go to Fayab every summ

er.7.She prays five tim

es a day.8.A

bdullah likes jam.

9.Nasim

a and Latifa study together.10.Taher helps her father in farm

ing.

Review

53

vo

ca

bu

lar

y list

Nouns

caveclim

atelightfirecavem

endangergrassconcretesteel vehiclehum

anshapehazardnaturalvehicleornam

entbrick

Verbs

shelterprotectdecorateeffortshape/ shapedlighten

Adjectives

wild

hardworking

slopingflathum

idplentythickshaped

Adverb

directlyregularly

54

In this unit you are going to:

learn the usage of had better, tag questions and possessive nouns(‘s/’).get inform

ation about money (currency)

read about currency.learn new

words.

learn how to w

rite a paragraph from notes.

55

A. L

isten and practicePractice the follow

ing conversation with your partner.

The "Let's know" team

is going to travel to Saudi Arabia to m

ake aprogram

. Mr. H

amidi and Sham

sudin want to change som

e money for their

trip. They are at the money exchanging counter in the bank.

Cashier: N

ext please. Can I help you?

Mr. H

amidi: Y

es, I want to change som

e money.

Cashier: W

hat currency do youw

ant?M

r. Ham

idi: We are going to go to Saudi

Arabia, w

e need SaudiR

iyals, but I want to have

dollars. C

ashier: Why don't you take a visa

card? It is easy to use.M

r. Ham

idi: I Know

, but I need cash. C

ashier: OK

. How

much m

oneyw

ould you like to change?M

r. Ham

idi: Well, it had better to change 100,000 A

fghanis. C

ashier: Right. Let m

e see. There are 49.80 Afghanis is the rate of one

Dollar today. That m

eans you get 2,008 dollars, sir.M

r. Ham

idi: Thank you very much.

Cashier: You are w

elcome.

B. A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.

Where are M

r. Ham

idi and Shamsudin going to?

2.D

oes the money exchanger have dollars?

3.W

hat currency should they take?4.

Why they don't take visa card?

5.H

ow m

uch money did they change?

6.W

hat was the rate of one dollar?

7.W

here did they change the money?

Conversation

56

… had better …

We use had better for a specific situation, or w

hen we think

something should happen. T

he negative of had better is had betternot, and it often carries a w

arning and bad consequences.1.

You had better take som

e dollars.2.

You had better go to a bank.

3.I had better change 5000 A

fghanis.4.

You had better not travel to tropical countries.

5.She had better not stay out late.

The contraction from

of (had better) is ('d better).1.

I'd better finish my hom

ework.

2.H

e'd better study hard.3.

We'd better not to w

aste our time.

A. C

omplete the sentences w

ith the correct word from

the chart.

1.She had better __________ hard to pass the exam

.2.

You had better not _________ in the office.

3.They had better _________ to the party.

4.H

e'd better ___________ to his father about his choice.5.

I'd better not __________ out late.B

. Make sentences for the given w

ords in the chart by using hadbetter.

C. T

ag question: Tag question is a short yes/no question which is

used at the end of a statement and asks for confirm

ation, or we use tag

question to confirm the inform

ation we are not sure/ certain about.

Read these sentences.

Note

If a statement is positive the tag question should be negative, if a statem

entis negative the tag should be positive.A

. Read the follow

ing sentences.1.

You didn't rent a car, did you?

2.They w

ere at the party, weren't they?

Gram

mar

wash do drink correct w

ake up go study

stay study talk attend smoke

You haven't got any visa card, have you?

No, I haven't.

57

3.W

e haven't studied this lesson, have we?

4.H

e will fly to London, w

on't he?5.

You are studying m

ath, aren't you?6.

I am a teacher, aren't I?

B. R

ead the sentences then complete them

with correct tag

questions.1.

He is playing football, ___________________?

2.They use com

puter for writing letters, ___________________?

3.Y

ou have had this car for two years, ___________________?

4.She w

asn't going to school yesterday, ___________________?5.

We can spend our holidays in Paghm

an, ___________________?6.

I won't play football in this team

anymore, ___________________?

C. ('s) and (s') or possessive nouns:

We use (‘s) after those singular and plural nouns not ending in (s) and w

ejust use (‘) after those plural nouns ending in (s) to show

possession orow

nership. For asking about possession or ownership w

e use the word

whose.

Example:

Whose book is this?

It is Om

er’s (book).The children’s father bought them

a computer.

The boys’ school is located far away from

here.N

ote: Also you can use possessive pronoun or possessive adjectives

instead of possessive noun (‘s or s’).W

hose children are they?They are ours/ m

ine.W

hose bicycle is this?It is m

y bicycle.D

. Com

plete the sentences with the given w

ords and correct (‘s or ‘).

1.I have a girl and tw

o boys. My __________school is near to our

house.2.

He is __________brother.

3.Tariq is the __________nam

e.4.

Fatima is the __________nam

e.5.

This is __________office.E

. Answ

er these questions with possessive pronoun, possessive

adjective or possessive noun in your notebooks.1.

Whose departm

ent is this?3. W

hose film is this?

2.There are balls, but w

hose balls are they? 4. Whose com

puter arethey?

Khalid

man

principalw

oman

boys

58

Reading

Before 1891, the people of A

fghanistan used to use silverRupees

with copper Falus and gold M

ohur as the currency of Afghanistan. In

1891, a new currency w

as introduced, based on the Kabuli rupee. The

rupee was subdivided into 60 paisa, each of 10 dinar. O

therdenom

inations issued included the Shahi of 5 paisa, the Sanar of 10paisa, the A

bbasi of 20 paisa, the Qiran of 30 paisa and the Tilla and later

the Am

ani, both of 10 Rupee.

The first Afghani (A

FA) w

as introduced bythe governm

ent of Afghanistan in 1925,

replacing the Afghan rupee. In addition to being

subdivided into 100 pul, 20 Afghani w

ere equalto one A

mani. The A

fghani initially contained 9gram

s of silver. Ironically, the currency itselfw

as first issued by Afghan m

onarch Sher ShahSuri during his rule of northern India.

Betw

een 1925 and 1928, Treasury notesw

ere introduced in denominations of 5, 10

and 50 Afghani. In 1936, 2, 20 and 100

Afghani notes w

ere added. The Bank of

Afghanistan took over paper m

oneyproduction in 1939, issuing notes for 2, 5,10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 A

fghani. The 2 and 5 Afghani notes w

erereplaced by coins in 1958. In 1993, 5000 and 10,000 A

fghani notes were

introduced. Betw

een October 7, 2002, and January 2, 2003, a new

Afghani w

as introduced. The new A

fghani replaced the previous Afghani

at a rate of 1000 to the new A

fghani, and it was valued at 43 A

fghani tothe U

.S. dollar.

59

Now

answer the follow

ing questions.1.

What w

ere the people of Afghanistan using as currency before 1891

in Afghanistan?

2.W

hat was the currency that introduced after 1891 in A

fghanistan?3.

When w

as the first Afghani introduced in A

fghanistan, and what did

it replace?4.

What w

ere the treasury notes used between 1925 and 1928?

5.W

hen did the Bank of A

fghanistan take over the paper money

production?6.

When w

as the new currency introduced, and in w

hat rate theprevious A

fghani was replaced by the new

one?7.

What are the colors on the A

fghan 100-Afghani note?

Let’s look carefully at the newest one hundred A

fghanis note. It is 14.5centim

eters long and 6 centimeters w

ide. Its main colors are purple, blue

and white. O

n the front, there is a picture of Pul-e- Khishti M

osque in theright side and a picture of M

irwis N

ikkah grave in secret in the left. Thevalue (the num

ber of Afghani) appears both in English and D

ari in threecorners. The serial num

ber appears in black color in the top left corner anddow

n in the right corner. On the back, you can see the gate of Q

alai Boast

in Lashkargah and the value appears in again both in English and Dari all

four corners.

60

Word study

appear (regular verb):to become noticeable/ to arrive

so that the people can see it.Exam

ple:Look the airplane appeared.W

hen did this sign appear?The students hope that the results of their examappear as soon as they are possible.

gold/ golden (adjective/ noun):gold is a yellow m

etalw

hich has a very high value and wom

en wear it. It is

also name of a color.

Example:The jew

elers make necklaces out of gold.

Gold is used for adornm

ent.B

efore the paper money cam

e in use, the peopleused gold and silver coins as m

oney.W

ho bought you the golden watch?

introduce (regular verb):introduce means to bring it

into use for the first time/ or to fam

iliarize someone or

something.

Example:W

hat did the man introduce in the picture to the

world in 1987?

Do you know

the men’s nam

e who invented

airplane?W

e, Muslim

s, should introduce Islam to non -

Muslim

s.set (noun):A

set is a group of things which go together.

Example:a set of banknotes, a set of knives, forks and

spoons.W

hat set of fork do you want? G

olden or silver?silver (adjective/ noun):Silver is a w

hite metal w

hichhas a high value but not as high as gold. W

e use it tom

ake jewelry and other decorating objects.

We often use silver for ornam

ents.W

hat a silver watch do you have!

61

Choose the correct w

ords.

Match these w

ords according to their last sounds. Look at the

example.

Cheap

keep see

knee

Word study

1.1000 A

fghani is the ____________ of these notes.2.

Coins are m

ade of ____________________.3.

A ______________ is paper m

oney.4.

Afghanis, dollars, riyals are all ___________.

5.Y

ou will find the _______________ in black color

on the front of a 100 Afghanis note.

a.metal

b.banknotec.serial num

berd.currencye.value

1.I w

ill _____________ the New

year program for the

audience.2.

I _______________ have 100 Afghanis. That should

be enough for to day.3.

Can you ____________ m

y dollars into Afghanis?

4.The value of every banknote ______________ in allfour corners.

5.Let m

e _________ the coins in your hand.

a. changeb. appearc. seed. had bettere. introduce

1.cake

a. mood

2.face

b. root3.

cleanc. m

ade4.

buildd. m

achine5.

cheesee. A

fghanis6.

wood

f. tall7.

footg. but

8.head

h. wild

9.cut

i. make

10.ballj. kiss

62

A. R

ead these sentences about our Afghan B

anknotes.1.

… the new

est Afghanistan’s one hundred A

fghanis note.2.

… 14. 5 centim

eters long … 6 centim

eters wide.

3.…

purple, blue and white.

4.on the front, …

Pul-e- Khishti M

osque … a secret picture of M

irwis

Nikkah grave.

5.the value …

6.on the back, …

gate of Qalai B

oast in Lashkargah … the value …

.7.

serial number …

.

B. N

ow read the follow

ing paragraph with your partner and

compare the notes in A

above with the sentences and the

paragraph below.

Let’s look carefully at the newest A

fghan one hundred Afghani note. It

is 14.5 centimeters long and 6 centim

eters wide. Its m

ain colors are purple,blue and w

hite. On the front, there is a picture of Pul-e- K

hishti Mosque in

the right side and a picture of Mirw

is Nikkah grave in secret in the left. The

value appears in three corners. The serial number appears in black color in

the top left corner and down in the right corner. O

n the back, you can see thegate of Q

alai Boast in Lashkargah and the value appears in all four corners.

C. N

ow read the follow

ing notes and write a paragraph about it.

1.…

the newest A

fghani one thousand Afghanis note.

2.…

15. 5 centimeters long …

6.6 centimeters w

ide.3.

… read, pink, yellow

and white.

4.on the front, …

Shrine of Hazrat A

li … a secret picture of M

irwis

Nikkah grave.

5.the value …

6.on the back, …

grave of Temoor Shah …

the value ….

7.serial num

ber ….

Writing

63

A. Practice the follow

ing conversation with your partner.

You are in a m

oney exchanger’s counter.Y

ou are going to Britain.

You need Pound Sterling.

The exchanges rate is 85 Afghanis to the Pound.

You w

ant to change 250,000 Afghanis.

You get 2,941 Pounds.

Cashier: N

ext please. Can I help you?

Traveler: Yes, I am

going to go to Britain.

I need some Pounds Sterling.

Cashier: I see, sir. H

ow m

uch would you

like to change?Traveler: 250,000 A

fghanis, please.C

ashier: Right. The exchange rate is 85

Afghanis to the Pound. That

means you get 2,941 Pounds, sir.

Traveler: Thank you. Can you give som

echange please?

Cashier: I am

sorry sir. We don’t have

changes.Traveler: That is O

k, bye.

B. N

ow m

ake another conversation like the one above. Use the

following notes.

You are in a bank’s counter.

You are going to go to G

ermany.

You need Euro.

The exchange rate is 68 Afghanis to the Euro.

You w

ant to change 78000 Afghanis.

You get …

……

Euro.

Activities

64

A. L

ook at the list of exchange rates from a m

oney exchanger’sw

indow.

Today’s E

xchange Rates

One A

merican dollar 49.30 A

fghanis

One E

uro 75.50 Afghanis

One Pound sterling 85.50 A

fghanis

One thousand Indian R

upees 1100 Afghanis

One thousand Pakistani R

upees 580 Afghanis

Ten thousand Iranian riyals 50 A

fghanis

B. N

ow m

ake a conversation like the one on page 63. Your teacher

will tell you w

hich currency to talk about. He/ She w

ill also tellyou the am

ount of the money to change.

Activities

65

A. R

ead, learn and remem

ber.

B. C

omplete the sentences w

ith correct form of possessive noun

(s’/ s’) or possessive adjective.Exam

ple: The car is red. Ahm

ad’s car is red.

1.The boys___ father is a teacher.

2.______ brother bought m

e a book yesterday.3.

The children___ class is noisy.4.

I was w

ith Ahm

ad and _____brother. We w

ere going to cinema.

5. The girl___ clothes are on the forth floor.

6.The w

omen___ boys are playing in the yard.

7.I asked _____ friend to give m

e a collection of ______ socialsciences.

8.The N

ooris family is living in our neighborhood. The N

ooris ___fam

ily is big.

Review…

had better …W

e use

had better

for a

specificsituation, or w

hen we think som

ethingshould happen.Exam

ple: Y

ou had better study your lesson. H

e had better attend to the exam.

She had better not watch TV

. I had better go to bed. They had better not stay out late. W

e had better talk with our

friends.

Possessive Noun ‘s – s’

Singular and plural nouns notending in s.Exam

ple: The boy’s ball blasted.

The doll’s color is red. The children’s father took them

tothe zoo.

The men’s clothes are on the third

floor.Plural nouns ending in s. The boys’ ball blasted. The students’ teacher arrived.

Tag Q

uestionsW

e use tag question to confirm the factual inform

ation that we

are not certain about it.Exam

ple: She doesn’t w

ant to attend to the conference, does she? W

e will go to the conference, w

on’t we?

They didn’t travel to New

York, did they?

You are going to the bazaar, aren’t you?

I am going to participate to the w

edding party, aren’t I?

66

vo

ca

bu

lar

y list

Nouns

adornment

banknotechange (sm

all money)

cheesecoincontractioncountercurrencyEuroexchangegravenecklacejew

elerkissm

etalPound Sterlingraterootsecretserial/ num

bersetsituationvaluevisa cardcasem

iss

Verbs

appearblastexchangekissofferprom

isew

astechangem

iss

Adjective

specific

67

In this unit you are going to:

learn about Present Perfect Tense.practice superlative adjective.practice the usage of articles.read about H

ajj pilgrimage.

learn new w

ords.

68

A. Practice the follow

ing conversation with your partner.

Mr. H

amidi is in front of the Eid G

aah Mosque. H

e is interviewing Jabar

Khan, w

ho is going on his first Hajj soon.

Ham

idi: Can you introduce yourself

please?Jabar K

han: My nam

e is Jabar Khan.

Ham

idi: Jabar Khan, have you ever been

on Hajj before?

Jabar Khan: N

o, I haven’t. H

amidi: A

re you looking forward to it?

Jabar Khan: Y

es, I am. A

s you know every

Muslim

must m

ake thepilgrim

age, if he/ she can atleast once in his/ her life. I m

aynever get another chance.

Ham

idi: Have you had any problem

s?Jabar K

han: The biggest problem has been m

oney. My fam

ily isn’t veryrich. So I have saved up for a long tim

e. H

amidi: H

ave you got enough now?

Jabar Khan: I think so. I have paid 125000 A

fghanis for all my expenses.

Ham

idi: Have you arranged everything yourself?

Jabar Khan: N

o, I have not. Ministry of H

ajj and Islamic A

ffairs has made

all the arrangements. I have the passport and visa right now

. H

amidi: W

ell, as you know w

e are planning to follow the H

ajjpilgrim

age program. I hope to m

eet you once again during theH

ajj Pilgrimage program

.Jabar K

han: I hope, too.B

. Answ

er the following questions.

1.W

here is Mr. Jabar going to?

2.H

as he been to Hajj before?

3.W

ho have made all the arrangem

ents to Mr. Jabar?

4.H

ow did he pay for his H

ajj pilgrimage?

5.Is he rich?

6.W

hat was his biggest problem

?7.

Will the interview

er go to Saudi Arabia?

8.Is it a m

ust to make H

ajj?

Conversation

69

th

e p

re

sen

t p

er

fec

t t

en

se

A. C

omplete the sentences w

ith correct form of the given verbs in

the box.

1.Mr. H

amidi has already _____________ to Saudi A

rabia.2.M

inistry of Hajj and Islam

ic Affairs haven't ____________ all the

arrangements for him

yet.3.H

e hasn’t ____________ to Hajj before.

4.I have ___________ as a geography teacher since 2007.5.M

y friend has ____________ me a delicious dinner so far.

6.The bank has _________ me som

e money.

7.My father has ______ for a job as an electricity engineer for a long tim

e.8.W

e have ___________ in this house since 1989.9.H

ave you ___________ him already?

B. N

ow change the follow

ing sentences to questions in yournotebooks.1.

I haven’t met m

y classmates since I graduated from

high school.2.

He has lived in this street for five years.

3.Y

ou haven’t done your homew

ork since you got sore throat.4.

She has passed the exam.

5.She has decided to travel to N

engarhar.

Gram

mar

fly make be m

eet apply cook lend work have

Have you ever seen this structure? H

ave/ Has + past participle

This tense is called present perfect tense. Present perfect tense expressesan action or activity started in the past and finished in unparticular tim

ein the past.Y

ou can use these words w

ith this tense: yet, so far, since, before, up tonow

, already.Exam

ple: Have you ever been to Saudi A

rabia?I haven’t seen you so far. W

here have you been?H

as she studied the letter of recomm

endation I have sent?She has already read letter of recom

mendation.

We haven’t traveled by plane yet.

Has he ever been

on Hajj before?

70

Read the follow

ing story.

A. C

omplete the sentences w

ith the correct given phrases.1. In the departures building, Jabar K

han:a.

drove the bus.b.carried his luggage.c.

stopped the porter.

Reading

The pilgrim’s bus drove to K

abul InternationalA

irport and stopped at the gate. Jabar Khan got

off and

porter carried

his luggage

into the

building. He joined the queue at the check in

counter. Soon it was his turn.

“Your

ticket and

passport, please,”

said the

airline clerk.“H

ere you are,” said Jabar Khan. H

e gave themto him

.“H

ow m

any cases do you have?”“Tw

o,” replied Jabar Khan.

“Please put them on the scales.”

“O.k.” said Jabar K

han.“Thank you. 18 kilogram

s. How

many hand bags

have you got?”“Just this bag,” Jabar K

han said.The m

an gave him his ticket and passport back.

He gave him

a boarding pass as well. “W

hat isthis?” asked Jabar K

han.“Y

ou won’t be able to board the plane w

ithoutthe boarding pass. H

ave a good flight.Jabar K

han walked through the departure lounge

and waited to the plane.

The office announced his flight and he left thelounge and got on the plane.H

e was on the m

ost important journey of his life.

71

2. Jabar Khan gave the airline clerk:

a.one case.

b.his passport and ticket.c.

the scales.d.his hand luggage.

3. What w

eight 18 kilos?a.

Jabar’s cases.b.Jabar’s bag.c.

The passport and ticket.d.Jabar, him

self.

4. How

many things did the airline clerk give to Jabar?

a.Tw

o.b.Four.c.

Three.d.O

ne.

5. Jabar needed the boarding pass:a.

to fill in the form.

b.for the passport office.c.

at the luggage check.d.to get into the plane.

B. C

omplete the spelling of these w

ords from lessons 1 – 3 of this

unit and then use them in sentences.

1.2.3.4.5.

in__er__atio__al

p__lg__ima__e

arr__ng__men__s

par__i__iple

airl__n__

6.7.8.9.10.

b__ar__ing

lu__g__ge

c__erk

de__artu__e

q__eu__

72

airline (noun): a system of transportation by

air.A

riana Airline agency located on the first floor

of Kabul International airport.

Which airlines w

ould you like to fly in?H

ow m

any airlines are there in our country?H

ave you ever worked as airline clerk?

flight (noun): Flight means air travel,

departure, getaway.

Who m

ade the first flight in a plane with an

engine?They are announcing m

y flight. I have to go.look forw

ard to (regular verb): look forward

to means to anticipate, to expect.

I am looking forw

ard to the picnic.W

e are looking forward to announce our flight.

They are looking forward to the football m

atchnext w

eek.The students are looking forw

ard to theirexam

.queue (noun): queue m

eans a line of peoplew

ho are waiting for som

ething, row.

Where should w

e stand when there is a queue,

to the front or to the back?W

hen I got to the airport, I noticed that a lot ofpeople w

ere waiting in a long queue for the

airline clerk.try (regular verb): Try m

eans to attempt, to do

something.

He tried to get to the school bus, but he

couldn’t catch it.Y

ou should try hard to get the job.I try to m

ake a wooden car for m

y small

brother.Y

ou should try to help poor people.

Word study

73

Choose the correct w

ords to complete the sentences.

Word study

1.This bike w

as very cheap. It cost _________2500 A

fghanis.2.

Ali is from

Bam

ian, but he is not living there_________________.

3.The journey w

ill be long. It will last

______________ ten hours.4.

Have you ______________ flow

n before?5.

Some people eat three tim

es a day. I eat only_____________.

a. at leastb. everc. at the m

oment

d. juste. once

1.I asked the m

an behind the_________ if hecould lead m

e to the airline office.2.

How

much is the ______ from

Kabul to K

andahar?3.

You m

ust have a _________ before you canboard a plane.

4.Y

ou can buy your air ticket from a travel _______________.

5. Jabar’s _____________ from

Kabul w

as by plane.

a. air fareb. boarding passc. counterd. departuree. agent

1.H

atam has lived in Parw

an all his _________.2.

A_________. is usually a big and com

fortable hall.3.

You usually need a __________ to go to a

foreign country.

4.I did not do all m

y homew

ork, but Zainab finished __________.5.

A certificate gives you a better __________ to get a job. a. chance

b. lifec. everythingd. visae. lounge

1.M

ost of the workers _______________ to

their holidays.2.

Did you ______________ your m

oney to buyyour new

motorbike?

3.W

hen did you _________ to police army?

4.Y

ou can carry hand bag when you

__________ a plane.5.

If you only get 20%, you m

ust __________ to do better.

a. boardb. tryc. look forw

ardd. save upe. join

74

Read the story “A

t the airport” on page 69.R

ewrite the story and then com

plete it from the story on page 69.

What do these w

ords mean? Find their m

eanings from the story

and then use them in sentences.

1.lounge :______________________________________________.

2.boarding pass:_________________________________________.

3.journey:______________________________________________.

4.airport:______________________________________________.

5.check:_______________________________________________.

6.ticket:________________________________________________.

Writing

The pilgrim

’s bus

_______ to

Kabul

International Airport and _______at the

gate. Jabar

Khan

got off

and the

_______carried his

_______into the

building. He joined the _______at the

checking _______. Soon it was his turn.

“Your ticket and _______, please,” said the airline _______.

“Here you are,” said Jabar K

han. He _______them

to him.

“How

many _______do you have?”

“Two,” _______Jabar K

han.“Please put them

on the _______.”“O

.k.” _______Jabar Khan.

“Thank you. 18 kilograms. H

ow m

any hand bags _______ _______got?”“Just this bag,” Jabar K

han said.The m

an gave him his _______and passport _______. H

e gave him a

_______ pass as well. “W

hat is this?” asked Jabar Khan.

“You w

on’t be able to _______the plane without the boarding pass. H

avea good _______.Jabar K

han walked through the _______lounge and w

aited for the_______.The office _______his flight and he left the lounge and got on the_______.H

e was on the m

ost _______ journey of his life.

75

A. R

ead this conversation then practice it with your partner.

Student A: G

ood morning. A

re you going to Abu D

habi, too?Student B

: Yes, I am

.Student A

: Which flight are you in?

Student B: K

amA

ir116.Student A

: I think we are in the sam

e flight. My nam

e is Ahm

ad Malik.

Student B: N

ice to meet you A

hmad M

alik, I am A

hmad Faw

ad.Student A

: Nice to m

eet you too Ahm

ad Fawad. Is this your first flight?

Student B: Y

es, it is and I am so scared.

Student A: D

on’t worry. It is m

ore comfortable than traveling by bus.

Student B: D

o you know w

hen do we take off?

Student A: A

t 10: 30 a.m. and w

e will land by 12:30 p.m

. at Abu D

habiairport. W

hat do you do there?Student B

: I am going to visit m

y cousin. He has lived there since 2000.

How

about you?Student A

: I am a business m

an. I have a trade center in Abu D

habi.

B. R

ead the paragraph below. It gives the sam

e information as the

above conversation.

Now

make another conversation like the one above.

Activities

I am flying to A

bu Dhabi. I am

not flying with A

bu Dhabi A

irways. I

am flying on K

amA

ir Airw

ays in flight number kam

116. It will take off

at 10:30 a.m. in the m

orning and will land at 12:30 p.m

. in theafternoon.

76

Read learn and rem

ember.

pr

ese

nt

pe

rfe

ct

te

nse

Review

Rem

ember:

Subject + have/ has + Past Participle(3rd form

of the verb)+ complem

entExam

ple:I have traveled to Japan m

any times.

They have met the principal.

We have already finished our w

ork.Y

ou have come late.

She has lived in our neighborhood since 2001.H

ave you ever traveled to Japan?H

as she cooked potato?W

here have you been?Y

ou haven’t passed the exam.

He hasn’t com

e yet.

i th

ink

so a

nd

i ho

pe

so.

1.H

ave you got enough money?

I think so. I don’t think so.2.

Will you com

e to the wedding party? I think so. I don’t think so.

3.W

hat do you think? Will you pass the exam

? I hope so.

4.I hope everything is O

.K.

I hope so, too.

ar

tic

les a

an

d th

eThe airline clerk gave Jabar a form

.I need a chair.Jabar gave back the form

to the airline clerk.W

ill you give me the book you bought yesterday?

Will you pass m

e the salad, please?

sup

er

lat

ive

ad

jec

tiv

eW

e use superlative adjective to compare m

ore than two things, tw

operson or tw

o places.1.

Ahm

ad is thetallest boy in our class.

2.This com

puter is theoldest one w

e use.3.

Kabul is the

mostcrow

ded province in Afghanistan.

4.Today is the

happiest day in my life.

77

A. C

omplete the sentences w

ith the correct form given adjective in

parenthesis.

1.A

hmad is an _____________ student. (intelligent)

2.O

ur class is the ____________ class in this school. (large)3.

Gold is the m

ost ____________ metal. (expensive)

4.O

ak is the _________ tree. (tall)5.

Helm

and province is _____________ than Kabul province. (big)

6.Parrots are the _______________ birds. (nice)

7.G

old is more ___________ than silver. (expensive)

8.O

xygen is the most ____________ gas in our life. (im

portant)

B. C

omplete the sentence w

ith the correct form of the given verbs

and add a word w

here it is necessary.1.

My brother _____________ hom

e at 8:00 o’clock every day.(leave)2.

Examinations _______________ tom

orrow.

(start)3.

My brother _________________ from

Japan yesterday. (arrive)

4.W

hen will the plane ______________?

(take off)5.

When w

ill it _________________ on Delhi airport.

( land)

C. C

omplete the sentences w

ith correct article (a, an, the)1.

There were m

an porters in the airport. Jabar gave his cases to________ porter. _______ porter carried them

inside.2.

There was ________ airline clerk behind the checking counter. Jabar

gave his ticket to __________ clerk.3.

__________ clerk gave Jabar __________ form to fill in. Jabar filled

_________ form and returned it back to _________ clerk.

78

vo

ca

bu

lar

y list

Nouns

agentairlinearrangem

entboarding passbutchercasechanceclerkelectricityexpenseflightgateloungeluggageoxygenparrotpassportpilgrim

agequeuerecom

mendation

scalevisa

Verbs

attempt

departurehopejoinlandlook forw

ard topassreplysave / up

Adjective

delicious

Prepositionduring

Adverbs

alreadyso far

79

In this unit you are going to:

learn the usage of “have something done”.

read a paragraph about Ka’abah e Sharif.

write a paragraph about pilgrim

age.learn new

words.

80

+A. Practice the follow

ing conversation with your partner.

Do you rem

ember Jabar? H

e and his friends are on Hajj now

. Ham

idi andhis team

have come to H

ajj too. They once again faced with M

r. JabarK

han. He w

anted to interview him

.M

r. Ham

idi: Good afternoon view

ers. We are

here at Muzdalifah. Jabar K

hanhas

just finished

praying.A

ssalamu A

laikum, Jabar K

han.H

ow are you?

Jabar K

han: W

a A

laikum

Assalam

, M

r.H

amidi,

I am

fine,

Allah

bepraised.

Mr. H

amidi: W

hat have you done so far?C

an you tell us?Jabar K

han: Of course. Y

esterday, we started

from

Miqat.

First, w

e put

onspecial

white

clothes (Ihram

).Then,

we

went

to the

Holy

Mosque

and w

alked around

Ka’abah-e-Sharif

seven tim

es(Taw

af). After that, w

e hastenedseven tim

es between the hills of

Safa and M

arwa. N

ext, we w

ent to Mina, stayed there at night

and prayed five times. Then w

e went to A

rafat. We stayed at

Arafat all the day and cam

e here to Muzdalifah after the

sunset. But w

hen we got there, w

e prayed Mghrib and Isha

combined and shortened the prayer of Isha in tw

o Rakaaets.

Mr. H

amidi: W

hat are you going to do afterthis?

Jabar Khan: W

ell, we w

ill stay here until we

pray the Fajar prayer. Then we

will

go to

Mina

after the

brightness of the morning is

wide

spread. On

our way

toM

ina, w

e w

ill collect

small

stones (pebbles).

Conversation

81

Mr. H

amidi: W

hat are you going to do with the sm

all stones? Will you tell

the viewers?

Jabar Khan: O

f course. Everyday, we have

to throw seven sm

all stones ata

pillar the

sign for

Satan.There are three pillars. W

e will

spend three days there.M

r. Ham

idi: What else happens there?

Jabar Khan: W

ell, on the first day at Mina,

we also sacrifice anim

als, e.g.one sheep/ goat for one person.

Mr. H

amidi: A

nd what is going to happen

after Mina?

Jabar Khan: Then w

e will have our heads shaved and w

e will take off the

special white clothes. A

fter that, we w

ill walk around K

a’abahseven tim

es for performing Fardh Taw

af. Then we w

ill hastenseven tim

es between the hills of Safa and M

arwa again. W

ew

ill come back to M

ina for three days. By the end of the third

day, we w

ill walk around K

a’abah seven times as a good bye

Tawaf. Finally H

ajj will be over.

B. A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.

Do pilgrim

s put on special white clothes (Ihram

)?2.

Where do pilgrim

s collect small stones from

?3.

What happens on the first day at M

ina?4.

When do pilgrim

s have their heads shaved?5.

When w

ill Hajj be over?

82

ha

ve

som

et

hin

g d

on

e

A. A

nswer the follow

ing questions.Exam

ple: Why did you take your car to the garage?

To have it fixed.1.

Why did you take your jacket to the laundry?

2.Y

our room looks nice. H

ave you painted it?3.

Why do you go to the hairdresser?

4.W

hy do you go to the electrician?5.

Why have you gone to the m

echanic?B

. Write sentences according to the exam

ple.1.

Jalil didn’t repair the roof himself.

He had it repaired.

2.I didn’t cut m

y hair myself.

___________________________3.

They didn’t paint the house themselves.

___________________________4.

She didn’t sew the curtain herself.

___________________________5.

We haven’t painted our car ourselves.

___________________________6.

We are not going to fix our car ourselves.’

___________________________

Gram

mar

We use "have som

ething done" when w

e do not or cannot dosom

ething ourselves and ask someone else to do it for us and it is

called causative passive vice.Exam

ples: Jalil had the roof of the room

repaired yesterday. Y

our hair looks nice. Have you had it cut?

I think you should have your coat cleaned soon. H

ow often do you have your hair cut?

I am going to have m

y room painted tom

orrow.

I am having m

y bicycle fixed right now.

Note: Y

ou can also use get something done instead of have som

ethingdone. I think you should get your hair cut. (have your hair cut) M

y car is too dirty. I should get it washed. (have it w

ashed)

83

A. R

ead the following paragraph about K

a’abah-e Sharif.

B. A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.

Who built K

a’abah?2.

When did the A

rabs begin performing H

ajj?3.

Where does the curtain com

e from?

4.H

ow often is it replaced?

5.H

ow m

uch does the curtain cost?6.

How

high is Ka’abah?

7.W

hat is the door of Ka'abah-e- Sharif m

ade of?8.

What is the nam

e of the black stone?

Reading

Ka’abah (B

ytullah e Sharif), the most

sacred place for Muslim

s, was built by

Prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him

) andhis son Prophet Ism

ail (peace be uponhim

), peace be upon them. Since then, the

Arabs used to perform

Hajj to K

a’abah.W

hen Prophet Moham

med peace be upon

him,

preached Islam

to

all m

ankind,perform

ing Hajj to K

a’abah became the

fifth pillar of Islam.

Ka’abah is a 13.8 meter high, box shaped building. Its north and

south walls are 11 m

eters long, and its east and west w

alls are 9.6 meters

wide. K

a’abah is built of grey stone and it stands on a marble base w

hichis 23 centim

eters high.

The four walls of K

a’abah are covered with a black curtain

(Kisw

ah). This curtain is covered with w

riting in silver and gold. Thecurtain is replaced by the governm

ent of Saudi Arabia once a year. It is

made in a factory in M

akkah and costs about 2660000 dollars. The door w

hich leads inside Ka’abah is m

ade of gold. Inside, thereare tw

o rows of w

ooden pillars and many gold and silver lam

ps. Thefloor is covered w

ith marbles.

Near the door, in the eastern corner of Ka’abah, there is the black

stone called Hajarul A

swad. This is surrounded by silver.

84

Choose the correct w

ords to complete the sentences.

Word study

Lamp (noun): A

device for giving light, it isalso a piece of furniture: an electric/ oil/ gaslam

p/ a street lamp/ a table lam

p.B

esides our houses where else do w

e uselam

ps?I use a lam

p when I study m

y lesson at night.

Lead (irregular verb): M

eans direct, guide,escortW

here does the road lead to?The road leads to G

hazni, Kandahar and

Herat.

Marble (noun): A

marble is a piece of stone

use for flooring and decorating of a building.O

ur hall floor is covered with w

hite marbles.

Is there any house in your neighborhooddecorated w

ith marble?

What color is m

arble?

Replace (regular verb): M

eans to take theplace of som

ething, or put something or

someone in the place of som

ething orsom

eone else.The old banknotes w

ere replaced by the newset in 1383.The com

pany replaced most of its w

orkersw

ith robots.

Row

(noun): a row is a num

ber of things orpersons in a line.Please, stand the last row

.H

ow m

any rows are there in the table?

People were w

aiting in rows to get the visa.

85

1.M

aghrib prayer is at _______________.2.

Taj Mahal palace is m

ade of ___________.3.W

e sacrifice an _________________ on EidulA

zha.4.A

____________ is a high piece of land. You

can usually walk up.

5.Each _____________________ which supports the roof of our

club is 6 meters high.

a. hillb. anim

alc. m

arbles.d. pillar.e. sunset

Word study

1.D

uring the Hajj program

, I ____________ ananim

al.2.

They _____________ the broken cup with a

new one.

3.Earth is _____________ by w

ater.4.

Draw

a _____________ and color it yellow.

5.Every year, hundreds of tourists ___________ to A

fghanistan. Do

you know how

many tourists have __________ since 2001?

a. circleb. surroundedc. sacrificedd. com

ee. replaced

1.I turned on the _______________ because thecurtains in m

y room w

ere closed.2.A

__________ in Herat produces the lam

p.3.Y

our ____________ is very poor. I can noteven read a w

ord.4.The _____________ of this building is m

ade ofstone, but the top part is m

ade of wood.

5.We stand in _____________ for the praying.

a. rows

b. writing

c. lamp

d. factorye. base

86

A. R

ead Jabar’s interview on pages 79 – 80 and w

rite a paragraphabout “W

hat all pilgrims do on H

ajj program?” use pencil not

pen.

B. Pretend you w

ere in Hajj program

in Saudi Arabia. W

hatw

ould you do? Write a paragraph.

Writing

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

87

A. Practice the follow

ing conversation with your partner.

Om

er: Good m

orning Naqibullah.

Naqibullah: G

ood morning O

mer. W

hat do you do here? O

mer: I am

looking for my passport.

Naqibullah: Passport! D

o you want to go anyw

here? O

mer: I w

ant to go and perform H

ajj. N

aqibullah: Me too. It w

ill be nice if we go together.

Om

er: But I don’t know

the rules and regulations. Do you know

anyone who can help us?

Naqibullah: Let’s go to a travel agency.

Om

er: That is a good idea. N

aqibullah: Good m

orning.Travel agent: G

ood morning, can I help you?

Om

er: We w

ant to go Saudi Arabia for Perform

ing Hajj. C

ould yougive us som

e information about it?

Travel agent: Do you have passports?

Om

er: Yes, w

e have.Travel agent: So you need the visa. O

mer: C

an you arrange it for us?Travel agent: Y

es, we can, but it costs you 150,000 A

fghanis per person. O

mer: For w

hat?Travel agent: For getting the visa, airplane tickets, rent of the hotel and

salary of a guide.N

aqibullah: It sounds too much. Let us to consult w

ith each other, and will

inform you later.

B. A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.

Whom

did Om

er meet?

2.W

here does Om

er want to go?

3.D

id Naqibullah w

ant to go to Hajj, too?

4.W

here did they go?5.

Did they have passport?

6.W

hat did they need?7.

Did the travel agent arrange the visa?

8.H

ow did it cost?

9.W

hy did it cost them too m

uch? 10. Did they agree w

ith the cost?

Activites

88

A. R

ead this table.

Buildings and

towers

Height

ShapeL

engthW

idthM

aterials

1. Ka’abah

13.8 mbox

11 m9.6 m

Grey stone

2. Eiffel Tower

300 mA

of the base120 m

of the base120 m

iron

B. N

ow read the description w

hich is made from

the information

in the above table.

C. C

an you describe the Eiffel tow

er and any other building?

Activites

Ka’abah-e Sharif is a 13.8 m

eter high, box shapedbuilding. It is 11 m

eters long and 9.6 meters w

ide.It is built of grey stone.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

89

Read, learn and rem

ember.

te

nse

sPast

The plane left an hour ago.

Present perfect The plane has already left.

Present The plane leaves at ten o’clock every day.Present continuous

The plane is leaving now.

The plane is leaving at ten o’clock tomorrow

.Future

The plane is going to leave at ten o’clocktom

orrow.

The plane will leave at ten o’clock tom

orrow.

ha

ve

som

et

hin

g d

on

eR

emem

berW

hen you can not do something yourself, or w

hen you do not want

to do it yourself, you can have someone to do it for you.

I will have m

y house painted.She is going to have her car fixed.H

ave you had your hair cut?I have had m

y furniture replaced.H

e is going to have his book covered.They had their room

cleaned.

A.

Read the sentences on the left and answ

er the questions next tothem

and copy them in your notebook.

Review

It is 4: 30 o’clock inthe afternoon. FromSaturday to Thursdayevery w

eek, Ibrahimplays footballbetw

een 3:00 to 4:30p.m

.

a.What did Ibrahim

do last Monday

afternoon at 3:30?________________________________b.W

hat has he just done?________________________________c.H

ow m

any times has he played football

this week?

________________________________

90

vo

ca

bu

lar

y list

Nouns

viewer

hillpillarprophetm

ankindm

arblebasepraisesacrificesunsetregulation

Verbs

facehastensacrificeshavesurroundleadescortreplacepraisespread

Adjectives

sacredbrightnessgreytop

Adverbs

instead

Asad is our English

teacher. At the m

oment he

is in the principal office.

a. What does A

sad do?_______________________________b. W

hat is he doing at the mom

ent?_______________________________

Am

an works in Sam

angan.Every Thursday, he com

esto K

abul to visit his family.

He returns to Sam

angan onSaturday.

a. What is A

man doing next

Thursday?______________________________b. W

ho is he going to visit?______________________________c. W

hen will he return back?

______________________________

91

In this unit you are going to:

learn the usage of “direct and indirect speech”.read a paragraph about dining custom

s.read a letter about dining custom

s in New

Zealand.w

rite a letter about dining customs in A

fghanistan.learn new

words.

92

A. Practice the follow

ing conversation with your partner.

Reporter: G

ood evening. I am at the popular restaurant. I am

waiting for

the manager. H

e is busy in the kitchen at the mom

ent. So, I amgoing to ask this custom

er over here for his opinion about therestaurant. H

ow do you do?

Custom

er: How

do you do? R

eporter: Can I ask you a few

questions?C

ustomer: C

ertainly. R

eporter: What do you think of the restaurant?

Custom

er: I think it is very nice. R

eporter: Do you like the food?

Custom

er: Yes, it is delicious.

Reporter: Really …

Ah, excuse m

e. Here is the m

anager now. G

oodevening, Sir.

Manager: G

ood evening. I am sorry for being late.

Reporter: That is all right. N

ow, can you give us som

e information?

Manger: I w

ill try. What do you w

ant to know?

Reporter: W

hy do you think a lot of people come here?

Manager: W

ell, I think our customers like the cooking and w

e try to make

the service good. The waiters are friendly. A

nd it isn’t costly. R

eporter: What kinds of food do you serve?

Manager: W

e have both Eastern and Western food. B

ut majority of our

customers are A

fghans. R

eporter: Don’t you get any com

plaints? M

anager: Yes, w

e do. But only a few

. We had one last night. A

man

complained because w

e closed at 10:30 in the evening. He

thought it was too early.

Reporter: Thank you very m

uch. M

anager: You are m

ost welcom

e.

B. A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.

Are the w

aiters at the restaurant friendly?2.

Why does the restaurant have a lot of custom

ers?3.

Is the food expensive?4.

How

many kinds of food does the restaurant serve?

5.W

hat did the man say about the restaurant?

6.D

o the people complain?

Conversation

93

C. N

ow practice the follow

ing conversation with your partner.

D. A

sk for more opinions like the one in C

. Use the w

ords in thechart.

E. N

ow say this conversation.

Negative questions: (N

egative question is used when w

e think the answer

will be yes.)

F. Make m

ore negative questions and answers.

1.Is he w

aiting for the manager?

2.A

re you Noor A

hmad?

3.C

an they give you some inform

ation?4.

Did it close at 10:30 in the evening?

5.Is the food delicious?

How

do you do?H

ow do you do?

What do you think

of the restaurant?It is nice?

a. armchair? …

…com

fortable.f. M

azar-e-Shari….…

..…crow

ded.b. food? …

……

……

… delicious.

g. Paghman …

….…

... interesting.c. your m

anager? ……

……

keen. h. the new

road? …...…

excellent.d. driving fast?…

……

dangerous. i. the decorations? …

.… B

eautiful.e. guest? …

..… polite.

j. the wedding party? …

. excellent.

Don’t you get anycom

plaints?Y

es, we do.

94

ar

tic

le +

ad

jec

tiv

es

Read the follow

ing sentences and change them to new

ones usingthe article “a”.

1.That custom

er is hungry.2.

The opinion is interesting.3.

The cook is angry.4.

The manager is punctual.

5.This flow

er is beautiful.6.

This restaurant is nice.7.

This pillar is marble.

8.That m

aterial is strong.9.

This concrete is thick.10.That bookcase is w

ooden.v

er

y a

nd

to

o

A. R

ead the sentences and add another ones using the joiningw

ords "but or so" with "very and too".

1.The students were too late for the lesson. 2. The boy cam

e very late.B

. Com

plete these sentences with too or very.

1.The food was _________ costly. I did not have enough m

oney.2.The sunset w

as _________ beautiful. We sat and w

atched the cartoon.3.I could not carry m

y bag because it was _________ heavy for m

e.4.A

hmad runs 5 km

every day. He is _________ healthy.

5.I can’t get into that car. The roof is _________ low.

6.I do not understand this book. It is _________ technical.

Gram

mar

Read the sentences and see the usage of adjectives w

ith article “a”.1. The restaurant is nice. no a

but It is a nice restaurant .

a2. The m

anager is keen. no a

but H

e is a keen manager.

a3. The hall is big.

no abut

It is a big hall. a

4. The waiter is friendly.

no abut

He is a friendly w

aiter. a

Read these sentences.

1.The students are very late, but they can catch the lesson.

2.The students are too late, so they couldn’t catch the lesson.

3.The m

an was very late, but he could get the bus.

4.The m

an was too late, so he couldn’t get the bus.

95

dir

ec

t a

nd

ind

ire

ct

spe

ec

h

ru

les o

f ch

an

gin

g d

ire

ct

int

o in

dir

ec

t sp

ee

ch.

Note: W

hen the main verb is in the sim

ple present tense, neither thetense nor the adverbs are changed.Exam

ple: He says, “I am

working now

.” H

e says that he is working now

.A

. Change the follow

ing sentences from direct to indirect speech.

Example: The food is too costly.

He said that the food w

as too costly.1.

I am a student.

5. I study geography of grade nine.2.

You are w

atching.6. W

ait!3.

Don’t run fast!

7. It is very early.4.

I love pink color.8. I w

ill go to the Educational University.

B. C

omplete the spelling of these w

ords.1.

b __ sy5. co __ __ t __ y

2.cert __ __ nly

6. d __ lic __ ous3.

compl __ __ nt

7. opin __ __ n4.

c __ __ king8. P __ p __ l __ r

Read these sentences:W

e use indirect speech to reproduce the main

idea of the speaker’s words not all the exact w

ords of the speaker.D

irect SpeechIndirect Speech

1. Wait !

He told us to w

ait.2. D

on’t close the window

. M

y mother told m

e not to close thew

indow.

3. I am studying English.

She said that she was studying English.

4. You w

orked very hard. H

e said that I had worked very hard.

Rules for direct speech

1. A com

ma m

ust be used after the main

verb.Exam

ple: He said,

2. The narrated speech must be w

rittenbetw

een quotation marks.

Example: H

e said, “I will com

e.”3. The first letter of the sentence in

narration must be in capital.

Example: H

e said, “We w

ill come.”

Rules for indirect speech

1. The comm

a and quotation marks are

omitted in the indirect speech.

2. To connect the main clause to

subordinating clause the conjunction(that) is used.

3. The pronouns are changedaccording to the speaker andreporter.

Example: H

e said that he would com

e.

96

A. R

ead the following paragraphs. T

hey give information about

eating customs around the w

orld.

Reading

Meals can m

ean different things to people in different countries.1. T

he main m

ealIn m

any western countries, the m

ain meal of the

day is usually dinner, but in many A

rab countriesit is lunch.

2. Tim

e to arriveIf you are invited to a m

eal in Europe, you areexpected to com

e on time. In A

fghanistan, youm

ay come one or half hour earlier. In som

e SouthA

merican countries, it is all right to appear tw

o orthree hours later.

3. Gifts

In many countries, you m

ay take a small gift, like

chocolates or flowers. In Egypt, you take flow

ersto w

eddings or a house where som

eone is sick,but

not if

you are

invited to

a m

eal. In

Afghanistan you m

ay take flowers or clothes to

wedding, but fruits for the one w

ho is sick.

4. Eating habits

In some countries, you are w

elcome to eat w

ithyour hands. In m

ost of Europe, however, dinner is

always eaten w

ith utensils – usually knives, forksand spoons. H

ands are rarely used. In the Islamic

countries, Muslim

s eat with the right hand only;

either with or w

ithout utensils. Muslim

s shouldsay “B

ismillah” (In the nam

e of Allah) in the

beginning and Al – H

amdulillah (praise be to

Allah) at the end of their m

eals. Then they wash

their hands and mouths.

97

5. Conversation

In most countries, it is good to talk during the

meal. It is polite to say nice things about the

house and the cooking.

6. After the m

ealA

fter the meal in Europe, it is polite to stay

between one and tw

o hours before leaving. You

can then thank your host before you go. It isappreciated if you either w

rite a note of thanks orphone

soon afterw

ards. B

ut in

our country

Afghanistan the guest thanks before leaving the

host house.

It is better to find out something about the

people’s customs before you visit them

. Thatw

ay, you will do the right thing and enjoy the

meal m

ore.

B. A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.D

o all people have the same dining custom

s?2.W

hat is the main m

eal of the day in yourcountry?

3.Why do all M

uslims eat w

ith their righthands?

4.What does “gift” m

ean?5.G

ive the opposites of “rarely” and “early”?6.Tell

your classm

ates about

any dining

customs you know

.

98

Word study

appreciate (regular verb): Means be grateful/

thankful, understand, welcom

e.-

A hungry m

an appreciates a good meal.

-I really appreciate your hard w

ork.-

The teacher appreciates the students’suggestions.

expect (regular verb): Means w

aiting for, guess.-

What do you expect from

your sons?-

The teacher expected the students to dotheir hom

ework correctly.

-H

e is expecting for a baby son.H

abit (noun): A habit is like a custom

but is doneregularly by one person.

-People say that hard w

ork is a habit. Do

you agree?-

He drinks to m

uch tea. It is his habit.-

What habit do you have?

rarely (adverb): Means alm

ost never.-

I often play football, but I rarely playtennis.

-H

e rarely comes to our house.

-She rarely eat sandw

ich.-

They rarely participate in contest.tourist (noun): a tourist is a person w

ho goestouring or sightseeing or visiting other places.

-K

abul is often full of tourists.-

Majority of the tourists com

e from Europe.

-I w

ork as a guide in a tourist office.-

Have you ever taken a tourist to an ancient

palace?-

There is a tourist office inK

abul international airport.-

Bahram

has a tourist card which

let him go and see any places he

wants.

99

Choose the correct w

ords to complete the sentences.

Word study

1.O

ur flight leaves at exactly 7:40 p.m. W

e must be

____________.2.

I am going shopping and w

ill do my hom

ework

___________.3.

Their house is very close to ours. In fact, they are_____________.

4.C

ustomers ___________ com

plain about a good restaurant.5.

The main m

eal of the day is usually ___________ lunch or dinner.

a. rarelyb. on tim

ec. eitherd. side by sidee. afterw

ards

1.The m

anager could not talk to us because he was

___________.2.

I had to save up for months because the air fare w

asvery ___________.

3.In Europe, it is _______ to arrive on tim

e for a meal.

4.The food w

as cheap but ____________.5.

He doesn’t like anyone. H

e is not very ___________.

a. friendlyb. politec. busyd. costlye. delicious

1.I introduced m

yself and said, “How

do you____________?”

2.D

o you have a guide book for France? We w

antto _________ their custom

s before we go there.

3.W

e usually ____________ at 7:00 p.m.

4.“W

hat do you ____________ Uzbek’s cooking?

5.If the food is not good, you should ___________ to the m

anager.

a. dineb. think ofc. dod. com

plaine. find out about

1.I often shop at this superm

arket. I am a regular ________.

2.A

t the dinner, we had a pudding after the m

ain ________.3.

I often sleep in the afternoon. It has become a _________.

4.It w

as a special occasion. So we gave our brother a

_____________.5.

She asked, “What is your _________ of m

y cooking” Iansw

ered, “I think it is delicious.”

a. habitb. giftc. custom

erd. opinione. course

100

A.

James is your friend from

New

Zealand w

hom you asked

about their eating customs. H

e has just sent you a letterproviding you the inform

ation.

B.

Write a letter to Jam

es in New

Zealand and tell him

abouteating custom

s in Afghanistan.

Writing

21 Old Street,

New

town 45931,

New

Zealand.12th D

ecember 2009.

Dear M

ohamm

ad Om

er, Thank you for your letter. Y

ou asked me about our dining custom

s inN

ew Zealand.

The main m

eal of the day for most N

ew Zealanders is dinner. G

uestsusually arrive on tim

e or a few m

inutes later. They sometim

es take asm

all gift with them

but it is not expected. In sum

mer, barbecues are popular. The m

eat is cooked outside on anopen fire. The food is put on a table and everyone serves him

self. Peopleusually sit together in sm

all groups. They eat barbecues with either a

knife or fork or with their hands.

When the m

eal ends, guests often help to carry things into the house.They usually stay for at least an hour after the m

eal. They normally

telephone or write during the next w

eek to say thank you. I hope that the inform

ation be interesting for you. Please write and

tell me about your eating custom

s. I am very interested. Please don’t

forget to send it soon.Best w

ishesJam

es

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................

101

A.

Pretend you are in restaurantand you w

ould like havesom

ething for lunch.W

aiter: Good noon, Sir. H

ere is them

enu. What w

ould youlike?

Custom

er: Let me see. O

ne chickensteak w

ith a Qabuli.

Waiter: H

ow about the beverages?

Custom

er: One cola. A

nd don’t forgetto bring a bow

l of yogurt asw

ell. W

aiter: Anything else, Sir?

Custom

er: No, thanks.

B.

This is a restaurant m

enu.R

ead and act as a customer and a w

aiter with your partner.

Activities

102

Read learn and rem

ember.

A. R

ead the sentences and add one from your ow

n.Exam

ple: That boy is tall.H

e is a tall boy.1.

The baby is noisy. 3. That book is thick.

2.This fish is w

hite. 4. G

eography book is interesting.

B. R

ead the sentences and add one from your ow

n.1.

The principal was very late. 3. The principal w

as too late.2.

That student came very late. 4. That student cam

e too late.

C. C

hange the following sentences from

direct speech to indirectspeech.

Example: I am

playing tennis. H

e said that he was playing tennis.

1.I am

learning computer.

4. I have seen that movie.

2.H

e will talk about our m

ath class. 5. H

e played football.3.

They traveled to Nepal.

6. We are going to fly London.

Review

ar

tic

le +

ad

jec

tiv

e1. That restaurant looks nice.

It looks a nice restaurant.2. That boy is intelligent.

He is an intelligent boy.

3. The cloth is dirty.It is a dirty clothe.

4. English teacher is kind.H

e is a kind teacher.5. The flow

er is beautiful.It is a beautiful flow

er.

ve

ry

an

d t

oo

1.The bus is very late, but he can get enough passengers.

2.The bus w

as too crowded, so it couldn’t get enough passengers.

3.The teacher w

as very late, but he could catch the lesson.4.

The teacher was too late, so the term

has already changed.5.

The man w

as very late, but he could get the flight.6.

The man w

as too late, so the airplane has already taken off.

dir

ec

t a

nd

ind

ire

ct

spe

ec

h1. I am

studying history. H

e said that he was studying history.

2. He is at hom

e. H

e said that he was at hom

e.3. Y

ou will com

e to the party. She said that I would com

e to the party.4. W

e had a party.They said that they had had a party.

5. I had a nice car. He said that he had a nice car.

103

vo

ca

bu

lar

y list

Nouns

barbecuebeveragediningm

ajoritym

anagerm

ealm

oment

narrationoccasionopinionquotationutensil

Verbs

appreciatecrow

dcom

plainexpectom

itbarbecuedinenarratequote

Adjective

accordinghabitpolitepopularpunctual

Adverbs

afterward

costly

104

In this unit you are going to:

learn the usage of reporting questions in “direct and indirect speech”.read a paragraph about traditional gam

es.read a letter.w

rite a letter to your friend.learn new

words.

105

A. M

r. Young w

ho is an Am

erican writer has w

ritten a bookabout children’s gam

es. He is having a discussion w

ith Mr.

Ham

idi.

Mr. H

amidi: Is this your first book, M

r.Y

oung? M

r. Young: Y

es, it is.M

r. Ham

idi: What is the title?

Mr. Y

oung: It is called “Learning at Hom

e”.M

r. Ham

idi: What is the aim

of your book? M

r. Young: To show

the importance of

games for young children. I

think they learn a lot from it.

Mr. H

amidi: W

hat do they learn? M

r. Young: They learn to use their brains

and bodies. Most gam

es make children think and m

ove. Of

course, they learn much m

orew

hen someone else plays w

iththem

; an older sister, forinstance.

Mr. H

amidi: H

ow does that help?

Mr. Y

oung: Well, and older sister can show

her younger brother or sisterw

hat to do and how to do it.

Also, gam

es are much m

oreexciting w

hen two or m

orepeople play together. Learning iseasier w

hen it is fun.M

r. Ham

idi: So, older sisters can really help their younger brothers andsisters.

B. A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.

What is the title of M

r. Young’s first book?

2.W

hat is the book about?3.

Are playing gam

es useful for children? Tell your idea.4.

What is the im

portance of helping younger brothers?5.

How

can we m

ake the learning process easier?

Conversation

106

re

po

rt

ing

qu

est

ion

s

Change the follow

ing questions from direct to indirect speech.

Example: The m

anager said, “What are you doing?”

The manager inquired w

hat I was doing.

He said to m

e, “Is he from Egypt?”

The police asked if he was from

Egypt.1.

My father said, “W

hat are you doing?”2.

“Where do you live?” asked the stranger.

3.The policem

an said to us, “Where are you going?”

4.H

e said, “Will you com

e listen to me?”

5.“D

o you speak English?” the director said.6.

She said, “How

are you?”7.

The teacher said, “Where is your book?”

8.“H

ow m

uch did you buy the jacket?” my father said.

9.The shopkeeper said, “D

id you like the jacket?”

Gram

mar

Read these sentences.D

irect speech: He said, “D

o you remem

ber me?”

Indirect speech: He asked m

e whether/ if I rem

ember him

.”D

irect speech: She recalled me, “W

here do you study English?Indirect speech: She w

anted to know w

here I studied English.D

irect speech: Ahm

ad said, “Had you finished the w

ork?”Indirect speech: A

hmad required m

e whether/ if I had finished the

work.

Direct speech: She said, “W

here does Shaboo live?”Indirect speech: She w

anted to know w

here Shaboo lived.D

irect speech: “Will you m

eet my uncle at the party?” said Ferooz.

Indirect speech: Ferooz inquired whether/ if I w

ould meet his uncle

at the party.

Rules of changing reporting questions

In reporting questions the indirect speech is introduced by some such

verbs as asked, inquired, etc. W

hen the question is not introduced by an interrogative word the

reporting verb is followed by w

hether or if.

107

Read the follow

ing paragraphs about childhood games in the w

orld.

Reading

People have played games for thousands of years.

Cavem

en probably played

by throwing

and catching

sticks of animal bones. Later, these w

ere replaced byballs. O

ld Egyptian wall pictures show

wom

en who are

playing ball

games.

They w

ere draw

n around

fourthousand years ago. O

ne game w

ith string, called Cat’s Cradle in English,

started in China thousands of years ago. Since, then, it has

spread all over the world. In the A

rctic, wom

en play it inorder to fill their long days in the sum

mer tim

e. Som

e games started in G

reece. One is called drop the

Handkerchief. A

group of children makes a circle, except

for one child called “It”. “It” stands outside the circle. All

the mem

bers of the circle remain standing or sitting

without m

oving. “It” walks round the outside of the circle

with a handkerchief w

hile the group says or sings.I sent a letter to m

y friendA

nd on the way I dropped it

One of you has picked it up

And put it in your pocket.

Before the ends, “it” drops the handkerchief behind one of

the players

in the

circle. That player runs

round the

outside of the circle as fast as possible. ‘It’ runs theopposite w

ay round. Each tries to get back to the empty

place in the circle that player has left. The one who loses

is the next ‘it’. Then the game starts again.

There are many gam

es playing by children of ourcountry. O

ne which is very popular am

ong our children isthe play of W

olf and Sheep "Goorg w

a Bara". A

group ofchildren m

akes a circle, except for two called w

olf andsheep. The sheep stands inside the circle and the w

olfoutside. A

ll the other mem

bers of the circle remain

standing and sometim

es sitting. The wolf tries to catch the

sheep. The sheep runs till he is caught by the wolf. If the

wolf can’t catch the sheep he loses the gam

e.

108

Apart (adv): M

eans not together, separate, away

from.-

He has tw

o sons who live

apart from him

.-

How

can you talk about someone w

henyou live

apart from him

?-

The cheetahs keep their babies until theycan live independently then they live

apartfrom

them.

Com

petition (noun): Contest, struggle, a gam

ew

hich tests what people can do better than others.

-Is football w

orld cup is acom

petition?-

I participate in Holy Q

u'rancom

petition.-

Would you like to go and see the

competition?

Drop (regular verb): M

eans fall, to let something

fall.-She

dropped the cup down and broke it

into pieces.-

The doctordropped the water into his

nose.-

Can Idrop this w

ater into the bottle?R

emain (regular verb):stay in the sam

e place orcondition.

-M

ost of the students left the school at10:30, but the students in grade 9rem

ained until noon.-

If you take three apples from five how

many

remain?

-H

erem

ained silent.Spread (irregular verb):extend, broaden, w

iden.-

Islam spread over the w

hole Middle East

between 630 A

D and 750 A

D.

-I graduated from

high school with the first

position and this news spread rapidly in

my fam

ily.

Word study

109

Choose the correct w

ords to complete the sentences.

Word study

1.The film

was so ____________ that the view

ersjum

ped out of their chairs.2.

It is a ____________ playground. A lot of

children can play there.3.

We w

ere together in Farah. Now

we live

_________ in different cities.4.

I would like to go to the m

oon, but it is not _______________ form

e.5.

The ___________ school is only a kilometer aw

ay from our house.

a. localb. possiblec. larged. aparte. exciting

1. The old man had to use his _______ in order to

walk.

2. Her _____________ is to run her ow

n business.3. Y

ou can leave the _____________ in the meat

until it is cooked.4. A

child of five years old is too big to sleep in a___________.

5. If you do not have a bag, you can carry you money in your

________________.

a. cradleb. pocketc. stickd. bonee. aim

1. Everybody else left the room, only I __________.

2. He has ___________ his car. H

e has painted ityellow

.3. She ____________ her cup of m

ilk. It spread allover the floor.

4. My glass of juice w

as not full, so I ___________it to the top.

5. The English language has ____________ through the whole w

orld.

a. changedb. spreadc. filledd. droppede. rem

ained

110

A. Pretend you have a friend in E

ngland. He has sent you a letter

in responding of your letter and described children’s game in

England.

B. R

ead the above letter again and write a letter to D

avid and tryto describe a local gam

e played by the children. Study how to

write a letter.

1.T

he Heading: It is consisting of the w

riter’s address and the date.2.

The courteous: It is G

reeting or Salutation.3.

The com

munication: It is the M

essage or body of the letter.4.

The subscription: It is courteous Leave – taking or C

onclusion.5.

The signature: It is the sign or nam

e of the writer.

Writing

14 king’s Street,

Manchester M

16 2rb,

England.

15 February 2010.

Dear N

ader,

Thank you for your letter. You asked m

e about my hobbies and interests. W

ell, I

look after my younger brother and sister a lot. I am

interested in their games. T

heir

favorite one is called Freeze Tag. It is a chasing gam

e. Let m

e describe it for you.

"Freeze Tag" is played outside. It is best to have about six children. O

ne child is

called ‘it’ and tries to touch the others by chasing them. W

hen children are touched by

‘it’ they must not m

ove. They m

ust stay in one place until another child touches them.

‘It” tries to touch all the others. When ‘it’ has touched everyone, or after five m

inutes,

the game starts again w

ith a new ‘it’.

I hope this is interesting to you. Please write and tell m

e about children’s games in

your country. I am looking forw

ard to hear from you soon.

Best w

ishes,

David

111

14 king’s Street,

Manchester M

16 2rb,

England.

15 February 2010.

Dear N

ader,

Thank you for your letter. You asked m

e about my hobbies

and interests. Well, I look after m

y younger brother and sister a

lot. I am interested in their gam

es. Their favorite one is called

Freeze Tag. It is a chasing gam

e. Let m

e describe it for you.

“Freeze Tag” is played outside. It is best to have about six

children. One child is called ‘it’ and tries to touch the others by

chasing them. W

hen children are touched by ‘it’ they must not

move. T

hey must stay in one place until another child touches

them. ‘It” tries to touch all the others. W

hen ‘it’ has touched

everyone, or after five minutes, the gam

e starts again with a new

‘it’.

I hope this is interesting to you. Please w

rite and tell me

about children’s games in your country. I am

looking forward to

hear from you soon.

Best w

ishes,

David

The Heading

The greetingor Salutation

The body

The Subscription or courteousLeave - taking or C

onclusionThe signatureand nam

e

112

Read the follow

ing games instruction.

Activities

Blind m

an’s Buff is played outside. It is best to

have a number of children consisting of 8 to 10.

One child tights his/ her eyes w

ith a piece ofclothes and tries to catch the others. The onew

ho is caught starts the new gam

e.

Hide and seek is played outside. The num

ber ofthe children is not im

portant. First the childrenstand in a circle saying the num

bers from ten to

hundred. The one who says hundred leaves the

circle till all the children finish. The one who

remains in the circle closes his/ her eyes and

reads the

multiplication

of five.

During

them

ultiplication the other children hide in a place.The one w

ho closed his/ her eyes tries to findthem

. When he finds a m

ember says (Tapa) till

all the children finish and win the gam

e. If theothers could hit him

from behind saying (A

sPles) he loses the gam

e.

Jez Bazi is a gam

e played outside by the girls.The gam

e starts with

drawing

of a table on the

ground. Actually, there are three kinds of tables;

one of the tables is like rectangular table which is

divided in two sides. Every side has six square

cells. At the end of the left side is a square cell

which is divided in tw

o parts. Then a girl startsthe gam

e by throwing a flat stone in the first cell

of the table. She moves by one leg and kicks the

flat stone by her foot from one cell to another cell

until she reaches at the top of the table. There,she stands and throw

s the flat stone in the firstcell of the left side and then m

oves by one legand kicks the flat stone to out it from

the table.

113

Read, learn and rem

ember.

Change the follow

ing questions to reported speech.1.

“Can you sw

im?” said the sw

imm

er.2.

The teacher said, “Who is ready to explain the lesson?”

3.M

y mother said, “W

here are you going?”4.

My m

other said, “Do you go to the bazaar?”

5.The shopkeeper said, “D

o you have a coin?”6.

“When w

ill you go to Japan?” said my uncle.

7.M

y uncle said, “Where are you going to stay in Japan?”

8.“H

ow are you?” said m

y old friend.9.

“Are you going to take a test tom

orrow?”

10.The director said, “Did you prepare the report?”

Review

re

po

rt

ing

qu

est

ion

sY

es/ No questions in reported speech.

1. “Do you speak English?” said the stranger.

The stranger asked m

e if/ whether I spoke English.

2. The principal said, “Are you a student?”

The principal asked m

e if/ whether I w

as a student.3. “A

re you watching TV

?” said my friend.

M

y friend asked me if/ w

hether I was w

atching TV.

4. “Will you com

e at the party?”

My cousin asked m

e if/ whether I w

ould come at the party.

re

po

rt

ing

qu

est

ion

sW

H – questions in reported speech.

1. “Where do you live?”

The new

student asked me w

here I live/ lived.2. The principal said, “W

hat do you do in the playground?”

The principal asked me w

hat I did in the playground.3. “W

hat will I do tonight?” said m

y friend.

My friend asked m

e what I w

ould do that night.4. M

y father said, “When are you going to bazaar?”

My

fatheraskedm

ew

henIw

asgoingto

bazzar.

114

vo

ca

bu

lar

y list

Nouns

aimbonebraincom

munication

competition

cradlehandkerchiefim

portancem

ultiplicationsalutationsignaturesquarestickstring

Verbs

broadenchaseconsistdropenquireextendfreezehiderem

aintouchw

iden

Adjective

courteouslocalopposite

Adverbs

actuallyapartindependently

115

In this unit you are going to:

learn the usage of Gerund.

learn the usage of Conjunction.

read a paragraph about Health C

are Center.w

rite a letter.learn new

words.

116

A. Practice the follow

ing conversation with your partner.

Mr. H

amidi is not at w

ork today. He has gone to the hospital.

Doctor: C

ome in.

Mr. H

amidi: G

ood morning.

Doctor: G

ood morning. H

ow are you?

Mr. H

amidi: I am

not feeling very well.

Doctor: O

h, really? What is the m

atter?M

r. Ham

idi: Well, I have earache, a sore throat

and a pain in chest. D

octor: When did they start?

Mr. H

amidi: M

y chest started hurting last Tuesday. D

octor: Does it hurt all the tim

e?M

r. Ham

idi: Cough! C

ough! Not, it only hurts

when I cough.

Doctor: W

hen was the last tim

e you had an X– ray?

Mr. H

amidi: I am

not sure, but maybe a year ago.

Doctor: O

K. The nurse w

ill take yourtem

perature and check your pulse. After that, I am

going tolisten to your heart and lungs. Then w

e’ll have an X – ray taken.

Mr. H

amidi: W

hat do you think doctor? What causes it?

Doctor: I am

not sure yet. We’ll soon find out the cause.

Mr. H

amidi: D

o you think it is serious, doctor? D

octor: I don’t think so.M

r. Ham

idi: I hope not.B

. Answ

er these questions.1.

Why is not M

r. Ham

idi at work today?

2.W

hat is wrong w

ith Mr. H

amidi?

3.W

hen did he feel a pain in his chest?4.

Who w

ill take his temperature?

5.W

hen did he take the first X – ray?

6.D

oes the doctor think it is serious?7.

Does M

r. Ham

idi think his sickness is serious?

conversation

117

ve

rb

+ v

er

b - in

g (g

er

un

d)

A. N

ow read these sentences.

IHe

SheW

eY

ouThey

enjoyfinishedim

aginedlooked forw

ard topracticelike

dining with friends.

finding out about customs.

passed the exam.

shooting of the ball.sw

imm

ing in cool water.

reading interesting books.B

. Read the follow

ing sentences. Make another sentence like the

one in example.

Example: H

anif often swim

in the lake. // loveH

e loves swim

ming in the lake.

1.B

asir never drives long distances. // doesn’t like2.

Safiullah hardly ever stays inside. // doesn’t enjoy3.

Diana attends to a lot of conferences. // love

4.I usually don’t w

ork on weekends. // don’t like

5.Toba studies every night. // like

6.Som

etimes w

e watch TV

. // enjoyC

. Now

join the sentences. Follow the exam

ple.Exam

ple: They head the ball. They practice doing it.They practice heading the ball.

1.I have m

eal with m

y friends. I enjoy it.2.

He goes jogging every day. H

e looks forward to it.

3.M

y sister has done her homew

ork. She has finished it.4.

I read books. I like them.

5.She studies geography a lot. She likes it.

Gram

mar

Gerund is that form

of the verb which ends in ing and has the force of

a Noun and a V

erb. Gerund can be used as subject, object and object

of preposition.1.

Playing card is seriously prohibited in Islam.

2.R

eading is my favorite hobby.

3.H

e loveswatching TV

.4.

I likesw

imm

ing.5.

She is interested incollecting stam

ps.6.

He is fond ofhoarding m

oney.

118

co

nju

nc

tio

n

A. R

ead the sentences and observe how conjunctions are used.

It hurts

when

beforeafter

as soon as

I cough.

when

beforeafter

as soon as

I cough, it hurts

B. U

se before or after to make one sentence.

Example: get up/ w

ash your face.A

fter you get up, you wash your face.

1.finish eating/ brush m

y teeth.2.

have breakfast/ thank Allah.

3.the sunrises/ I w

ake up.4.

go to school/ wear uniform

.5.

return from school/ I greet every one.

6.she does her hom

ework/ she goes to bed.

C. C

omplete the follow

ing sentences with but or and.

1.I ran fast, __________ I m

issed the bus.2.

Zaid _________ Najib cam

e home together.

3.That m

an is poor, _________ honest.4.

He studied hard, __________ failed in exam

ination.5.

My brother is w

ell, ________ my sister is ill.

A conjunction is a w

ord which joins tw

o words, tw

o phrases and two

sentences.A

hmad

and Tariq are old friends.The m

an receivedas soon as I called him

.W

hen the teachers talk the students listens carefully. She m

ust weep,or she w

ill die.I called A

hmad to com

e to our house tonight,but he didn’t come.

Either com

e to classor leave the school.W

eboth love

and honor our teachers.A

book is a book, although, there is nothing in it.D

on’t gotill I com

e.I found m

y watch

where Ileft it.

119

A. R

ead the following paragraph about health care in

Afghanistan.

B.A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.

Is health care free in Afghanistan?

2.W

hat are three main kinds of health care in A

fghanistan?3.

Who look the in – patients?

4.W

hat should the out – patient people do first?5.

If the problem sounds serious, w

hat will the doctor do?

6.W

hat is the aim of sm

all clinics and hospital?7.

What are the doctors hoping for their patients?

8.W

hat is the best way of preventing from

diseases?

Reading

There are three main kinds of health care in

Afghanistan. First, there are sm

all clinics andhospitals

in all

areas and

districts of

Afghanistan. These aim

to treat sickness andsim

ple diseases and to prevent diseases in theirlocal

population. Second,

there are

generalhospitals in tow

ns. Third, there are specialized,and surgery centers in K

abul, Mazar – Sharif,

Herat and N

angarhar. They treat patients with,

for example, eye, heart, kidney, surgery and

many m

ore problems and if it is necessary they

can operate patients. Patient at the governm

ent hospitals are treated with

the m

ost m

odern equipm

ent and

medicine.

In –

patients are looked after, day and night, by trainednurses and doctors. O

thers who w

ant treatment at the

hospital have

to register

at the

out –

patientsdepartm

ent. After giving details such as nam

e, ageand their problem

s to the registration officer they cansee the doctors w

ho are specialists in their problems.

If the problem is not serious the doctors give them

prescriptions and then can go home and if it sounds

serious the doctors send them to the in – patient

service to hospitalize and treat them.

If necessary, test results are checked then treatment is started and they hope that

all patients get better as quickly as possible.

120

Word study

Operate (regular verb): M

eans to do surgery, tom

ake something w

ork.-

The hospitals in Afghanistan operate 24

hours.-

The surgeons operate the patient with kidney

problems.

-W

hat is the main operating system

of acom

puter?Prevent (regular verb): to avoid, stop, put off.

-The w

heel chairs prevent disables fromfalling to earth.

-W

hat do the traffic signs mean?

-The m

others take care to prevent their babiesfrom

falling down.

Register (regular verb) registration (noun):

Means to record

-The parents have to register their children atschool w

hen they are at age of 7.-

How

many people are registered in your

class?-

The registration office is near the gate.-

Have you ever registered your nam

e in anyclub before?

Result (noun):outcom

e.-

Both the team

s scored one. The result is 1-1.-

Getting good m

arks in examinations are

usually the result of hard working.

-D

id you watch the football m

atch last night?W

hat was the result?

Treat (irregular verb) treatm

ent (noun):cure,heal.-

When w

e are sick, we need a doctor to treat

us.-

If you get sore throat. You should go to a

doctor to treat you.H

e is being treated for his skin disease.

121

Choose the correct w

ords to complete the sentences.

Word study

1.Y

our ____________ shows how

fast yourheart is beating.

2.A

fter the accident, I saw blood on the m

an’s___________.

3.W

hen I arrived at the hospital, I was the only

___________.4.

The patient’s ___________ showed a broken leg.

5.Fish do not have ____________ so they can’t breathe out of w

ater.

a. chestb. X

– rayc. out – patientd. lungse. pulse

1.H

ealth care is ______ for the citizens of Afghanistan.

2.Table is covered w

ith books, paper, pencils and _______.3.

The loud noise of the engine shows that the dam

age in thecar is ________________

4.H

e always begins his hom

ework ___________ he gets

home.

5.A

school certificate is ________ if you want to study at a university.

a. etcb. seriousc. freed. necessarye. as soon as

1.H

ow can w

e __________ people from sm

oking?2.

It is best to see your doctor if you ___________ a lot.3.

I would like to use this m

achine, but I can not_____________ it.

4.Y

ou must _____________ at school before you

attend the class.5.

Some doctors in that hospital _______ patients w

ith eye problems.

a. coughb. treatc. preventd. registere. operate

1.D

r. Rahman is a heart ________________.

2.A

doctor usually sees his patients at his ________.3.

My _____________ w

ith the director is at 10:15this m

orning.4.

There are four teachers in the social studies________.

5.I felt m

uch better after the doctor’s __________ of my sickness.

a. appointment

b. department

c. clinicd. treatm

ente. specialist

122

A.R

ead the table.C

ityK

abulN

ame

Indri a Gandhi children hospital

TypeG

eneralB

uilt1973

Beds

350C

linicD

ifferent typesM

ale doctors120

Female doctors

45M

ale nurses40

Female nurses

30O

ut – patients40 – 50

In – patients10 – 15 per day

B. T

his paragraph is written from

the table above. Read it.

C. N

ow read the table below

and write a paragraph about it.

Writing

Indri a Gandhi C

hildren Hospital

There are several hospitals in Kabul. O

ne of them is Indri a

Gandhi C

hildren Hospital. It is a general hospital and w

as built in1973. A

t that time it had 350 beds for in – patients. Later, the

number of beds increased. The hospital has different clinics and

departments. A

bout 120 male doctors and 45 fem

ale doctors work

there. There are 40 male and 30 fem

ale nurses. Nearly about 40 –

50 out patients are treated and given them prescription everyday.

The averagehospitalized patients is 10 – 15 per day.

City

Kabul

Nam

eG

emhoriat

TypeG

eneralB

uilt1975

Beds

350C

linicsD

ifferent departments

Male doctors

150Fem

ale doctors55

Male nurses

85Fem

ale nurses78

Out – patients

50In – patients

280

123

A. R

ead these sentences.

B.N

ow act as a doctor and ask and answ

er questions about thefollow

ing diseases.

C. N

ow m

ake conversation. Follow the exam

ple.

Registering at a H

ospitalD

. You are at the hospital. Y

ou have broken your wrist. T

he nurseat the registration office is asking you som

e information in

order to register you.

E. N

ow ask and answ

er question like the given example.

Example: W

hat is your family nam

e?M

y family nam

e is Aham

dy.

ActivitiesW

hat is the problem?

Well, I have an earache.

a sunstrokea fever

a chicken pox

Stomachache

swollen the ankle

cough

When w

as the last time you had

an earache?I am

not sure, but might

be two w

eeks ago.

Out Patients R

egistration Card

Family nam

eFirst N

ame

Age

Occupation

Height

Weight

Telephone Num

ber

124

A. W

hen you got home from

the hospital, your family w

anted toknow

what happened. T

ell them w

hat the registration officerasked you and w

hat you said. Follow the exam

ples of questions.T

he registration officer’s questionsR

eported questions to the family

1.What is your fam

ily name?

2.What is your first nam

e?

3.How

old are you?

4.What is your occupation?

5.How

tall are you?

6.How

heavy are you?

7.What is your telephone num

ber?

1.The officer asked m

e what m

y

family nam

e was.

2.I said it w

as Ahm

ady.

3.…

……

……

……

……

……

……

4.…

……

……

……

……

……

…....

B. R

eport all the questions and answer them

as in given example

above.

C. A

s you waited, a m

an asked you the same question in a

different way. R

eport these questions to your family as w

ell.

The m

an’s questionsR

eported questions to the family

1.Is your fam

ily name A

hmady?

2.Is your first nam

e Akbar?

3.A

re you 18 years old?

4.A

re you a student?

5.A

re you 1.80 cm tall?

6.A

re you 70 kg?

The man asked m

e if/ whether m

y

family nam

e was A

hmady.

D. N

ow report all the m

an’s questions as the given example above.

Activities

125

re

po

rt

ing

qu

est

ion

s

Read, learn and rem

ember.

Read the follow

ing questions then change them to indirect speech.

1.“D

o you know French?” said the French m

an.

2.“W

here do you live” said the new student.

3.M

y cousin said, “Are w

e going to Salang?”

4.“I am

a student?” said the sick boy.

5.R

ahmatullah said, “W

ill you take me to the party?”

6.N

ematullah said, “H

ow is your father?”

7.“W

hat is the matter?” said the school principal.

8.“W

hen are you going to go to Nem

rooz?” said the director.

9.“A

re you taking the cameram

en?” he said.

10. “How

much is a kilo of sugar?” said the custom

er.

11. The patient said, “Will you com

e at the clinic?”

Review

How

to report a question?W

hen the question is in Yes/ N

o, it is introduced by if/ whether, but it is

interrogative question we use the interrogative w

ord itself in reporting.1.

The boy said, “Will you buy m

e a book?”The boy asked if/ w

hether I would buy him

a book.2.

“Do you go to school at 8:00 today” said m

y neighbor.M

y neighbor wanted to know

if I went to school at 8:00 that day.

3.“W

here is Naqib?” said the teacher.

The teacher enquired where N

aqib was.

4.“W

hat are you doing?” said my father.

My father asked m

e what I w

as doing.N

ote: To do verbs are omitted from

indirect questions.-

“Do you have a red car?” said the shopkeeper.

The shopkeeper enquired if I had a red car.-

The teacher said, “Did you have hom

ework?”

The teacher wanted to know

if we had hom

ework.

126

vo

ca

bu

lar

y list

Nouns

chicken poxcoughdiseaseearachegeneralhearthoardinglungpainpopulationprescriptionpulsespecialistsurgerysw

ollen the ankletem

perature

Verbs

fondheadhospitalizem

issoperatepreventtreat

Adjective

seriousC

onjunctionsw

hetherif

127

In this unit you are going to:

learn the usage of Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

read a paragraph about language school in England.learn new

words.

talk about languages ability.fill registration form

.

128

Mr. H

amidi is interview

ing the director of a private English languagecourse.M

r. Ham

idi: Mr. O

mer, it is alm

ost summ

er, all the students are on theirholidays. Som

e of them w

ould like to visit their relatives andsom

e want to study in courses, especially English language and

computer courses. C

an you tell us about the possibilities for thestudents w

ho like to learn English in your Educational Center?

Mr. O

mer: Y

es of course. There are two m

ain possibilities we have been

providing for the students since 2007M

r. Ham

idi: Would you m

ind telling us those possibilities? M

r. Om

er: One w

e have summ

er offers and the second is that they canlearn English for different length.

Mr. H

amidi: W

hat are the summ

er offers? M

r. Om

er: The summ

er offer is the cheap fee that we have been given

since 2009 for the students.M

r. Ham

idi: How

much percent do you give discount for the students?

Mr. O

mer: For the girls 50 percent and for the boys 40 percent.

Mr. H

amidi: Is there any other difference betw

een your English center andothers?

Mr. O

mer: The m

ain difference is having a modern system

of teachingw

ith great facilities. Besides that, w

e prepare them random

testand quizzes.

Mr. H

amidi: A

ny other difference you have forgotten? M

r. Om

er: Mm

m, yes once per m

onth they have an English teacher who is

from B

ritain. The teacher has been working w

ith us for threeyears.

Mr. H

amidi: W

ell, Thanks Mr. O

mer.

Mr. O

mer: Y

ou are welcom

e.A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.D

o you take any course on your holidays?2.W

hat are the two m

ain possibilities of English language that the centerhave been providing since 2008?

3.How

much discount does the English language center give to the girls?

4.What is the m

ain difference of the English Language Center from

theother centers?

5.Does the center give random

test and quizzes?

Conversation

129

pr

ese

nt

pe

rfe

ct

co

nt

inu

ou

s te

nse

A. R

ead the sentences and make tw

o sentences, one in presentperfect continuous and one in present perfect tenses by usingthe w

ords in brackets.Exam

ple: Frishta started reading a book two hours ago. She is still reading it

and now she is on page 53.

(read/ for two hours) She has been reading for tw

o hours.(read/ 53 pages)

She has read 53 pages so far.1. Jam

il is from A

fghanistan. He is traveling round A

sia at the mom

ent. He

began his tour three months ago.

(travel/ for three months) _______________________________________.

(visit/ six countries) _______________________________________.

2. Jimm

y is a tennis player. She began playing tennis when she w

as tenyears old. This year she is a national cham

pion again for the fourth time.

(win/ the national cham

pionship four times) _________________________.

(play/ tennis since he was ten) ____________________________________.

3. When N

ader and Fawad left college, they started w

riting books together.They still w

rite books.(w

rite/ five books since they left college) ___________________________.(w

rite/ books since they left college) ________________________ _______.

Gram

mar

Present perfect continuous tense expresses an action or activity which

began at some tim

e in the past and is still continuing.Subject + H

ave/ Has + B

een + verb (ing) + complem

ent1.

I have been working on this table for five hours.

2.They have been living here since 1998.

3.W

e have been watching this m

atch for one and half hour.4.

She has been sleeping for several hours.5.

He has been teaching English in this school since I w

as in grade 6.N

egative sentences1.

I have not been working on this table for five hours.

2.They haven’t been living here since 1998.

3.She hasn’t been w

atching the match for one and half hour.

4.H

e hasn’t been sleeping since 1:00 in the afternoon.Q

uestions, Yes/ N

o and WH

1.H

ave you been living here since 1998?2.

Has she been w

atching TV for several hours?

3.W

hat has he been doing?

130

B. C

omplete the sentences w

ith since and for. Be careful that w

euse (for) for duration of an action and (since) for beginning ofan action.

Example: I have been driving since 8:00 in the m

orning.I have been driving for 3 hours.

1.H

e has been studying physics _____________ three months.

2.She has been a nurse _______________ 1980.

3.M

r. Tariq has been working as an engineer ____________ tw

entyyears.

4.I have been w

orking here _____________ last year.5.

They have been visiting their relatives in Kabul ___________ tw

ow

eeks.6.

You has not used your com

puter ____________ June.

ve

rb

(ing

) = g

er

un

d

Com

plete the sentences with correct w

ords in the box.

Example: H

e tried answering m

y questions.1.

I enjoy __________ to the music.

2.H

ave you finished __________ your hair yet?3.

I have put off __________ the letter so many tim

es. I reallym

ust do it to day.4.

Hello! N

adrea __________ you here! What a surprise!

5.Faisal gave up __________ to find a job in this country anddecided to go abroad.

Gerund is that form

of the verb which ends in

(ing) and has the forceof a N

oun and a Verb. G

erund can be used as subject, object andobject of preposition.1.

Swim

ming is his favorite sport.

2.L

istening,reading andw

riting are three ways oflearning m

oreEnglish.

3.W

hat are the advantages ofgoing to an English language schoolhere?

4.Studying abroad is m

ore expensive thanstudying in A

fghanistan.

answering

listening

washing

writing

seeingtrying

131

A. R

ead the paragraph about a language school in England.

B. A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.

How

many students are there in each class?

2.W

hen are excursions made?

3.W

hat are the four skills in the General English C

ourses?4.

What does accom

modation m

ean?

Reading

esThe School

The English Language Center w

as started inW

estbourne in 1954 and is recognized by theB

ritish government. The school is a beautiful

old house in

its town

large gardens. It is ashort w

alk from the tow

n center and the sea.The

center has

its ow

n tennis

courts,language laboratory and library. There arealso video and com

puter facilities. Classes

are sm

all, usually about

ten students

perteacher.A

ccomm

odationThere are tw

o sort of accomm

odation:- Y

ou can share a room in the school itself.

The school has 50 double rooms.

- You

can stay

in a

hotel. The school can

arrange this.SportsThere are facilities for tennis, table tennis,volleyball, horse riding and sailing.E

xcursionsExcursions

are m

ade every

afternoon and

sometim

es for the whole days to London and

other interesting places in the region.

Summ

er Courses

Course A

: General Language.

- 22 hours per week, m

inimum

4 weeks

- Ages: 10 – 18

There are courses for beginning as well

as intermediate and advanced students.

The aim is to im

prove their speaking,listening, reading and w

riting.4 w

eeks 3rd July to 31

st July4 w

eeks 31st to 28

th August

8 weeks 3

rd July to 28th A

ugust

Course B

:- 28 hours per w

eek, minim

um 4 w

eeks.- A

ges: 10 – 18.This

course is

the sam

e as

course A

plus 6 more hours per w

eek which are

specially designed for the students own

needs.4 w

eek 3rd July to 31

st July4 w

eek 31st July to 28

th August

8 weeks 3

rd July to 28th A

ugust

132

Word study

Design (regular verb), designer (noun) : M

eansto plan som

ething usually on a paper and oftenusing draw

ings.-

English for Afghanistan is designed for

intermediate and secondary level.

-D

o you know w

ho designed the EiffelTow

er in Paris?-

Who is the designer of this building?

Facilities (noun): Means the equipm

ents, theplaces and all the things w

hich make doing

something possible and easy.-

There are all kinds of facilities forstudents, such as books, classroom

s,library and etc.

-That travel agency has the facilities toprepare passport, visa and transportationfor the passengers.

-C

an you think of any facility for ourschool football team

?N

eed (regular verb & noun): M

eans to requirebecause they are essential or very im

portant.-

Do you need anything from

bazaar?-

Food is one of people’s most im

portantneeds.

Recognize (regular verb):M

eans to understand,to know

.1. A

li did my hom

ework, but the teacher

recognized his hand writing.

-D

o you recognize the shape on the right?2. to say that som

ething is good.-

If the director recognizes your work, he

will say it is good.

Especially (adverb): M

eans particularly, mainly.

-W

e bought a cake for my fam

ily,especially for m

y lovely niece.

133

Choose the correct w

ords t o complete the sentences.

Word study

1.O

ur new school has ___________ for studing

and playing sports.2.

One of the ___________ of traveling by plane is

that it is faster.3.

I don’t know w

hat to do when I leave school.

What are the different ________________?

4.A

li’s class makes m

any _____________ by bus.5.

A hungry and thirsty m

an has two ____________ food and drink.

a. advantagesb. facilitiesc. needsd. excursionse. possibilities

1.I think I ___________ that. I have seen him

on TV.

2.Y

ou can ___________ your English by working

harder.3.

When m

y guests arrive, I will ___________ them

tea or coffee.4.

That man’s job is to ______________ buildings. H

edraw

s the plans and other people build them.

5.O

ur vacation will be less expensive if w

e _______ a double room.

a. offerb. designc. im

proved. sharee. recognize

1.O

n that course, there are 34 lessons _______ week.

2.Som

e of the lessons were designed ___________

for him.

3.These cars are ______________. They w

ere notm

ade in this country.4.

He used to teach in a governm

ental school, butnow

he teaches in a ____________ one.5.

He took the ___________ course because he w

anted to learn alot in short tim

e.

a. intensiveb. perc. speciallyd. privatee. foreign

134

You are registering at a private course in your local tow

n.Y

ou have been learning English for four months.

You speak pretty w

ell.Y

ou understand almost everything.

Your reading is fair.

Your w

riting is good.Y

ou need to improve your skills.

You: G

ood afternoon. I would like to register for English lessons.

Director:I see. H

ow m

any course have you studied yet?Y

ou: I have been studying English for four months and I am

in book 2 now.

Director: W

hat is your speaking ability like?Y

ou: I can speak pretty well.

Director: W

hat about understanding?Y

ou: Oh, I can understand alm

ost everything.D

irector: And w

hat about reading and writing?

You: M

y reading is fair and I can write w

ell. I need to improve m

y English.D

irector: O.K

. Well, I w

ill put you in our 2nd class of secondary level.Y

ou: That is Ok.

A. Practice the above conversation w

ith your partner and thenansw

er the questions below.

1.H

ow m

any courses has he studied yet?2.

How

long has he been studying English?3.

Can he speak fluently?

4.H

ow is his understanding?

5.W

hy did he want to register at the course?

B. N

ow see the follow

ing registration form that the director has

filled out about yourself.C

ourseshe

studiedyet

Understanding

Reading

Writing

Speaking

Family nam

e: Am

iriFirst nam

e: Shahpoor

Book 2

goodfair

well

fairC

lass to studyB

ook 2C

lassnum

berC

lass ATim

e4 – 5p.m

.

Activities

135

C. Prepare this conversation, use the inform

ation here to make a

conversation like the one in previous page. The one w

ho is thedirector com

pletes the registration form.

You are registering at a course in your local tow

n.Y

ou have been learning English for one year.Y

ou speak fair.Y

ou understand a little.Y

our reading is quite slow.

But your w

riting is good.Courses he

studied yetUnderstanding

Reading

Writing

Speaking

Family nam

e: Am

iriFirst nam

e: Shahpoor

Book 2

goodfair

well

fairC

lass to studyB

ook 2C

lassnum

berC

lass ATim

e4 – 5 p.m

.

136

filling

in a

re

gist

ra

tio

n fo

rm

A. A

University graduated A

fghan boy who is living in E

ngland hasw

ritten a letter to the English L

anguage Academ

y in Westbourne,

England. H

e wants to register for an E

nglish course in the summ

er.R

ead his letter.

B.Now

look at the registration form below

that the secretary at the centerhas com

pleted it. He has used the inform

ation form the boy’s letter.

WESTB

OU

RN

E ENG

LISH LA

NG

UA

GE A

CA

DEM

Y –

REG

ISTRA

TION

FOR

M (U

SE BLO

CK

/ CA

PITAL LETTER

S)FA

MILY

NA

ME: FO

RG

H FIR

ST NA

ME: SH

AM

SUD

IND

ATE O

F BIR

TH: 6/11/1980 N

ATIO

NA

LITY: A

FGH

AN

NA

TIVE LA

NG

UA

GE: PA

SHTO

AD

DR

ESS: P.O. B

ox 1245, WESTB

OU

RN

E, ENG

LAN

DO

CC

UPA

TION

.UN

IVER

STIY G

RA

DU

ATED

Course Starting date N

o of weeks B

eginning Intermediate A

dvancedG

eneral 1. 3rd July 4

2.31

st July 4

3. 3rd July 8

Intensive 1. 3rd July 4

2.31

st July 4

3. 3rd July 8

Activities

To the Director Sham

sudin Frogh,The English Language A

cademy,

P.O. B

ox 1245,K

ing’s Road,

Westbourne,

Westbourne W

B1 4A

Z, England,

England 24 M

ay 2003.D

ear Sir/ Madam

, I w

ould like to register for one of your English courses this summ

er. Iw

as born on

6th N

ovember 1980 in K

abul. I am A

fghan and my native

language is Pashto. I am graduated from

Kabul U

niversity and I live asim

migrant in England.

I am interested in your interm

ediate general course and I can begin atthe end of July. Please approve m

y application to join in the examination

for the intermediate class?

I am looking forw

ard to hearing from you.

Sincerely yours,Sham

sudin Frogh

137

C. Y

ou can see that the secretary has not completed the form

yet. You

can find a copy of Shamsudin Forgh’s form

below. C

omplete it for

the secretary then fill in the form for yourself.

WESTB

OU

RN

E ENG

LISH LA

NG

UA

GE A

CA

DEM

Y –

REG

ISTRA

TION

FOR

M (U

SE BLO

CK

/ CA

PITAL LETTER

S)FA

MILY

NA

ME: FR

OG

H FIR

ST NA

ME: _______________

DA

TE OF B

IRTH

: ___________ NA

TION

ALITY

: ______________N

ATIV

E LAN

GU

AG

E: _________A

DD

RESS: P.O

. Box 1245, W

ESTBO

UR

NE, EN

GLA

ND

OC

CU

PATIO

N.U

NIV

ERSTIY

GR

AD

UA

TEDC

ourse Starting date No of w

eeks Beginning Interm

ediate Advanced

General 1. 3

rd July 4 2.

31stJuly 4

3. 3rd July 8

Intensive 1. 3rd July 4

2.31

st July 4

3. 3rd July 8

D. N

ow com

plete the following registration form

for yourself: Give the

correct details for you. Choose a different course from

Shamsudin.

WESTB

OU

RN

E ENG

LISH LA

NG

UA

GE A

CA

DEM

Y –

REG

ISTRA

TION

FOR

M (U

SE BLO

CK

/ CA

PITAL LETTER

S)FA

MILY

NA

ME: _______ FIR

ST NA

ME: ___________

DA

TE OF B

IRTH

: ________ NA

TION

ALITY

: __________N

ATIV

E LAN

GU

AG

E: _________A

DD

RESS: ________________________

OCC

UPA

TION

_____________________C

ourse Starting date No of w

eeks Beginning Interm

ediate Advanced

General 1. 3

rd July 4 2.

31st July 4

3. 3rd July 8

Intensive 1. 3rd July 4

2.31

st July 4 3. 3

rd July 8E

. Com

plete the spelling of these words from

lesson 1 – 6 of this unit inyour notebooks.

1. a __ __ o __ __odation 2. fac __ l __ ties

3. lab __ __ __tory4. a __ __antage

5. flu __ __t6. n __ tiv__

7. av __ __ age8. for __ __ __ n

9. priv __te

138

A. C

opy the following registration form

in your notebook and then askthe questions from

one of your classmates to com

plete the form.

AFG

HA

N EN

GLISH

LAN

GU

AG

E AC

AD

EMY

– REG

ISTRA

TION

FOR

M (U

SE BLO

CK

/ CA

PITAL LETTER

)FA

MILY

NA

ME: ___________ FIR

ST NA

ME: ______________

DA

TE OF B

IRTH

: ___________ NA

TION

ALITY

: ______________N

ATIV

E LAN

GU

AG

E: ____________A

DD

RESS: ___________________________________________

OCC

UPA

TION

:_____________________________C

ourse Starting date No of w

eeks Beginning Interm

ediate Advanced

General 1. 3

rd July 4 2.

31st July 4

3. 3rd July 8

Intensive 1. 3rd July 4

2.31

st July 4 3. 3

rd July 8B

. Write a letter in your notebooks to the D

irector of Afghan English

Academ

y in Kabul. A

sk to register for an English course this w

inter.U

se the information your classm

ate has just put on the registrationform

. For more inform

ation look at the page 113.

Writing

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

________________,______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________

139

Read, learn and rem

ember.

pr

ese

nt

pe

rfe

ct

co

nt

inu

ou

s

A. C

omplete the sentences w

ith correct form of (have).

1.H

e __________ been watching TV

since six o’clock.2.

__________ you been working?

3.I __________ been talking on the telephone for tw

enty minutes.

4.W

here _________ you been going since morning?

5.She ___________ playing skipping for ten m

inutes.

B. C

hange the following sentences into questions.

1.The English teacher has been teaching for five years.

2.She has been talking for five m

inutes.3.

I have been playing tennis for fifty minutes.

4.They have been playing cards since nine o’clock.

5.H

e has been painting the room for tw

enty five minutes.

Review

Present perfect continuous tense expresses an action or activityw

hich began at some tim

e in the past and is still continuing.Subject + H

ave/ Has + B

een + verb (ing) + complem

ent1.

I have been swim

ming for tw

o hours.2.

She has been studying since morning.

3.They have been w

orking for this company since 1980.

4.W

e have been playing for thirty five minutes.

Negative sentences1.

I haven’t been swim

ming for tw

o hours.2.

She hasn’t been studying since morning.

3.They have not been w

orking for this company since 1980.

4.W

e have not been playing for thirty five minutes.

Questions, Y

es/ No and W

H1.

Have you been sw

imm

ing for two hours?

2.H

as she been studying since morning?

3.H

ave they been working for this com

pany since 1980?4.

Have w

e been playing for thirty five minutes?

5.W

hat have you been doing?

140

ve

rb

(ing

) = g

er

un

d

Com

plete the sentences with the given w

ords.

1.________ too m

uch TV harm

s your eyes.2.

________ a complete breakfast is useful for health.

3.Stop ______.

4.C

hildren love _______ mud castle.

5.H

e was punished for _________ a lie.

6.H

e is fond of _________ stories for teenagers

Gerund is that form

of the verb which ends in

ing and has the force ofa N

oun and a Verb. G

erund can be used as subject, object and objectof preposition.

1.Playing tennis is a good exercise.

2.H

avingan x – ray is im

portant to diagnose your disease.3.

Children love m

aking mud castles.

4.They continued

watching television.

5.H

e is fond ofreading novels.6.

I am tired ofw

aiting.

writing m

aking telling having playing watching

141

7..

vo

ca

bu

lar

y list

Nouns

accomm

odationadvantageapplicationcham

piondesignerexcursionim

migrant

possibilityrelative

Verbs

designim

proverecognizeshare

Adjectives

randomseveral

Adverb

pretty

142

In this unit you are going to:

learn the usage of Relative Pronoun.

read a paragraph about Technical Education in Kabul.

read an application letter.w

rite an application letterlearn new

words.

143

A. Practice the follow

ing conversation with your partner.

In the last program of this series, M

r. Ham

idi looks at a vocational school.G

ood evening, viewers. A

s you know w

e are in a vocational school inK

abul. There are lots of activities here. Perhaps this gentleman can explain

what is happening. B

ut first we w

ould like to ask his name and his duty.

Mr. H

amidi: Excuse m

e, can you introduce yourself for theEducational TV

viewers.

Mr. Faiz M

uhamm

ad: My nam

e is Faiz Muham

mad.

Mr. H

amidi: W

hat do you do?M

r. Faiz Muham

mad: I am

a teacher in vocational school. M

r. Ham

idi: Can you help us please?

Mr. Faiz M

uhamm

ad: What can I do for you?

Mr. H

amidi: W

e’d like to know w

hat all thesetrainees are doing.

Mr. Faiz M

uhamm

ad: Well, this is a general w

orkshop.There are several courses going on here at the sam

etim

e. M

r. Ham

idi: What is happening over there, for instance?

Mr. Faiz M

uhamm

ad: That is where they are learning to w

eld. Welding is a

useful skill for trainees wanting to get jobs in industry

or farming.

Mr. H

amidi: W

hat about the other groups?M

r. Faiz Muham

mad: The nearest one is doing carpentry and the furthest

one is learning about refrigeration. M

r. Ham

idi: Do all the courses take place in here?

Mr. Faiz M

uhamm

ad: No, they don’t. There is another building for courses

in comm

erce. There they learn about office work,

banking and so on. M

r. Ham

idi: That is very interesting. Thank you very much for

helping us.M

r. Faiz Muham

mad: Y

ou are welcom

e. M

r. Ham

idi: Well, view

ers. I am afraid that is all w

e have time for.

We hope you have enjoyed our program

s. From all of

us in the studio, good bye!

B. A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.

What can trainees learn in vocational school?

2.Is w

elding a useful skill for trainees who w

ant to be farmers?

3.H

ave you ever gone to any vocational school?

Conversation

144

re

lat

ive

pr

on

ou

n

A. C

omplete the sentences w

ith correct relative pronouns who,

which and that.

1.I brought the dictionary _________ M

ariam w

anted.2.

The boys __________ were intelligent w

ere admired.

3.The flow

ers _________ grow in our garden are not for sale.

4.This is only one of his poem

s _________ are worth reading.

5.This is the teacher _________ taught us English last year.

B. R

ead the following sentences then join them

in one sentence byusing relative pronouns.

Example: H

ere is the book. You lent m

e book.H

ere is the book that you lent me yesterday.

1.I m

et our teacher. He taught us English.

2.This is the house. I w

ent in it yesterday.3.

We alw

ays like the people. The people speak about the truth.4.

He has not brought the knife. I asked him

to bring a knife.5.

Bring m

e the book. The book is on the table.

Gram

mar

A relative pronoun is used to begin a special subject – verb w

ordgroup called a subordinate clause. The relative pronoun w

ho/ whom

are used for person, which is used for things and that is used for

both person and things.Exam

ples:I m

et Nadia. N

adia has just returned from a long journey.

I met N

adia who has just returned from

along journey.I read the book. The book I bought yesterday.I read the book w

hich I bought yesterday.I have found the pen. I had lost the pen.I have found the pen that/ w

hich I had lost.This is the boy. I hit that boy yesterday.This is the boy w

hom/ w

ho I hit yesterday.There are several courses going on here at the sam

e time.

There are several courses which are going on here at the sam

e time.

Wielding is a useful skill for trainees w

anting to go to the industry.W

elding is a useful skill for trainees who w

ant to go to the industry.

145

A. R

ead the paragraph about a technical school in Afghanistan.

B. A

nswer the follow

ing questions.1.

Does the passage tell us about all education in A

fghanistan, or abouttechnical education?

2.W

hat is the needed qualification for attending to the technical schools?3.

Why the num

bers of students are increasing?4.

When the students graduate from

technical school, where they can w

ork?5.

What the students hoping to w

ork?

Reading

Technical E

ducation in Kabul

In 1955, the first technical school was opened in K

abul by the support ofA

merica. Since that tim

e, the Afghan governm

ent has spent a lot ofm

oney on technical training. The government aim

is to train more of its

citizens in various skills such as carpentry, electricity, car repairing andso on.

The governm

ent operates

different kinds

oftechnical

departments.

They are

industrial,com

mercial w

hich are located in different provincesof A

fghanistan. Males and fem

ales can apply to goand attend to technical schools w

hen they are nineclass graduated or have the high school diplom

a.N

ine grade

graduated students

are em

ployedtechnical high school w

hile the 12th grade graduated

students can go and take an exam in technical

institutes where they can get 14

th grade graduateddiplom

a. During the training, trainees w

ho come

from provinces are given governm

ent grants andfree

accomm

odation. M

any of

the trainees

areim

mediately em

ployed to governmental offices.

Students hoping to work in industry learn skills

such as car mechanics, car body repair, painting,

refrigeration, air conditioning, electricity, radio andTV

.

The governm

ent’s technical

schools have

prepared thousands

of students

for jobs.

Thenum

ber of young Afghans entering the technical

school continues to grow.

146

Word study

Agriculture (noun): farm

ing.-

Students of agriculture faculty learn how to

grow and keep their farm

from diseases.

-W

hich region has the most agriculture in

Afghanistan?

Agricultural (adjective)

Agricultural land is land for grow

ing things on,like w

heat or vegetables.C

omm

erce (noun):the buying and selling ofthings, especially betw

een countries, trade,business-

Which one of the follow

ing occupation belongsto com

merce: doctor, police, superm

arketm

anager or a teacher?C

omm

ercial (adjective)-

Where is the best place for com

mercial goods?

-There are m

any comm

ercial TV channels.

Production (noun): fabrication, making,

manufacture.

-Japan’s best know

n industry is car production.-

Food production takes place on farms.

-C

ar production takes place in factories.Produce (regular verb):-

Saudi Arabia produces oil.

-Japan produces radios and televisions.

- A

fghanistan produces carpet.Industry (noun): m

anufacturing, comm

ercial.-

Japan’s best known industry is car production.

-Industries give jobs to people w

ho are jobless.Industrial (adjective)-

Industrial countries produce many things w

ithm

achines.Prepare (regular verb): to m

ake ready, arrange.-

You prepare a m

eal by cooking some foods.

-Y

ou prepare for an examination by studying.

-Take preparation for going to a picnic.

147

Choose the correct w

ords to complete the sentences.

Word study

1.With ________ you can keep food for a long tim

e.2.Y

esterday’s program w

as the last one in the _____.3.Trainees during ____________ learn how

to make

things with w

ood.4.C

lasses on car mechanics usually take place in a

____________.5.A

hmad’s ______________ has offices all over A

fghanistan.

a. company

b. carpentryc. refrigerationd. seriese. w

orkshop

1.This steel pipe is broken. I will have to ________it.

2.Listening and speaking _____ in most English lessons.

3.The aim of the technical school is to__________ skilled

workers.

4.You should _________ for a place in a school by

writing an application letter.

5.Here is a list of courses. Please _________the ones you w

ant to take.

a. go onb. w

eldc. selectd. applye. produce

1.My com

puter has been very _________ to me in m

yw

ork.2.If you w

ant to study banking, you should go to a__________ school.

3.This is a course in __________ car repair. It is notfor advanced students.

4.If you want to study car m

echanics, you should go to an ____ school.5.The __________ secondary schools offer training in m

any skills liketyping, and w

elding.

a. usefulb. vocationalc. com

mercial

d. basice. industrial

1.Ali had

just graduated from an industrial _____.

2.For his course in office work, he m

ust learn_________.

3.With _________ you can live com

fortably in ahot clim

ate.4.N

adia doesn’t pay for her course herself. She gets a ___________.5.This airport w

ill cost the government about one _______ A

fghanis.

a. air conditioning.b. grantc. instituted. typinge. billion

148

A. R

ead the application letter below.

Om

er Nadem

is applying to enroll in technical institute.

B. N

ow read the notes above and w

rite an application letter aboutyourself to apply in som

ewhere w

ould you like.

Writing

To the Technical Deputy of M

inistry of Education Om

er Nadem

Kota Sangi R

oad, 8th district

Kabul,

Kabul

Afghanistan

12 February 2008

Dear Sir,

As my nam

e is mentioned above, I am

a high school graduatedstudent.

My

hobbies are

electricity and

carpentry. I

am

alsointerested in learning m

ore about my country and its electricity

products. I would like to enroll for adm

ission in Technical Institutein K

abul. Please give m

e a chance to participate in manual exam

ination.

Sincerely yours,O

mer N

adem

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

________________,_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________

149

usin

g n

um

be

rs

In technical educations, students often have to: add (+) subtract (-)

multiply ( )

and divide (÷)A

. Think of a num

ber.E

xample:

Student AStudent B

B. N

ow think of a problem

you did it. Exam

ple:B

egin: I thought of 300. I doubled it and got 600. Then I multiplied

it to 2 I got 1200 after that I divided by 4 I got 300 hundred. Then I dividedit to 6 I got 50. The answ

er was 50.

C. R

ead the following problem

and solve them in your notebooks.

1.256 + 566 =

2.389 – 298 =

3.345 × 6 =

4.1789 ÷ 8 =

5.456 × 4 =

6.359 ÷ 3 =

7.245 × 9 =

8.243 ÷ 5 =

9.2345 + 875 =

10.12334 – 8999 =

Activities

a. think of a number betw

een 30 and 40 ?b. D

ouble it.c. M

ultiply your answer by three.

d. add 7.e. D

ivide the total by two.

f. Subtract the number that you first thought of.

g. The answer is tw

enty one.

a. 35b. 2 × 35 = 70c. 3 × 35 = 105d. 105 + 7 = 112e. 112 ÷ 2 = 56f. 56 – 35 = 21

150

disc

ussin

g t

he

step

s in b

uild

ing

a h

ou

seA

. You are at the technical school. T

he class is discussing aboutbuilding a house.

Look at the pictures and notes. E

ach picture shows a step in building a

house.

B. Im

agine that you are the person in the pictures. Tell the others about

building your house. Tell them

what you have done this w

eek.B

egin: I have been building a house this w

eek. I have gone to the town and

bought the materials. I have brought them

back. I have mixed the concrete. I

have built the walls and the roofs. I have m

ade the window

s and doors. Ihave connected the electricity. I have put in the pipes. I have the outsides ofthe building decorated.

C. Pretend you w

ould like to build a house. First note the materials then

write dow

n a paragraph about “How

you built it?”

Activities

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

151

A. R

ead, learn and remem

ber.

B. C

omplete the sentences w

ith suitable relative pronoun.1.

The man __________ is standing in front of the door is m

y father.2.

I watch the film

_________ you explained yesterday.3.

Do you know

the teacher ___________ teaches us geography?4.

The thief _____________ stole the car was caught by the police.

5.The students ____________ are intelligent adm

ired.6.

This is the school __________ I graduated.C

. Now

join the sentences with correct relative pronouns.

1.The boy is m

y friend. He is w

earing black suit.2.

The doctor is my brother. H

e works in Estaqlal H

ospital.3.

She gave me the book. The book you lent to her.

4.The furniture is com

fortable. The furniture is made of cotton.

5.The dog barks a lot. It is m

y neighbor’s dog.6.

This is a jungle. A lion lives in jungle.

Review

A relative pronoun is used to begin a special subject – verb w

ordgroup called a subordinate clause. The relative pronoun w

ho/w

hom are used for person, w

hich is used for things, that is used forboth person and things and w

here is used for place.Exam

ples:She is a student. She studies in grade nine.She is the student w

ho studies in grade nine.I found the book. The book you lost it tw

o weeks ago

I found the book which you lost it tw

o weeks ago.

You m

et the boy. The boy is my cousin.

You m

et the boy who is m

y cousin.H

e is a volleyball player. He plays in A

fghanistan National team

He is a volleyball player w

ho plays in Afghanistan N

ational team.

This is a cow. I bought it from

the farm,

This is the cow w

hich/ that I bought it from the farm

.This is grade nine. I taught them

English last year.This is grade nine that/ w

hich I taught English last year.This w

as my house. I lived there tw

o years ago.This w

as my house w

here I lived two years ago.

152

vo

ca

bu

lar

y list

Nouns

agriculturecom

merce

industryproductionrefrigerationseriesskilltraineevocational/ schoolw

eldingw

orkshop

Verb

instanceA

djectivesagriculturalcom

mercial

industrial