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COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE L'ECLAIRAGE

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION

DIVISION 1: VISION AND COLOUR

MINUTES of the 5th Meeting of the Luo Term

Thursday 26 September 2012 Friday 27 September 2012

Taipei, Taiwan

1. WELCOME

The Division Director, Ronnier Luo, welcomed all those present to the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology.

2. ATTENDENCE

Officers Ronnier Luo GB DD – Director Miyoshi Ayama JP AD – Vision Ellen Carter US AD – Colour Phil Green GB DE – Editor Mike Pointer GB DS – Secretary Country Ronnier Luo* China Representatives Françoise Viénot France Klaus Richter* Germany Mike Pointer Great Britain Osvaldo da Pos Italy Miyoshi Ayama Japan Jisoo Hwang Korea Esther de Beer Netherlands Andrew Chalmers New Zealand Jan Henrik Wold Norway Manuel Melgosa Spain Ellen Carter* USA *

Nominated representative In addition, Ana Paula Dornelles Alvarenga (Brazil), Peter Hanselaer (Belgium), Marjukka Puolakka (Finland), John See Keat Siang (Malaysia) and Rengin Unver (Turkey) nominated the Division Secretary as their voting representative. Thus there were 17 countries represented at the meeting for official ballots. Technical Françoise Viénot TC1-36 Committee Miyoshi Ayama TC1-42 Chairmen Manuel Melgosa TC1-55 Mike Pointer TC1-60, TC1-87 Taiichiro Ishida TC1-61 Klaus Richter TC1-63, TC1-81

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Hiroyasu Ujike TC1-67 Ronnier Luo TC1-75 Jan Henrik Wold TC1-82 Dragan Sekulovski TC1-83 Nana Itoh TC1-84 Li-Chen Ou TC1-86 Reporters Po-Cheih Hung R1-55 Kaida Xiao R1-56 Guests In addition there were approximately 20 guests present. Apologies Paula Alessi US L1-01 Ana Paula Dornelles Alvarenga BR Ludovic Coppel SE Marte K Gunde SI Peter Hanselaer BE Robert Hirschler TC1-77 Frédéric Leloup R1-53 Changjun Li TC1-71, TC1-73, R1-42 Sharon McFadden CA TC1-64 Malcolm Nicholson R1-49, L1-08 Marjukka Puolakka FI Danny Rich L1-06 Alan Robertson TC1-57 Janos Schanda TC1-74, TC1-85 David Simmons R1-50 Michael Stock L1-02 Rengin Unver TR Haising Xu CN Joanne Zwinkels L1-03 Total attendance: Approximately 42 persons

3. MEMBERSHIP

The following changes in national representative to Division 1 were noted: Brazil: from Juliano de Frietas Gomes to Ana Paula Dornelles Alvarenga Korea (Republic): from Changsoon Kim to Jisoo Hwang Norway: from Arne Valberg to Jan Henrik Wold Sweden: from Siv Lindberg to Ludovic Coppel The following additional member countries have appointed a representative to Division 1: Croatia: Miroslav Rasonja Malaysia: John See Keat Siang

4. CONFIRMATION OF THE AGENDA

The Agenda, as appended to these Minutes, was agreed.

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5. MINUTES

The Minutes of the 2011 meeting held in Sun City, South Africa, were approved with no amendments.

6. MATTERS ARISING FROM THESE MINUTES

There were no matters arising not covered by items on the agenda.

7. DIVISION OFFICER REPORTS

7.1 Director The Director presented a report and highlighted the following points from the activities over the last year: Terms of Reference To study visual responses to light and to establish standards of response functions, models and procedures of specification relevant to photometry, colorimetry, colour rendering, visual performance and visual assessment of light and lighting. Officers

Director Ronnier Luo (GB) Associate Director (Colour) Ellen Carter (US) Associate Director (Vision): Miyoshi Ayama (JP) Secretary: Michael Pointer (GB) Editor: Phil Green (GB)

Meetings

The Division last met on 14-15 July 2011 in Sun City, South Africa as part of the 27th Session of CIE.

CIE Lectures on Photometry, Colorimetry, Metrology and Standards for SSL and LED Lighting were presented at the Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China from 15-18 September 2012, followed by the CIE 2012 Conference Lighting Quality and Energy Efficiency at the International Conference Centre in Hangzhou, China on 19-21 September 2012.

The AIC 2012 Interim Meeting, Colour and the Environment, was held at the Chinese Culture University, 22-25 September 2012 in Taipei, Taiwan immediately prior to this meeting of CIE Division 1.

A symposium Predicting Perception was held at Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK, on 17-19 April 2012 and chaired by Mike Chantler (Heriot Watt), Mike Pointer (University of Leeds) and Julie Harris (University of St Andrews). This event was organised as a continuation of the work programme of TC1-72 Measurement of Appearance Network: MApNet.

Recent Publications: Reports 200:2012: CIE Supplementary System of Photometry 196:2011: CIE Guide to Increase Accessibility in Light and Lighting 195:2011: Specification of Colour Appearance for Reflective Media and Self-Luminous Display Comparison 192:2010: Practical Daylight Sources for Colorimetry 191:2010: Recommended System for Mesopic Photometry based on Visual Performance

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Recent Publications: Standards CIEDS 014-6/E:2012: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: CIE Colorimetry – Part 6: CIEDE2000 Colour-Difference Formula New Technical Committees – Sun City TC1-83 Visual aspects of time-modulated lighting systems: Dragan Selukovski NL TC1-84 Definition of visual field for conspicuity Nana Itoh JP TC1-85 Update CIE Publication 15:2004 Colorimetry: Janos Schnada HU TC1-86 Models of Colour Emotion and harmony: Li-Chen Ou TW TC1-87 New aspects of colour rendering: Mike Pointer GB New Reporters – Sun City R1-54 Variability in colour-matching functions Abhijit Sarkar IN R1-55 Enhancement of images for colour defective observers: Po-Chieh Hung JP R1-56 Skin colour database: Kaida Xiao CN R1-57 Border between luminous and blackish colours: Thorstein Seim SE CIE Directors and Board Meetings Held in Vienna, Austria, 23-24 April 2012 - main items discussed included:

The Code of Procedure

The ILV (International Lighting Vocabulary)

Next Meetings Division Strategy

To smoothly implement the Code of Procedure to be productive for each Technical Committee and Reporter.

To continue to cover aspects of traditional colorimetry (new colour matching functions to extend to different age observers and viewing fields; new uniform colour space to perform much better than CIELAB and CIELUV; and a more comprehensive colour appearance model than the current CIECAM02).

To go beyond colour topics (other aspect of appearance such as gloss, texture, translucency; colour emotion and harmony to provide methods to link colour science with colour design); this will extend our understanding the interaction between light, colour and surface.

To bring theory into practice such as to study visual performance in the real world situation, for example lighting in indoor and outdoor conditions: this will allow us to develop practical tools for real applications.

To develop an appearance model of lighting. CIE Midterm Meeting The CIE Centenary Meeting 2013 is to be held in Paris, France from 12-19 April 2013 and will include a conference from 15-16 April 2013. 7.2 Editor

Produced the Activity Report 2012

Edited the following TRs: TC1-68 Effect of stimulus size on colour appearance

TC1-68 Effect of stimulus size on colour appearance TC1-74 Methods for re-defining CIE D Illuminants TC1-76 Unique hue data

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7.3 Secretary

Produced and distributed the Minutes of 2011 Sun City meeting

Contributed to and distributed the 2012 Activity Report

Set up the 2012 Taipei Division meeting

Maintained the CIE D1 website

Sent/received approximately 1350 emails! The Secretary gave a short overview of the parts of the CIE Code of Procedure concerned with the establishment of Technical Committees and the production of Technical Reports.

8. TECHNICAL REPORTS VISION: Miyoshi Ayama

TC1-36 Fundamental Chromaticity Diagram with Physiologically Significant Axes:

Françoise Viénot FR

After the Sun City meeting where the TCC presented the matrices that produce colour-

matching functions from the fundamentals, there were disagreements among the TC members about the values of the matrix coefficients and the resulting tabular values of . Several TC members have made calculations which will hopefully converge on final values. The work is closely related to the terms of reference of TC1-82 (chaired by Jan-Henrik Wold). The draft of Part II of the Technical Report will be reviewed among the TC members after the numerical values are checked to provide satisfactory precision in the calculations.

TC1-37 Supplementary system of Photometry: Ken Sagawa JP

The TR has been published as CIE Publication 200: 2011 CIE Supplementary System of Photometry and the meeting voted to close the TC. Ballot to close approved 17:0:0 (For: Against: Abstention)

TC1-42 Colour Appearance in Peripheral Vision: Miyoshi Ayama JP

The 3rd draft of a TR has been distributed to the TC members and Division officers for a TC vote.

TC1-60 Contrast Sensitivity Function for Detection and Discrimination: Mike Pointer GB

The original TCC was taken seriously ill and unable to continue. The Division Secretary took over as interim Chairman at the Sun City meeting in 2011, to try to find a new TCC: this has proved impossible. Ballot to close the TC was approved 17:0:0.

TC1-67 The Effects of Dynamic and Stereo Visual Images on Human Health: Hiroyasu Ujike JP

A draft of the TR is almost completed, but may need some improvement. The contents of the TR are shown below. The TR will be distributed by the end of 2012. 1. Introduction and Background

1.1 Broadcast material

1.2 Video games

1.3 Movies

1.4 Purpose

2. Measurement and categories of PSS

2.1 Diagnosis

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2.2 Measurement

2.3 Definition of abnormalities

2.4 Susceptibility

2.5 Types of seizure

3. Prevalence and incidence

4. Patho-Mechanisms

5. Evaluation Methods

6. Visual Stimuli

6.1 Flash

6.2 Pattern

6.3 Electronic displays

7. Counter Measures:

7.1 Reduction of stimulus

7.2 Rationale for the Recommendations

7.3 Guidelines of the Epilepsy Foundation of America

7.4 Preventative measures available to patient

8. References

The TCC discussed a problem concerning mention of the title and description of specific games in Section 1.2, and it was suggested that the TR should described generic rather than specific products.

TC1-78 Evaluation of Visual Performance in the Real Lit Environment: Monica Billger SE

The TCC had sent an email to the AD that the TCC needs someone new to take the TC management, due to other commitments. The TCC’s laboratory can contribute a review on office lighting research to the TC which is a part of the state-of-the-art section of the research. The DD and AD will write a letter accepting this request and the DD will ask someone else to volunteer to take over the work.

TC1-80 Research Methods for Psychophysical Studies of Brightness Judgements: Steve Fotios GB

There are approximately 20 members, including the chairman. They have backgrounds in both lighting and psychology; PhD students have been encouraged to join. An informal TC meeting was held in September 2012, at the CIE conference in Hangzhou (note; very informal as only 3 people were there; made plans as to how to respond to feedback on latest draft). Progress to date is as follows: Definition of spatial brightness. • Report part 1: procedures. Draft circulated to classify the four main experimental procedures that

have been used in previous research of spatial brightness and to describe precautions needed when employing these. Feedback received.

• Report part 2: conditions. Draft circulated to discuss test conditions (field size, field complexity, evaluation mode etc). Feedback received.

• Final report: containing discussion of procedures and test conditions, simplified guidance for best practise, and an extensive list of further work.

• Statistics. Good statistical understanding is essential. However, we have not been able to identify any candidates for writing these notes. In order to achieve a completed report that provides some useful information, discussion of statistics will be omitted from the final report and listed as an essential item for further work.

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The overall report is currently being revised, and TCC plans to circulate this for comments in November/December 2012. This targets a final working draft by March 2013, for a TC meeting at the Paris 2013 mid-term session, giving the final year for the approvals processes.

TC1-82 The Calculation of Colour Matching Functions as a Function of Age and Field Size:

Jan Henrik Wold NO

The TC begins to function as the TR of TC1-36 is near completion. A program to calculate the colour matching functions (CMFs) with inputs of age and field size is almost completed. At the Division Meeting, the TCC demonstrated how it works. There appeared to be a small irregularity in the CMFs for over 70 years old observers. Factors of irregularity and an appropriate upper age limit to which the variable CMFs can be applied will be discussed in the TC. A TC meeting or exchange of information via the internet is planned. The TCC is planning to have physical TC meeting at the CIE mid-term meeting in Paris in 2013.

TC1-83 Visual Aspects of Time-Modulated Lighting Systems: Dragan Sekulovski NL

This TC was proposed and accepted by the Division at the Sun City meeting in 2011 and can now be established officially as a TC since more than five members were present at a meeting in Taipei. The Terms of Reference are:

1. To investigate and report on current research on the perception of visual artifacts of temporally modulated lighting systems, including flicker, the stroboscopic effect, ghosting, and digital artifacts.

2. Design methodology and gather data on the visibility of temporal artifacts. 3. Build a model for the visibility of temporal artifacts and their dependence on environmental,

demographical and lighting parameters. The TCC briefly explained the artefacts produced by time-modulated light systems listed below,

• Direct detection: flicker, digital artefacts • Interaction with object movement : stroboscopic effect • Interaction with eye movements : ghosting • Interaction with capture devices : outside of the scope of the TC

Work plan indicated by the TCC is as follows: Work program

• Complete a literature survey • Create vocabulary and definitions of temporal artefacts • Recommend best practices for data collection and result representation • Generate data • Work towards visibility models

Way of working • Online meetings roughly every 2 months • Physical meetings at major conferences if enough members can be present

TC1-84 Definition of the Visual Field for Conspicuity: Nana Itoh JP

This TC was proposed and accepted by the Division at the Sun City meeting in 2011, and can now be established officially as a TC since more than five members were present at a meeting in Taipei. The Terms of Reference were is changed to those below;

1. To survey, define and classify functional visual fields for practical tasks. 2. To develop guidelines for the layout of visual information to increase the visibility of signs,

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displays and markings

The TCC briefly introduced the work of R1-37, the precursor of this TC, which describes classifications of the functions of the visual field, and factors that affect conspicuity in the broadest sense. A TC meeting was held in Taipei. A definition of the function of visual field needs to be understood and agreed upon, and instructions on how to consider the functional visual field need to be clarified. The working program of the TC is as follows:

1. Classification and define of functional visual field: e.g. Detection, Discrimination, Recognition 2. Collecting data in terms of functional visual field. 3. Clarify the area of visual field according to the functionality: e.g. Effective area to detect the

colour. 4. Clarify the factors of affecting the size of visual field: e.g.

Target attributes: luminance, colour, size

Background (surround) attributes

Human attributes: age, viewing conditions 5. Develop the guidelines of visual information presentation how to consider the functional

visual field to enhance visibilities:

Instruction of how to use the data of functional visual field

General guidelines of presentation visual information

JTC-1 Implementation of CIE 191: Mesopic Photometry in Outdoor Lighting: Liisa Halonen FI

This TC was proposed as inter-divisional TC at the Sun City meeting in 2011, and established as the first joint TC in the CIE. The Terms of Reference are:

1. To investigate adaptation and viewing conditions and define visual adaptation fields in

outdoor lighting.

2. To define lighting applications where mesopic photometry could be used.

3. To provide guidelines for implementing mesopic photometry in outdoor lighting.

Working Programme (only those subtasks that are active at the moment are listed here) Task 1. Investigate adaptation and viewing conditions and define visual adaptation fields for lighting

for drivers and pedestrians for implementing CIE 191. Subtask 1.1: Collect data and conduct measurements on luminances, eye-fixation, pupil size in varied

outdoor lighting installations (road, pedestrian/bicycle, park etc., different weather conditions)

Subtask 1.2: analyse/define importance of foveal and peripheral vision in different applications Task 2. Define lighting applications where mesopic photometry could be used Subtask 2.1: analyse the lighting conditions based on current practice in terms of luminance and

viewing conditions (urban/suburban/country roads, motorized, non-motorized traffic). The first JTC-1 meeting was held on 24 January 2012 in Vienna, Austria. The second JTC-1 meeting was held in Hangzhou, China on 19 September 2012 with 25 participants. Six members introduced their contributions to the TC work. Experiments to contribute to JTC Task 1 were discussed and plans for further experiments were fixed and distributed between members.

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R1-40 Scene Dynamic Range: Jack Holm US

No report from this Reporter who will continue his work for one more year.

R1-49 Above-threshold Pulsed Lights: Ian Tutt UK & Dennis Couzin US

A draft report was received. Introduction Since the invention of flashing signal lights, the question of how a flash of light compares with a continuous (‘fixed’ or ‘steady’) light has been pondered. The increase in intensity or efficiency, as a result of focussing or switching the light source, is offset by the fact that a flash of light is not seen so effectively by the observer due to the inertia of human visual perception. The currently recommended method of quantifying the effects of a flashing light on human visual perception is a photometric quantity called effective intensity, which is the ‘fixed light equivalent’ of a flash of light. The definition of effective intensity intends the flash to be viewed at the threshold of visual perception, but that is not how marine aid to navigation (AtoN) lights are viewed. By international agreement, the range of marine AtoN lights is calculated from an observer illuminance above the threshold of perception. Therefore, the use of effective intensity is not valid for determining the range of a marine AtoN flashing light. Experimental work carried out in the 1930s studied flashing lights above the threshold of visual perception (supra-threshold). Further scientific studies carried out in the 1930s and 1960s suggested modifying the Blondel-Rey model for effective intensity so that it could be used at supra-threshold levels by linking the value of illuminance at the observer to a time-constant for visual inertia (often known as a) in the equation for the Blondel-Rey model. Since the term ‘effective intensity’ is only valid at the threshold of visual perception, it is suggested that the term assigned to perception of a flash above threshold be ‘apparent intensity.’ The use of apparent intensity should enable lighthouse authorities to model the effect of different flash profiles at levels of illuminance from 0.2 microlux (currently recommended for AtoN lights at night with no background lighting) to higher levels of illuminance. This is particularly pertinent for leading lights and lights with minor and substantial background lighting. To that end, the General Lighthouse Authorities of the United Kingdom are collaborating with the University of Leeds to carry out a repeat of the original 1930s experiment of Toulmin-Smith & Green, extending the scope of the experiment to higher levels of illuminance and looking for models with a better fit to the experimental data. Experimental Equipment The equipment used in the experiment was developed by Bentham Instruments Limited. Results of Pilot A number of observations have been carried out the results of which are shown below. It can be seen that there are some differences in the observers. However, the results show better agreement at shorter flash lengths. A more comprehensive report will be submitted on completion of the experiment. Comments and feedback from Division 1 members would be welcomed.

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R1-51 Reconciling Maxwell vs Maximum Saturation Colour Matches: Mike Brill US

No report to this meeting. This Reporter continues this work, and thus the Division gave the Reporter a one-year extension.

R1-54 Variability in Colour-Matching Functions: Abhijit Sarkar IN

This Reportership was established at the Sun City meeting in 2011. A Report has been produced, which is available on the D1 website. It was agreed that a new Reportership should be established to consider the implications of this first report with special reference to potential industrial applications of colour matching functions. The first choice for this new reporter was unable to do the work, and the DD is seeking an alternative. Ballot to close this reportership approved 17:0:0.

R1-57 Border between Luminous and Blackish Colours: Thorstein Seim SE

This Reportership was established in Sun City meeting, 2011. No report this time, but Reporter will present a report at the next Division meeting.

9. TECHNICAL REPORTS COLOUR: Ellen Carter

TC1-55 Uniform colour space for Industrial Colour-Difference Evaluation: Manuel Melgosa ES

Comments on the goal/future of this TC. This TC tried to continue the work carried out by CIE TC 1-29 and CIE TC 1-47, which proposed the CIE94 and CIEDE2000 colour-difference formulas, respectively. It was assumed to focus on colour differences under so-called “reference conditions” (kL=kC=kH=1): for example, D65 source, colour pairs with 0-5 CIELAB units, homogeneous samples, etc. The specific goal of this TC was to propose a Euclidean colour-difference formula (and colour space)

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improving the performance of CIEDE2000 for “existing experimental datasets”. (The TCC is aware that he has been CIE TC 1-55 chairman during the past 7 years and also that this TC was proposed 13 years ago!) Advances have been made after the CIEDE2000 proposal. In the area of Performance Evaluation, the STRESS (F-tests) index was proposed (García et al., JOSA A, 2007), as an alternative to previous evaluation metrics like the PF/4 or PF/3 “eclectic” indices. STRESS (F-tests) has been used to evaluate the merit of different formulas, and whether two colour-difference formulas are (or are not) significantly different (Melgosa et al. JOSA A, 2008). STRESS can be also used to measure the inter- and intra-observer variability (Melgosa et al. JOSA A, 2011). STRESS has been employed in combination with estimated visual uncertainty to know under- or over-fitting of different colour-difference formulas, etc. (Shen & Berns, CR&A 2009 and 2011). The mathematical properties of STRESS have been analyzed and its usefulness in colour difference research has been questioned (Kirchner & Dekker, JOSA A, 2011). Experimental data sets In the area of experimental data sets, the combined (COM) dataset, which was employed in the development of CIEDE2000, was reviewed and analyzed in different ways. We discovered that the RIT-DuPont dataset was wrongly used for CIEDE2000 development (Melgosa et al., AIC 2008). The corrected COM dataset is now available at: http://www.ugr.es/~basapplcolor/ Username: "CIETC1-55“. Password: "color". A fuzzy analysis (Morillas et al., 2009) showed inconsistencies between neighbouring colour pairs in the COM dataset for a few colour pairs with very small colour differences (∆E00 < 1). Visual uncertainties in the four individual datasets in COM have been considered and analyzed with a new methodology (Shen & Berns, CR&A 2009 and 2011). There were relevant differences between the BFD-P, Leeds, RIT- DuPont, and Witt datasets in the COM dataset (Berns 1993, Melgosa et al. JOSA A 2004 & 2008). The usefulness of “combined” (COM) datasets in future colour-difference research is thus questioned. The three datasets that comprise BFD-P (BFD-D65, BFD-M and BFD-C) have been referred to illuminant D65, and colour pairs with 0<ΔE*ab<0.5 or ΔE*ab>5 have been discarded in subsequent analyses (Shen & Berns, submitted to CR&A 2009). New reliable experimental datasets were “officially” requested (Melgosa, CR&A 2007). Among new datasets presented in the literature, at least the following can be mentioned: 1. The RIT-DuPont dataset was complemented by the Quiao dataset (Quiao, CR&A 1998) forming

the RIT-DuPont-Quiao dataset (Shen and Berns, 2009). Individual colour pairs in the RIT-DuPont dataset with their corresponding uncertainties have been also published (Berns & Hou, CR&A 2010);

2. Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication (BIGC) threshold dataset with 893 colour pairs (Huang et al. CR&A and JOSA A 2012);

3. A total of 504 colour pairs from Wang & Xu (JOSA A, 2008); 4. North Caroline State University (NCSU) datasets in the blue (Lee et al., CR&A 2011) and black

(Reid et al. CR&A 2012) regions; 5. Saint-Etienne – Granada threshold (390 colour pairs) dataset (Huertas et al., CGIV 2010); 6. The Liberec LCAM textile dataset (Vik, AIC 2004).

New colour spaces & colour-difference formulas The following four “families” of colour spaces with Euclidean colour difference formulas have been proposed & tested: 1. DIN99 formulas (DIN6176, 2000). The DIN99d formula was proposed by Cui et al., CR&A, 2002. In

2009 Witt has proposed DIN99o (private communication, Shen MD Thesis, RIT 2009); 2. CIECAM02-based formulas – CIECAM02 series (Berns, AIC 2007, Xue MD Thesis, RIT 2008),

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CAM02-SCD, CAM0-LCD and CAM02-UCS (Luo et al., CR&A 2006); 3. OSA-UCS based formulas – Euclidean OSA-UCS formula (Oleari et al., JOSA A 2008).

Non-Euclidean GP formula (Huertas et al., JOSA A 2006); and 4. Color-difference spaces based on multi-stage color vision theory and line integration – (Berns,

2008), IPT-based non-Euclidean and Euclidean formulas (Shen, MD Thesis, RIT 2009, CR&A submitted).

The current situation can be summarized as follows. From STRESS (F-tests) results it can be concluded: 1. A significant improvement upon CIELAB has been achieved by recent advanced colour-difference

formulas; 2. Different recent advanced colour-difference formulas perform similarly to CIEDE2000, but they

do not improve CIEDE2000 significantly; 3. The best STRESS values are around 20-30 units, while STRESS<10 has been reported as associated

to visual uncertainty in experimental data (Shen & Berns, 2009). Therefore, we have room for improved formulas from appropriate experimental data (Kuehni, CR&A 2002).

STRESS values for various color-difference formulas –

corrected COM dataset. (Melgosa et al. JOSA A 2009)

STRESS values for various color-difference formulas – BIGC

threshold dataset. (Huang et al. JOSA A 2012)

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STRESS values of color-difference formulas for small color difference datasets with 0.5<=∆Eab<=5.

(from Shen & Berns, Color Res.App., submitted 2009.)

G. Cui Performance of color spaces tested using small color difference datasets –

preliminary results (to be checked). (Private Communication, 2012) Conclusions and Proposals In conclusion, CIE TC 1-55 could report on the advances made after the CIEDE2000 proposal, following a similar scheme to the one used in this presentation, and next it can be disbanded at the CIE Division 1 meeting in 2013. Unfortunately, among noteworthy mentioned colour space candidates, CIE TC 1-55 cannot recommend a specific candidate, i.e., CIE TC 1-55 cannot recommend a new Euclidean colour space significantly improving CIEDE2000 from existing experimental datasets. Research in this field must be continued by a new TC or TCs with appropriate Terms of Reference. The TC can propose further research looking for a future new colour space. Improving CIEDE2000 is

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possible. For instance, we can mention (potential new TCs):

For the analysis and selection of both appropriate experimental datasets and evaluation metrics, which can be useful for the development of future models;

While most current efforts focused on achieving the lowest STRESS values, other information may also be valuable to choose an appropriate uniform colour space among different candidates, bearing in mind the increasing colour space / colour difference / colour appearance interconnections including a) Analyses of constant hue (or constant chroma) lines, b) Analyses of local and global uniformity from equal colour-difference contours (ellipsoids), and c) Spaces developed from colour metrics incorporating advances in the physiological knowledge of the human visual system.

TC1-57 Standards in Colorimetry: Alan Robertson CA

This TC was established in 2000, since then the following standards have been published:

ISO 11664-4:2008(E)/CIE S 014-4/E:2007: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: CIE Colorimetry – Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* Colour Space.

ISO 11664-5:2009(E)/CIE S 014-5/E:2009: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: CIE Colorimetry – Part 5: CIE 1976 L*u*v* Colour Space and u', v' Uniform Chromaticity Scale Diagram.

CIE S 014-3/E:2011: Colorimetry - Part 3: CIE Tristimulus Values.

The final standard in the series is well underway. CIE Draft Standard DS 014-6/E:2012, Colorimetry - Part 6: CIEDE2000 Colour-Difference Formula has been sent out for National Committee comments under a 5-month rule with a closing deadline of 30 September 2012.

TC1-61 Categorical Colour Identification: Taiichiro Ishida JP

Activities of this TC in recent years include:

A TC meeting at the CIE Session in Beijing 2007,

A TC meeting at the Division 1 meeting in Stockholm in 2008,

In June 2010, the first draft report was written and circulated to the committee members, and

In October 2011, a second draft report was prepared and circulated to the committee members.

The second draft of the TC report had the following outline:

1. INTRODUCTION 1.2 Colour categorization 1.3 Objective

2. COLOUR CATEGORIZATION AT PHOTOPIC AND MESOPIC ILLUMINANCES 2.1 Psychological studies on categorical colour identification 2.2 Categorical colour identification study at Kyoto University

2.2.1 Background of the study 2.2.2 Methods 2.2.3 Results

2.3 Data comparison 3. COLOUR CATEGORIZATION MAP

3.1 Munsell Colour Space 3.2 CIECAM02 Colour Space

4. SUMMARY REFERENCE APPENDIX

1. Table of colour categorization data

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2. Table of colour specification

However, when balloted within the TC it received this comment, “Section 2.2 is an excellent research paper, but not a Technical Report section. I do not know who outside of Japan participated in these experiments; they should publish the results, and the TC report should actually compare their results with those of other researchers. There is one such comparison, but the final recommendation is based at this moment on only one investigation. A CIE Report should show – according to my view – how consistent the results of different papers are, and conclude from that whether a consensus recommendation can be given or further research should be encouraged.” The TC held a meeting in Taipei to discuss whether it should close or should continue to try to prepare an acceptable TC report with the current data. It was decided to try to prepare an acceptable report with the available data by including the Whitfield and Sturges data to sections 2.3 and 3, adding a colour map for CIELAB in section 3, and some further explanation of the comparison of the current data with earlier data via the Whitfield and Sturges work.

TC1-63 Validity of the Range of CIEDE2000: Klaus Richter DE

A first draft of a proposed Technical Report of TC1-63 with the following content is under development.

1. Terms of reference 2. Test charts and CIELAB data for the study of large colour differences 3. Results from different countries (CZ, DE, ES, GB) 4. Standard deviation and correlation in terms of stress values 5. Results for small colour differences (Kittelmann, Witt, Melgosa, Luo) 6. Standard deviation and correlation in terms of stress values 7. Discussion of the results 8. Summary 9. References

The TCC intends to send the first draft report to the TC members for comments in early 2013. The comments will be included in a second draft to be prepared before the next CIE Division 1 meeting in 2013.

TC1-64 Terminology for Vision, Colour and Appearance: Sharon McFadden CA

This TC has been collecting terms that were suggested to be added to the ILV from areas covered by Division 1. Based on the initial review, terms were divided into three groups:

1. Terms ready for TC ballot (most TC members accepted the current definition), 2. Terms that should not be included the ILV, and 3. Terms requiring further discussion.

The TC members voted on the first two groups of terms and provided additional comments and suggestions about the definitions for terms in the third group. As a next step, the terms and definitions accepted by the TC members are being incorporated into an informal Technical Report. Once members have approved this report, it will be submitted to the D1 Editor by December 2012. Based on members’ comments, the remaining terms will be either:

1. Passed to other Divisions, 2. Revised and sent to TC members for either ballot or further comment, or 3. Removed from active consideration until the necessary expertise can be found.

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TC1-68 Effect of Stimulus Size on Colour Appearance: Peter Bodrogi HU

The TC has agreed upon the text of the Technical Report of CIE TC1-68 and the document has been sent to the Division Editor.

TC1-69 Colour Rendition of White Light Sources: Wendy Davis US

Following the meeting at Sun City in 2011, this TC:

Disagreed about what actually happened at the meeting.

Discussed, and ultimately rejected, the tentative agreement reached in Sun City to recommend the nCRI and CQS, for explicitly different purposes.

Attempted, and failed, to overcome the objections of the TC members with the most serious objections.

Disagreed about whether the CRI would ultimately be abandoned, if the TC were to issue a recommendation, the terms of reference of the TC, and other issues we agreed on years ago.

Discussed semantics, at length.

Discussed the CIE Code of Procedure, at length.

The TC also:

Voted on whether to continue to try to reach consensus, writing a report with no recommendation, or to just recommend closure the TC.

Reviewed another version of the nCRI.

Voted again on how the TC should end.

Decided to write a report that will issue no recommendations and make plans to close down the TC.

Disagreed on whether a new TC should be opened.

TC1-70 Metameric Samples for Indoor Daylight Evaluation: Balázs Kranicz HU

The following CIE reports comprises the background for this technical committee:

1. CIE 51-1981, A Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry;

2. CIE 51.2-1999, A Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry;

3. ISO 23603:2005(E) – CIE S 012/E:2004, Standard method of assessing the spectral quality of

daylight simulators for visual appraisal and measurement of colour and

4. CIE 184:2009, Indoor daylight illuminants.

The CIE – Light and Lighting Conference with Special Emphasis on LEDs and Solid State Lighting was held May 27-29, 2009, in Budapest, Hungary. There comparison specimens for both the VISIBLE and UV ranges for ID65 and ID50 were demonstrated. Then Excel spreadsheets for both ID50 and ID65 were circulation in the period 2009/2010. A first draft of the technical report was produced in May 2010. The draft was circulated during 2011, unfortunately only a few TC members made comments. Anyhow, the TCC thanks for those and encourages other members to make more contributions. One of the TC members, Danny Rich, expressed his idea that the work should be similar to the standard ISO/DIS 3664, ‘Viewing conditions – Graphic technology and photography.’ This standard involves evaluation of light sources compared to D50. Detailed numerical examples are presented. The plans for 2012 are that the members should decide whether the resulting method should be considered as an extension to ISO 23603:2005(E) – CIE S 012/E:2004, i.e. the same concept and wavelength ranges (in this case only the final administrative steps and the ballot are required) OR the concept and style of ISO/DIS 3664 should be followed.

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Specimen 1

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400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700

Wavelength, nm

Reflected radiance factor Total radiance factor

Comparison specimen Fluorescent radiance factor

Specimen 2

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Comparison specimen Fluorescent radiance factor

Specimen 3

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Metameric samples for Indoor Daylight ID50 evaluation – illustration of the results.

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TC1-71 Tristimulus Integration: Changjun Li CN

Two new methods based on local power expansion for computing weighting tables were obtained. Li, Oleari, Melgosa, and Xu studied the Oleari method for computing tristimulus values and gave two methods for computing weighting tables. One is for computing zero-order weighting tables which is similar to the ASTM weighting tables of Table 5 and must be used with the reflectance functions corrected using the Stearns and Stearns formula. The other is for computing the second-order weighting tables which is similar to the ASTM weighting tables of Table 6 and must be used with the measured reflectance functions directly. The full paper was published in JOSA (v28, 2243-2252 (2011). Two sets of 1nm data were obtained. The first set was provided by Danny Rich and comprises the Pantone reflectance data at 1nm intervals between 360nm and 780nm. It has 1099 plus 28 samples. There are 28 samples that have reflectance values greater than 1, which are definitely the fluorescent samples. The second set was provided by Mike Pointer and comprises 60 samples between 360nm and 780nm at 1nm interval. The methods to be evaluated using these sets include:

1. Direct Selection, 2. CIE-R method (interpolating measured reflectance into 1nm data and then use the 1nm

summation formula), 3. ASTM Table 5, 4. ASTM Table 6, 5. Optimum Method (Li-Luo-Rigg), 6. Least Square Method (Li-Wang-Luo), 7. Zero-Order method(based on Oleari’s work), and 8. Second-Order method (based on Oleari’s work).

This TC could not complete its task this year, but plans to finish next year. The schedule includes:

1. Preliminary testing (Oct 2012-Dec 2012) – This part of the work will be done by the Chair and his students. The results will be reported to members of TC.

2. Further Testing (Jan. 2012-March 2012) – Based on the preliminary results and discussions among members of TC, further testing will be carried out in this period. This part of the testing will be done by the Chair and his students. The results will be reported to members of TC.

3. Writing TR (April 2013-Dec 2013) – Based on the testing results and discussions among members, a TR will be written. It is hope finally a single method will be recommended for computing the tristimulus values and that the TC will be closed by the end of next year.

TC1-73: Real Colour Gamut: Changjun Li CN

Li CJ, Luo MR, Pointer MR, Cho MS, and Kim JS have done some research on generating colour gamuts and two papers are in preparation. The first one, “Object Colour Gamuts, Reflectance Data and Comparisons” reviews available gamuts and compares them with the accumulated real data sets. Results have shown that available gamuts do not represent real data well. The second paper, “A Set of New Gamut for Object Colours” presents new gamut in terms of L*, C* and h under a fixed illuminant/observer and in terms of reflectance functions. The time line for the TC is to evaluate further the new gamut developed by Li, Luo, Pointer, Cho and Kim from October 2012-June 2013. Is this gamut good enough? If not, developing a new methodology to improve it and finally gave a new gamut. An MSc student at the University of Science and Technology Liaoning will take on this task. Results will be reported to TC members in due course.

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Then in the period July 2013-June 2014, a TR will be completed. To achieve this aim, the chair will write a first draft and further modifications will be based on the discussions and suggestions by the TC members. It is hoped that the TC can be closed by the end of June 2014, if not earlier. However, all this is based on getting the two papers published first.

TC1-74 Methods for Re-defining CIE D Illuminants: Janos Schanda HU

Since the Sun City meeting, several new drafts of the TR were circulated. Draft 7 was accepted by every TC member and edited by D1 editor. No technical questions have been raised; thanks are due to the Division Editor. Summary translations into French and German have been prepared; thanks are due to Françoise Viénot and Klaus Richter respectively. The TCC incorporated the Editor’s corrections into draft 8 and prepared it in the CIE Template format. Draft 8 was forward to DD1 and the CB for circulation to D1 for comments, with a copy to the TC members. The TCC apologized for not being able to attend the Taipei D1 meeting and thanked all the TC Members for their hard work!

TC1-75 A Comprehensive Model of Colour Appearance: M. Ronnier Luo GB

The 2010 work plan for this TC included June 2010 for completing the data collection of C. Fu’s PhD data (Unrelated colours under photopic and mesopic regions) and K. Xiao’s PhD data (Same colours under 6 different sizes), and other possible data.

Summary of Fu et al.’s experiment parameters

Summary of Xiao’s experiment parameters

Then by June 2011 to complete the implementation of a model and subsequent testing. Then to write

Name Luminance(cd/m2) Size of stimuli

1 60-0.5 60

(Photopic)

0.5°

2 60-10 10°

3 5-0.5 5

(Mesopic)

0.5°

4 5-10 10°

5 1-0.5 1

(Mesopic)

0.5°

6 1-10 10°

7

8

9

10

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(Mesopic)

0.5°1°2°10°

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

Size 2o 8o 19o 22o 44o 8o 50o

No. of

colours25 25 25 15 15 12 12

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the technical report by June 2012. The data collection was completed and now in August 2012 the TC is working on the forward and reverse models, and the report and a publication on the model. The first version of the TR is to be circulated among the TC members in September 2012. There are some problems that remain to be solved. These include:

1. Concerning the size effect there is a discrepancy between the CIECAM02 (already 2 degree

observer) and Xiao et al model (have its own 2 observer);

2. For unrelated colours, the model is now only dealing with 0.5 and 10 degree observer; and 3. For the reverse model, QUN, MUN and HUN attributes are insufficient. The tristimulus values Y

of the sample (i.e. L) also need to be known.

TC1-76 Unique Hue Data: Sophie Wuerger GB

This TC had three tasks in its work plan. The first is to collate existing sets of unique hue data aimed to be completed by June 2012. The next step is to provide mean hue angles in a uniform colour space and to compute intra- and inter-observer variability in colour difference units (CIEDE2000). Then finally the TC plans to write a TR after generating a data base of unique hue data. The report will compare unique hue loci between different viewing conditions and attempt to develop model of unique hues as a function of the specified parameters. Towards the completion of the second stage, the Liverpool data set has been analyzed. Mean hue angles, as well as intra- and inter-observer variability, has been calculated.

The Liverpool data set: analysis of inter-observer variability

Variability Hue

Inter-Observer UR UG UY UB

Dark 1.90 1.15 2.01 1.73

L*=32 1.78 1.16 1.77 1.71

L*=50 1.92 1.12 1.88 1.74

L*=63-76 1.97 1.17 2.23 1.80

D65 1.50 0.99 1.91 1.58

L*=32 1.31 0.84 1.56 1.36

L*=50 1.56 0.96 1.68 1.60

L*=63-76 1.56 1.08 2.26 1.74

CWF 1.61 1.00 1.72 1.42

L*=32 1.53 0.75 1.01 1.14

L*=50 1.66 0.92 1.57 1.44

L*=63-76 1.61 1.18 2.19 1.56

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The Liverpool data set: analysis intra-observer variability

Preliminary conclusions in this report from the one large data set (185 observers) obtained on a CRT under three different illumination conditions (dark, D65, CWF), which has been examined show the following: In CIELUV space, three of the four unique hues are fairly constant across different ambient illumination conditions. Only unique green undergoes a slight shift towards yellow when the illumination changes from D65 to CWF. Inter-observer variability is on average about twice as high as intra-observer variability. We anticipate to include further data obtained on CRTs (e.g. Webster and colleagues) to arrive at a representative data set for unique hues. In parallel, RS will collate data from reflective surfaces (e.g. Kuehni et al.). Sources of potential discrepancies will be discussed by the technical committee.

TC1-77 Improvement of the CIE Whiteness and Tint Equations: Robert Hirschler HU

This technical committee has identified the following on-going research:

1. Dan Fleming et al. (Western Michigan University): research focused on the visual-numerical correlation of whiteness formulas and on the development and verification of a new whiteness formula. One paper published, two more submitted for publication.

2. Robert Hirschler et al. (SENAI/CETIQT): research work started on the comparison of CIE and Ganz-Griesser, also on whiteness determination under different light sources. Publication of two papers is foreseen for the IFATCC 2013 and the AIC 2013 congress.

3. Renzo Shamey et al. (NCSU): one paper published on the assessment of whiteness of a series of wool and cotton fluorescent brightened material; another submitted for publication on factors affecting the whiteness of optically brightened material. Ongoing research on the assessments of a range of whites in terms of P/F ratings for about 90 samples.

The technical committee plans to have its next TC meeting in July 2013, linked to the 12th International AIC Congress in the UK.

Variability Hue

Intra-Observer UR UG UY UB

Dark 1.01 0.69 1.12 1.03

L*=32 0.89 0.72 0.93 1.01

L*=50 0.99 0.68 1.03 1.00

L*=63-76 1.07 0.69 1.29 1.13

D65 0.80 0.57 0.96 0.88

L*=32 0.66 0.51 0.72 0.72

L*=50 0.80 0.55 0.85 0.83

L*=63-76 0.88 0.61 1.16 1.05

CWF 0.77 0.51 0.81 0.78

L*=32 0.67 0.44 0.48 0.66

L*=50 0.79 0.50 0.74 0.77

L*=63-76 0.75 0.54 1.02 0.87

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TC1-81 Validity of Formulae for Predicting Small Colour Differences: Klaus Richter DE

The chairman has worked on a new edition of a book called "Colour and Colour Vision," which is based on a colour exhibition of the Berlin University of Technology (44 pages with 140 colour figures and many ISO/IEC and DIN colour test charts, 2 MB), see for example the file used for offset print: http://130.149.60.45/~farbmetrik/color12oc.pdf. Some offset prints were available for information and discussion at the CIE Division 1 main meeting, and the CIE TC1-81 committee meeting in 2012 in Taipei. This above paper shows many visual properties and experimental results in the field of colour threshold and colour scaling. There are some methods and proposals to describe threshold and scaling data by the chromaticities (a, b) and by some relations with physiological data. The following experimental threshold data are main sources for the Report of TC1-81:

1. The book Perception of Colour by R. M. Evans (1974), Wiley 2. The colour vision model of Guth (1974) 3. The Ph. D. thesis of P. Kittelmann (2010), see (132 pages, 9,8 MB),

http://opus.kobv.de/tuberlin/volltexte/2010/2634/ 4. The colour exhibition paper of K. Richter (2012), see above. 5. The book Light, Vision, Color of A. Valberg (2005), Wiley

The thesis of Kittelmann (2010) shows that a threshold formula which is based on the chromaticity coordinates a=x/y and b=z/y and the tristimulus value Y comes on the top to describe his experimental threshold results. The chromaticity coordinates (a, b) are useful to describe the Evans-G0 and the Evans (1974) threshold results. Therefore it may be possible to propose an improved formula for the prediction of the colour threshold and small colour differences based on chromaticities similar to the chromaticities (a, b).

TC1-85 Update CIE Publication 15:2004 Colorimetry: Janos Schanda HU

The work of this TC was been started by enumerating sections that need updating of which there are many. The results of several new CIE Publications need to be incorporated (CIE 165: 2005 CIE 10 degree photopic photometric observer; CIE 167: 2005 Recommended practice for tabulating spectral data for use in colour computations; CIE 170: 2006 Fundamental chromaticity diagram with physiological axes - Part 1; CIE 184: 2009 Indoor daylight illuminants; CIE 185: 2009 Reappraisal of colour matching and Grassmann’s Laws; and )CIE 192: 2010 Practical daylight sources for colorimetry. The new CIE Standards (Tristimulus Values, CIELAB, CIELUV, and DE2000) need to be entered and compared with what is in the present Colorimetry document. Also the work of other TCs has to be considered, for example, TC1-36, TC1-74, TC2-57. Based on the progress of the other TCs, actual drafting should start this October-November, with the hope to have the first draft by the time of the Division 1 meeting in 2013.

TC1-86 Models of Colour Emotion and Harmony: Li-Chen Ou TW

This TC was formed in 2011. In the intervening time the membership of the TC was confirmed and a work plan developed. The following items are in the work plan for 2012 and beyond: in 2012 from January – June – Literature survey of colour emotion and harmony; also January to September – Collecting and sharing existing experimental data of colour emotion and colour harmony; then October to December – Assignment of new colour emotion/ harmony scales to TC members for developing new models. Then, the first six months in 2013 are set aside for development of models, followed by a period for reviewing and comparisons of new models from July to September; with refinement of new models during the period October to December. In 2014 comes the final refinement, followed by drafting the TR, the final version of which is aimed to be completed by

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March 2015. Yesterday the TC held its first meeting here in Taipei. At the meeting the group discussed the scope or limitations of TC1-86; the terminology – in particular the term– “colour emotion” and the collection of data. Concerning data collection a call was published in Color Research and Application in the June issue (vol. 37:205, 2012) and during the meeting the use of the CIE Collaboration Tool, data format and requirements and deadlines were discussed.

TC1-87 New Aspects of Colour Rendering: Mike Pointer GB

This technical committee was tentatively TC established in Sun City last year, but waiting for TC1-69 to produce a draft report. Its aim was to capture the new work produced in TC 1.69 but not included in its report or publication. In light of decisions in TC 1.69 and the formation of new TCs this year, it was judged that this TC would not be necessary. So the TC was closed during this meeting with a unanimous vote (17 affirmative, 0 negative, and 0 abstaining).

R1-42 Extensions of CIECAM02: Changjun Li CN

This reportership is supposed to evaluate potential additions to CIECAM02 to include:

a) Those published in the literature; b) Extension to include unrelated colours and c) Extension of the range down to include scotopic levels and also to liaise with Division 8.

There have been some new publications relating to CIECAM02. Chenyang Fu, Changjun Li, M. Ronnier Luo, Robert W. G. Hunt, and Michael. R. Pointer authored “An Investigation of Colour Appearance for Unrelated Colours under Photopic and Mesopic Vision” which was published in Color Research and Application, Volume 37, Issue 4, pages 238–254, 2012. This article presents a set of data regarding of the colour appearance of unrelated colours under photopic and mesopic conditions. The effects of changes in luminance level and stimulus size were investigated. The method used was magnitude scaling of brightness, colourfulness, and hue. The CIECAM02 was extended for predicting the colour appearance of unrelated colours under photopic and mesopic conditions. Also Changjun Li, M. Ronnier Luo, and Pei Li Sun presented “A New version of CIECAM02 with the HPE primaries,” which is published in the Proceedings of CGIV 2012, May 6-9, 2012, Amsterdam, pages 151-154. This paper presents a new version of the CIECAM02 with the Hunt-Pointer-Estévez (HPE) matrix. The new version overcomes some problems and is simpler. The performance of the new version is verified in this paper as well. A third paper will be presented at the Color Imaging Conference in Los Angeles this fall. It is “CAT02 and HPE Triangles” authored by Changjun Li, M. Ronnier Luo, and Manuel Melgosa, and will appear in Proceedings of CIC 2012, November 16-19, 2012, Los Angeles, California, USA. This papers investigates CAT02 and HPE triangles in both x,y and u’,v’ spaces. The findings of this paper are important towards solving the Yellow-Blue and Purple problem simultaneously. At the same time, some improper descriptions about HPE triangle in the literature are discussed. Finally, TC 8-11 on CIECAM02 Mathematics is planning to have a meeting during the CIC 2012 in November 2012.

R1-50 3D Aspects of Visual Appearance Measurement: David Simmons GB

Overview – As in previous years, a detailed report has been prepared, covering Goals 1 and 2. There has been much more activity in this area over the last 18 months than in previous years The report,

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together with previous ones, will be sent to a selected individuals with the aim of establishing an international panel of experts able and willing to advise on 3D matters. It is getting a bit too much for one person to cover this field. With the aim of liaising with other CIE divisions on this topic, there has been no response from other CIE divisions so far to previous reports. In summary, there has been considerable research activity on Ocular health aspects (including visual discomfort issues) in 3D displays, 3D display technology, and application of 3D technology to new areas especially in medical, heritage and entertainment industries, but also agriculture and space. Next the reporter will try to make progress toward forming an international panel of experts before the Mid-term meeting. Also, he will try come to a decision on whether to recommend that a technical committee be formed, or if the area is too peripheral to CIE and/or should be better covered by other groups.

R1-51 Spectral Data Interpolation: Hugh Fairman US

Reporter Fairman wrote that he expects to complete the report by the end of 2012.

R1-53 Gloss Perception and Measurement: Frédéric Leloup BE

In his progress report, Frédéric Leloup reported that a summary of key research being prepared, including: 1) Historical background on the standardization of gloss measurement, 2) Practical limitations of (specular) gloss measurements, 3) the Multidimensional nature of gloss perception and 4) state-of-the-art research. The State-of-the-art research report will include such things as the influence of object-intrinsic parameters (Colour, Texture, 3D shape, etc.), the influence of object-extrinsic parameters such as illumination geometry and illumination / viewing distance, perceptual integration of multiple cues to glossiness vs. multidimensional nature, and alternative measurement methods.

R1-55 Enhancement of Images for Colour Defective Observers: Po-Chieh Hung JP

The approach of Po-Chieh Hung, the reporter, was to search papers, books, Web pages, references and personal correspondence, as well as US and Japanese Patent Keywords. In the area of papers and books a total of 61 items were found. These could be divided into the areas of:

1. Enhancement (29) – Image processing to enhance colour discrimination by changing the colour for better representation, computer aided map, and searching. Unlike patent described later, they are mostly handling just colour (including lightness) without adding texture;

2. Research (23) – Research to understand characteristics and mechanism of colour defective observers;

3. Simulation (6) – Modelling colour deficient vision to simulate how colourblind people see colours and

4. Tests (3) – Test methods or tools to evaluate vision of people in terms of colour deficiency.

In the area of patents 22 were found and divided into the areas:

1. Enhancement (15) – Image processing including the following enhancements: font, colour, colour pallet, adding symbol, tonal change, adding colour name, and adding texture. There are a variety of approaches as compared with academic paper;

2. Tests (6) – Test methods including software tools and interfaces on how to determine the right colour; and

3. Tools (1) – Tool including optical device to have colour-blind people distinguished colours.

In summary, there are a variety of ways to enhance images for colour defective observers. These include parameters to enhance such as colour, lightness, texture or symbol, and usage such as document, computer I/L for customization, pallet making, and mapping. Thus a CIE recommendation

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in this area may be helpful. A complete report on this research has been prepared by the reporter and is available on the Division 1 website. Therefore, this reportership was closed by unanimous vote (17 affirmative, 0 negative, and 0 abstentions) at the meeting.

R1-56 Skin Colour Database: Kaida Xiao CN

A large amount of research work on human skin colour has been conducted involving the measurement of many individuals.

Research Fields Applications Data Format

Computer Graphic Skin colour reproduction LAB, Reflectance

Cosmetic Colour foundation LAB, Reflectance

Medical Facial prosthesis LAB, Reflectance

Medical Plastic surgery LAB, Reflectance

Medical Skin disease diagnose Melanin and Erythema index

Computer Vision Face detection Ycbcr

The SOCS data ISO/TR 16066 contains six sets of data. However, the different data are non-comparable because 7 different measurement instruments have been used.

Database Subjects Instruments

SHISEIDO Data 1311 Subjects (All Female) Spectrophotometer

1099 Japanese, 4 Positions

Kao Data 461 Japanese Female, 5 Position Spectrophotometer

OOKA Data 63 Subjects (53 M, 10 F) Spectrophotometer

50 Japanese, 3 Positions Spectroradiometer

KAWASAKI Data 84 Subjects (70 M, 14 F) Spectrophotometer

80 Japanese, 3 Positions Spectroradiometer

OULU Data 119 Subjects( 101 Caucasians) Spectrophotometer

3 Ethnics, 3 Positions

SUN Data 41 Subjects (26M, 15 F), 3 Ethnics , 4 Positions

Spectrophotometer

There are other skin colour databases:

Database Subjects Instrument

RIT Data 34 subjects, 5 ethnic groups, Photo Research SpectraScan 704, Spectroradiometer 16 positions

Korean 604, 1 ethnic group, 12 positions, Minolta CR-300,

No spectral data Chromameter

L’Oreal 1000 subjects, 4 ethnic group, Photo Research PR-650, Spectroradiometer 4 positions, female only

Kanebo Cosmetic 200 subjects, 2 ethnic groups, Minolta CM-2600d

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1 position, female only Spectrophotometer

Spectromatch 250 subjects Minolta CM-2500d

Spectrophotometer

Sheffield 437 subjects, 4 ethnic groups, Minolta CM-2600d

9 Positions Spectrophotometer

The conclusions are that a skin-colour database is required for multi-disciplinary research. Skin colour variation for individuals is known to be significant. None of the presently available skin colour databases is comprehensive. And existing skin colour databases are not comparable. Dr. Xaido recommends forming a new Technical Committee on this topic. The title would be Skin Colour Database. It could have the following Terms of Reference: To derive a comprehensive skin colour database that is defined by spectral reflectance data, and associated CIE colorimetry, to meet the requirements of different skin researchers and applications. He would be the chair (Kaida Xiao, CN), and the following are potentially interested members: Richard Von Noort (NL), Sophie Wuerger (UK), Wen Luo (CN), Francisco Imai (US), Faraedon Zardawi (IQ), Suchitra Sueeprasan (TH), Changjun Li (CN), and Ikeda Naoko (JP). The roles of the TC members would be to provide consultancy of skin colour applications in medical, cosmetic industry and computer graphic; to conduct skin colour measurements for different ethnics groups, and to analyze the data and then develop skin database. The proposed work plan would include: 6 months to develop a standard protocol for skin colour measurements (1-6 months), then 2 ½ years to conduct skin colour measurements, 6 months more to analyze the skin colour data and develop skin colour database; and then 6 months to write the TC report, thus completing the project in 4 years. It was agreed that the Reporter should write a formal Reporter’s Report and then the above recommendation would be balloted.

10. LIAISON REPORTS

L1-1 AIC: Paula Alessi A report is attached to these Minutes. L1-2 CCPR (Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry): Michael Stock A report is attached to these Minutes. L1-3 ISO/TC6/WG3: Paper, Board and Pulp – Optical Properties: Joanne Zwinkels A report is attached to these Minutes. L1-4 ISO/TC38/SC1: Textile: Colour Fastness & Measurement: M Ronnier Luo Nothing to report. L1-5 ISO/TC42: Photography: Jack Holm Nothing to report. L1-6 ISO/TC130: Graphic Technology: Danny Rich A report is attached to these Minutes. L1-7 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC28 Office Equipment: Klaus Richter A report is attached to these Minutes.

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L1-8 International Association of Lighthouse Authorities: Malcolm Nicholson A report is attached to these Minutes. L1-9 ISO/TC159/WG2 Ergonomics: Ken Sagawa A report is attached to these Minutes.

11. CHANGES TO CURRENT WORK PROGRAMME

11.1 Changes to Technical Committees TC1-84 (V) Definition of Visual Field for Conspicuity Terms of Reference:

1. To define and classify functional visual fields for universal tasks and develop guidelines for the layout of visual information to increase the visibility of visual signs, displays and markings.

Chairman: Nana Itoh JP Action: Change Terms of Reference:

1. To survey, define and classify functional visual fields for practical tasks. 2. To develop guidelines for the layout of visual information to increase the visibility

of signs, displays and markings. Rationale: To make the statement of the Terms of Reference more clear. 11.2 Changes to Reporters None.

12. NEW WORK ITEMS IN WORK PROGRAMME

12.1 New Technical Committees TC1-88 (V) Scene Brightness Estimation Terms of Reference:

1. To investigate current research on brightness estimation methods using a calibrated luminance image of a real indoor scene

2. To compare brightness estimations of real indoor scenes with those predicted 1. To recommend a method to predict the brightness of specified regions of a scene

from a luminance image of that scene Chairman: Yoshiki Nakamura JP Work plan: To be provided Timeline: To be provided Members: Actions: Approved 17 for: 0 against: 0 abstentions TC1-89 (V) Enhancement of Images for Colour Defective Observers Terms of Reference:

To study, evaluate and recommend image enhancing techniques for colour defective observers and to provide a test procedure for the evaluation of those techniques.

Chairman: Po-Cheih Hung JP Work plan: To be provided Timeline: To be provided Members: To be provided Actions: Approved 17 for: 0 against: 0 abstentions

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TC1-90 (C) Colour Fidelity Index Terms of Reference:

To evaluate available indices based on colour fidelity for assessing the colour quality of white- light sources with a goal of recommending a single colour fidelity index for industrial use.

Chairman: Hirohisa Yaguchi JP Work plan: To be provided Timeline: To complete in 4 years Members: To be provide Action: Approved 17 for: 0 against: 0 abstentions TC1-91 (C) New Methods for Evaluating the Colour Quality of White-Light Sources Terms of Reference:

To evaluate available new methods for evaluating the colour quality of white-light sources with a goal of recommending methods for industrial use. (Methods based on colour fidelity shall not be included: see TC1-XX)

Chairman: Yandan Lin CN Work plan: To be provided Timeline: To complete in 4 years Members: Action: Approved 17 for: 0 against: 0 abstentions 12.2 New Reporters R1-58 (C) Liaison with ISO TC130 Graphic Technology Terms of Reference:

To investigate and respond to ISO TC130 Graphic Technology on matters concerned with colorimetric calculations.

Reporter: Phil Green GB Timeline: Two years Action: Approved 17 for: 0 against: 0 abstentions Secretary’s Note The CIE Board approved the change to the terms of reference of TC1-84 on 22 November 2012. They also approved the title, terms of reference and chairman of the four new technical committees: the TC numbers were allocated as shown above. Note new Reporters do not need Board approval to start their work.

13. NEXT MEETING

The Division had received two invitations to hold its 2013 meeting: i. As part of the CIE Centenary midterm meeting in Paris, France in April 2013. ii. In Leeds, UK before the AIC Congress Bringing Colour to Life to be held in Newcastle/Gateshead,

8-12 July 2013. After discussion the Division Officers proposed that the next meeting of CIE D1 be at the University of Leeds, Leeds, UK on 4-6 July 2013. The Division had received two invitations to hold its 2014 meeting: i. In Malaysia, jointly with Division 2. ii. In the USA, at the invitation of the Inter-Society Color Council (ISCC) and jointly with the ASTM

International (ASTM). After discussion the Division Officers proposed that the next meeting of CIE D1 be in the USA at a location to be decided.

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The Division meeting in 2015 will be at the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK as part of the 28th Session of CIE.

14. ANY OTHER BUSINESS

None.

15. CLOSE OF MEETING

The Director thanked everyone for attending and declared the meeting closed. Dr Michael R Pointer Secretary – CIE Division 1 26 November 2012

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CIE DIVISION 1 VISION AND COLOUR

Fifth Meeting of the Luo Term 26-28 September 2012

AGENDA – Day 1 09:00 – 10:00 Rm. 2.01 TC1-86 Models of colour emotion and harmony

10:00 – 11:00 Rm. 2.01 TC1-61 Categorical colour identification

11:00 – 12:00 Rm. 2.01 TC1-82 The calculation of colour matching functions as a function of age and field size

09:00 – 10:30 Rm. 2.02 TC1-84 Definition of visual field for conspicuity

10:30 – 12:00 Rm. 2.02 TC1-81 Validity of formulae for predicting small colour differences

Division Meeting – Opening Session – Room 2.01 14:00 – 14:30 1. Opening and welcome by Director, Ronnier Luo

2. Apologies for absence

3. Membership

4. Attendance

5. Approval of agenda

6. Approval of minutes of Sun City meeting

7. Matters arising from those minutes

8. Report from the Director: Ronnier Luo

9. Report from the Editor: Phil Green

10. Report from the Secretary: Mike Pointer

Business Session 14:30 – 15:30 Vision Section: Report – Miyoshi Ayama

15:30 – 16:00 Vision Section: New work items

16:00 – 17:00 Colour Section: Report – Ellen Carter

AGENDA – Day 2 09:00 – 10:00 Colour Section: Report – Ellen Carter – continued

10:00 – 10:30 Colour Section: New work items

10:30 – 11:00 Liaison reports

11:00 – 11:30 Any other business: Location of next meeting

12:30 Close of meeting

All times are flexible - there will be a break for coffee/tea during the sessions. Mike Pointer Division Secretary

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Additional Attachments: Division 1 Liaison Reports L1-01 International Color Association (AIC) L1-02 CCPR (Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry) L1-03 ISO/TC6/WG3 Paper, Board and Pulp – Optical Properties L1-04 ISO/TC38/SC1 Textiles. Colour Fastness L1-06 ISO/TC130 Graphic Technology L1-07 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC28 Office Equipment L1-08 International Association of Lighthouse Authorities L1-09 ISO/TC159/WG2 Ergonomics for People with Special Requirements, and related WGs

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L1-01 International Colour Association (AIC): Paula Alessi The AIC 2011 Midterm Meeting was held in Zurich, Switzerland from June 7-10 at the Zurich University of the Arts (ZHdK). The topic was “Interaction of Colour & Light in the Arts and Sciences’. It was organized by Pro/Colore, the Swiss Color Association. The meeting was a great success. The program featured a total of 193 papers, 45 of which were oral and 144 poster. Three keynote talks were given by highly respected individuals invited by the three sponsors of the meeting: Colour Light Centre research team from Zurich University of the Arts, Mark Reisinger invited by Philips AG Lighting and Lino Sibilano invited by NCS Colour Centre Switzerland. The ZHdK auditorium was an impressive state-of-the-art facility that provided high quality projected color images front and center and on the sidewalls (“projection in the round”). Participants from 38 countries attended. A highlight of the meeting was the Judd Award presentation to Dr. Lucia Ronchi. Following the award ceremony, Dr. Ronchi gave a talk entitled “Experimentation in color and vision”. She emphasized aspects of color vision that should be addressed by future researchers. A free version of the abstract book can be downloaded from www.aic2011.org. A printed copy of the Proceedings CD is available for sale. Details can be found at www.aic2011.org. The Society of Dyers and Colourists published a journal, Colour: Design and Creativity up until 2010 when it was transferred to the AIC. It has been renamed the Journal of the International Colour Association. (JAIC). JAIC is an on-line, free access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles on all aspects of colour. Those interested can find it at http://aic-colour-journal.org/. The first AIC Annual Report 2012 is available online at: http://www.aic-color.org/news/news25-12.pdf. This publication was formerly called the AIC Newsletter. The name changed to more accurately represent what it is. It is an annual report of all AIC activities, member organizations and Study Groups within the past calendar year. The 12th AIC Congress (AIC 2013) will be hosted by The Colour Group (Great Britain) from July 8-12. The venue will be The Sage Gateshead, in the city of Newcastle. The theme will be Bringing Colour to Life. The Call for Papers is now open. The deadline for abstract submission is December 17, 2012. Please see www.aic2103.org for more details. The 2014 AIC meeting will be held in Oaxaca, Mexico from October 29-November 1. Please see www.aic2014.org for more details. I hope you are enjoyed the 2012 AIC Interim Meeting in Taipei. I send my best regards to all! Respectfully submitted, Paula J. Alessi Retired from Eastman Kodak Company 126 Gnage Lane Rochester, New York 14612 geinhaus@frontiernet.net

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L1-02 CCPR (Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry): Michael Stock The CCPR meets about every two years at the BIPM in Sèvres, France, bringing together some 30-40 experts from its member NMIs (National Metrology Institutes). The last meeting took place on 23-24 February 2012. The CCPR working groups met during the same week. The next meeting of the CCPR is planned for June/July 2014. General information on the work of the CCPR can be found on www.bipm.org/en/committees/cc/ccpr. The key comparison working group has set up a schedule for the second round of key comparisons, which are the technical basis for the CIPM Arrangement on Mutual Recognition of National Measurement Standards and of Calibration and Measurement Certificates issued by National Measurement Institutes. The key comparisons demonstrate the technical capabilities of the participating NMIs. The first comparisons to be repeated are for spectral regular transmittance (start in 2011), for luminous intensity and luminous flux (start in 2012) and for spectral responsivity in the visible and infrared regions (start 2013). The results of the completed key comparisons of the first round can be found in the key comparison data base, held at the BIPM (kcdb.bipm.org/appendixB). They cover the fields of spectral irradiance, spectral responsivity, luminous intensity, luminous flux, spectral diffuse reflectance (not yet completed) and spectral regular transmittance. It is expected that in the near future four of the seven base units of the SI system will be redefined: the kilogram, the ampere, the kelvin and the mole. Each of these units will be based on a fixed numerical value of a fundamental constant: the Planck constant, the elementary charge, the Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant. To give guidance on how the units can be realized in practice, a so-called mise en pratique (French for “practical realization”) will be published for each base unit. The candela will not be redefined, but it is planned to change the wording of its definition. An important development in the field of photometry is the introduction of the spectral luminous efficiency functions for mesopic vision. For these reasons, the strategic planning working group of the CCPR held a workshop on the mise en pratique of the candela to which representatives of the CIE had been invited. The workshop had the objective to guide the direction and to coordinate possible joint work between the CIE and the CCPR to prepare a new mise en pratique for the candela. The final decision was that a concise mise en pratique would be written by experts from the CCPR and that an additional more extensive document Principles Governing Photometry should be published by a joint CCPR-CIE task group, which should be chaired by Dr. Ohno (NIST). M. Stock, BIPM 06-Sep-2012

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L1-03 ISO/TC6/WG3 Paper, Board and Pulp – Optical Properties: Joanne Zwinkels The following recent activities may be of interest to the CIE: The following three Standards were confirmed after Systematic Review in 2012:

ISO 22754:2008 Pulp and paper – Determination of the residual ink concentration (ERIC number) by infrared reflectance measurement

ISO 2470-2:2008 Paper, board and pulps – Measurement of diffuse blue reflectance factor – Part 2: Outdoor daylight conditions (D65 brightness)

ISO 2471:2008 Paper and board – Determination of opacity (paper backing) – Diffuse reflectance method

The following two Standards received comments during Systematic Review in 2012 and these will be discussed at the October 2012 meeting.

ISO 5631-2:2008 Paper and board – Determination of colour by diffuse reflectance method – Part 2: Outdoor illumination conditions (D65/10 degrees)

ISO 5631-3:2008 Paper and board – Determination of colour by diffuse reflectance method – Part 3: Indoor illumination conditions (D50/2 degrees)

One of the issues raised was the fact that the text and notation used in these Standards is sometimes confusing with regard to CIE recommendations. For example, it needs to be made clearer that the colour of an object can be uniquely characterized by means of a triplet of colour coordinates such as the CIE X, Y, Z tristimulus values or the CIELAB 1976 L*, a*, b* coordinates, where the specifics of the observer and illuminant conditions can be computed for either colour space. It is also necessary to remove the subscript 2 from references to X, Y and Z in the equations for computation of CIELAB coordinates. It is also recommended to change the title of ISO 5631-3 since it gives an incorrect description of CIE D50 as indoor illumination conditions; an alternative proposal is to refer to Part 3 as graphic reproduction conditions. The work item on WD TR 10688 Paper, board and pulps – Basic equations for optical properties has been cancelled by ISO/CS due to timelines. One of the main obstacles in preparing a WD has been the fact that the notation and definitions in the Scan-test document on which TR 10688 is based, is inconsistent with current ISO TC6 Standards and with CIE recommendations. In some cases, one symbol may be used for two or more terms, e.g. symbol T is used for reflectance factor, diffuse reflectance factor, and diffuse radiance factor. In other cases, two symbols may be used for one term, e.g. the term fluorescent component, has the symbols, WF and RB,F for the whiteness and brightness fluorescent components, respectively. Also there is no CIE recommendation for the symbol to use for certain optical property terms, e.g. opacity. These issues will be discussed and, hopefully resolved at the October 2012 meeting. If successful, this project will be re-opened. The FDIS 2469 Paper, board and pulps – Measurement of diffuse radiance factor (Revision of ISO 2469:2007), has gone out for ballot and will close on 2012-10-21. The goal of this revision to the Standard is to improve inter-instrument agreement for ISO 2469-conforming instruments from different manufacturers by using a UVB cut-off filter. A round-robin comparison has been carried out to evaluate the impact of these modifications to ISO 2469 and these results will be discussed at the October 2012 meeting.

During the ballot of the preceding DIS 2469, the following ISO TC6 Standard was questioned by CASCO (the ISO committee on conformity assessment): ISO 4094: Paper, board and pulps – International calibration of testing apparatus – Nomination and appointment of standardizing and authorized laboratories. In particular, CASCO expressed concern that the calibration system based upon ISO 4094 may not be sufficiently robust for current industry requirements. As a consequence, members of CASCO and TC6 will be participating in a WebEx meeting in September 2012 to discuss

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what conformity assessment issues need to be addressed more precisely in ISO 4094. As a consequence of the 2011 TC6 Workshop on automated off-line testing, two new Ad Hoc task groups were formed on automated on-line and off-line testing. The Ad Hoc group on on-line testing has been looking into the need to link ISO/TC 6 standards related to measurements such as optical properties to on-line equipment. This could be in the form of a Technical report with guidelines for standard users addressing issues such as calibration methods and the influence of backing, geometry, temperature and moisture on measurements. CIE liaison activities: I prepared a CIE liaison report to ISO TC6 for the upcoming Montreal meeting. Of particular interest to the WG3 members is: the CIE Draft Standard on Colorimetry – Part 6: CIE DE2000 Colour –Difference Formula. This will impact the ISO TC6 Standards on colour measurements: ISO 5631 (Parts 1,2 and 3). The next meeting of ISO TC6 is planned for October 2012 in Montreal, Canada. Respectfully submitted, Joanne Zwinkels National Research Council of Canada

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L1-04 ISO/TC38/SC1 Textiles: Colour Fastness: M Ronnier Luo It was reported that DS 105-A11 Textiles. Tests for colour fastness. Part A11: Determination of colour fastness grades by digital imaging techniques was soon to be approved.

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L1-06 ISO/TC130: Graphic Technology: Danny Rich

ISO TC 130 held its spring meeting at Hotel Hyatt in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 23-28 April 2012. The spring meeting does not include a plenary session and so there are no actions from TC 130 as a whole.

The following were topics of discussion carried over from the fall meetings that are still open. 1. ISO TC 130 has not received guidance from the CIE on how to move forward from the older

CIE recommendations of CIELAB and CIE94 to adoption of CIEDE2000. It was stated to the ISO TC130 Convener that the latest recommendation is too complex and confusing and that the documents and papers published, to date, are understandable only by the creators of such metric and not by the general users of these technologies. It was proposed that existing standards in the graphic arts not be revised to include references to CIEDE2000 tolerances. The Technical Committee and the graphic engineering community await further guidance and clarification from the CIE.

2. ISO TC 130 had formally adopted the stance that all instruments for the measurement of prints and printing should conform to the requirements of ISO 13655 and ISO 3664 and either irradiate the specimen with light from a source that is at least a BB rating versus CIE D50 or uses a method that reads the specimen with a UV-rich and a UV-poor daylight source and correct the total radiance factors to the levels that would have been read had the instrument had a CIE D50 source. Field testing using lamps that meet the strong requirements of ISO 3664 are proving to be troublesome as the instrumental readings from instruments without D50 simulations (the majoring of instruments in the world today) no longer have close agreement to the visual assessment. The previous conditions of illumination, known as ‘M0” in ISO 3664, has very low amounts of UV and do the lighting cabinets with fluorescent D50 simulators. The result was relative good agreement between instrumental readings, proof prints (on paper substrates with little OBA) and press prints (on paper substrates with large amounts of OBA).

3. ISO 14861, the standard that documents the process for simulating the proof of a print job using flat panel displays has moved forward. This movement was achieved even though the impact of the spectral nature of the display source on the visual evaluation of the colors in the images remains unknown. The lack of progress in CIE TC 1-69 continues to give reason for some concern on the part of image reproduction industry, especially in the packaging industry where the value of the brand and the decision by the consumer to purchase or not to purchase is strongly linked to the color rendition of the package on the shelf.

4. The use of a gray or near-neutral scale to set the tone reproduction of a printing device is growing in its global adoption. The requirements for making this method of "press calibration" work is the ability to map near-neutral colors from the white point of the substrate to the black point of the full tone black ink or three-color overprint ink. TC 130 continues to request guidance from CIE Division 1 on how to define visual differences between two gray stimuli that may be different in chroma and hue and in obtaining a definition of the percept of gray that is linked to a CIE color metric. The recent color difference metrics, both from the CIE and from the textile industry have been shown to have major flaws in assessing colors near the neutral axis. TC 130 experts are anxious to have this issue resolved and new recommendations from the CIE that can be implemented in ISO quality assessment and certification programs for reproduction agencies.

No other actions or activities were planned or carried out that are of interest to CIE Division 1.

Respectfully submitted,

Dr. Danny C. Rich

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L1-07 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC28 Office Equipment: Klaus Richter Reporter: Klaus Richter, email: klaus.richter@mac.com Internet: Berlin University of Technology (TUB): http://130.149.60.45/~farbmetrik SC28 has a working group WG5 Office Colour. A Technical Report ISO/IEC TR 29186 Test Method of Colour Gamut Mapping Algorithm for Office Colour Equipment of WG5 is under publication in SC28. The following list shows intended New Work Items in SC28/WG5. All are related to colour, image technology and office devices. CIE Divisions 1 and 8 may consider to study some of the many colour problems within the CIE and if possible together with industrial members. The list for 2012 is from the Working Group WG5 Office Color (SC28/WG5 Convenor Mr. Fumio Nakaya):

NWI Priority Status Title

00 02 NP 17823 Colour terminology for office colour equipment

01 05 Cancelled Copy colour metadata

02 06 Cancelled Monitor and digital projector colour metadata

03 11 Next? Computer display and digital projector colour test method

04 09 - Measurement and Control of Colour Characteristics in Printers

12 10 - Colour repeatability test method

07 07 Next? Office reference print gamut - RGB encoding

09 12 - Colour space standards for offices

10 00 - Test method of colour gamut mapping algorithm for printers

06 03 Next? Office viewing environments - interface chromatic adaptation

08 13 - Camera raw image rendering standards for office printers

05 04 Cancelled Automated selection of colour print conditions

13 09 - Office color management workflow for digital color documents

11 01 - Specification of named color in office document

New Work Item NWI-00 is under work with a first draft which considers many ISO standards and the CIE IVL (2011). Other NWIs 01, 02, and 05 have been proposed in 2011 by the US members but have been cancelled at the last meeting in 2012. For all the above topics basic input from the CIE Divisions 1 and 8 seems important. A paper of K. Richter "Colour, Colour Vision and Elementary Colours in Image Technology" shows problems and solutions in the above office colour areas, see (44 pages, 2MB) http://130.149.60.45/~farbmetrik/color12mr.pdf Technical Remark: For output linearization the start output of an rgb file with 729(=9x9x9) colours of any workflow is measured. A PostScipt frame file uses the measurement data to produce for any file the intended second output. For example the elementary hue angle hab = 26 in CIELAB is produced for the rgb-input data (0,0,1) of elementary blue on any device according to ergonomic wishes, compare CIE R1-47 and DIN 33872-1 to 6, see also http://www.ps.bam.de/33872E. For eight viewing conditions of displays and data projectors according to ISO 9241-306 Field assessment methods for electronic visual displays see the following file of a proposed Annex E (8 pages, 14 MB) http://130.149.60.45/~farbmetrik/OE58/OE58D1P0.PDF

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L1-08: International Association of Lighthouse Authorities: Malcolm Nicholson

Introduction IALA is a non profit, non governmental international technical association. Established in 1957, it gathers marine aids to navigation authorities, manufacturers and consultants from all parts of the world and offers them the opportunity to compare their experiences and achievements. IALA’s aim is to harmonize aids to navigation worldwide and to ensure that the movements of vessels are safe, expeditious, cost effective and harmless to the environment.

Taking into account the needs of mariners, developments in technology and the requirements and constraints of aids to navigation authorities, a number of technical committees have been established bringing together experts from around the World.

The work of the committees is aimed at developing common standards through publication of IALA Recommendations and Guidelines.

This work ensures that mariners have aids to navigation which will meet their needs both now and in the future. IALA is therefore contributing to the reduction of marine accidents and to the increasing safety of life and property at sea, while protecting the marine environment.

Visual aids to navigation have been used by mariners for centuries; these include daymarks, such as beacons and buoys, and lights for use at night. Recommendations for visual aids, published by IALA, rely greatly on information from standards and guides published by CIE.

CIE Technical Committees of interest to IALA

Division 1: Vision and Colour TC1-84 (NEW TC) Definition of Visual Field for Conspicuity (N. Itoh)

Division 2: Metrology TC2-28 Methods of characterizing spectrophotometers (T. Goodman) TC2-70 Standards for the Measurement of Reflectance and Transmittance Properties of Materials (D. Rich) TC2-49 Photometry of Flashing Light (Y. Ohno) TC2-65 Photometric Measurements in the Mesopic Range (T. Goodman) TC2-71 CIE Standard on Test Methods for LED Lamps, Luminaires and Modules (Y. Ohno) TC2-74 Goniospectroradiometry of Optical Radiation Sources (J. Pan)

Division 4: Lighting and Signalling for Transport TC4-47 Application of LEDs in Transport Signalling and Lighting (S. Jenkins) TC4-32 Revision of Publication CIE 39-2:1983: Surface Colours for Visual Signalling Publications The output from the above mentioned Technical Committees will impact the following IALA Publications: Recommendations:- E200-1 On Marine Signal Lights – Colours E200-2 On Marine Signal Lights – Calculation, Definition and Notation of Luminous Range

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E200-3 On Marine Signal Lights – Measurement E200-4 On Marine Signal Lights – Determination and Calculation of Effective Intensity E200-5 On Marine Signal Lights – Estimation of the Performance of Optical Apparatus E-108 For the Surface Colours used as Visual Signals on Aids to Navigation Guidelines: 1041 On Sector Lights 1061 On Light Applications Illumination of Structures 1048 On LED Technologies and their use in Signal Lights Two new publications of interest to CIE, IALA Guideline 1073 “on Conspicuity of Aid to Navigation Signal Lights at Night” and the Guideline 1043 “Light Sources for use in Aids to Navigation” are available to download form the IALA website www.iala-aism.org Events IALA is holding a workshop in Brest, France on the 8-12 October 2012, on Short Range Aids to Navigation in the e-Navigation Age. Topics of interest to CIE members are the fundamentals of daytime conspicuity, size, shape and surface colour recognition. Committee Activity The Aid-to-Navigation Management (ANM) and Engineering, Environment and Preservation (EEP) Committees of IALA are carrying out work in the area of visual conspicuity. Work is currently being developed on Guidance to members on “The floodlighting of lighthouses“, “Day-time conspicuity”, and “Simulation of Aids to Navigation”. Any input from CIE members would be welcomed. Other Items of Interest The GLAs R&RNAV Department has made its “Marine AtoN Light Calculator” available to download on the R&RNAV website. www.gla-rrnav.org The GLAs R&RNAV Department in collaboration with the University of Leeds is to repeat the experiment of Toulmin-Smith and Green, originally carried out in 1933, with a view to extending the illuminance range covered. M. Nicholson Date: 14-Aug-2012 Principal Development Engineer Research and Radionavigation The Quay Harwich ESSEX. CO12 3RR Malcolm.nicholson@gla-rrnav.org

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L1-09: ISO/TC159/WG2 and related WGs: Ken Sagawa Activities concerned with accessible design in TC159 have been increasingly progressed and some of the issues include vision and colour. Current items of work, and related to CIE, are as follows:

Revision of ISO/TR22411 (in TC159/WG2), which is the collection of human data and design considerations on accessible design, are being revised where vision data on aging effects and visual disabilities like low vision, are to be included. Due to facing to the new situation that ISO/IEC Guide 71 is being revised, the work on TR22411 2nd Edition is managed to progress in accordance with the progress of the revision task on Guide 71.

TC159/SC5/WG5 has recently established a new work item on colour combination for older people where new data on colour category based on international comparisons among 6 countries are appeared. This item was first proposed at SC5/WG5 but now to be discussed in a new joint working group of SC5 “Physical environment” and SC4 ”Human-System interaction”.

TC159 SC4/WG10 is considering a new work item on font size, where a method for defining an appropriate font size for people of any age is to be developed.

All of those works will properly refer to CIE 196:2011: CIE Guide to Increasing Accessibility in Light and Lighting, and CIE Division 1 will be asked for comments at their critical stages of development.

Ken Sagawa Liaison to TC159/WG2 September 2012