Mistovich ch07 PEC09 - Savvas

Chapter 7

Anatomy, Physiology, andMedical Terminology

Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Prehospital Emergency Care, Ninth EditionJoseph J. Mistovich • Keith J. Karren

Objectives

1. Define key terms introduced in this chapter.2. Explain the importance of knowledge of anatomy and

physiology to patient assessment and care (slides 28-39).

3. Define the terms anatomy and physiology (slides 28-29).

Objectives

4. Describe each of the following terms of position (slides30-34):a. Anatomical positionb. Supinec. Proned. Lateral recumbente. Fowler positionf. Semi-Fowler positiong. Trendelenburg positionh. Shock position

Objectives

5. Identify each of the following anatomical terms (slides35-37):a. Midlineb. Sagittal planec. Frontal planed. Transverse planee. Midaxillary linef. Midclavicular lineg. Anterior and posteriorh. Dorsal and ventral

Objectives

5. Identify each of the following anatomical terms (slides35-37):i. Right and leftj. Superior and inferiork. Medial and laterall. Proximal and distalm. Plantarn. Palmaro. Abdominal quadrants: right upper quadrant, left upper

quadrant, left lower quadrant, right lower quadrant

Objectives

6. State the function of each of the followingmusculoskeletal system structures (slide 40):a. Skeletal muscleb. Tendonsc. Ligamentsd. Bone

7. Describe each of the following components of theskeleton, including its location, the bones that make itup, and its function (slides 41-47):a. Skull

i. Craniumii. Face

Objectives

7. Describe each of the following components of theskeleton, including its location, the bones that make itup, and its function (slides 41-47):b. Spinal column

i. Cervical spineii. Thoracic spineiii. Lumbar spineiv. Sacral spinev. Coccyx

c. Thoraxi. Sternum (including manubrium, body, and xiphoid process)ii. Ribs

Objectives

7. Describe each of the following components of theskeleton, including its location, the bones that make itup, and its function (slides 41-47):d. Pelvis

i. Ilium and iliac crestii. Ischiumiii. Pubisiv. Acetabulum

Objectives

7. Describe each of the following components of theskeleton, including its location, the bones that make itup, and its function (slides 41-47):e. Upper extremities

i. Clavicleii. Scapula, including acromion processiii. Humerusiv. Radiusv. Ulna, including olecranon processvi. Carpalsvii. Metacarpalsviii. Phalanges

Objectives

7. Describe each of the following components of theskeleton, including its location, the bones that make itup, and its function (slides 41-47):f. Lower extremities

i. Femurii. Patellaiii. Tibia, including medial malleolusiv. Fibula, including lateral malleolusv. Tarsals, including the calcaneusvi. Metatarsalsvii. Phalanges

Objectives

8. Demonstrate each of the following joint movements(slide 48):a. Flexion and extensionb. Adduction and abductionc. Circumductiond. Pronation and supination

9. Describe each of the following types of joints (slide 49):a. Ball-and-socketb. Hingec. Pivotd. Glidinge. Saddlef. Condyloid

Objectives

10. Differentiate between skeletal (voluntary), smooth(involuntary), and cardiac muscle (slide 55).

11. Identify the basic functions of the respiratory system(slide 56).

12. Identify the following structures of the respiratorysystem (slides 57-58):a. Upper airway: nose, mouth, pharynx, nasopharynx, larynxb. Lower airway: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolic. Epiglottisd. Lungse. Pleuraf. Diaphragm

Objectives

13. Identify important differences in respiratory systemanatomy in children (slides 59-60).

14. Describe the basic mechanics and physiology ofnormal ventilation, respiration, and oxygenation,including (slides 61-65):a. Inhalation and exhalationb. Use of intercostal muscles and diaphragmc. Negative and positive pressured. Nervous system control of respiratione. Alveolar/capillary exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxidef. Capillary/cell exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Objectives

15. Identify characteristics of both adequate andinadequate breathing (slides 66-67).

16. List the functions of the circulatory (cardiovascular)system (slides 68-69).

17. Describe the anatomy and physiology of the heart toinclude (slides 70-72):a. Location and sizeb. Tissue layersc. Chambersd. Valvese. Blood supplyf. Blood flow through the heartg. Conduction system

Objectives

18. Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the blood,circulation, perfusion, and metabolism to convey basiccomprehension of (slides 73-83):a. Arteries and arteriolesb. Capillariesc. Veins and venulesd. Blood compositione. Perfusion and capillary exchangef. Cell metabolism

19. Describe the basic functions of the nervous system(slide 84).

20. Differentiate between the structural components andbasic functions of the central nervous system andperipheral nervous system (slides 84-86).

Objectives

21. Differentiate between the functional divisions of theperipheral nervous system (slide 87):a. Voluntary (somatic) nervous systemb. Involuntary (autonomic) nervous system

i. Sympathetic divisionii. Parasympathetic division

22. Describe the basic role of the reticular activatingsystem (RAS) and cerebral hemispheres inconsciousness and unconsciousness (slides 88-89).

23. Explain the overall function of the endocrine system(slide 90).

Objectives

24. Discuss the location and general function of each ofthe following components of the endocrine system(slides 92-93):a. Thyroid glandb. Parathyroid glandsc. Adrenal glandsd. Gonadse. Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, insulin, and glucagonf. Pituitary gland

25. Describe the general actions of epinephrine andnorepinephrine on beta1, beta2, alpha1, and alpha2receptors of the sympathetic nervous system (slide 94).

Objectives

26. List the general functions of the integumentary system(slide 95).

27. Identify the structures of the integumentary system,including the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneouslayer (slide 96).

28. Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of each ofthe following structures of the digestive system (slides97-98)a. Stomachb. Pancreasc. Liverd. Gallbladdere. Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)f. Colon

Objectives

29. List the basic structure and function of the organs ofthe urinary or renal system to include (slides 99-100):a. Kidneysb. Uretersc. Urinary bladderd. Urethra

Objectives

30. State the basic structure and function of the organs ofthe male and female reproductive systems (slides 101-102):a. Male

i. Testesii. Accessory glandsiii. Penis

b. Femalei. Ovariesii. Fallopian tubesiii. Uterusiv. Vaginav. External genitalia

Objectives

31. Explain the importance of knowledge of medicalterminology in communication among health care teammembers (slide 103).

32. Apply knowledge of common prefixes, suffixes, androots to interpret medical terms (slides 104-107).

Multimedia Directory

Slide 50 Skeletal System Labeling ExerciseSlide 74 Heart and Major Vessels AnimationSlide 93 Endocrine System Components Animation

Topics

Anatomical TermsBody SystemsMedical Terminology

CASE STUDYCASE STUDY

Dispatch

EMS Unit 108

Respond to Centennial Park on HighlandAvenue—you have a female patient at that

location who suffered a burn.

Time out 1306

Upon Arrival

• You position the ambulance out of the flow of traffic• A bystander runs up and says, “A woman wastrying to refuel her son’s model airplane and it blewup!”• The patient is sitting on a patch of grass about 15feet away from a smoldering model plane

How would you proceed to assess andcare for this patient?

Back to Topics

Anatomical Terms

Anatomy versus Physiology

How thebody ismade

How thebody works

Back to Objectives

•Standing erect•Facing forward•Arms at sides•Palms forward

Anatomical Position

Back to Objectives

Supine

Prone

Left Lateral Recumbent

Right Lateral Recumbent

Fowler

Semi-Fowler

< 45°45° to 60°

Trendelenburg’sPosition

Shock Position

No longer recommended for shock

Anatomical Planes

Back to Objectives

Chest Landmarks

Abdominal Quadrants

Back to Objectives

Body Cavities

Back to Topics

Body Systems

The Musculoskeletal System

The Skeletal System

Back to Objectives

The Skeleton

Back to Objectives

The Skull

TheSpinal

Column

Back to Objectives

The Thorax

The Pelvis

Back to Objectives

LowerExtremities

UpperExtremities

Back to Objectives

Joints

Back to Objectives

Click here to view an exercise on skeletal system labeling.

Return to Directory

Skeletal System Labeling


Bone Injury

• Large blood supply• Severe bleeding• May produce shock


The Muscular System

TheMuscularSystem

Skeletal Muscle

• Voluntary

• Movement

• Protection

CardiacMuscle

• Specialized

• Automaticity

• Intolerant ofblood loss

SmoothMuscle

• Involuntary

• Nonstriated

• Found inblood

vesselsBack to Objectives

The Respiratory System

Basic Anatomy

Back to Objectives

RespiratoryAnatomy

Back to Objectives

Lower Airway


Anatomy in Infants andChildren

Back to Objectives

PediatricDifferences


Mechanics ofVentilation

Back to Objectives

Ventilation


Physiology ofRespiration

AlveolarRespiration

CellularRespiration


Adequate andInadequate Breathing

Back to Objectives

Fast or slow respiratory rate

Retractions

Cool, clammy skin

Irregular rhythm

Increased effort to breathe

Shallow breaths

Cyanosis

Nasal flaring

Use of accessory muscles Tripod position

Inadequate Breathing

The Circulatory System

Basic Anatomy

Back to Objectives

CirculatorySystem

Anatomy

Back to Objectives

Perfusion

Conduction

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

VeinsBack to Objectives

Click here to view an animation of the heart and major vessels.

Return to Directory

Heart and Major Vessels


Composition of theBlood

• Red blood cellstransport oxygen

• White blood cellsare part of yourimmune system

• Platelets and otherclotting factorscause clotting

• Plasma is the liquidpart of blood

Components of

BLOOD


Physiology ofCirculation

Perfusion: The delivery of oxygen, glucose,and nutrients to tissue, and the elimination of

waste


Transport of Gases inthe Blood

O2

97%attached tohemoglobin

3% dissolvedin plasma

CO2

23%attached tohemoglobin

7% dissolvedin plasma

70% converted tobicarbonate


Cell Metabolism

AerobicMetabolism

AnaerobicMetabolism

Cell

O2 CO2

Acid

The Nervous System

Structural Divisions ofthe Nervous System

Back to Objectives

Central nervoussystem

Peripheral nervoussystem

The Nervous System

Functional Divisions ofthe Nervous System

Back to Objectives

Voluntary NervousSystem

Autonomic NervousSystem

• Sympathetic

• ParasympatheticBack to Objectives

The Nervous System

Consciousness andUnconsciousness

Back to Objectives

Conscious

Reticularactivatingsystem

Hemispheres:

RightLeft

Unconscious

The Endocrine System

Back to Objectives

EndocrineSystem

The Endocrine System

Epinephrine andNorepinephrine

Back to Objectives

Click here to view an animation of the endocrine system components.

Return to Directory

Endocrine System Components

Alpha 1Constricts blood

vessels

Alpha 2Regulates

Alpha 1 effects

Beta 1Increases heartrate, force, and

automaticity

Beta 2Dilates

smooth muscle

Back to Objectives

The Integumentary System(Skin)

Back to Objectives

IntegumentarySystem

Back to Objectives

The Digestive System

Back to Objectives

DigestiveSystem

The Urinary or RenalSystem

Back to Objectives

Renal/UrinarySystem

The Reproductive System

Back to Objectives

Reproductive System

Back to Topics

Medical Terminology

Medical Words andWord Parts

Back to Objectives

Combining Forms

cardi / o

root slash

cardi/o-

-

hyphencombiningvowel

Suffix

-emic-ia-ology-penia-emesis-orexia

-capnia-pnea-thorax-ptysis-stasis-globin

Prefix

a-allo-brady-hetero-macro-micro-

nulli-para-peri-poly-supra-tachy-

Follow-Up

CASE STUDYCASE STUDY

You position the ambulance out of the flowof traffic. A woman runs up to you andsays, “A woman over here was trying torefuel her son’s model airplane when thegas tank blew up or something.” Yourpatient is sitting on a patch of grass about15 feet away from a smoldering modelplane.

CASE STUDYCASE STUDYUpon Arrival

• 23-year-old male with multiple stab woundsto the neck, right front chest, and abdomen

• He is screaming in painVital signs:• BP: 88/68 mmHg• Radial pulse is weak and rapid• RR: 28 per minute• Skin is pale, cool, and clammy

Critical Thinking Scenario

1. What body systems do you suspect couldbe injured by the knife wounds?

2. Using medical terminology and anatomicalterms, give hypothetical examples of howto describe the wounds to the neck, chestand abdomen in a written EMS report.

3. What is causing the elevated heart rate?

Critical Thinking Questions

4. What is causing the skin to be pale, cool,and clammy?

5. What is the significance of the systolicand diastolic blood pressure? How doesit relate to pulse pressure?

Critical Thinking Questions

Reinforce and Review

Please visitwww.bradybooks.com

and follow the myBradykit linksto access content for the text.

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Mistovich ch07 PEC09 - Savvas