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MIXED METHOD RESEARCH MMR. I WAYAN SUSANTO, D.A. SIHASALE DAN SOEMARNO. Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293…… 23/9/2012. PERBANDINGAN. Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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MIXED METHOD RESEARCHMMR
I WAYAN SUSANTO, D.A. SIHASALE DAN SOEMARNO
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293…… 23/9/2012
PERBANDINGAN
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
PARADIGMA KE TIGA
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
PRAGMATISME
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
RISIKO DALAM MENGGUNAKAN MM
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
TIPOLOGI RISET MM
..
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
PARADIGMA
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
TIPOLOGI RISET MM
Diunduh dari: …… 23/9/2012
TUJUANNYATujuan integrasi
Tujuan desain MM
Perkembangan selama 20 tahun terakhir
• Peningkatan minat dan advokasi tentang MMR• Berkembangnya pemahaman tentang apa itu
MMR• Berkembangnya disain dan teknik-teknik inovatif
• “The emergence of mixed methods as a third methodological movement in the social and behavioral sciences began during the 1980’s.” (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003: 697)
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
Perkembangan MMA
Mentioned severalapproaches for combining
qualitative and quantitative research
Advanced considerations for deciding what model to use (literature
available, prior studies, realistic design, expertise)
Suggested to describe each method thoroughly
“Kombinasi metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif telah semakin berkembang dalam riset kesehatan
masyarakat.” (1999)
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
BUKU-BUKU TENTANG MMR
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
Editors: John W. Creswell and Abbas TashakkoriManaging Editor: Vicki L.Plano Clark
Email: [email protected]
JournalsDevoted to Mixed Methods:
Fieldwork Quality and Quantity Mixed Method Approaches
A New Journal
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
International Conferences
• Mixed Methods Conference, Cambridge, England, July 21-24, 2008• Proposed mixed methods conference,
Sydney, Australia, 2009• Discipline conferences with mixed
methods papers
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Kritik Pakar (Creswell, 2007) Is there a post-positivist leaning to mixed methods?
– Howe, K. R. (2004). A critique of experimentalism. Qualitative Inquiry, 10, 42-61.– Giddings, L. S. (2006). Mixed-methods research: Positivism dressed in drag? Journal of
Research in Nursing, 11(3), 195-2003.– Holmes, C. A. (2007). Mixed(up) methods, methodology and interpretive frameworks.
Contributed paper for the Mixed Methods Conference, Cambridge, University, July 10-12, 2006.
What are the limits for mixed methods research? – Sale, J. E. M., Lohfeld, L. H., Brazil, K. (2002). Revisiting the quantitative-qualitative
debate: Implications for mixed-methods research. Quality and Quantity, 36, 43-53.– Leahey, E. (2007). Convergence and confidentiality? Limits to the implementation of
mixed methodology. Social Science Research, 36, 149-158.
Is there a dominant discourse in mixed methods research?• Freshwater, D. (2007). Reading mixed methods research: Contexts for criticism.
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 134-146.
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
MMR TIDAK BERBEDA DENGAN METODE LAINNYA
Collecting data
Analyzing and interpreting data
Identifying a purpose and stating questions
Reporting and evaluating the study
Identifikasi Masalah Riset
Kajian literatur
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Mixed Methods di dalam Designs
Ethnography Case Study Research Narrative research Experimental research
Qual ----- Quan Qual----- Quan Qual-----Quan Qual---- Quan
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
Istilah-istilah yang Populer• Multi-method• Triangulation• Integrated• Combined• Quantitative and qualitative methods• Multi-methodology• Mixed methodology• Mixed-method• Mixed research• Mixed methods
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
BAGAIMANA MENCAMPUR-NYA
Results
Connect data:
Results
Data Konvergen:
Embed the data:Quan data
Qual data
Qual Quan
Qual Quan
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
MENGAPA MENCAMPUR ? Validitas – untuk “menguatkan” data quan dan qual. Offset – offset weaknesses of quan and qual and draw on strengths Completeness – more comprehensive account that qual or quan
alone Proses – quan menyediakan outcomes; qual menjelaskan proses Eksplanasi – qual dapat menjelaskan hasil-hasil quan atau sebaliknya Hasil yang tidak diharapkan – hasil-hasil yang mengherankan dari
satu sudut pandang, sudut pandang yang lain menjelaskan Pengembangan Instrument– qual menggunakan instrumenyang
dirancang Kredibilitas – kedua pendekatan memperbaiki integritas temuan Konteks – qual menyediak konteks; quan menyediakan “general”. Utilitas – lebih bermanfaat bagi praktisi.
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
“Single” Paradigm Ke -3
• Pragmatisme (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003)– Fokus pada pertanyaan penelitian– Apa “kerja,” konsekwensi– Metode-metode Multiple.
• Transformatif (Mertens, 2003)– Transform lives of under represented, marginalized
groups– Incorporate this focus into all phases of research
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
Perkembangan Designs dan Teknik-teknik Inovatif
Notation TypologiesDiagrams of procedures Complex evaluation models Reconceptualizing designsEmergence of innovations in procedures
Unusual blendsMethodological issuesData analysis techniquesPresentation techniques
Perkembangan Penting
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
Preliminary Design Considerations (Morse, 1991)
Pendekatan Tipe Tujuan Keterbatas-an
Resolusi
QUAL + quan Simultan Enrich description of sample
Qualitative sample Utilize normative data for comparison of results
QUAL Sekuensial Test emerging H, determine distribution of phenomenon in population
Qualitative sample Draw adequate random sample from same population
QUAN + qual Simultan To describe part of phenomena that cannot be quantified
Quantitative sample
Select appropriate theoretical sample from random sample
QUAN Sekuensial To examine unexpected results
Quantitative sample
Select appropriate theoretical sample from random sample
quan
qual
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
QUANData & Results Interpretasi
QUALData & Results
QUANPre-test Data & Results
QUANPost-test
Data & Results
Intervention
qualProcess
Interpre-tasi
Disain Triangulasi
Disain Embedded
Concurrent Mixed Methods Designs
Parsimonious Designs (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007)
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Sequential Designs - Mixed Methods Designs
QUANData & Results
Interpretation
qualData & Results
Following up
QUALData & Results
quanData & Results Interpretati
onBuilding to
Before-intervention
qual
QUANIntervention
Trial
After-intervention
qual Interpretation
Disain Eksploratori
Desain Eksplanatori
Disain Embedded Sekuensial
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
Pemikiran pentingnya ... MM..
• Kombinasi metode-metode yang dapat dipilih• The epistemological and ontological implications
of what is chosen• The practicalities of carrying out the research• How the data are going to be brought together
(lack of theory?)• Ketegangan di antara pendekatan dan metode-
metode
Apakah kita memahami? • Multiple Method Research Designs (MMRD)
• Multi-method designs -1+ method within paradigms
• Mixed methods designs -1+ method mixed paradigms
• Combining methods – 1+ method, one subsumed to other?
• Integrating methods – 1+ method of equal weight?
• Triangulasi – outcome dari MMRD?* • Transformasi Data
»Mengkuantitatifkan data»Mengkualitatifkan data
Mengapa kita lakukan?
• Emic and etic understandings?
• Multiple research-questions?
• Multiple facets or contexts
• Multiple of singular-reality?
• Mixed phenomena?
Bagaimana kita melakukannya?
• Sequential atau parallel?• Linked atau independent?• Respondent enrolment• Development of research instruments• Time required• Costs – value for money?• Necessary expertise?• Organisasi Tim dan Komunikasi.
Penanganan Data
• Where’s your theory? How does that help?• Assumptions and presumptions – negotiating a
path through/round them• Integration; triangulation; combination?• When are you going to integrate? Have you
missed the moment?• Will your audience understand?
Possible tensions?
Metodologis▪ Differing findings▪ Unit analisis
Politis▪ Preferensi / persyaratan audien
Praktikal▪ Waktu▪ Biaya▪ Umur data.
Arguing for....... MMR
Is it the ideal approach?
Memperkuat pemahaman tentang:
• Multi-faceted nature of all phenomena
• Kontextualitas• Dimensi/hubungan
Micro-meso-macro• Agensi dan struktur.
Multidata-monoanalysis—this is the analysis of both data types (qualitative AND quantitative) using only one analysis type.
This results in:1. Only quantitative analysis of your
qualitative data , atau2. Only qualitative analysis of your
quantitative data.
We recommend that you avoid this approach because it is not wise to only analyze your
qualitative data quantitatively or only analyze your quantitative data qualitatively.
Diunduh dari: www.sagepub.com/.../notes/Ch19_Lecture.do... …… 26/10/2012
Topik “Kerentanan” = VULNERABILITY• Essentialist approaches• Constructionist approaches• Fixed state/status• Contextual and fluid• An inherent weakness or something managed
and negotiated?
• Children and vulnerability
Pendekatan Metoda Tunggal?
Pendekatan yang mana dan mengapa yang itu?
Tidak cukup untuk beberapa tujuan tertentu Mis. Pengembangan kebijakan
Cannot elaborate micro-meso-macro interfaces and relationships
Struktur dan agensi
Some presumptions are problematic
MM: Multiple / Mixed Methods
• Fenomena Multi-dimensional– Access via different methods derived from an
interpretivist stance– Dapat mengkaji kontingensi dan aspek-aspek
dinamik– Draw on emic and etic conceptualisations to plan a
strong design for mixed methods– Dapat mengkaji huungan struktural dan
agensi/structure interfaces
Etika Data Sekunder dan Pertanyaan Riset
– Data sensus– Data nasional– National statistical returns (eg Crime statistics for HO)– Hasil-hasil penelitian yang dipublikasikan– Survei lokal (data primer)– Local statistics (secondary/primary data)– Data yang terbatas tentang anak-anak.
• Pertanyaan Penelitian– Spesifik (hypotheses)– Determined at start by outside ‘experts’/prior research– Dibatasi oleh apa yang tersedia , mis. area; unit
analisis.
PERKEMBANGAN LANJUT
• Using a mixed methods approach– Interface between micro and macro
dimensions of physical safety, distributions of risk, violence
–Would need primary data to capture distributions of management strategies
Proses Integrasi:
• Mengkombinasikan metode/data/analysis sedemikian rupa sehingga:–Mereka membentuk satu kesatuan–Menjaga sifat0sifat paradigmatiknya masing-
masing (tidak mencampur-adukkan satu-sama lain)–Menghasilkan kontribusi yang sama nilainya
Alternatif Integrasi• Integrasi sejak awal
riset• Selama
pengumpulan data• Melalui Analisis
Data• Melalui
Interpretasi• Sebagai hasil
Presentasi
Monodata-multianalysis—this is the analysis of one type of data using both qualitative and
quantitative anslysis. The logic of this approach is to:
1. Analyze your data with the standard approach (e.g., qualitative analysis for your qualitative data or quantitative analysis for your quantitative data).
2. Either qualitative or quantitize one set of data for additional analysis.
3. Qualitize—transforming quantitative data into qualitative data (e.g., provide names or labels to quantitative characteristics).
4. Quantitize—transforming qualitative data into quantitative data (e.g., do numerical counts of qualitative categories and themes).
Diunduh dari: www.sagepub.com/.../notes/Ch19_Lecture.do... …… 26/10/2012
MMR: MIXED METHODS RESEARCH
MMR:
Riset yang menggunakan prosedur –prosedur pelaksanaan yang lazim
digunakan dalam riset kuantitatif dan riset kualitatif.
Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012
. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH.Tujuan
The purpose of these studies is usually to inform sponsors about a program they are funding.
The sponsors may want a descriptive study of the program in which
the operations and processes are explained and clarified.
They may also be interested in an effectiveness study in which the operations are assessed in relation to organizational goals and targets.
Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012
. M.M.R.METODE-METODE
Masalah-penelitian akan menentukan pilihan desain, tetapi beberapa metode berikut ini dapat digunakan:
SurveiKunjungan lokasi.
WawancaraObservasi
QuestionnairesData Quantitatif.
Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012
. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH.Tiga Tipe Desain
Tiga karaktersitik yang membedakan tipe-tipe MMR:
1.Priooritas diberikan pada pengumpulan data kuantitatif atau kualitatif.
2.Sekuens pengumpulan data kuantitatif atau kualitatif
3.Teknik-teknik analisis data yang dipakai adalah kombinasi analisis data atau analisis data sendiri-sendiri.
Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012
. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH.Tiga tipe Desain yang lazim:
1. Model QUAL-QuanThe exploratory mixed methods designQualitative data are collected first and are more heavily weighted
2. Model QUAN-QualThe explanatory mixed methods designQuantitative data are collected first and are more heavily weighted
3. Model QUAN-QUALThe triangulation mixed methods designQuantitative and qualitative data are collectedc oncurrently and both are weighted equally
Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012
RISET MULTI-METODE10 Karakteristik Desain MM
1.The title of the research includes terms that suggest more than one method is being used
• Mixed methods• Integrated• Triangular
2. Quantitative – qualitativeBoth quantitative and qualitative methods are used in the study
Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012
. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH.Characteristics of Mixed Methods Designs
3. The researcher describes the kinds of mixed methods being used4. The data collection section indicates narrative, numerical, or both
types of data are being collected5. The purpose statement or the research questions indicate the types
of methods being used6. Questions are stated and described for both quantitative and
qualitative approaches7. The researcher indicates these quencing of collecting qualitative
and/or quantitative data (i.e., QUAN-Qual, QUAL-Quan, or QUAN-QUAL)
8. The researcher describes both quantitative and qualitative data analysis strategies
9. The writing is balanced in terms of quantitative and qualitative approaches
Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012
. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH.Evaluating a Mixed Methods Design
1. Does the study use at least one quantitative and one qualitative research strategy?
2. What were the research questions addressed?3. Who are the sponsors of the study and what are their
expectations?4. Does the study include a rationale for using a mixed
methods design?5. Does the study include a classification of the type of
mixed methods design?6. Does the study describe the priority given to quantitative
and qualitative data collection and the sequence of their use?
Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012
. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH.Evaluasi Disain Mixed-Method
1. Was the study feasible given the amount of data to be collected and concomitant issues of resources, time, and expertise?
2. Who were the participants in the study? What did the samples consist of?
3. Does the study clearly identify qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques?
4. Apa tujuan dan pentingnya riset ini?
Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012
.Mixed Method Research – Quant & Qual in a Single Study
.A mixed method approach allows researchers to simultaneously benefit from both
quantitative and qualitative research methods in the context of one study addressing a single set of business objectives.
Flow Monitor designs market research studies that take full advantage of the inherent benefits of both quantitative (e.g., surveys) and qualitative (e.g., focus groups, ethnographic
techniques, etc.) research.The business objectives will greatly determine the appropriate sequence of methods. The
diagrams below illustrate this.
Diunduh dari: http://www.flowmonitorinc.com/how-we-do-it.html …… 21/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293…… 21/9/2012
Apakah MMR (Mixed Methods Research)?
• Mixed methods research is not new but only recently been systematically described; ‘new era’ of mixed methods research (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998)
• Different definitions of mixed methods research used by different researchers
• Not simply the ad hoc combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, it is the planned mixing of methods at a pre- determined stage of the research (Halcomb et al., 2009)
• “mixed methods [is] research which collects both qualitative and quantitative data in one study and integrates these data at some stage of the research process” (Halcomb et al., 2009)
• Distinction between mixed methods (quant and qual) and multi method research (uses more than one method from same tradition) (Bazeley, 2007)
Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth... …… 21/9/2012
Mengapa sains kesehatan berkembang ke arah MMR?
• Increased reflexivity about researcher-researched relationships• • Increased political awareness about what and who research is for• Growing formalisation of research governance and ethics
procedures
• The availability and ease of new technologies to analyse mixed methods research (e.g. Nvivo, MaxQDA, Atlas.ti)
• International Research Collaboration
(Halcomb and Andrew, 2009)
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RATIONAL PENGGUNAAN MMR
• Triangulation - one of the first rationales for using mixed methods research (Denzin, 1970). Used to test the consistency of findings through different approaches.
• Complementarity - clarifies and illustrates results from one method with the use of another method.
• Development - the results of analysis using one method shapes subsequent methods or steps in the research process.
• Initiation-stimulates new research questions or challenges results obtained through one method.
• Expansion- provides richness and detail buy building on the findings of either qualitative or quantitative methods
(Greene et al., 1989)
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TIPOLOGI MMRFour central questions that inform the design of a mixed methods
study:
1. In what sequence will the qualitative and quantitative data collection be implemented?
2. What relative priority will be given to the qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis?
3. At what stage of the project will the qualitative and quantitative data be integrated?
4. Will an overall theoretical perspective be used to guide the study?(Creswell, 2003)
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Tipologi MMR: Empat Basic Designs
1. Principal Quantitative, Qualitative Preliminary (qual -> QUANT)
2. Principal Qualitative, Quantitative Preliminary (quant -> QUAL)
3. Complementary Quantitative, Qualitative Follow-Up (QUANT -> qual)
4. Complementary Qualitative, Quantitative Follow-Up (QUAL -> quant)
(Morse, 1991; Morgan, 1998)
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Pengumpulan Data dalam MMR
Interviews/ Focus Groups/ Questionnaires/ Surveys/ Validated Tests and Scales/
Observation
Pertimbangannya:1. Keseimbangan antara kelebihan dan
kelemahan masiong-masing metode2. Waktu pengumpulan data
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Analisis dalam MMR: Separate Analyses
Qualitative and quantitative data sets analysed separately and conclusions drawn that incorporate both data sets.
Can be used for the following purposes: 1. Triangulation2. Expansion or Complementarity3. Development
Separate analyses may give rise to contradictory or discrepant results which need to be explained
(Halcomb and Andrew, 2009)
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Analisis dalam MMR: Combining Data Types for Synthesis
Combining of data types for analysis requires transformation of data in some form in order to ‘marry’ diverse sources.
Can be done through:
1. Meta matrices, databases, spread sheets e.g. systematic reviews2. Qualitising numerical data e.g. using scores to provide a descriptive
classification3. Counting4. Quantitising qualitative data e.g. 0/1 transformation for
absence/presence of code, numerical weighting of codes (MaxQDA)
(Halcomb and Andrew, 2009)
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Analysis of Mixed Methods Research: Combining Data Types for Synthesis
• Combined analysis can be used to:1. Merge and compare (e.g. themes can be quantified,
independent t tests and bivariate linear regression analyses in SPSS)
2. Explore, predict and explain (e.g. case by case variable matrix, cluster analysis)
3. Blend to created new variable to use in further studies(Halcomb and Andrew, 2009)
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Isu-isu tentang MMR
• ‘paradigm wars’, reconciling philosophical assumptions of each methodological perspective.
• Selecting and managing research team with diverse specialities.• Practicalities of data collection and analysis, may make concurrent
analysis difficult• Statistical analysis often relies on large sample sizes which are not
common in qualitative research• Transforming qualitative data into numerical form may lose some of the
richness and nuances in the text• A lack of templates for the writing up and publishing mixed methods
research, sometimes qualitative and quantitative results published separately
• Not all journals publish mixed methods research which may limit publication opportunities
Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth... …… 21/9/2012
Manfaat MMR (Mixed Methods Research)
• Gives researchers an opportunity to creatively rethink research design and the various different ways they can be linked to research questions
• Potential to generate new insights and levels of analysis• Challenges taken for granted assumptions across a wide
range of research methods topics• Brings together researchers from different backgrounds
and different specialisms and allows them to think together on a given research problem
(Bergman, 2008)
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.TIGA KUNCI PENELITIAN.
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