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MLAB 2434: Microiology Keri Brophy-Martinez. Bioterrorism. Terms. Bioterrorism: use of bacteria, viruses, fungi or toxins to injure people, animals or crops to cause civil and economic unrest. Biological warfare: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Bioterrorism
MLAB 2434: MicroiologyKeri Brophy-Martinez
TermsBioterrorism: use of bacteria, viruses, fungi or toxins to
injure people, animals or crops to cause civil and economic unrest.
Biological warfare: use of bacteria, viruses, fungi or toxins to
injure people, animals or crops to gain military advantage.
Biosafety Levels (BSL)
Based on microorganism disease potential
Combination of standard procedures and techniques, safety equipment and facilities designed to minimize the exposure of workers and the environment to infectious agents.
Each increase in level indicates more precautions and work controls
BSL’sBSL-1
Organisms that do not normally cause human disease
Minimal safety procedures & equipmentEx: Bacillus subtilis
BSL-2Organisms cause human disease but are not
transmitted among hostsWork should be performed under class II
biological hoodEx: HBV, Salmonellae
BSL’sBSL-3
Organism transmitted by respiratory routeCauses serious diseaseRequires use of separate air ventilation systemsEX: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
BSL-4 Organism transmitted by respiratory route High risk of disease Strict precautions, require containment suits No treatment or vaccine EX: Ebola
3 Categories for Public Health PreparednessA: Agents of greatest impact
EX: Bacillus anthracis, Yersinina pestis
B: Easily disseminated EX: Brucella, E. coli 0157: H7
C: Emerging pathogens Mass dissemination EX: Multidrug resistant MTB, hantavirus
Considerations
Biological weapons usually enter host via respiratory tract, GI tract, skin and mucous membranes
Primarily aerosolsFood or water sources usually not utilized
Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
Established in 1999 by CDC, FBI and United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease(USAMRIID)
Goal:Link state and locate labs with advanced
capacity clinical, military, veterinary, agricultural, H20 and food testing labs
Decentralize testing capabilities
Laboratory Response Network (LRN)Structure
1. SentinelRole
Rapid detection and reporting of potential threats
Rule out or refer suspicious isolates, not to ID
Provide assistance on proper collection, processing, and handling of samples
Community hospitals with microbiology capabilities
BSL-2
Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
2. ReferenceRole
o Offer confirmatory testing for biothreat agentso Culture ID• Examples: State public health labs & Dept. of Defense
labs
3. National Role
o Perform all reference lab tests, and forensic testingo Definite ID of biothreat agentsExamples: CDC, USAMRIID, National Research Medical
CenterBSL-4
Indicators of a Potential Biocrime Event
A disease entity that is usual or that does not occur naturally in a given geographic area.
Multiple disease entities in the same patients.Higher than average morbidity & mortality relative to the
number of personnel at risk or within a population that inhabits the same area.
Massive point source outbreak.Aerosol route of infection. Illness limited to located or circumscribed geographic areas
with filtered air supplies or closed ventilation systems.Sentinel dead animals of different species.Absence of a competent natural vector in the area of an
outbreak.
Agents of BioterrorBacillus anthracisYersinia pestisFrancisella tularensisBrucella speciesBurkholderia speciesCoxiella burnetiiVariola virus- smallpoxViral hemorrhagic fever- Ebola & Marburg virusRicinStaph enterotoxinsClostridium botulinum toxin
ReferencesMahon, C. R., Lehman, D. C., &
Manuselis, G. (2011). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology (4th ed.). Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders.
Patton, M. T. (2010, October). In the Wake of an Attack: Laboratorians on the front line of bioterrorism defense. Advance for Medical Laboratory Professionals, 22(20), 6-7.