MMC HVDC - SNU Open Repository and Archive: Homes-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/136833/1/000000145… · · 2017-10-27ii 비대칭 혼합 MMC 토폴로지를 이용한 양극

-- 2.0

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(Legal Code) .

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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/kr/legalcodehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/kr/

i

MMC

HVDC

Analysis and Control of Bipolar HVDC Transmission System

Based on Asymmetric Mixed MMC Topology

2017 8

ii

MMC

HVDC

2017 8

2017 8

()

()

()

()

()

i

,

. ,

,

.

(high voltage DC; HVDC)

, .

(bipolar) HVDC

MMC

(asymmetric mixed MMC) .

HVDC ,

.

,

MMC ,

MMC

. ,

.

. ,

, .

ii

HVDC

.

MMC ,

.

, .

MMC DC fault ride-through ,

. ,

,

. HVDC

. , HVDC

HVDC HVDC

,

.

, MMC HVDC

,

.

, MMC

. 6 2 ,

, HVDC . ,

MMC .

iii

: HVDC, , HVDC ,

MMC ,

: 2013-30261

iv

1. ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. ................................................................................................ 1

1.1.1. .................................. 1

1.1.2. .................................................... 5

1.1.3. HVDC ............... 7

1.2. .............................................................................................. 13

1.3. .............................................................................................. 15

2. ................................................. 17

2.1. (MMC) ................................................... 20

2.1.1. MMC ............................ 24

2.1.2. MMC ............................ 27

2.1.3. MMC ........................................ 29

2.2. (MMC) .................................................. 33

2.2.1. MMC .................................. 34

2.2.2. MMC .................. 37

2.2.3. MMC ............ 40

2.3. MMC ........................................................................ 47

2.4. MMC ........................ 50

3. HVDC MMC ......................................... 58

3.1. MMC .............................. 60

v

3.1.1. MMC ................... 68

3.1.2. MMC ............... 79

3.1.3. Asymm.

Symm. .......................................................................................... 93

3.2. MMC .................................................... 111

4. HVDC ASYM-MMC .................. 114

4.1. HVDC ........................................ 114

4.1.1. ASYM-MMC ........................................... 114

4.1.2. ASYM-MMC ......................................... 120

4.1.2.1. ASYM-MMC ....................... 121

4.1.2.2. ASYM-MMC ................. 125

4.1.3. ASYM-MMC ...................................................... 130

4.1.4. ASYM-MMC ........................... 135

4.2. HVDC ...................................................... 148

4.2.1. HVDC ASYM-MMC

.................................................................................................. 148

4.2.2.

.................................................................................................. 151

4.2.3. ASYM-MMC HVDC

.................................................................................................. 172

4.3. HVDC .............................................. 188

vi

4.3.1. HVDC ASYM-MMC

.................................................................................................. 188

4.3.2. ASYM-MMC HVDC

.................................................................................................. 192

5. HVDC ASYM-MMC ................. 201

5.1. ASYM-MMC ...................... 201

5.2. ASYM-MMC HVDC ............... 212

5.3. ASYM-MMC HVDC ....... 220

6. MMC ................................................ 228

6.1. MMC ............................................. 228

6.2. MMC ............................................. 239

6.3. MMC ..................... 249

6.3.1. MMC ........................... 249

6.3.2. MMC ...................................... 255

7. ............................................................................................ 258

7.1. ................................................................................................ 258

7.2. ................................................................................................ 262

A. PSIM ................................................................... 264

B. PSCAD ................................................................ 268

C. ........................................................................ 273

................................................................................................................... 275

Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 286

vii

3-1 HBSM .............................................................................................. 61

3-2 Symm. ........................................................ 71

3-3 Symm. ....................................................... 72

3-4 Symm. ...................................................... 74

3-5 Symm. ........................................................ 75

3-6 Symm. ...................................................... 77

3-7 UFBSM ............................................................................................ 82

3-8 MMC ....................................................... 113

6-1 SPR ................................................... 249

6-2 zig-zag .................................. 251

6-3 SPR ..................................................... 255

A-1 ASYM-MMC ................................. 264

A-2 ........................... 265

A-3 HVDC ................................... 266

B-1 HVDC .................................. 269

B-2 - HVDC#2 (HV Cable) .......... 270

B-3 - HVDC#2 (MV Cable) ..... 270

B-4 HVDC .......................... 272

C-1 HVDC ...................... 274

viii

1.1. HVDC . ................................................. 8

1.2. HVDC . ..................................................... 9

1.3. HVDC . ............................................................. 11

1.4. HVDC . ........................... 12

2.1. MMC . ................................................................................................ 18

2.2. MMC . ........................................................................ 20

2.3. MMC [36]. ................................................................................ 23

2.4. MMC [36]. ..................... 24

2.5. MMC [36]. ........................ 26

2.6. MMC [36]. ..................... 27

2.7. MMC [36]. ........................ 28

2.8. MMC [36]. ...................................... 30

2.9. MMC [36]. .......................... 31

2.10. MMC [36]. (a) Voltage regulation

, (b) Power dispatch . ................................................................................ 35

2.11. MMC [36]: ............... 36

2.12. 3

[36]. ................................................................................................................... 38

2.13. 3 [36]. ..... 39

ix

2.14.

[36]. ..................................................................... 42

2.15.

[36]. ..................................................................... 43

2.16. [36]: ....... 45

2.17. MMC [36]. ................................................................ 47

2.18. dq

[36]: (a) . (b) /

. (c) PIR . .............................. 49

2.19. MMC . ...................... 51

2.20. . ........................ 57

3.1. HBSM-MMC . ....................................................... 60

3.2. , (blocking mode) HBSM-MMC

. ............................................................................................................ 62

3.3. DC fault blocking : (a) 0 , (b)

0 . ......................................................................................... 65

3.4. DC fault ride through . ............................................................................ 66

3.5. MMC . ...................................... 68

3.6. Symm. . .............................................................. 69

3.7. Symm. . ............................................................ 70

3.8. Symm. . ........................................................... 72

3.9. Symm. . ........................................................... 73

x

3.10. Symm. . .......................................................... 75

3.11. Symm. . ......................................................... 77

3.12. MMC . ................................ 79

3.13. Asymm. . .................................................... 81

3.14. UFBSM . ................................................................................. 82

3.15. Asymm. . ...................... 84

3.16. Asymm. . ................................................... 88

3.17. Asymm. . ....................................................... 89

3.18. Symm. . ..................................................... 94

3.19. Symm. . ......................................................... 95

3.20. MMC

. (a) Symm., (b) Asymm.. ..................... 97

3.21. , FBSM

(pf=1.0) .

................................................................................................................................... 99

3.22. (lagging) FBSM HBSM

. .......................................................................................................... 101

3.23. (leading) FBSM HBSM

. .......................................................................................................... 101

3.24. 1p.u. 0.35p.u , Symm.

. ........................................................................................ 104

3.25. 3.22 1.6 1.7 . ............................ 106

xi

3.26. 1p.u. 0.25p.u , Symm.

. ........................................................................................ 108

3.27. 1p.u. 0.25p.u , Asymm.

. ........................................................................................ 109

4.1. ASYM-MMC . ................................................................... 115

4.2. ASYM-MMC : ... 117

4.3. ASYM-MMC 3

. .................................................................................................................... 118

4.4. ASYM-MMC

. .................................................................................................................... 119

4.5. DC FRT (flow chart). ................................. 122

4.6. , ASYM-MMC

: (a) . (b)

............................................................................................................. 127

4.7. , ASYM-MMC

: (a) . (b)

............................................................................................................. 129

4.8. ASYM-MMC . ............................................................ 130

4.9. , . ....... 131

4.10. , . ..... 132

4.11. ASYM-MMC PTP HVDC

. ............................................................................................ 136

xii


. .............................................................................. 137

4.13. MATLAB .

................................................................................................................................. 142

4.14.

PSIM . ................................... 143

4.15.

. .................................................................................................... 145

4.16. u-

. .................................................................................................... 146

4.17. HVDC . ....................................... 148

4.18. busbar . (a) w . (b)

. .................................................................................................................... 152

4.19. , HBSM-MMC

. .......................................................................................................... 154

4.20. . ...................................... 155

4.21. HBSM-MMC w . .................. 158

4.22. , SYM-MMC

. .......................................................................................................... 159

4.23. SYM-MMC w . ..................... 162

xiii

4.24. , ASYM-MMC

(Case I). (a) (positive pole) . (b)

(negative pole) . ............................................................................ 165

4.25. ASYM-MMC w (Case I). ... 166

4.26. , ASYM-MMC

(Case II). (a) (positive pole) . (b)

(negative pole) . ............................................................................ 169

4.27. ASYM-MMC w (Case II). .. 170

4.28. ASYM-MMC HVDC . .. 173

4.29. - 2 HVDC .

................................................................................................................................. 174

4.30.

voltage regulator ASYM-MMC . .............................. 177

4.31.

power dispatcher ASYM-MMC . .............................. 178

4.32.


4.33.


4.34.

. .................................................... 181

xiv

4.35.


4.36.


4.37.


4.38.


4.39.

. .................................................... 187

4.40. MMC Hybrid HVDC . ........... 190

4.41. HVDC . ............................... 192

4.42. voltage regulator ASYM-

MMC . ....................................................................... 195

4.43. LCC

. ........................................................................................................................ 196

4.44. voltage regulator ASYM-

MMC . ....................................................................... 197

4.45. LCC

. ........................................................................................................................ 198

4.46.

. ............................................................................................ 199

xv

5.1. ASYM-MMC . ..... 201

5.2. . 202

5.3. 3 . ................... 203

5.4. ,

. .............................................................................................................. 204

5.5. , . ................. 205

5.6. ,

(common mode voltage). ................................................................................ 206

5.7. , 3 . ......... 208

5.8. ,

. .............................................................................................................. 209

5.9. , . ................. 210

5.10. ASYM-MMC

. .................................................................................................................... 212

5.11. . ...... 213

5.12. . ...... 214

5.13. dq . 215

5.14. 3 .

................................................................................................................................. 216

5.15.

, . ............................................................................................... 217

xvi

5.16. .

................................................................................................................................. 221

5.17. . .... 222

5.18. dq

. ........................................................................................................................ 223

5.19. 3

. ........................................................................................................................ 224

5.20.

, . ............................................................................................... 225

6.1. . ...................................... 228

6.2. . (a) .

(b) P-Q ....................................................................................... 229

6.3. 2

. ........................................................................................................................ 234

6.4. 2 . ..... 237

6.5. HVDC . (a) star-point reactor

. (b) zig-zag . ................................................ 240

6.6. MMC . .......................................... 242

6.7. MMC . ...................................................... 243

6.8. SRP MMC

. .................................................................................................................... 243

xvii

6.9. MMC (a)

(b). ......................................................................................... 244

6.10. point-to-point MMC HVDC

. .................................................................................................................... 246

6.11. point-to-point MMC HVDC

(a) (b). ....................................................... 247

6.12. Star-point reactor

. .............................................................................................................. 250

6.13. Zig-zag

(NGR ). .......................................... 252

6.14. Zig-zag

(NGR ). ........................................................ 253

6.15. SPR . ............................................... 255

6.16. SPR .

................................................................................................................................. 256

A.1. ASYM-MMC ............................................................. 264

A.2. . ....................................... 265

A.3. HVDC . .............. 266

B.1. HVDC . .................. 268

B.2. HVDC . ................................. 269

B.3. HVDC . ........................ 271

C.1. HVDC . ...................................... 273

xviii

C.2. HVDC . .................................. 273

1

1.

1.1.

1.1.1.

.

.

(Tomas Alva Edison, 1847-1931)

,

(George Westinghouse, 1846-1914)

. , ,

, 3

,

100

. , , (generation)

,

. , ,

[1-7].

3 . (1) ,

.

km .

2

HVDC HVAC 3

.

(High Voltage DC; HVDC)

. , 200km ,

20km HVAC HVDC

. (2)

(valve)

. (3) , ,

HVDC

.

.

HVDC .

HVDC

, [8-12]. HVDC

HVDC HVDC . 1954

20MW HVDC

HVDC

. ,

HVDC HVDC .

(turn off) (Thyristor)

3

HVDC . , HVDC

(weak grid)

. , (stiffness) . ,

.

.

, HVDC

. ,

IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) .

- - ,

(PWM; Pulse Width Modulation)

,

. , HVDC ABB

HVDC Light Siemens HVDC Plus, GE/Alstom MonSin

. 1997 HVDC ,

.

kHz PWM 2

3 . 2~3% ,

DC dv/dt .

(MMC; Modular Multilevel Converter) HVDC

4

[13-16]. Trans Bay Cable Siemens

400MW/200kV MMC 2010 .

MMC 1% AC ,

. HVDC

.

(weak grid)

, (passive AC network) .

,

.

.

MMC ,

.

5

1.1.2.

(Modular Multilevel Converter; MMC)

, HVDC

. -(half-

bridge) MMC Marquardt [13-15]. MMC

[22]. , MMC

,

kV kV

. MMC ~

,

,

[21]. , (passive filter) 2- 3-

, . ,

,

, .

, . , MMC

, 2- 3-

. , ,

PWM PWM

MMC

6

PWM .

. , ,

(bypass) ,

. , MMC

H- (cascaded H-bridge converter; CHB converter)

, . ,

,

.

HVDC , 2-

3- ,

, MMC .

, MMC , MMC

(medium voltage) ,

. .

, MMC 2-

.

. ,

.

7

1.1.3. HVDC

,

,

. , ,

HVDC(Multi-terminal HVDC; MTDC)

. HVDC

.

HVDC .

Hydro-Quebec New England 3

MTDC(1990)[19] Sardinia HVDC

Corsica MTDC(1988)[20]

. ,

NEA(Northeast-Agra) MTDC (2016) [18].

800kV/6000MW UHVDC(Ultra High Voltage Direct Current)

. 2 (rectifier station) ,

Assam Alipurduar Agra

. Agra

(inverter station) .

HVDC 1.1~1.4 (monopolar)

(bipolar) , [3-4, 17].

8

(a) .

(b) .

1.1. HVDC .

(1) (asymmetric monopole system with

earth return): HVDC 1.1(a)

. , (earth electrode)

.

HVDC

9

. ,

.

(2) (asymmetric monopole system with

metallic return):

1.1(b) , .

.

,

.

.

1.2. HVDC .

10

(3) (symmetric monopole grid):

(bipole) HVDC ,

HVDC . 1.2 ,

DC ,

. ,

1.2 DC ,

(reactor) [23-25],

DC .

. ,

. ,

. ,

,

.

(bipolar system) .

HVDC .

11

1.3. HVDC .

(4) HVDC (bipolar HVDC grid): HVDC

,

0 . ,

,

.

HVDC HVDC 2

.

,

.

.

.

. ,

HVDCConverter

Station1(P)

HVDCConverter

Station2(P)

HVDCConverter

Stationn(P)

DC Line (Positive)

Metallic return

DC Line (Negative)

HVDCConverter

Station1(N)

HVDCConverter

Station2(N)

HVDCConverter

Stationn(N)

12

. ,

.

1.4. HVDC .

(5) HVDC : (4)

HVDC , HVDC

MTDC . 1.4 ,

HVDC .

HVDC

.

13

1.2.

(bipolar) HVDC MMC

(asymmetric mixed MMC) , HVDC

.

, HVDC

. HVDC

, HVDC HVDC

. ,

HVDC ,

.

,

. , HVDC

. ,

.

, HVDC MMC

MMC

. ,

, MMC HVDC

, HVDC .

,

14

.

, 2 7 MMC

. ,

HVDC

,

.

15

1.3.

.

1

,

.

, .

2 MMC

MMC . ,

MMC .

3 HVDC MMC

. ,

10 MMC

.

.

4 3 HVDC

MMC

. , HVDC

. ,

. , HVDC

.

16

5 2 7 MMC

, , HVDC

.

6 HVDC

. ,

,

.

7 .

17

2.

(Modular Multilevel Converter; MMC) H-

(Cascaded H-Bridge; CHB)

,

,

. MMC 2

. ,

,

.

, (bypass)

.

~ MMC

.

(THD) .

,

(Neutral Point Clamped; NPC)

.

,

HVDC /

2 MMC .

18

2.1. MMC .

2.1 3 MMC

. (Cell)

(submodule) - (Half-bridge) -

(Full-bridge) ,

- MMC

. ,

19

.

- MMC

. N (Arm) ,

. (Leg) ,

,

.

MMC ,

(redundancy)

(scalability) . Arm

.

.

MMC (direct modulation control)

(indirect modulation control) [35-36]. MMC

[26-36] ,

,

. ,

, .

20

2.1. (MMC)

2.2. MMC .

2.2 (Arm) 1 MMC .

3 1 MMC 6

Arm , Arm . ,

Arm ,

Arm 2.2 1

uuv

++

+

dci

dcv

vuv wuv

ulv vlv wlv

21

. Arm ,

, MMC

. U, V, W

3 x , (Kirchhoff)

x (2.1) (2.2)

.

/ 2 ( ) ( )( ) 0dc xu o o xu s s xu xl xgV v sL R i sL R i i v . (2.1)

/ 2 ( ) ( )( ) 0dc xl o o xl s s xu xl xgV v sL R i sL R i i v . (2.2)

, dcV , xuv , xlv

, xui , xli

. oL oR ,

.

x (leg current) xoi , (2.3) x

. , x

.

2xu xl

xo

xs xu xl

i ii

i i i

. (2.3)

(2.1) (2.2) , x (2.4) . ,

(2.5) x .

( )( )

2 2xu xl o o

xg xs s s xsv v sL Rv i sL R i

. (2.4)

22

( )( )

2dc xu xl

o o xoV v v sL R i . (2.5)

(2.4) ,

. MMC

EMF( xsv ) (2.6) .

( )2

xu xlxs

v vv . (2.6)

(2.5)

, (2.7) ,

(leg internal voltage) .

( )2

dc xu xlxo

V v vv . (2.7)

, (2.4) (2.5) (2.6) (2.7) ,

.

( )2

o oxs xg xs s s xs

sL Rv v i sL R i

. (2.8)

( )xo o o xov sL R i . (2.9)

, (2.6) (2.7) ,

.

2dc

xu xs xoVv v v . (2.10)

2dc

xl xs xoVv v v . (2.11)

23

2.3. MMC [36].

2.3

. MMC

, ,

.

EMF ,

. ,

.

*12 dc

V

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

dcv

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V *12 dc

V

dci

dci

24

2.1.1. MMC

2.4. MMC [36].

, 2.4 u v

.

* * *

* * *

( / 2 ) ( ) ( )

( / 2 ) ( ) ( ) 0.

us dc uo o o uu s s us ug

vs dc vo o o vu s s vs vg

d dv V v L R i L R i vdt dt


(2.12)

*12 dc

V

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

dcv

++

+

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V *12 dc

V

dci

dci

25

* * *

* * *

( / 2 ) ( ) ( )

( / 2 ) ( ) ( ) 0.

us dc uo o o ul s s us ug

vs dc vo o o vl s s vs vg



(2.13)

(2.12) (2.13) .

, ( *dcV ) (*xov )

.

*

*

( )( / 2) ( )

( ) ( )( / 2) ( ) 0.

us o o us s s us ug

vs o o vs s s vs vg

d dv L R i L R i vdt dt


(2.14)

*

*

( )( / 2) ( )

( ) ( )( / 2) ( ) 0.

us o o us s s us ug

vs o o vs s s vs vg



(2.15)

(2.14) (2.15), v w w u

MMC MMC

2.5(a) , 2.5(b) ,

.

26

2.5. MMC [36].

*usv*vsv*wsv

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

S SsL R

s ssL R 2o osL R

27

2.1.2. MMC

2.6. MMC [36].

2.6 MMC .

1, 2, 3 .

* ** * * *( ) ( )( ) ( ) .

2 2dc dc

us uo o o uu ul us uo dcV Vdv v L R i i v v v

dt (2.16)

* ** * * *( ) ( )( ) ( ) .

2 2dc dc

vs vo o o vu vl vs vo dcV Vdv v L R i i v v v

dt (2.17)

*12 dc

V

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

dcv

++

+

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V *12 dc

V

dci

dci

28

* ** * * *( ) ( )( ) ( ) .

2 2dc dc

ws wo o o wu wl ws wo dcV Vdv v L R i i v v v

dt (2.18)

(2.16), (2.17), (2.18) ,

.

* * * *22( )( ) ( ).3 3dc

dc dc o o uo vo woidv V R L v v v

dt (2.19)

,

, 3 .

(2.19) , 2.7(a)

, 2.7(b) . (2.19) 2.7 ,

3 0 , MMC 2.7(b)

, 3

.

2.7. MMC [36].

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V *12 dc

V

3dci

3dci

3dci

* * *2 ( )3 uo vo wo

v v v

dcv

dci

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V *12 dc

V * * *2 ( )3 uo vo wo

v v v

*dcV dcv

dci

29

2.1.3. MMC

(2.19) (2.16), (2.17), (2.18) , (2.20), (2.21),

(2.22) .

* * **( )( ) ( ).

3 3dc uo vo wo

o o uo uoi v v vdL R i v

dt

(2.20)

* * **( )( ) ( ).

3 3dc uo vo wo

o o vo voi v v vdL R i v

dt

(2.21)

* * **( )( ) ( ).

3 3dc uo vo wo

o o wo woi v v vdL R i v

dt

(2.22)

, DC , , ,

3 (common mode component of three phase leg internal

voltages) . x ( ,xo ciri ) DC

(2.23) . DC 3

DC / 3dci .

, 3dc

xo cir xoii i . (2.23)

, (2.20), (2.21), (2.22)

.

* * **

,( ) ( ).3uo vo wo

o o uo cir uov v vdL R i v

dt

(2.24)

* * **

,( ) ( ).3uo vo wo

o o vo cir vov v vdL R i v

dt

(2.25)

* * **

,( ) ( ).3uo vo wo

o o wo cir wov v vdL R i v

dt

(2.26)

30

3 MMC 3

. 3 (2.27) 0 .

, , , 0.uo cir vo cir wo ciri i i (2.27)

(2.27) 2.8 , MMC

, MMC .

2.8. MMC [36].

*12 dc

V

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

dcV+

++

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V *12 dc

V

dci

dci

31

2.9. MMC [36].

HVDC

3 3

. (2.24) (2.27) , 2.9(a)

MMC . , 2.9(b)

.

3 (2.28) .

* * **

, .3uo vo wo

xo comv v vv (2.28)

2.7 , * ,xo comv

. 2.9 ,

. , * ,xo comv

. ,

HVDC * ,xo comv 0

iuo,cir

*uov

*vov

*wov

ivo,cir iwo,cir

sLo+Ro

sLo+Ro+-

+-

+-

+-

+-

+-

*uov

*vov

*wov

*uov

*vov

*wov

iuo,cir ivo,cir iwo,cir * * *3

uo vo wov v v

+-

+-

+-

+-

(a) (b)

32

. * ,xo comv 0

, ,

.

.

33

2.2. (MMC)

(MMC) MMC

.

, 6

.

(2.29) , 6

.

*

*

*

*

*

*

.

uu arm

ul arm

vu arm

vl arm

wu arm

wl arm

E E

E E

E E

E E

E E

E E

(2.29)

(2.29) 6 .

*

, ,6 .total xu xl arm

x u v wE E E E

(2.30)

.u uu ul v vu vlE E E E E E (2.31)

.v vu vl w wu wlE E E E E E (2.32)

0.u uu ulE E E (2.33)

0.v vu vlE E E (2.34)

0.w wu wlE E E (2.35)

34

(2.30) MMC

, (2.31) (2.32)

, (2.33), (2.34), (2.35)

.

2.2.1. MMC

.

* * * * *2 .uu dc uo us us uo uo dc uo us usdEP V i v i v i V i v idt

(2.36)

* * * * *2 .vv dc vo vs vs vo vo dc vo vs vsdEP V i v i v i V i v idt

(2.37)

* * * * *2 .ww dc wo ws ws wo wo dc wo ws wsdEP V i v i v i V i v i

dt

(2.38)

MMC , (2.39)

.

* * * *, , .u v w dc dc us us vs vs ws wsP V i v i v i v i (2.39) (2.39) , MMC

.

35

2.10. MMC [36].

(a) Voltage regulation , (b) Power dispatch .

dcv

dcv

36

MMC (voltage regulation) , MMC

DC , MMC

. 2.10(a) . , MMC (power

dispatch) , MMC

. ,

2.10(b) .

2.11. MMC [36]:

(a) , (b) .

2.11 .

q . , d

, q .

(a)

IP

KKs

*totalE

totalE

(b)

IP

KKs

*totalE

totalE

*ACP

ff dc dcP V i 32 g

V

Grid CurrentVector

Controller*qgi

*dgi *

, ,us vs wsv

32ff g qg

P V i ,dc ratedV

*DCP

*dci DC Bus Current

Regulator

*dcV

37

2.2.2. MMC

MMC 3

.

,

. , (2.23)

3

.

3 (2.36), (2.37), (2.38) (2.23) ,

.

* * *, .3

u dcu dc us us dc uo cir

dE iP V v i V idt

(2.40)

* * *, .3

v dcv dc vs vs dc vo cir

dE iP V v i V idt

(2.41)

* * *, .3

w dcw dc ws ws dc wo cir

dE iP V v i V idt

(2.42)

(2.40), (2.41), (2.42)

.

,

, 0 .

(2.40), (2.41), (2.42) * ,dc xo cirV i ,

. , (2.27) , 3 0 ,

38

0 . x

,xo cirDCi , (2.43) , (2.40), (2.41), (2.42)

0 . , 2.12 ,

, .

* * *, , , 0.dc uo cirDC dc vo cirDC dc wo cirDCV i V i V i (2.43)

2.12. 3

[36].

*12 dc

V

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

dcv

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V *12 dc

V

dci

dci

39

(a) (b)

2.13. 3 [36].

2.13 .

(update) ,

2.13(a) , 3 .

2 ,

2.13(a) 2 (notch)

. 3

(2.44) , 2.13(b)

(error) 0 .

* * *, , , 0.leg u flt leg v flt leg w fltE E E E E E (2.44) (2.44) 0

. , (leg

PI

+++

Twice Line Frequency Notch Filters

,u fltE

uE

3

,u fltE

,v fltE

,w fltEv

E

wE

*dcV

*,uo cirDCi

,v fltE

*,vo cirDCi

,w fltE

*,wo cirDCi

*dcV

*dcV

PI

PI

*legE

*legE

*legE

*legE

40

internal voltage) 3 (2.45) 0 . , * ,xo comv

.

* *, ,

, , , ,0 0.xo cirDC xo DC

x u v w x u v wi v

(2.45)

2.2.3. MMC

.

* * * * * *,

1 12 2 2 .2 2 3

u dcu dc us us uo uo us dc us us us uo cir

dE iP V i v i v i V i v v idt

(2.46)

* * * * * *,

1 12 2 2 .2 2 3

v dcv dc vs vs vo vo vs dc vs vs vs vo cir


(2.47)

* * * * * *,

1 12 2 2 .2 2 3

w dcw dc ws ws wo wo ws dc ws ws ws wo cir


(2.48)

(2.46), (2.47), (2.48)

0 , .

.

3 , 3

(degree of freedom) uP , vP

, wP

. , [35-36]

41

. MMC 3 EMF (2.49) . ,

EMF (2.50) .

*

*

*

cos( )

cos( 2 / 3) .

cos( 2 / 3)

us ms o

vs ms o

ws ms o

v V t

v V t

v V t

(2.49)

( ) .oj tmsV e sV (2.50)

MMC (2.51) ,

(2.46), (2.47), (2.48) (2.49) (2.51) (2.52) .

*, , ,

*, , ,

*, , ,

cos( )

cos( 2 / 3) .

cos( 2 / 3)

uo cirAC pos cirAC pos o pos

vo cirAC pos cirAC pos o pos

wo cirAC pos cirAC pos o pos

i I t

i I t

i I t

(2.51)

, ,

, ,

, ,

cos( )

cos( ) .

cos( )

u pos ms cirAC pos pos

v pos ms cirAC pos pos

w pos ms cirAC pos pos

P V I

P V I

P V I

(2.52)

(2.52) ,

. ,

2.14 , 3

(common error) .

42

2.14.

[36].

, (2.53) MMC ,

(2.46), (2.47), (2.48) (2.49) (2.53) (2.54) .

*, , ,

*, , ,

*, , ,

cos( )

cos( 2 / 3) .

cos( 2 / 3)

uo cirAC neg cirAC neg o neg

vo cirAC neg cirAC neg o neg

wo cirAC neg cirAC neg o neg

i I t

i I t

i I t

(2.53)

*12 dc

V

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

dcV

++

+

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V *12 dc

V

dci

dci

43

, ,

, ,

, ,

cos( )

cos( 2 / 3) .

cos( 2 / 3)

u neg ms cirAC neg neg

v neg ms cirAC neg neg

w neg ms cirAC neg neg

P V I

P V I

P V I

(2.54)

(2.54) uP , vP

, wP 3

. , 2.15

(differential error)

.

2.15.

[36].

*12 dc

V

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

dcV

++

+

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V

*12 dc

V *12 dc

V *12 dc

V

dci

dci

44

, 3

. (2.52) (2.54) ,

MMC EMF ( pos ),

3

,cirAC posI , ,cirAC negI , neg . ,

(2.55) ( ,cirAC posI )

(common error) , ( ,cirAC negI )

( neg )

(differential error) .

,

,

,

1{ ( )}3

2 1 1( ) cos( ).3 3 3

3 3( ) sin( )3 3

comcom u v w ms cirAC pos

dd u v w ms cirAC neg neg

qq v w ms cirAC neg neg

dE dP E E E V Idt dt

dE dP E E E V Idt dt

dE dP E E V Idt dt

(2.55)

3 0 ,

3 0 . ,

(2.45) AC 3 0 ,

0 . 3

0 , 0 , * ,xo comv

. ,

45

MMC AC DC , MMC

.

* *, ,

, , , ,0 0.xo cirAC xo AC

x u v w x u v wi v

(2.56)

2.16. [36]:

(a) . (b) .

2.16 .

,

.

1/ 3 comE0

*comP

msV

*

,cir posI

*xs

ms

vV

*, ,xo cirAC posi

,u fltE

comE

,v fltE

,w fltE

*dP

*qP

*, ,do cir negi

Tran

sfor

mat

ion

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*, ,uo cirAC negi

*, ,vo cirAC negi

*, ,wo cirAC negicomE

comE

*, ,qo cir negi

,uvw fltE

0

0

0

*uP

*vP

*wP

46

2.16(b)

(reference making block) (transformation block)

(2.57) (2.58) .

* * * *( )* *

, , , , 2 .od q d qj t

do cirAC neg qo cirAC negms ms

P jP P jPi ji e

V V

sV

(2.57)

*, , *

, ,*, , *

, ,*, ,

1 0

1 3 .2 21 32 2

uo cirAC negdo cirAC neg

vo cirAC negqo cirAC neg

wo cirAC neg

ii

ii

i

(2.58)

47

2.3. MMC

2.17. MMC [36].

*totalE

totalE

*ACP

ffdc

dcP

Vi

32g

V

*qgi *dg i

*,

,us

vsw

sv

32g

V

*ACQ

,ufltEcom

E,vflt

E,

wflt

E

*d P *q P

*,

,do

cirACneg

i*us

v*vs

v*w

sv

*,

,uo

cirACneg

i*,

,vo

cirACneg

i*,

,w

ocirAC

negi

comEcom

E

*,

,qo

cirACneg

i

000

*u P *v P *w P

1/3

comE

0*

comP

ms

V

*,

cirACpos

I

*xsms

vV

*,

,xo

cirACpos

i

,uvw

fltE

IP

KK

s

*,

,us

vsw

sv

,ufltE

uE

*leg

E

*leg

E

,ufltE,vflt

E,w

fltE

vEw

E

*dcV

*,

uocirD

Ci

,vfltE

*leg

E

*,

vocirD

Ci

,w

fltE

*leg

E

*,

wo

cirDC

i

*dcV

*dcV

*,

xocirD

Ci

,xo

ciri

22

CI

CR

CP

o

KK

sK

ss

*,

xocirAC

i

*,

xocir

i*xo

v

*xov

*2 dcV*xsv

*xuv*xlv

*,

xocirD

Ci

*,

xocirAC

i

*,

,uo

vow

ov

*,

,us

vsw

sv

48

2.17 (voltage regulation) MMC

. , MMC (power dispatch)

, 2.11 /

. MMC ,

, MMC

MMC EMF ,

. , MMC , MMC

(

(feedforward) )

. , MMC /

MMC EMF .

/

--(Proportional-

Integral-Resonant; PIR)

. EMI ,

0 .

, 2.18 3 PIR ,

49

dq PIR ,

0 .

2.18. dq

[36]: (a) . (b) /

. (c) PIR .

,u fltE

,v fltE

,w fltE

,d fltE

,q fltE

,com fltE *

totalP

*,do cirDCi

*,qo cirDCi

*dcV

,u fltE

,v fltE

,w fltE

,d fltE

,q fltE

,com fltE *

comP

*dP

*qP

*,do cirACi

*,qo cirACi

*, ,us vs wsv

*,dqo cirDCi

,dqo ciri2 2

CI CRCP

o

K K sKs s

*,dqo cirACi

*,dqo ciri

*dqov * * *, ,uo vo wov v v

* 2x ratedE E

0

0

0

0

0

50

2.4. MMC

(single line to ground; SLG)

.

HVDC [39].

.

Wye-Delta ,

. MMC ,

. , MMC EMF

. MMC

, . ,

[38] MMC

.

51

2.19. MMC .

*E

totalPI

PILs

PI

3s2s Proposed B

alancing Controls

Etotal

Twice Line Freq.

Notch Filters

Ls

Twice Line Freq.

Notch Filters

Twice Line Freq.

Notch Filters

PILs

PI

3s2s

Twice Line Freq.

Notch Filters

Ls

Twice Line Freq.

Notch Filters

Twice Line Freq.

Notch Filters

1.5 dcdcmg

VIV

*eqs

I

edqsI

,

eqsflt

I

,eds

fltI

*eds

I

eqgV

*eqs

V*

edsV

oj

te

edg

V

*us

v*vs

v*ws

v

**

*,

,uo

vow

ov

vv

*usv*vs

v*ws

v

*uuv

*vuv

*wuv

*ulv

*vlv

*wlv

edqsI

*(0)

eqsI

*(

0)eds

I

,eqs

fltI

,eds

fltI

eqgV

edgV

*eqs

V

*eds

V

oj

te

52

2.19 MMC MMC

,

MMC [37].

2.19 , dq

.

2 2

. ,

dq .

2

2

. ,

0

. , MMC EMF

, EMF .

2.1 , MMC

,

,

. 2.2.2 ,

. ,

. , 2.2.3

53

,

.

MMC 2.19

, MMC EMF (2.59), (2.60)

.

*

*

*

sin( )sin( 2 / 3) .sin( 2 / 3)

us ms o v

vs ms o v

ws ms o v

v V tv V tv V t

(2.59)

*

*

*

sin( )sin( 2 / 3).sin( 2 / 3)

us ms o v

vs ms o v

ws ms o v

v V tv V tv V t

(2.60)

(2.61) (2.62) ,

.

*,

*,*,

sin( )sin( 2 / 3) .sin( 2 / 3)

uo cirAC cirAC o i

vs cirAC cirAC o i

ws cirAC cirAC o i

i I ti I ti I t

(2.61)

*,

*,*

,

sin( )sin( 2 / 3) .sin( 2 / 3)

uo cirAC cirAC o i

vs cirAC cirAC o i

ws cirAC cirAC o i

i I ti I ti I t

(2.62)

, MMC EMF ,

(2.63)

(2.64) , (2.65)

54

, (2.66)

.

* *,

* *,

* *,

2 cos( )

2 cos( ) .

2 cos( )

u us uo cirAC ms cirAC v iDC

v vs vo cirAC ms cirAC v iDC

w ws wo cirAC ms cirAC v iDC

P v i V I

P v i V I

P v i V I

(2.63)

* *,

* *,

* *,

2 cos( )

2 cos( 2 / 3) .

2 cos( 2 / 3)




P v i V I

P v i V I

P v i V I

(2.64)

* *,

* *,

* *,

2 cos( )

2 cos( 2 / 3) .

2 cos( 2 / 3)




P v i V I

P v i V I

P v i V I

(2.65)

* *,

* *,

* *,

2 cos( )

2 cos( ) .

2 cos( )




P v i V I

P v i V I

P v i V I

(2.66)

(2.61) MMC EMF

( v i ), (2.63) (2.66) , cirACI

, cirACI , i

3

. (2.63) (2.66) dq0 (2.67)

(2.69) .

55

, , , , , , , ,

1{ ( )}3

1 ( )3

cos( ) cos( )

( ).

comcom u v w

u u v v w w

ms cirAC v i ms cirAC v ie e e e e e e e

ms d cirAC d ms q cirAC q ms d cirAC d ms q cirAC q

dE dP E E Edt dt

P P P P P P

V I V I

V I V I V I V I

(2.67)

, , , , , , , ,

2 1 1( )3 3 3

2 1 1( ) ( ) ( )3 3 3

cos( ) cos( )

(

dd u v w

u u v v w w

ms cirAC i v ms cirAC v ie e e e e e

ms d cirAC d ms q cirAC q ms d cirAC d ms q cirAC

dE dP E E Edt dt

P P P P P P

V I V I

V I V I V I V I

).e q

(2.68)

, , , , , , , ,

3 3( )3 3

3 3( ) ( )3 3

sin( ) sin( )

( ).

qq v w

v v w w

ms cirAC i v ms cirAC v ie e e e e e e ems q cirAC d ms d cirAC q ms q cirAC d ms d cirAC q

dE dP E Edt dt

P P P P

V I V I

V I V I V I V I

(2.69)

(2.67), (2.68), (2.69) 2.2.3 (2.55) , MMC

EMF comP , dP

, qP . ,

(2.67), (2.68), (2.69) MMC EMF 0

, (2.55) .

.

q MMC EMF

56

, 0e

ms dV . , (2.67), (2.68), (2.69)

(2.70) (matrix) .

,, , ,

, , ,

,, ,

0 .

0

ee e ecirAC qms q ms d ms qcom

e e ed ms q ms q cirAC d

ee eq cirAC qms d ms q

IV V VP

P V V I

P IV V

(2.70)

, (2.70) MMC

EMF ,

*comP , *dP

, *qP , (2.70)

MMC EMF

(2.71) . , (2.71)

(determinant) (2.72) .

2*, , , , ,,

* 2 2, , , , , , ,

* 2 2, , , , , , ,

( )1 ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

e e e e eems q ms q ms d ms q ms qcirAC d

e e e e e e ecirAC d ms q ms q ms d ms q ms q ms de e e e e e ecirAC q ms q ms d ms q ms q ms d ms q

V V V V VI

I V V V V V VD

I V V V V V V

*

*

*

.com

d

q

P

P

P

(2.71)

2 2 2, , , ,( ) ( ) ( ) .e e e ems q ms q ms d ms qD V V V V (2.72) , , , MMC EMF

, , , 0e e

ms d ms qV V , (2.71)

, (diagonal matrix) (2.55)

.

, 2.20 .

57

,

.

2.20. .

+ -

+

Line Freq.N

otch Filter

Line Freq.N

otch Filter

Line Freq.N

otch Filter

Line Freq.N

otch Filter-

2s3s

2s3s

Eu

Ev

Ecom

1/3

Pd

*

Pq

*

Pcom *

iuo,cirAC+

*

ivo,cirAC+

*

iwo,cirAC

+*

iuo,cirAC-*

ivo,cirAC-*

iwo,cirAC

-*

0PI

PI

Ew

Ecom

Ecom

Ecom

Eu

Ev

Ew

+ -+ -

3s2sPIPI

Pu

*

Pv

*

Pw

*

Vm

s,de+

*

Vm

s,de-*

Vm

s,qe-*

Vm

s,q (=0)e+

*

IcirAC,d

e+*

IcirAC,q (=0)

e+*

IcirAC,d

e-*

IcirAC,q

e-* e -j

to

e jto

Outputs from

positive-sequence current controller

Outputs from

negative-sequence current controller

.(2.71)Eq

58

3. HVDC MMC

,

, ,

, XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene)

, ,

. XLPE

. XLPE ,

. HVDC

. , HVDC

,

, HVDC

. ,

, ,

.

,

DC fault blocking

DC fault ride through(FRT)

. , (weak grid)

(passive AC network) HVDC

DC FRT .

59

,

FRT .

(bipolar) HVDC MMC

. 3.1

(monopolar) HVDC MMC

,

. 3.2 3.1 MMC

(Topology) IV HVDC .

3.3 IV

. , 3.4 HVDC

HVDC IV .

60

3.1. MMC

3.1 HVDC MMC

. HVDC

,

.

MMC - HBSM-MMC

. HBSM

MMC 3.1 (arm)

- (half bridge submodule; HBSM) .

HBSM

3.1 .

3.1. HBSM-MMC .

cVSMv

1S 1D

2S 2D

SMi

61

3-1 HBSM

S1 S2 iSM vSM

Normal mode 1 0 Vc

0 1 0

Block mode 0 0 + Vc

0 0 - 0

MMC ,

MMC

.

62

3.2. , (blocking mode)

HBSM-MMC .

HBSM MMC ,

0 MMC EMF

. , HBSM-MMC

Fault Ride Through(FRT) . ,

. 3.2 ,

++

+

63

[40]. , 0

.

(DC circuit breaker; DCCB)

, DCCB

[41,43-47]. ,

(AC circuit breaker; ACCB)

[42].

, (ACCB)

ACCB

-

(anti-parallel diode)

(freewheeling diode) ,

. 3.2

, -

(surge current)

. ,

,

. , MMC

64

MMC

, .

DC fault blocking [51-55,58] DC fault ride through (FRT)

[48-50,57,59-65] .

(a)

-

-

-

65

(b)

3.3. DC fault blocking :

(a) 0 , (b) 0 .

1) DC fault blocking : DC fault blocking

.

, 3.3(a) ,

. 3.3(b) ,

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

66

( )

.

MMC

.

. ,

(weak grid) STATCOM(static compensator)

.

3.4. DC fault ride through .

-

-

-

+-

+-

+-

+-

+-

+-

67

2) DC fault ride through(FRT) : DC fault blocking

HVDC DC

FRT . DC FRT

,

. , MMC

,

. MMC

0V

.

- (full-bridge)

FBSM(full-bridge submodule) MMC [48-50]. FBSM-MMC

,

. , HBSM-MMC

. MMC

,

.

MMC

.

68

3.1.1. MMC

3.5. MMC .

3.5 , MMC

MMC .

(symmetric)

Symm. .

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

69

1) Symm.:

Symm. 3.6 , HBSM

MMC [51].

3.6. Symm. .

(T1, T2) (turn-on)

. 3.3(a)

.

,

. ,

, MMC

[52].

SMv+

-

1S 1D

2S 2D2T

1T

cV+

-

70

Symm. DC fault blocking , STATCOM

,

.

2) Symm.:

Symm. 3.7 , HBSM

, CDSM-MMC

(clamp double submodule MMC) [53-56].

3.7. Symm. .

cV

SMv

1S 1D

2S 2D

SMi5S 5D

3S3D

4S4D

cV

6D

7D

71

3-2 Symm.

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 iSM vSM

Normal

mode

1 0 0 1 1 2Vc

1 0 1 0 1 Vc

0 1 0 1 1 Vc

0 1 1 0 1 0

Block

mode

0 0 0 0 0 + 2Vc

0 0 0 0 0 - -Vc

S5 ,

HBSM

. , HBSM-MMC , S5 .

S5 (turn-off) . 3-2 ,

0 . Symm. DC fault blocking

DC FRT . , [56] pole-to-pole

Symm. STATCOM . ,

STATCOM

. , DC FRT ,

, DC fault blocking

.

72

3) Symm. & Symm.:

Symm. 3.8 , HBSM

, CCSM-MMC (cross connected submodule

MMC) [57-58].

3.8. Symm. .

3-3 Symm.

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 iSM vSM

Normal

mode

1 0 1 0 1 0 Vc

1 0 1 0 0 1 -Vc

1 0 0 1 1 0 2Vc

1 0 0 1 0 1 0

0 1 1 0 1 0 0

0 1 1 0 0 1 -2Vc

0 1 0 1 1 0 Vc

0 1 0 1 0 1 -Vc

cV

SMv

1S 1D

2S 2D

SMi3S3D

4S4D

cV5D

5S6S

6D

73

Block

mode

0 0 0 0 0 0 + 2Vc

0 0 0 0 0 0 - -2Vc

5 , 2 cV , cV , 0

. , S5 S6

, 3-3 ,

3.3(b) . , 3-3

, FBSM-MMC

STATCOM . , ,

DC FRT . ,

S5 S6 2 , HBSM-

MMC 2

.

3.9. Symm. .

cV

SMv

1S 1D

2S 2D

SMi3S3D

4S4D

cV5D

5S

6D

74

3-4 Symm.


Normal

mode

1 0 1 0 1 Vc

1 0 0 1 1 2Vc

0 1 1 0 1 0

0 1 0 1 1 Vc

Block

mode

0 0 0 0 0 + 2Vc

0 0 0 0 0 - -2Vc

, 3.9 , Symm. Symm. ,

3LCC-MMC (3-level cross connected MMC) [58]. , S6

(D6) .

3 , 2 cV , cV , 0 .

S5 , 3-4 ,

0 . Symm. DC fault blocking DC

FRT . Symm. , S5 D6

2 , HBSM-MMC

2

.

75

4) Symm. & Symm.:

3.10. Symm. .

3-5 Symm.

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 iSM vSM

Normal

mode

1 0 1 0 1 0 Vc

1 0 1 0 0 1 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 2Vc

1 0 0 1 0 1 Vc

0 1 1 0 1 0 0

0 1 1 0 0 1 -Vc

0 1 0 1 1 0 Vc

0 1 0 1 0 1 0

Block

mode

0 0 0 0 0 0 + 2Vc

0 0 0 0 0 0 - -Vc

cV

SMv

1S 1D

2S 2D

SMi3S 3D

4S 4D

5S 5D

6S 6DcV

76

Symm. 3.10 , HBSM FBSM

1:1 , hybrid MMC[59-63] SYM-MMC(SYmmetric

Mixed MMC)[64, 87-88] . , HBSM FBSM

.

HBSM-MMC DC FRT

HBSM 2 FBSM-MMC

. Symm. 2 cV , cV , 0, cV

4 . ,

0

STATCOM , DC FRT . ,

0 HBSM FBSM

.

3.1.2 . [62]

HBSM FBSM HBSM

FBSM . FBSM

FBSM . , FBSM

, .

77

3.11. Symm. .

3-6 Symm.


Normal

mode

1 0 1 1 0 2Vc

1 0 1 0 1 Vc

0 1 1 1 0 Vc

0 1 1 0 1 0

Block

mode

0 0 0 0 0 + 2Vc

0 0 0 0 0 - -Vc

, 3.11 , Symm. Symm. ,

UHS-MMC (Unipolar FBSM-based Hybrid-SM MMC) [58]. ,

Symm. FBSM S3 (D3)

. 3

cV

SMv

1S 1D

2S 2D

SMi

4S 4D

5S 5D

6S 6DcV

3D

78

, 2 cV , cV , 0 .

3-6 .

, 3-6 ,

0 . Symm. DC fault blocking DC

FRT .

79

3.1.2. MMC

3.12. MMC .

3.12 , MMC

MMC

. (asymmetric)

Asymm. .

MMC 3.1.1

MMC .

80

HBSM

.

DC FRT

Symm. Symm.

MMC .

, , Asymm. Asymm.

HVDC .

81

1) Asymm.:

3.13. Asymm. .

Asymm. 3.13 ,

HBSM , Symm.

FBSM 3.14 .

3.14 (unipolar voltage

dcUV

uuv

ulv

vuv

vlv

wuv

wlv

uui vui wui

uli vli wli

oL

oL

oL

oL

oL

oL

uvvvwv

82

full bridge submodule; UFBSM) [65]. , Asymm.

UHA-MMC(UFBSM-based Hybrid-Arm MMC) [65].

3.14. UFBSM .

3-7 UFBSM

S1 S2 S4 iSM vSM

Normal mode 1 0 1 Vc

0 1 1 0

Block mode 0 0 0 + Vc

0 0 0 - -Vc

HVDC HVDC

HBSM , UFBSM

[65].

Asymm. MMC .

UFBSM HBSM 3.14 S4

cV

SMv

1S 1D

2S 2D

SMi

4S 4D

3D

83

. , 3.1.1 HBSM-MMC

. .

0

0

2

2

xu dcUxu

xl dcUxl

di VL vdt

di VL vdt

. (3.1)

2

2

dcUxu xs xo

dcUxl xs xo

Vv v v

Vv v v

. (3.2)

2dcU

xs xVv v . (3.3)

Asymm. Symm. DC

FRT ,

, STATCOM

. , , Asymm.

(block mode). ,

. 3.15 Asymm.

.

84

3.15. Asymm. .

,

Asymm.

(3.4) . 3-7 . , cV

, 0 ( 0dcUV ).

uv vv wv

dcUV

Dv

cNV

Dv

cNV

Dv

cNV

oL

oL

oL

oL

oL

oL

85

, 0, 0

c xuxu

c xu

NV when iv

NV when i

. (3.4)

, (redundancy)

(3.4) .

, 0

, 0

ratedc dcU xu

xu ratedc dcU xu

NV V when iv

NV V when i

. (3.5)

, , MMC .

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 , 0

0 , 0

0 , 02

0 , 02

xu xldcU xl xu

xu xldcU xl xu

xu xl dcUdcU xs xu

xu xl dcUdcU xs xu

di diL V L v when idt dt

di diL V L v when idt dt

di di VL V L v when idt dt

di di VL V L v when idt dt

. (3.6)

.

(3.6) .

0

0

3 0 , 02

1 0 , 02

xudcU xs xu

xudcU xs xu

diL V v when idt

diL V v when idt

. (3.7)

(3.7) ,

, ,

86

. , 0

, .

3 021 02

D dcU xs

D dcU xs

v V v

v V v

. (3.8)

,

.

, 3.15 HBSM MMC-

STATCOM [66]. Asymm. MMC

STATCOM Y Y

[67-71].

, .

, Asymm.

. , MMC

, MMC UFBSM

. ,

,

,

. ,

,

(travelling wave)

87

(ramp) [48]. HVDC

, ()

. , (, de-ice)

, STATCOM [72-

74]. , HVDC HVDC

HVDC

HVDC MMC

. HVDC 4.3

. , Asymm. DC FRT ,

.

88

2) Asymm.:

3.16. Asymm. .

dcUV

uuv

ulv

vuv

vlv

wuv

wlv

uui vui wui

uli vli wli

oL

oL

oL

oL

oL

oL

uvvvwv

89

3.17. Asymm. .

Asymm. 3.16 ,

HBSM , FBSM [64, 79, 87-

88]. , Asymm. ASYM-MMC(ASYmmetric Mixed MMC) [64,

87-88]. Asymm.

Symm.. Symm.

*2

rateddc

dcVV

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

dci

*_dcU pv

*_dcU nv

2

rateddcV

dcUV

2

rateddcV

2

rateddcV

*2

rateddc

dcVV *

2

rateddc

dcVV

uv vv wv

90

Asymm. HBSM FBSM , HBSM

FBSM .

Asymm. MMC .

FBSM HBSM 3.1.1 HBSM-MMC .

.

0

0

2

2

xu dcUxu

xl dcUxl

di VL vdt

di VL vdt

. (3.9)

2

2

dcUxu xs xo

dcUxl xs xo

Vv v v

Vv v v

. (3.10)

2dcU

xs xVv v . (3.11)

Asymm. MMC .

3.17 , FBSM

c xu cNV v NV . HBSM

0 xu cv NV . STATCOM

DC FRT

. ,

.

* * * *2

rateddcU

xu dcU xs xoVv V v v

. (3.12)

91

* * *2

rateddcU


0V ( 0dcUV V ) ,

MMC 0V

( * 0dcUV V ) . , (3.12) (3.13)

.

* * *2

rateddcU


* * *2

rateddcU


, Asymm.

. ,

,

,

,

. , Asymm.

.

ABB () MMC

[79]. ,

DC fault blocking , DC FRT STATCOM

. , Asymm.

92

,

.

[64, 87-88] Symm.

.

3.1.3 . Asymm.

, ,

, HVDC

. Asymm.

, , HVDC

. ,

.

4 ,

5 .

93

3.1.3. Asymm.

Symm.

, Asymm. Symm.

. ,

,

.

Asymm. Symm. .

94

3.18. Symm. .

dcUV

uuv

ulv

vuv

vlv

wuv

wlv

uui vui wui

uli vli wli

oL

oL

oL

oL

oL

oL

uvvvwv

95

3.19. Symm. .

Symm. MMC .

.

** * *

2dcU


** * *

2dcU


* / 2dcV

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

dci

*_dcU pv

*_dcU nv

dcUV

uv vv wv

* / 2dcV* / 2dcV

* / 2dcV* / 2dcV

* / 2dcV

96

FBSM HBSM 3.1.1 HBSM-MMC

( * rateddcU dcUV V ). , Symm. MMC

. 3.18 ,

HBSM FBSM

2

cxu c

NV v NV . STATCOM

DC FRT

.

0V ( 0dcUV V ) ,

MMC 0V

( * 0dcUV V ) . , (3.16) (3.17)

.

* * *xu xs xov v v . (3.18)

* * *xl xs xov v v . (3.19)

Symm.

3.20 .

( * / 2rateddcU dcUV V )

.

97

(a)

(b)

3.20. MMC

. (a) Symm., (b) Asymm..

98

, 3.20

. Symm. , (3.16) (3.17)

. ,

3.20(a) ,

.

HBSM . ,

. ,

HBSM FBSM .

, HBSM FBSM

.

99

3.21. , FBSM

(pf=1.0) .

3.21 ,

(power factor; pf) 1

. (3.16)-(3.17)

Edischartv1 tv2

100

* / 2dcUV MMC EMF

( * _xs peakV ) (* *

_/ 2dcU xs peakV V ). 3.21 1vt 2vt

FBSM

. 3.21

.

.

. ,

FBSM HBSM ,

HBSM

, FBSM

Edischar . , Edischar FBSM

. Symm.

, Symm. (rectifier mode)

, FBSM .

, Symm.

.

3.22.

3.23.

(lagg

(leadi

ing)

ing)

101

.

.

FBSM H

FBSM H

HBSM

HBSM

102

3.22 3.23 Symm.

, MMC FBSM HBSM

. A

216 600MW MMC

MATLAB . 3.22 (lagging)

, 3.23 (leading) . 13%

FBSM HBSM .

400kV , 1.5kA

,

.

, Symm. FBSM HBSM

. FBSM ,

HBSM FBSM

FBSM .

, FBSM HBSM ,

FBSM .

MMC

.

. ,

[62] FBSM ,

.

103

, Asymm.

,

.

Symm. Asymm.

. 216

MMC PSIM , 400kV

600MW HVDC .

A .

104

3.24. 1p.u. 0.35p.u , Symm.

.

0K

-2K

2K

0K

-200K

200K

400K

VuP_ref VuN_ref

0K

-1K

1K

2K

Iuu Iul

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000Vsm_1/108 Vsm_128/108

1.4 1.6 1.8 2Time (s)

10001500200025003000

V1616/108 V1617/108

0K100K200K300K400K

Vdc_MMC

0-500

-1000

-1500

-2000

-Idc_MMC2

105

3.24 1.5 400kV(1p.u.) 140kV(0.35p.u.)

, Symm. . DC 1500A

1.5 ,

3.24 3

. 3.24 4 u-

.

(3.16)-(3.17) , 200kV 70kV

. 6 7 u-

HBSM FBSM .

400kV , HBSM FBSM ,

. ,

140kV , HBSM FBSM

.

3.25 ,

3.24 1.6 1.7 . 3.25 ,

FBSM HBSM

.

FBSM . ,

FBSM .

,

FBSM HBSM . ,

.

106

Symm. (rectifier mode) 1 ,

FBSM

FBSM HBSM .

3.25. 3.22 1.6 1.7 .

3.26 400kV(1p.u.) 100kV(0.25p.u.) ,

Symm. . 0.25p.u.

, . , FBSM HBSM

, FBSM HBSM

0K

-100K

100K

200K

VuP_ref Iuu*100

2K

2.1K

2.2K

2.3K

2.4K

Vsm_1/108 Vsm_128/108

0K

-100K

100K

200K

VuN_ref Iul*100

1.6 1.62 1.64 1.66 1.68 1.7Time (s)

2K

2.1K2.2K2.3K

2.4K

V1616/108 V1617/108

107

, 3.26

Symm. FBSM .

Symm. ,

,

.

108

3.26. 1p.u. 0.25p.u , Symm.

.

0K

-200K

200K

400K

VuP_ref VuN_ref

0K

-1K

1K

2K

Iuu Iul

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000Vsm_1/108 Vsm_128/108

1.4 1.6 1.8 2Time (s)

10001500200025003000

V1616/108 V1617/108

0K100K200K300K400K

Vdc_MMC

0

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000

-Idc_MMC2

0K

-2K

2K

109

3.27. 1p.u. 0.25p.u , Asymm.

.

, 3.27 Asymm. .

3.26 Symm.

. 3.27 4

0K

-2K

2K

0K

-200K

200K

400K

VuN_ref VuP_ref

0K

-1K

1K

2K

Iuu Iul

1.4 1.6 1.8 2Time (s)

1000

15002000

25003000

ArmUPVsum/216 ArmUNVsum/216

0K100K200K300K400K

Vdc_MMC

0

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000

-Idc_MMC2

110

(3.12) (3.13) , HBSM

, FBSM

. 6 FBSM

HBSM ,

. , 0.25p.u.

Symm. , Asymm.

,

.

111

3.2. MMC

HVDC

MMC , 3.1 MMC

. 3 MMC

, 10 3-8

. MMC HBSM-

MMC .

,

IGBT . Symm. ,

2 , HBSM-

MMC 2

.

. , .

MMC

.

,

. , IGBT (clamp diode)

.

. STATCOM

. [56] Symm. STATCOM

112

, STATCOM

STATCOM

(imperfect).

. Symm. 3.1.2 ,

.

, . DC fault blocking

,

. , FRT

,

. ,

(travelling wave)

(ramp) [48]. ,

. Asymm. , FRT ,

UFBSM HBSM ,

.

3-8 , Asymm.

HVDC

.

3-8 MMC

113

114

4. HVDC ASYM-MMC

4.1. HVDC

4.1.1. ASYM-MMC

ASYM-MMC , FBSM

HBSM 2

HBSM-MMC . , ASYM-MMC

0p.u. 1p.u. ,

. , 3.17

4.1 . MMC

,

4.1 _dcU pv _dcU nv , (4.1) .

_ _dcU dcU p dcU nV v v . (4.1)

, (3.12) (3.13) (4.2)

, (4.3) (4.4) (4.2) .

* *_

*_

2

2

rateddcU

dcU p dcU

rateddcU

dcU n

Vv V

Vv

. (4.2)

* * * * * * *_2

rateddcU

xu dcU xs xo dcU p xs xoVv V v v v v v

. (4.3)

115

* * * * * *_2

rateddcU

xl xs xo dcU n xs xoVv v v v v v . (4.4)

(4.3) (4.4) MMC ,

MMC . ,

MMC .

4.1. ASYM-MMC .

2.2 ,

,

*2

rateddc

dcVV

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*uov

*vov

*wov

dci

*_dcU pv

*_dcU nv

2

rateddcV

dcUV

2

rateddcV

2

rateddcV

*2

rateddc

dcVV *

2

rateddc

dcVV

uv vv wv

116

. x

(4.5), (4.6) .

* * *_ _ ,

( )( )

( )( ) .

x xu xlx xu xlDC DC DCDC

dcU p dcU n xo cir dc xs xs

dE d E EP P Pdt dt

v v i i v i

(4.5)

* * *, _ _

( )( )

2 ( ) / 3.

u xu xlx xu xl DCDC

DC DC

us uo cir dcU p dcU n dc

dE d E EP P Pdt dt

v i v v i

(4.6)

4.2 .

, q . ,

d , q

.

(a)

IP

KKs

*totalE

totalE

*ACP

* *_ _( )ff dcU p dcU n dcP v v i 3 / 2gV

*qgi

*dgi *

, ,us vs wsv

117

(b)

4.2. ASYM-MMC :

(a) (Voltage regulation) , (b) (Power dispatch) .

3 ,

. (4.5) ,

. 3

4.3 .

3 , 3

MMC

. 2 (notch)

xE 2

.

IP

KKs

*totalE

totalE 32ff g qg

P V i

*DCP

*dci

*dcV

dcUV

118

4.3. ASYM-MMC 3

.

2.2.3 ,

. , 3

(common error)

. , (4.6) , ASYM-MMC

, _dcU pv _dcU nv

. 4.4 ,

.

* *_ _dc p dc nv v*

,uo cirDCi

*,vo cirDCi

*,wo cirDCi

* *_ _dc p dc nv v

* *_ _dc p dc nv v

,u fltE

uE

*legE

,u fltE

,v fltE

,w fltEvE

wE ,v fltE

,w fltE

*legE

*legE

119

4.4. ASYM-MMC

.

, 2.2.3

(differential error) MMC

. , 2.16(b) .

1/ 3 comE0

*comP

msV

*

,cir posI

*xs

ms

vV

*, ,xo cirAC posi

,uvw fltE * *

_ _( )3dc

dc p dc ni v v

120

4.1.2. ASYM-MMC

HVDC , HVDC

.

(isolation) (clearance) .

MMC

(ACCB) (DCCB)

[40,77-78]. ACCB ,

,

.

DCCB (mechanical DCCB),

(solid-state DCCB), , (hybrid

DCCB) . , ,

, [43-45].

3.1 DC fault blocking MMC

.

. ,

. DC fault blocking MMC

FRT

[80-81].

121

(permanent)

,

(nonpermanent) .

(, lightning strike) ,

(, flashover)

, .

FRT . ASYM-MMC FRT

3

.

4.1.2.1. ASYM-MMC

ASYM-MMC FRT ,

. ,

. , ,

. ASYM-MMC

HVDC FRT 4.5 3

[75-76].

122

4.5. DC FRT (flow chart).

1) 1 (Stage 1):

, . ASYM-MMC

.

, 0

( * 0eqsi ). ,

123

.

,

.

, HVDC

ASYM-MMC

STATCOM .

2) 2 (Stage 2):

, (arc)

(deionization)

. ,

.

,

,

2 .

3) 3 (Stage 3):

,

(travelling wave)

0V (ramp)

[48, 82]. ASYM-MMC

, .

ASYM-MMC

124

, HVDC

.

125

4.1.2.2. ASYM-MMC

ASYM-MMC . ,

ASYM-MMC .

0

. (4.5)

,

,

.

.

1) :

MMC .

(4.7) .

, (4.8) .

*, sin( ).xs com comv V t (4.7)

sin( )2sin( ) .32sin( )3

us s

vs s

ws s

i I t

i I t

i I t

(4.8)

(4.5) , (4.9) .

126

, _

, _

, _

1 cos( )21 2cos( ) .2 31 2cos( )2 3

u V inj com s

v V inj com s

w V inj com s

P V I

P V I

P V I

(4.9)

, comV , .

(4.9) 4.6(a)

.

4.6(b) .

(a)

+-

+

-

+-

+

-

*_dc pv

+-

+

-

+-

+

-

+-

+

-

+-

+

-

*,xs comv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*uov

*vov

*wov

-

-

-

dci

dci

+-+- +-

+-+- +-

_dc pv

_dc nv

+

-

+

-

*_dc pv

*_dc pv

*_dc nv

*_dc nv

*_dc nv

vugvvgvwg

+-

+-

+-

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

+-

+-

+-

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*,xs comv

/ 2usi / 2vsi / 2wsiusivsiwsi

/ 2usi / 2vsi / 2wsi

127

(b)

4.6. ,

ASYM-MMC :

(a) . (b)

2) :

. (4.10) .

, ,

, ,

, ,

sin( )

2sin( ) .32sin( )3

us neg s neg

vs neg s neg

ws neg s neg

i I t

i I t

i I t

(4.10)

(4.11) .

PLL(Phase Locked Loop) .

,u fltE

uE

*legE

,u fltE

,v fltE

,w fltEvE

wE ,v fltE

,w fltE

*,xs comv

*legE

*legE

usi vsi wsi

128

sin( )

2sin( ) .32sin( )3

ug g

vg g

wg g

v V t

v V t

v V t

(4.11)

(4.5) , (4.12)

.

, _ ,

, _ ,

, _ ,

1 cos( )21 2cos( ) .2 31 2cos( )2 3

u C inj g s neg

v C inj g s neg

w C inj g s neg

P V I

P V I

P V I

(4.12)

, ,s negI , .

(4.12) 4.7(a)

.

4.7(b) .

129

(a)

(b)

4.7. , ASYM-MMC

: (a) . (b)

dci

dci

_dc pv

_dc nv

*usv *vsv

*wsv

*usv

*vsv

*wsv

*_dc pv * _dc pv

*_dc pv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*_dc nv

*_dc nv

*_dc nv

*uov

*vov

*wov

*,us negi

ugv vgv wgv

*,vs negi

*,ws negi

,u fltE

uE

*legE

,u fltE

,v fltE

,w fltEvE

wE ,v fltE

,w fltE

*legE

*legE

130

4.1.3. ASYM-MMC

ASYM-MMC 4.8 , 400MW

MMC PSIM .

FBSM , HBSM ASYM-MMC

. MMC A.1 .

4.8. ASYM-MMC .

ASYM-MMC 4.1.1 , 3

HBSM-MMC

2 . ,

ASYM-MMC .

2 , 0

4.1.2.2

.

131

4.9. , .

0K

-100K

100K

200K

300K

400K

vdc_p+VP8

0K

-200K

-400K

-600K

200K

400K

VuP_ref VuN_ref VvP_ref VvN_ref VwP_ref VwN_ref

0K

-1K

-2K

1K

2K

Ius Ivs Iws

3.5M

4M

4.5M

5M

5.5M

DA0 DA1 DA2

1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4Time (s)

0K-2K-4K-6K-8K

2K4K6K

DA6 DA7 DA8

0K

-100K

100K

200K

300K

400K

500K

DC bus voltage [V]

MMC AC phase current (UVW) [A]

Leg capacitor energies (UVW) [J]

MMC arm voltage references (Vuu* Vul* Vvu* Vvl* Vwu* Vwl*) [V]

Injected offset voltage [V]

132

4.10. , .

0K

-100K

100K

200K

300K

400K

vdc_p+VP8

0K

-200K

-400K

-600K

200K

400K

VuP_ref VuN_ref VvP_ref VvN_ref VwP_ref VwN_ref

0K

-1K

-2K

1K

2K

Ius Ivs Iws

3.5M

4M

4.5M

5M

5.5M

DA0 DA1 DA2

1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4Time (s)

0-20-40-60-80

204060

DA6 DA7 DA8

DC bus voltage [V]

MMC AC phase current (UVW) [A]

Leg capacitor energies (UVW) [J]

0K

-100K

100K

200K

300K

400K

500K

MMC arm voltage references (Vuu* Vul* Vvu* Vvl* Vwu* Vwl*) [V]

Injected negative sequence phase currents (UVW) [A]

133

4.9

. 4.9 . 2

0 , MMC

0 . MMC x (Vxu*)

(Vxl*) , FBSM

. , 0

, -200kV ,

200kV .

.

0 .

4.9 , 500A (d

) .

.

,

.

, 4.10

.

. MMC

,

.

134

MMC

,

. 4.10

,

. 4.10

. 4%

, 2.07

0.7% .

,

.

,

.

135

4.1.4. ASYM-MMC

ASYM-MMC (symmetric monopole)

HVDC . point-to-

point (PTP) HVDC

ASYM-MMC .

1.1.3 , ,

. ASYM-MMC 4.1.1 ,

. , ASYM-MMC MMC

PTP HVDC . ,

ASYM-MMC /

. , ASYM-

MMC PTP HVDC

. ,

ASYM-MMC

,

. ASYM-MMC

PTP HVDC

.

4.11 ASYM-MMC PTP HVDC

. FBSM , HBSM

136

. ( oZ ) 4.11

0 / 3Z . star-point reactor (SPR)

[25] . ( sprZ ) (4.13)

.

.spr spr sprZ R j L (4.13)

lZ , lineC

.

.l l lZ R j L (4.14)

4.11. ASYM-MMC

PTP HVDC .

1 / 3oZ

1 / 3oZ

*2

rateddc

dcVV

2

rateddcV

2 / 3oZ

2 / 3oZ

*2

rateddc

dcVV

2

rateddcV

137

, 4.11

, 4.12 .


.

2lZ

. 1LZ (4.15) ,

.

1 1 1 1 1/ 3 .L o l L LZ Z Z R j L (4.15)

, MMC , FBSM

/ 2rateddcV . 4.12

v1

vp

vn

ZL1

Zspr

Cline

Cline

ZL1

+-2

rateddcV

+ -2

rateddcV

+ -

+ -

ip

in ip+in

Zl2'

Zl2'

if

Loop3

Loop1

Loop2

138

(Laplace transformation) (Kirchhoff's law)

. 4.12 Loop1, Loop2,

Loop3 , (4.16), (4.17), (4.18) .

1 1 1 11 1( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).

2 2

rated rateddc dc

L L p

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MMC HVDC - SNU Open Repository and Archive: Homes-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/136833/1/000000145… · · 2017-10-27ii 비대칭 혼합 MMC 토폴로지를 이용한 양극