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Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi 11
Komunikasi Data dan Jaringan Komunikasi Data dan Jaringan KomputerKomputer
(Bagian 1)(Bagian 1)
Dr. Tb. Maulana KusumaDr. Tb. Maulana [email protected]@staff.gunadarma.ac.id
http://staffsite.gunadarma.ac.id/mkusumahttp://staffsite.gunadarma.ac.id/mkusuma
Internet dan Jaringan KomputerInternet dan Jaringan Komputer
22Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
ReferensiReferensi
W. Stallings, W. Stallings, Data and Computer Data and Computer CommunicationsCommunications, 4, 4eded, Macmillan, 1994., Macmillan, 1994.
F. Halsall, F. Halsall, Data Communications, Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Computer Networks and Open SystemsSystems, Addison Wesley, 1996., Addison Wesley, 1996.
33Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
A Communications ModelA Communications Model
SourceSource generates data to be transmittedgenerates data to be transmitted
TransmitterTransmitter Converts data into transmittable signalsConverts data into transmittable signals
Transmission SystemTransmission System Carries dataCarries data
ReceiverReceiver Converts received signal into dataConverts received signal into data
DestinationDestination Takes incoming dataTakes incoming data
44Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Simplified Communications Simplified Communications Model - DiagramModel - Diagram
55Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Simplified Data Simplified Data Communications ModelCommunications Model
66Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Key Communications TasksKey Communications TasksTransmission System UtilizationTransmission System UtilizationInterfacingInterfacingSignal GenerationSignal GenerationSynchronizationSynchronizationExchange ManagementExchange ManagementError detection and correctionError detection and correctionAddressing and routingAddressing and routingRecoveryRecoveryMessage formattingMessage formattingSecuritySecurityNetwork ManagementNetwork Management
77Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Communications StandardCommunications Standard
Many types of connection media : Many types of connection media : telephone lines, optical fibers, telephone lines, optical fibers, cables, radios, etc.cables, radios, etc.Many different types of machines and Many different types of machines and operating systemsoperating systemsMany different network applicationsMany different network applications
88Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
What “Standard” means?What “Standard” means?
How many volts pulse is a 0 and 1 ? How many volts pulse is a 0 and 1 ? How to determine the end of a message ? How to determine the end of a message ? How to handle lost messages ? How to handle lost messages ? How many bits for different data types ? How many bits for different data types ? Integers/Strings, etc.; are ASCII chars ?Integers/Strings, etc.; are ASCII chars ?How machines are identified ?How machines are identified ?How to find the way to reach a machine ?How to find the way to reach a machine ?How applications speaks together through the How applications speaks together through the network ?network ?
99Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Standard BodiesStandard Bodies
International Telecommunications Union – International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunications Sector (ITU-T)Telecommunications Sector (ITU-T)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)Engineers (IEEE)International Organization for International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Standardization (ISO)Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)dlldll
1010Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
The ISO/OSI ModelThe ISO/OSI Model
ISO (the International Standards Organization) has ISO (the International Standards Organization) has developed a reference model for communications, developed a reference model for communications, called thecalled the
OSIOSI((Open Systems InterconnectionOpen Systems Interconnection))
OPEN SYSTEMOPEN SYSTEM means that it can communicate with means that it can communicate with any other system that follows the specified standards, any other system that follows the specified standards, formats and semantics.formats and semantics.
1111Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
OSI Networking ModelOSI Networking Model
Application ApplicationDataAH
Presentation PresentationData unitPH
Session SessionData unitSH
Transport TransportData unitTH
Network NetworkData unitNH
Data link Data linkData unitLH LT
Physical PhysicalBits
Physical transmission medium
DataProgram X Program Y
1212Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
OSI Layers (1)OSI Layers (1)PhysicalPhysical Physical interface between devicesPhysical interface between devices
MechanicalMechanicalElectricalElectricalFunctionalFunctionalProceduralProcedural
Data LinkData Link Means of activating, maintaining and deactivating a Means of activating, maintaining and deactivating a
reliable linkreliable link Error detection and controlError detection and control Higher layers may assume error free transmissionHigher layers may assume error free transmission
1313Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
OSI Layers (2)OSI Layers (2)NetworkNetwork
Transport of informationTransport of information Higher layers do not need to know about underlying technologyHigher layers do not need to know about underlying technology Not needed on direct linksNot needed on direct links
TransportTransport Exchange of data between end systemsExchange of data between end systems Error freeError free In sequenceIn sequence No lossesNo losses No duplicatesNo duplicates Quality of serviceQuality of service
1414Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
OSI Layers (3)OSI Layers (3)SessionSession Control of dialogues between applicationsControl of dialogues between applications Dialogue disciplineDialogue discipline GroupingGrouping RecoveryRecovery
PresentationPresentation Data formats and codingData formats and coding Data compressionData compression EncryptionEncryption
ApplicationApplication Means for applications to access OSI environmentMeans for applications to access OSI environment
1515Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Transmission MediumTransmission Medium
Guided - wireGuided - wireUnguided - wirelessUnguided - wirelessCharacteristics and quality determined by Characteristics and quality determined by medium and signalmedium and signalFor guided, the medium is more importantFor guided, the medium is more importantFor unguided, the bandwidth produced by For unguided, the bandwidth produced by the antenna is more importantthe antenna is more importantKey concerns are data rate and distanceKey concerns are data rate and distance
1616Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Guided Transmission MediaGuided Transmission Media
Twisted PairTwisted PairCoaxial cableCoaxial cableOptical fiberOptical fiber
1717Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Twisted pair -Twisted pair - INEXPENSIVE INEXPENSIVE Two wires twisted together.Two wires twisted together.
Makes them less susceptible to acting like Makes them less susceptible to acting like an antenna and picking up radio frequency an antenna and picking up radio frequency information or appliance noise.information or appliance noise.
Telephone company uses twisted-pair Telephone company uses twisted-pair copper wires to link telephones.copper wires to link telephones.
Twisted PairTwisted Pair
1818Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Twisted PairTwisted Pair
1919Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Twisted Pair - ApplicationsTwisted Pair - Applications
Most common mediumMost common mediumTelephone networkTelephone network Between house and local exchange Between house and local exchange
(subscriber loop)(subscriber loop)
Within buildingsWithin buildings To private branch exchange (PBX)To private branch exchange (PBX)
For local area networks (LAN)For local area networks (LAN) 10Mbps or 100Mbps10Mbps or 100Mbps
2020Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Twisted Pair - Pros and ConsTwisted Pair - Pros and Cons
CheapCheapEasy to work withEasy to work withLow data rateLow data rateShort rangeShort range
2121Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Twisted Pair - Transmission Twisted Pair - Transmission CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Analog Analog Amplifiers every 5km to 6kmAmplifiers every 5km to 6km
DigitalDigital Use either analog or digital signalsUse either analog or digital signals repeater every 2km or 3kmrepeater every 2km or 3km
Limited distanceLimited distanceLimited bandwidth (1MHz)Limited bandwidth (1MHz)Limited data rate (100MHz)Limited data rate (100MHz)Susceptible to interference and noiseSusceptible to interference and noise
2222Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Unshielded and Shielded TPUnshielded and Shielded TP
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ordinary telephone wireOrdinary telephone wire CheapestCheapest Easiest to installEasiest to install Suffers from external EM interferenceSuffers from external EM interference
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interferenceMetal braid or sheathing that reduces interference More expensiveMore expensive Harder to handle (thick, heavy)Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
2323Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
UTP CategoriesUTP Categories
Cat 3Cat 3 up to 16MHzup to 16MHz Voice grade found in most officesVoice grade found in most offices Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cmTwist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm
Cat 4Cat 4 up to 20 MHzup to 20 MHz
Cat 5 or Cat 6Cat 5 or Cat 6 up to 100MHzup to 100MHz Commonly pre-installed in new office buildingsCommonly pre-installed in new office buildings Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cmTwist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm
2424Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Coaxial Cable (1)Coaxial Cable (1)
Coaxial cableCoaxial cable Also two wires: Also two wires:
One of the wires is woven of fine strands of One of the wires is woven of fine strands of copper forming a tube. copper forming a tube. The wire mesh surrounds a solid copper wire The wire mesh surrounds a solid copper wire that runs down the center. that runs down the center. Space between has a non-conducting material.Space between has a non-conducting material.Makes them more impervious to outside noise.Makes them more impervious to outside noise.
Use this when1. Long distances2. Lots of interference
2525Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Coaxial Cable (2)Coaxial Cable (2)
2626Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Coaxial Cable (3)Coaxial Cable (3)
2727Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Coaxial Cable ApplicationsCoaxial Cable Applications
Most versatile mediumMost versatile mediumTelevision distributionTelevision distribution Aerial to TVAerial to TV Cable TVCable TV
Long distance telephone transmissionLong distance telephone transmission Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneouslyCan carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously Being replaced by fiber opticBeing replaced by fiber optic
Short distance computer systems linksShort distance computer systems linksLocal area networksLocal area networks
2828Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Coaxial Cable - Transmission Coaxial Cable - Transmission CharacteristicsCharacteristics
AnalogAnalog Amplifiers every few kmAmplifiers every few km Closer if higher frequencyCloser if higher frequency Up to 500MHzUp to 500MHz
DigitalDigital Repeater every 1kmRepeater every 1km Closer for higher data ratesCloser for higher data rates
2929Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Optical Fiber (1)Optical Fiber (1)
3030Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Optical Fiber (2)Optical Fiber (2)
3131Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Optical Fiber (3)Optical Fiber (3)
Fiber-optic cable Fiber-optic cable ((BIG JOBS + EXPENSIVE)BIG JOBS + EXPENSIVE) Light is electromagnetic.Light is electromagnetic. Can transmit more information down a single Can transmit more information down a single
strand. strand. It can send a wider set of frequencies.It can send a wider set of frequencies.
Each cable can send Each cable can send several thousand phone several thousand phone conversations or computer communications.conversations or computer communications.
3232Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Optical Fiber - SpectrumOptical Fiber - Spectrum
3333Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Optical Fiber - BenefitsOptical Fiber - Benefits
Greater capacityGreater capacity Data rates of hundreds of GbpsData rates of hundreds of Gbps
Smaller size & weightSmaller size & weightLower attenuationLower attenuationElectromagnetic isolationElectromagnetic isolationGreater repeater spacingGreater repeater spacing 10s of km at least10s of km at least
3434Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Optical Fiber - ApplicationsOptical Fiber - Applications
Long-haul trunksLong-haul trunksMetropolitan trunksMetropolitan trunksRural exchange trunksRural exchange trunksSubscriber loopsSubscriber loopsLANsLANs
3535Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Optical Fiber - Transmission Optical Fiber - Transmission CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Act as wave guide for 10Act as wave guide for 101414 to 10 to 101515 Hz Hz Portions of infrared and visible spectrumPortions of infrared and visible spectrum
Light Emitting Diode (LED)Light Emitting Diode (LED) CheaperCheaper Wider operating temp rangeWider operating temp range Last longerLast longer
Injection Laser Diode (ILD)Injection Laser Diode (ILD) More efficientMore efficient Greater data rateGreater data rate
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
3636Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Optical Fiber Transmission Optical Fiber Transmission ModesModes
3737Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Wireless TransmissionWireless Transmission
Unguided mediaUnguided mediaTransmission and reception via antennaTransmission and reception via antennaDirectionalDirectional Focused beamFocused beam Careful alignment requiredCareful alignment required
Omni-directionalOmni-directional Signal spreads in all directionsSignal spreads in all directions Can be received by many antennaCan be received by many antenna
3838Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
FrequenciesFrequencies2GHz to 40GHz2GHz to 40GHz
MicrowaveMicrowave Highly Highly
directionaldirectional Point to pointPoint to point SatelliteSatellite
30MHz to 1GHz30MHz to 1GHz Omni-directionalOmni-directional Broadcast radioBroadcast radio
3 x 103 x 101111 to 2 x 10 to 2 x 101414
InfraredInfrared LocalLocal
3939Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Terrestrial MicrowaveTerrestrial Microwave
Parabolic dishParabolic dishFocused beamFocused beamLine of sightLine of sightLong haul telecommunicationsLong haul telecommunicationsHigher frequencies give higher data ratesHigher frequencies give higher data rates
4040Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Satellite MicrowaveSatellite Microwave
Satellite is relay stationSatellite is relay stationSatellite receives on one frequency, amplifies Satellite receives on one frequency, amplifies or repeats signal and transmits on another or repeats signal and transmits on another frequencyfrequencyRequires geo-stationary orbitRequires geo-stationary orbit Height of Height of ±±35,784km35,784km
TelevisionTelevisionLong distance telephoneLong distance telephonePrivate business networksPrivate business networks
4141Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Broadcast RadioBroadcast Radio
Omni-directionalOmni-directionalFM radioFM radioUHF and VHF televisionUHF and VHF televisionLine of sightLine of sightSuffers from multi-path interferenceSuffers from multi-path interference
4242Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
InfraredInfrared
Modulate non-coherent infrared lightModulate non-coherent infrared lightLine of sight (or reflection)Line of sight (or reflection)Blocked by wallsBlocked by wallse.g. TV remote control, IRD porte.g. TV remote control, IRD port
4343Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Terminology (1)Terminology (1)
TransmitterTransmitterReceiverReceiverMediumMedium Guided mediumGuided medium
e.g. twisted pair, optical fibere.g. twisted pair, optical fiber Unguided mediumUnguided medium
e.g. air, water, vacuume.g. air, water, vacuum
4444Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Terminology (2)Terminology (2)
Direct linkDirect link No intermediate devicesNo intermediate devices
Point-to-pointPoint-to-point Direct link Direct link Only 2 devices share linkOnly 2 devices share link
Multi-pointMulti-point More than two devices share the linkMore than two devices share the link
4545Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Terminology (3)Terminology (3)
SimplexSimplex One directionOne direction
e.g. Televisione.g. Television
Half duplexHalf duplex Either direction, but only one way at a timeEither direction, but only one way at a time
e.g. police radioe.g. police radio
Full duplexFull duplex Both directions at the same timeBoth directions at the same time
e.g. telephonee.g. telephone
4646Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Terminology (4)Terminology (4)
Bits per secondBits per second (bps). (bps). The number of bits (0’s and 1’s) that travel The number of bits (0’s and 1’s) that travel
down the channel per second.down the channel per second.
Baud rateBaud rate The number of bits that travel down the The number of bits that travel down the
channel in a given interval.channel in a given interval. The number is given in signal changes per The number is given in signal changes per
second, not necessarily bits per second.second, not necessarily bits per second.
4747Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Terminology (5)Terminology (5)
Asynchronous transmissionAsynchronous transmission Information is sent byte by byte.Information is sent byte by byte. Cheaper and more commonly used.Cheaper and more commonly used.Synchronous transmissionSynchronous transmission Data is sent in large blocks rather than in Data is sent in large blocks rather than in
small pieces.small pieces. Preceded by special information, concerning Preceded by special information, concerning
error detection and block size.error detection and block size. These modems are expensive but very fast.These modems are expensive but very fast.
4848Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Analog and Digital Data Analog and Digital Data TransmissionTransmission
Data Data Entities that convey meaningEntities that convey meaning
SignalsSignals Electric or electromagnetic representations of Electric or electromagnetic representations of
datadata
TransmissionTransmission Communication of data by propagation and Communication of data by propagation and
processing of signalsprocessing of signals
4949Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
DataData
AnalogAnalog Continuous values within some intervalContinuous values within some interval e.g. sound, videoe.g. sound, video
DigitalDigital Discrete valuesDiscrete values e.g. text, integerse.g. text, integers
5050Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Data and SignalsData and Signals
Usually use digital signals for digital data Usually use digital signals for digital data and analog signals for analog dataand analog signals for analog dataCan use analog signal to carry digital dataCan use analog signal to carry digital data ModemModem
Can use digital signal to carry analog data Can use digital signal to carry analog data Compact Disc audioCompact Disc audio
5151Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
SignalsSignalsType of signal communicated (analog or digital).Type of signal communicated (analog or digital).
Analog:Analog: Those signals that vary with smooth continuous Those signals that vary with smooth continuous changes.changes.
A continuously changing signal similar to that found on A continuously changing signal similar to that found on the speaker wires of a high-fidelity stereo system.the speaker wires of a high-fidelity stereo system.
Digital: Digital: Those signals that vary in steps or jumps from Those signals that vary in steps or jumps from value to value. They are usually in the form of pulses of value to value. They are usually in the form of pulses of electrical energy (represent 0s or 1s).electrical energy (represent 0s or 1s).
5252Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Analog Signals Carrying Analog Analog Signals Carrying Analog and Digital Dataand Digital Data
5353Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Digital Signals Carrying Analog Digital Signals Carrying Analog and Digital Dataand Digital Data
5454Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Analog TransmissionAnalog Transmission
Analog signal transmitted without regard to Analog signal transmitted without regard to contentcontentMay be analog or digital dataMay be analog or digital dataAttenuated over distance Attenuated over distance Use amplifiers to boost signalUse amplifiers to boost signalAlso amplifies noiseAlso amplifies noise
5555Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Digital TransmissionDigital Transmission
Concerned with contentConcerned with contentIntegrity endangered by noise, attenuation etc.Integrity endangered by noise, attenuation etc.Repeaters usedRepeaters usedRepeater receives signalRepeater receives signalExtracts bit patternExtracts bit patternRetransmitsRetransmitsAttenuation is overcomeAttenuation is overcomeNoise is not amplifiedNoise is not amplified
5656Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Advantages of Digital Advantages of Digital TransmissionTransmission
Digital technologyDigital technology Low cost LSI/VLSI technologyLow cost LSI/VLSI technology
Data integrityData integrity Longer distances over lower quality linesLonger distances over lower quality lines
Capacity utilizationCapacity utilization High bandwidth links economicalHigh bandwidth links economical High degree of multiplexing easier with digital techniquesHigh degree of multiplexing easier with digital techniques
Security & PrivacySecurity & Privacy EncryptionEncryption
IntegrationIntegration Can treat analog and digital data similarlyCan treat analog and digital data similarly
5757Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Transmission ImpairmentsTransmission Impairments
Signal received may differ from signal Signal received may differ from signal transmittedtransmittedAnalog - degradation of signal qualityAnalog - degradation of signal qualityDigital - bit errorsDigital - bit errorsCaused byCaused by Attenuation and attenuation distortionAttenuation and attenuation distortion Propagation delayPropagation delay NoiseNoise InterferenceInterference
5858Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
AttenuationAttenuation
Signal strength falls off with distanceSignal strength falls off with distanceDepends on mediumDepends on mediumReceived signal strength:Received signal strength: must be enough to be detectedmust be enough to be detected must be sufficiently higher than noise to be must be sufficiently higher than noise to be
received without errorreceived without error
Attenuation is an increasing function of Attenuation is an increasing function of frequencyfrequency
5959Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Propagation DelayPropagation Delay
The time required for a signal to travel The time required for a signal to travel from one point to another. from one point to another. Propagation velocity varies with frequency.Propagation velocity varies with frequency.
6060Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Noise (1)Noise (1)
Additional signals inserted between Additional signals inserted between transmitter and receivertransmitter and receiverThermalThermal Due to thermal agitation of electronsDue to thermal agitation of electrons White noiseWhite noise
Inter-modulationInter-modulation Signals that are the sum and difference of Signals that are the sum and difference of
original frequencies sharing a mediumoriginal frequencies sharing a medium
6161Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Noise (2)Noise (2)
CrosstalkCrosstalk A signal from one line is picked up by anotherA signal from one line is picked up by another
ImpulseImpulse Irregular pulses or spikesIrregular pulses or spikes e.g. External electromagnetic interferencee.g. External electromagnetic interference Short durationShort duration High amplitudeHigh amplitude
6262Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Channel CapacityChannel Capacity
Data rateData rate In bits per secondIn bits per second Rate at which data can be communicatedRate at which data can be communicated
BandwidthBandwidth In cycles per second of HertzIn cycles per second of Hertz Constrained by transmitter and mediumConstrained by transmitter and medium
6363Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Modulation TechniquesModulation Techniques
6464Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Adaptive ModulationAdaptive Modulation
6565Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Data Rate and BandwidthData Rate and Bandwidth
Any transmission system has a limited Any transmission system has a limited band of frequenciesband of frequenciesThis limits the data rate that can be carriedThis limits the data rate that can be carried
6666Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
MultiplexingMultiplexing
6767Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Time Division MultiplexingTime Division Multiplexing
Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital signal to be transmitteddigital signal to be transmittedMultiple digital signals interleaved in timeMultiple digital signals interleaved in timeMay be at bit level of blocksMay be at bit level of blocksTime slots pre-assigned to sources and fixedTime slots pre-assigned to sources and fixedTime slots allocated even if no dataTime slots allocated even if no dataTime slots do not have to be evenly Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed amongst sourcesdistributed amongst sources
6868Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Time Division MultiplexingTime Division Multiplexing
6969Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
TDM SystemTDM System
7070Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Frequency Division MultiplexingFrequency Division Multiplexing
FDMFDMUseful bandwidth of medium exceeds required Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channelbandwidth of channelEach signal is modulated to a different carrier Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequencyfrequencyCarrier frequencies separated so signals do not Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard bands)overlap (guard bands)e.g. broadcast radioe.g. broadcast radioChannel allocated even if no dataChannel allocated even if no data
7171Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Frequency Division MultiplexingFrequency Division MultiplexingDiagramDiagram
7272Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
FDM SystemFDM System
7373Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Increasing Network Capacity Increasing Network Capacity OptionsOptions
Faster Electronics(TDM)
Higher bit rate, same fiberElectronics more expensive
More Fibers(SDM)
Same bit rate, more fibersSlow Time to MarketExpensive EngineeringLimited Rights of WayDuct Exhaust
WDM
Same fiber & bit rate, more sFiber CompatibilityFiber Capacity ReleaseFast Time to MarketLower Cost of OwnershipUtilizes existing TDM Equipment
7474Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Single Single Fiber (One Fiber (One
Wavelength)Wavelength)
Channel 1
Channel n
Single FiberSingle Fiber(Multiple (Multiple
Wavelengths)Wavelengths)
l1l1
l2l2
lnln
Fiber NetworksFiber Networks
Time division multiplexingTime division multiplexingSingle wavelength per fiberSingle wavelength per fiberMultiple channels per fiberMultiple channels per fiber4 OC-3 channels in OC-124 OC-3 channels in OC-124 OC-12 channels in OC-484 OC-12 channels in OC-4816 OC-3 channels in OC-4816 OC-3 channels in OC-48
Wave division multiplexingWave division multiplexingMultiple wavelengths per fiberMultiple wavelengths per fiber4, 16, 32, 64 channels 4, 16, 32, 64 channels per systemper systemMultiple channels per fiberMultiple channels per fiber
7575Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Types of WDMTypes of WDM
Coarse WDM (CWDM)Coarse WDM (CWDM) Uses 3000GHz (20 nm) spacing.Uses 3000GHz (20 nm) spacing. Up to 18 channels.Up to 18 channels. Distance of 50 km on a single mode fiber.Distance of 50 km on a single mode fiber.
Dense WDM (DWDM)Dense WDM (DWDM) Uses 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz spacing.Uses 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz spacing. Up to 128 or more channels.Up to 128 or more channels. Distance of several thousand kilometres with amplification Distance of several thousand kilometres with amplification
and regeneration.and regeneration.
7676Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
DS-1DS-1DS-3DS-3OC-1OC-1OC-3OC-3
OC-12OC-12OC-48OC-48
OC-12cOC-12cOC-48cOC-48c
OC-192cOC-192c
FiberFiber
DWDMDWDMOADMOADM
SONETSONETADMADM
FiberFiber
TDM and DWDM ComparisonTDM and DWDM Comparison
TDM (SONET/SDH)TDM (SONET/SDH)Takes sync and async Takes sync and async signals and multiplexes them signals and multiplexes them to a single higher optical bit to a single higher optical bit raterateE/O or O/E/O conversionE/O or O/E/O conversion
(D)WDM(D)WDM Takes multiple optical Takes multiple optical signals and multiplexes signals and multiplexes onto a single fiberonto a single fiberNo signal format conversionNo signal format conversion
7777Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
TERMTERM
TERM
Conventional TDM Transmission—10 Gbps
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
TERM
40km1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
TERM1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
TERM1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
TERM
120 kmOC-48
OA OAOA OA120 km 120 km
OC-48OC-48
OC-48
OC-48OC-48
OC-48OC-48
DWDM Transmission—10 Gbps
1 Fiber Pair4 Optical Amplifiers
Why DWDM—The Business Why DWDM—The Business CaseCase
TERM
4 Fibers Pairs 32 Regenerators
40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km
7878Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Optical Transmission BandsOptical Transmission Bands
BandBand Wavelength (nm)Wavelength (nm)820 - 900820 - 900
1260 – 13601260 – 1360““New Band”New Band” 1360 – 14601360 – 1460
S-BandS-Band 1460 – 15301460 – 1530C-BandC-Band 1530 – 15651530 – 1565L-BandL-Band 1565 – 16251565 – 1625U-BandU-Band 1625 – 16751625 – 1675
7979Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Ability to put multiple services onto a single Ability to put multiple services onto a single wavelengthwavelength
Characteristics of a WDM NetworkCharacteristics of a WDM NetworkSub-wavelength Multiplexing or MuxPondingSub-wavelength Multiplexing or MuxPonding
8080Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Transmission EffectsTransmission EffectsAttenuation:Attenuation: Reduces power level with distanceReduces power level with distance
Dispersion and nonlinear effects:Dispersion and nonlinear effects: Erodes clarity with distance and Erodes clarity with distance and speedspeed
• Noise and Jitter:Leading to a blurred image