mneumonics

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Edited by Foxit ReaderCopyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2009For Evaluation Only.

Mnemonics in Dentistry

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www.dentalmnemonics.com

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

All rights reserved, no part of this book may be published, duplicated, reproduced, stored in any

retrieval system or transmission in any form or any means, photocopying, electronic, mechanical or

recording without the prior permission of the author.

DISCLAIMER

Whilst the author has ensured to provide information in its most accurate form from reliable sources, we accept no responsibility for loss,

damage or injury caused to any persons acting on the information provided or refraining from it.


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CCoonntteennttss PPaaggee

Acknowledgments 3

Introduction 4

1 . Medicine and Surgery relevant to dentistry 11

2. Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 81

3. Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Radiology 115

4. Therapeutics and Anaesthesia 139

5. Head and Neck Anatomy & Embryology 151

6. Syndromes of the Head & Neck 181

7. Orthodontics and Paediatric dentistry 195

8. Periodontics, Restorative dentistry &

Prosthodontics 212

9. Dental Materials 246

10. Dental Law 252


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I would like to express my immense gratitude to my dear mother who has been a source of inspiration and continuous support during the writing of this book. I would also like to thank my other family members who have also encouraged me to produce this book and who patiently listened to all the mnemonics produced and their invaluable feedback. My heartfelt thanks also goes out to all my friends, colleagues and nurses who have given me their feedback during the course of writing this book.


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IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn Mnemonics in Dentistry was first conceptualized as an undergraduate student but later progressed and now has reached this phase and materialized as a revision text book. On looking for a revision text there are a number of books in the market which are either encyclopedic reference books or books which test the existing knowledge by using questions in the form of multiple choice questions (MCQ’s) or extended matching questions (EMQ’s). All of these books are valuable in terms of the information provided as a reference book as well as for the purpose of revision. Mnemonics in Dentistry allows the individual student to


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Systemize the information that they have learnt or need to learn so that it eases the approach of recall of information by using memory aids. The use of mnemonics and chunking information that is, arranging a long list in smaller units or categories that are easier to remember. If you can recall off your credit card number or your telephone numbers without looking at it, that’s probably because it’s arranged in groups of 2, 3 and 4 digits. This book uses the concept of mnemonics, clusters and grouping to help individuals memorise and recall information in a clear and concise manner. The overload of information can lead to information being ‘jumbled’ and therefore recall much more difficult. However, if the information is stored in a systematic order, a


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simple analogy is like a filing cabinet then whenever you require a particular file it is easily retrieved. Whereas, if everything is disorganized then retrieving a file becomes much more difficult. Recall of information learnt can also work in this manner and the aim of this book is to make learning and recall more effective and enjoyable. A number of tools can be used on memory and learning, and this book also utilizes these well known concepts tailored to enhance learning in the field of dentistry. Occasionally, the studious and most hard working candidates may perform poorly in examinations due to a poor revision technique. The fact is they may have known the subject material well but their ability to recall information under pressure in a systematic way usually fails them. The information


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is probably all muddled up and the process of recall becomes all that difficult. Imagine learning mnemonics relevant in dentistry and impressing your tutors with your level of recall and surprising them by the factual information retained. A simple example is: What would you answer if your tutor asked you or were presented with a question in a viva examination about the complications of a blood transfusion? You’re probably thinking that I have done that particular module but cannot recall what I have been taught. But if you remembered the mnemonic INCOMPATIBLE then for each letter in this mnemonic you will be able to relate to the complications of a blood transfusion. So in this example: IN = Incompatibility reaction


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C = Citrate Toxicity O = Overload M = Myocardial distress P = Potassium levels A = Abnormal clotting, Acidosis and Alkalosis T = Temperature(fever) I = Infection transmission B = Bleeding tendency L = Levels of Albumin drop E = ECG changes because of massive transfusions due to abnormal potassium levels From the above example we can see the function of the mnemonic as an initiator and hence once the mnemonic is recalled you can easily list the complications associated with a blood transfusion and therefore you can further elaborate on each point.


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Of course in a book of this nature it cannot extensively provide you with a mnemonic for every information and situation but within the book there are over 300 mnemonics and clusters which would assist you with your level of revision. Furthermore, learning new information in a more systemised and organised format can be used as a stepping stone to create new mnemonics and improve your own revision techniques. This book is useful for anyone within the dental profession who wishes to consolidate their existing knowledge as well as for undergraduate dental students, students wishing to undertake the MJDF, MFDS and overseas registration examinations(ORE). We would welcome further mnemonics from our readers that they may have created and find useful


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and we will certainly consider including it in our further editions.


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DISORDERS OF COAGULATION AND HAEMOSTASIS

�� VESSEL WALL DISORDER VESSEL V = Vasculitis E = HEreditary Haemorrhagic Telengectasia S = Scurvy S = Steroids E = Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome L = Long Age ( Senile Purpura)

CChhaapptteerr 11

The disorder of haemostasis and coagulation for simplicity can be divided into three categories:

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The Prothrombin time(INR), Activated Partial Thromboplastin time(APTT) and platelet count are all usually normal in vessel wall disorders. Rarely causes serious bleeding and may present as bleeding into mucous membranes or skin starts immediately following trauma but stops after 24-48 hours .


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�� PLATELET DISORDER(Platelet count < 140*109/l) VIRALS V = Viral Infections, Vitamin B12/Folate deficiency I = Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura(ITP) R= TRansfusion A = Aspirin, Aplastic anaemia’s, Antihistamines L = Leukaemia’s S = Splenomegaly

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Deficiency of platelets is the most common coagulation disorder and can be caused by many disease and drugs. Thrombocytopenia exists when the platelet count falls below < 140*10

9/l. It can

present as petechiae and haemorrhages into the skin. The Prothrombin time(INR) and APTT are normal. The bleeding time is usually abnormal.


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�� COAGULATION PATHWAY DISORDERS HAEMOSTASIS H = Haemophilia A & B, Heparin A = Alcoholism E = Extensive tissue damage can lead to Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation(DIC) M=Metastatic Cancers e.g. liver metastasis O= VOn Willebrands Disease(lack of Von Willebrand factor) S = Systemic drugs e.g. Warfarin T = Trauma/Surgery can cause DIC A =Abnormal Liver Function Test(Liver disease) S = Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (SPCA) deficiency – Factor VII deficiency I = Inflammation and Inadequate diet(Vitamin K deficiency) S = Seek Specialist advice

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Disorders affecting the coagulation cascade of clotting can be classified as acquired or congenital. From the above list, all are acquired conditions except for haemophilia A&B, Von Willebrand factor deficiency, Factor IX and Factor VII deficiencies.


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�� PROTHROMBIN TIME (INTERNATIONAL NORMALISED RATIO) IS A TEST OF EXTRINSIC PATHWAY

The INR is usually prolonged in the following situations: Remember! WE LOSE VOLUMES of DRUGS W= Warfarin L = Liver Disease V = Vitamin K Deficiency D = Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

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It is absolutely vital that you know what affects the Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade. These questions are key examination or viva questions.


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�� BLEEDING TIME �

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�� ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (APTT) IS A TEST OF THE INTRINSIC PATHWAY

The APTT is usually prolonged in the following situations: Remember! HUNGRY HORSES DABBLING

LITTERING LAWNS

Heparin Haemophilia DIC

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The bleeding time is abnormal in platelet disorders and vessel wall disorders


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Lupus Erythematosis Liver disease

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

�� CAUSES OF SUDDEN LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

MEDICAL SYNCOPE

M =Metabolic complications e.g. Addison’s disease E =Epilepsy D = Diabetics e.g. hypoglycaemia I = Ischaemic Heart Disease C =Cardiac Arrest A =Anaphylaxis, Asthma Attack L =Local Anaesthetics

Medical Emergencies will occur and it is absolutely crucial that you can elicit the signs and symptoms of a emergency. This will allow you to take appropriate actions to intervene and manage the emergency.


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S = Steroid insufficiency Y = hYperventilation N = Nervous patients(Vaso-Vagal) C = Cerebrovascular accidents O = Oral Airway obstruction P = Postural Hypotension E = Etiology unknown

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ALLERGIC

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All members of the dental team must be well trained in Basic life support and should be competent in the management of a collapsed patient. Administration of emergency drugs and their dosages should be reinforced and consolidated. (See BNF and Resuscitation council UK for updated advice)

Definition A potentially life threatening immune reaction to foreign material.


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A = Ashen grey appearance, Abnormal breathing, Angioedema L = Loss of consciousness, Low Blood Pressure L = Laryngeal swelling E= Extensive rash R = Respiratory depression G = Generalised flushing I = Itch, Inflammatory exudate C = Cramps

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�� FEATURES OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA

LOW SUGAR EPISODE L = Low BM (<3.9mmol/l) This value is debatable and varies from one patient to another O = On insulin – Patients on insulin who have missed a meal or breakfast are prone to hypoglycaemia. W = Warmth S = Sweaty skin U = Unconscious G = Generalised seizures A = Aggression R = Rage E = Epileptic fits P = Paresthesia, Pallor I = Irritability


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S = Shakiness O = Oral Hypoglycaemics D = Death, Delirium E = Emotional patient �� DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS

DIABETIC D = Dental (Periodontal disease) I= Infections e.g. Oral Candidiosis, periodontal abscess A = Abnormal sensation (Peripheral neuropathy)

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B = Blood Sugar (Low blood sugar can lead to coma) E = Erectile dysfunction, Eyes (Retinopathy) T = Traumatic ulcers (Diabetic foot due to neuropathy and peripheral Vascular disease) I = Increased chances of renal complications (Nephropathy) C = Cardiac complications(Ischaemic Heart disease), CVA (Cerebrovascular accidents) �� FEATURES OF EPILEPSY

CONVULSIONS C = Clonic seizures (Jerky movement) O = tOnic seizures (rigidity) N = Nausea V = Viral Infections (Febrile convulsions), Vomiting U = Unprovoked emotion e.g. fear, pleasure, Unconsciousness L = Loss of memory


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S = Spasms I = Incontinence O =Odours and Taste (Aura) N= Noises e.g. hissing, buzzing (Aura) S = Silent Fits (Petite mal), Sweating, Speech arrest �� CAUSES OF SHOCK

HAVANA

H = Hypovolaemia A = Adrenal crisis V = Vascular stasis (Cardiogenic) A = Acute respiratory obstruction N = Neurogenic A = Anaphylaxis

�� IV FLUID EXPANDERS B & S CC

B = Blood


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S = Saline C = Crystalloid C = Colloid

ANAEMIA

�� CAUSES OF MICROCYTIC ANAEMIA (MCV< 80FL)

SITA S = Sideroblastic anaemia I = Iron Deficiency T = Thalasasaemia

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A = Anaemia of chronic inflammation �� CAUSES OF IRON DEFICIENCY

THE DIET

T = MalabsorpTion syndromes H = Hookworm, Haemorrhoids E = Excessive menstrual bleeding D = Dietary deficiency I = Increased requirement, Iron loss E = UlcErs(Gastrointestinal) T = Treatment medication(Suppress bone marrow)

�� CAUSES OF INCREASED IRON REQUIREMENTS

MALT P

M = Menstruation


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A = Age L = Lactation T = Time of rapid growth P = Pregnancy �� CAUSES OF MACROCYTIC ANAEMIA (MCV>96FL)

MC LARD

M =Megloblastic Anaemia C = Cytotoxic Drugs L = Liver Disease A = Alcohol R = Reticulocytosis D= Deficiencies Vitamin B12 and Folate

�� CAUSES OF VITAMIN B12 AND FOLATE DEFICIENCY

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B = Bacterial overgrowth in small intestines I = Intrinsic factor deficiency G = Gastrectomy D = Dietary I = Ileal Resection P = Pernicious Anaemia CAUSES OF NORMOCYTIC ANAEMIA ( MCV 80-96FL)

SHARP S = Some haemolytic anaemia’s H = Hypothyroidism A = Acute Blood loss R = Renal failure P = Pregnancy


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�� CAUSES OF HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIAS

HAEMOLYTIC H = Hereditary spherocytoiss A = Autoimmune e.g. SLE E = Elliptocytosis and enzyme deficiency(G6PD) M =Malaria O = Old age L = Lymphoma, Leukaemia Y = pYruvate Kinase deficiency T= Thalassaemia I = Infectious mononucleosis(EBV) C =Common in black people( Sickle cell anaemia)


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�� CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF ANAEMIAS

PAINSTAKING P = Pharyngeal Web, Palpitations, Pale Mucous membranes(including sclera) A = Atrophic Glossitis I = Infections ??, Impaired healing N = Neuropathy S = Sterility T = Taste Disturbance A = Apthous ulcerations K = Koilonychias I = Increased fatigue N = Nail beds pale G = Gastric Mucosal Atrophy


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There a number of oral and systemic manifestations of anaemia’s and these should be known and recognised well! There are numerous dental manifestations of anaemias and these include the above as well as the following: Sore or Burning tongue Atrophic Glossitis Patterson Kelly Syndrome Candidiosis Angular Stomatitis Aphthous ulcers �

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