Mo-Pomo Bk

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LUCIAN BLAGA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND ARTS

DEPARTMENT OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN STUDIES

MODERNISM / POSTMODERNISM

Lecture Notes

BY

ANA-ARINA SCHNEIDER

SIBIU !""#


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T$%&e o' Co(te(ts

Part One: Modernism: Tradition and Innovation )* +

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Part Two: Postmodernism(s) ))))))))* !8

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Pr$ct2ce )********************************************************** 87

Part Three: The Sense of Endings ))))))* ;7

Course Descr2t2o( )))))))))))))*


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21/50

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$ 6e(er$& $6o(2st2cs* T.2s 0oes (ot (ecess$r2&, 3e$( t.$t o(e &$,s 2( or0er to 2(* A 3o5e

c$( %e 3$0e 'or t.e s.eer &e$sure o' 2ts 2(5e(t2o(9 .$t e&se 2s 2(5o&5e0 2( t.$t &$%or o'

&$(6u$6e .$r$ss3e(t u(0ert$e( %, ou&$r seec. $(0 %, &2ter$ture: Gre$t o, 2s .$0 2(

t.e e(0&ess 2(5e(t2o( o' tur(s o' .r$se4 o' or0s $(0 3e$(2(6s4 t.e rocess %e.2(0 t.e

e5o&ut2o( o' &$(6u$6e o( t.e &e5e& o' parole9 But u(0ou%te0&, e5e( t.2s &e$sure 0ee(0s

o( $ 'ee&2(6 o' success o( $t t.e e>e(se o' $( $05ers$r, $t &e$st o(e $05ers$r,4 $(0 $

'or320$%&e o(e9 t.e $ccete0 &$(6u$6e4 or co((ot$t2o(*

T.2s 20e$ o' $( $6o(2st2cs o' &$(6u$6e s.ou&0 (ot 3$e us &ose s26.t o' t.e seco(0

r2(c2&e4 .2c. st$(0s $s $ co3&e3e(t to 2t $(0 6o5er(s our $($&,s2s9 t.$t t.e o%ser5$%&e

soc2$& %o(0 2s co3ose0 o' &$(6u$6e 3o5es*The #ostmodern ConditionK

The Postmodern S*5&ime

L,ot$r01s 0e'2(2t2o( o' 3o0er( $rt9 t.$t .2c. rese(ts t.e '$ct t.$t t.e u(rese(t$%&e

e>2sts* To 3$e 52s2%&e t.$t t.ere 2s so3et.2(6 .2c. c$( %e co(ce25e0 $(0 .2c. c$(

(e2t.er %e see(4 (or 3$0e 52s2%&e)*

@ 02''ere(ce9

Mo0er( $est.et2cs 2s $( $est.et2c o' t.e su%&23e4 t.ou6. $ (ost$&62c o(e* It $&&os t.e

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28/50

u(rese(t$%&e to %e ut 'or$r0 o(&, $s t.e 32ss2(6 co(te(ts %ut t.e 'or34 %ec$use o' 2ts

reco6(2$%&e co(s2ste(c,4 co(t2(ues to o''er to t.e re$0er or 52eer 3$tter 'or so&$ce $(0

&e$sure* Yet t.ese se(t23e(ts 0o (ot co(st2tute t.e re$& su%&23e se(t23e(t4 .2c. 2s $(



T.e ost3o0er( ou&0 %e t.$t .2c.4 2( t.e 3o0er(4 uts 'or$r0 t.e u(rese(t$%&e 2(

rese(t$t2o( 2tse&' t.$t .2c. 0e(2es 2tse&' t.e so&$ce o' 6oo0 'or3s4 t.e co(se(sus o' $

t$ste .2c. ou&0 3$e 2t oss2%&e to s.$re co&&ect25e&, t.e (ost$&62$ 'or t.e u($tt$2($%&e

t.$t .2c. se$rc.es 'or (e rese(t$t2o(s4 (ot 2( or0er to e(o, t.e3 %ut 2( or0er to

23$rt $ stro(6er se(se o' t.e u(rese(t$%&e* T.e su%&23e 2s e>$ct&, t.$t9 .$t e

co(ce25e o' t.e 2('2(2te&, 6re$t4 'or 2(st$(ce %ut 2s (ot 2( our oer to represent*;

II2 1redri% 6ameson and the 3'*&t*ra& /ogi% of /ate 'apita&ism4

$3eso( .$s 3$0e $( 2(0e&2%&e 3$r 2( t.e s.ere o' 3$cro-$($&,s2s $(0 cu&tur$&

t.eor,*

T.e $3&2tu0e o' .2s t.eor2s2(6 e''ort4 co((ect2(6 ost3o0er(2s3 $s $ cu&tur$&

.e(o3e(o( to t.e eco(o32c s,ste3 o' &$te c$2t$&2s3 2t.out su%32ss2o( to

esse(t2$&2s3 $(0 u(2'or32s$t2o( o' 02''ere(ces*

I(te6r$t2o( o' M$r>2st &2ter$r, $(0 cu&tur$& cr2t2c2s3 2( t.e ost3o0er( 0e%$te9

3utu$&&, 2('or32(6 re$02(6s o' oststructur$&2s3 $(0 ost3o0er(2s3 $6$2(st M$r>2$(cu&ture t.eor,4 or2(6 2t. $ss232&$t25e r$t.er t.$( e>c&us25e r2(c2&es4 $(0 see2(6 to

u(co5er t.e co(tr2%ut2o(s o' ost3o0er( stu02es to t.e e(r2c.3e(t o' M$r>2$( t.eor2es*

Post3o0er(2s3 $(0 co(su3er soc2et, 7J#+K Post3o0er(2s34 or t.e Cu&tur$&

Lo62c o' L$te C$2t$&2s3 .e/ Left :evie/ 7J#8K9 $ &$r6e-sc$&e t.eor, o' t.e

ost3o0er( .e(o3e(o( t.$t ou&0 co(te>tu$&2se 2t 2t.2( t.e 5er, s,ste3 o' c$2t$&2s3

o' .2c. 2t 2s $ $rt*

Pre'26ure0 %, $ .o&e r$(6e o' ors &2(2(6 He6e&2$( M$r>2s3 $(0 Ne Fre(c.

T.eor,9

o )ar6ism and Form 7J2s34 $%&e to 3$e t.e &e$ to t.e curre(t .$se o' ost2(0ustr2$& 3o(oo&,

c$2t$&2s3 2( t.e U(2te0 St$tes

o The #rison *ouse of Language 7J

reut$t2o( $s t.e t.eor2st o' c$2t$&2st rerese(t$t2o(s4 $((ou(c2(6 .2s $0ot2o( o'

t.e e(0 o' 3o0er(2t, t.es2s

o e$r&, 7J#" $rt2c&es o( '2&3 T.e Shining $(0 O(ivaK9 e>$32($t2o( o' t.e

o&2t2c$& eco(o3, o' $rt ro0uct2o(s '2rst e>&2c2t re'ere(ces to ost3o0er(2s3

o The #olitical Unconscious 7J#7K4 o(e o' .2s 3ost 'reue(t&, uote0 $(0

0e%$te0 te>ts4 o%ser5es 2( $r$&&e& &2(es t.e co(struct2o( 2( &2ter$r, te>ts o' t.e;I%20*

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29/50

%our6eo2s su%ect $cross 5$r2ous st$6es 2( t.e e5o&ut2o( o' c$2t$&2s3*

Post3o0er(2s39 t.e &$test st$6e 2( t.e o0,sse, o' t.e su%ect4 .ose sc.2o.re(2c

$(0 'r$63e(t$r, 02s2(te6r$t2o( 2t.2( co(te3or$r, ost3o0er( cu&ture Best e&&(er

7JJ79 7#+K .e $($&,ses u(0er T.e $(2(6 o' A''ect 2( Post3o0er(2s39

E0$r0 Mu(c.1s $2(t2(6 The Scream 2s4 o' course4 $ c$(o(2c$& e>ress2o( o' t.e 6re$t

3o0er(2st t.e3$t2cs o' $&2e($t2o(4 $(o32e4 so&2tu0e4 soc2$& 'r$63e(t$t2o(4 $(0 2so&$t2o(4 $

52rtu$&&, ro6r$33$t2c e3%&e3 o' .$t use0 to %e c$&&e0 t.e $6e o' $(>2et,* It 2&& .ere %e

re$0 $s $( e3%o023e(t (ot 3ere&, o' t.e e>ress2o( o' t.$t 2(0 o' $''ect %ut4 e5e( 3ore4

$s $ 52rtu$& 0eco(struct2o( o' t.e 5er, $est.et2c o' e>ress2o( 2tse&'4 .2c. see3s to .$5e

0o32($te0 3uc. o' .$t e c$&& .26. 3o0er(2s3 %ut to .$5e 5$(2s.e0 $$, 'or %ot.

r$ct2c$& $(0 t.eoret2c$& re$so(s 2( t.e or&0 o' t.e ost3o0er(* T.e 5er, co(cet o'

e>ress2o( resuoses 2(0ee0 so3e se$r$t2o( 2t.2( t.e su%ect4 $(0 $&o(6 2t. t.$t $

.o&e 3et$.,s2cs o' t.e 2(s20e $(0 outs20e4 o' t.e or0&ess $2( 2t.2( t.e 3o($0 $(0 t.e

3o3e(t 2( .2c.4 o'te( c$t.$rt2c$&&,4 t.$t e3ot2o( 2s t.e( roecte0 out $(0 e>ter($&2e04

$s 6esture or cr,4 $s 0eser$te co33u(2c$t2o( $(0 t.e out$r0 0r$3$t2$t2o( o' 2($r0'ee&2(6*

T.ere 2s $ 'u(0$3e(t$& riftc$us2(6 $%str$ct $2(t2(64 e>2ste(t2$&2s34 t.e '2&3s o' t.e

6re$t auteurs4 $(0 t.e 3o0er(2st sc.oo& o' oetr,4 to $e$r $s t.e '2($&4 e>tr$or02($r,

'&oer2(6 o' $ .26.-3o0er(2st 23u&se .2c. 2s se(t $(0 e>.$uste0 2t. t.e3 2(

Doc.ert, =!K* T.2s r2't4 $3eso( 23&2es4 6oes '$r %e,o(0 t.e e3er6e(ce o' (e $est.et2c

st,&es* Post3o0er(2s3 2s t.e curre(t st$6e o' cu&tur$& 0e5e&o3e(t o' t.e &o62c o' &$te

c$2t$&2s3 =+K4 3$(2'est2(6 2tse&' $s t.e %*&t*ra& dominanto' &$te-c$2t$&2st soc2et,4 2(

$,s t.$t e(t$2& (e 'or3s o' co(sc2ous(ess $(0 e>er2e(ce4 $(0 e(6$6e 3$(2'o&0

cu&tur$& s.2'ts* T.e cu&ture o' ost3o0er(2s3 2s 'ostere0 %, t.e e3er6e(ce o' $ (e t,e

o' soc2$& &2'e $(0 eco(o32c or0er =8K* T.e cu&tur$& 3ut$t2o(s 2&&ustr$te0 %, t.e (e $rt

'or3s $re 02rect&, re'&ect25e o' t.e 3u&t2($t2o($&2s34 t.e co(su3er2s34 $(0 t.e (e

co(su3t2o( $tter(s c.$r$cter2s2(6 &$te c$2t$&2s3*

$3eso(1s &$c2(6 o' ost3o0er(2s3 2( t.e $r$0263 o' M$r>2st t.eor, .2s cu&tur$&

o&2t2csK9

&2e Fouc$u&t4 $3eso( ots 'or t.e reco5er, o' t.e .2stor2c$& $st $s $ 'or3 o'

res2st2(6 rese(t2s3

&2e De&eue $(0 Gu$tt$r24 .e 0e5otes e>te(s25e $tte(t2o( to r$02o6r$332(6 t.e

sc.2o20 %re$0o( o' t.e su%ect $(0 t.e co&o(2$t2o( o' t.e u(co(sc2ous %,

c$2t$&2s3

&2e B$u0r2&&$r04 .e sees ost3o0er(2s3 $s $ cu&ture o' 23$6es4 co0es $(0 s23u&$cr$4

roect2(6 $ 5$st .,erre$&2t,

&2e B$u0r2&&$r0 $(0 L,ot$r04 .e s2tu$tes 'r$63e(t$r2(ess $t t.e .e$rt o' ost3o0er(

cu&ture

&2e $&& oststructur$&2sts4 .e &$ces $ stro(6 e3.$s2s o( t.e (ot2o(s o' 2(st$%2&2t, $(0

2(0eter32($c, 2( .2s e>$32($t2o(s o' t.e 2(0ec2.er$%2&2t, $(0 u(3$$%&e c.$r$cter o'ost3o0er( s$ce*

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30/50

Cr2t2cs o2(t out 2(co(s2ste(c2es9

u(&2e De&eue $(0 Gu$tt$r24 $3eso( er'or3s ure&, &2(6u2st2c $(0 ($rr$t25e

e(u2r2es 2(to t.e u(co(sc2ous4 &$c2(6 2ts 20eo&o62c$& co(te(t $%o5e 2ts oer$t2o($& 'or34

$(0 t.us 0e'e(02(6 $ M$r>2st .er3e(eut2cs .2c. .e ostu&$tes $s t.e $%so&ute .or2o(o' $&& re$02(6 $(0 2(terret$t2o( 7J#79 7te(t4 $3eso( 02s32sses t.e co33o(

ostructur$&2st $tt$cs o( tot$&2s2(6 3et.o0s4 .e $6rees 2t. ost3o0er( 02scourse t.eor,

t.$t .2stor, 2s 2($ccess2%&e to us e>cet 2( te>tu$& 'or34 ,et $r6ues t.$t .2stor, 2s

(e5ert.e&ess not$ te>t4 (ot $ ($rr$t25e4 3$ster or ot.er2se r$t.er4 .2stor, 2s .$t

.urts $(0 2ts $&2e($t2(6 (ecess2t2es 2&& (ot 'or6et us4 .oe5er 3uc. e 326.t re'er to26(ore t.e3 7J#79 7"!K*

2( s.$r co(tr$st 2t. Fouc$u&t1s t.eor, o' t.e 02sco(t2(uous e2ste32c s.2'ts 2(

.2stor,4 $3eso( sees .2stor, $s $ co.ere(t ($rr$t25e re&$t2(6 t.e stor, o' c&$ss stru66&e*

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31/50

P$rt T.ree9

T.e Se(se o' E(02(6s9 Post3o0er(2s3 $(0 t.e M2&&e((2$& S,(0ro3e

The !ge of 3Post"4s

B, t.e e$r&, 7J#"s4 t.eor, 2s 2( 'u&& s2(6 $(0 &2ter$r, sc.o&$rs.2 2s 2('or3e0 %, $

(e se&'-co(sc2ous(ess9 $&& ser2ous cr2t2c2s3 2s ur6e0 to tur( 2(to 3et$co33e(t$r,*

P$tr2c2$ $u6. o2(ts out t.e 3ost 23ort$(t $c.2e5e3e(t o' t.2s 0ec$0e9

t.e ter3 postmodernismQ)s.2'te0 'ro3 t.e 0escr2t2o( o' $ r$(6e o' $est.et2c r$ct2ces

2(5o&52(6 do*5&e"%oding p&ayf*& irony parody parata7is se&f"%ons%io*sness

fragmentation $(0 t.emi7ing $(0 3es.2(6of high and pop*&ar %*&t*re4 to $ use .2c.

e(co3$sse0 $ 3ore 6e(er$& s.2't 2( t.ou6.t $(0 .2c. see3e0 to re62ster $ er5$s25e

%yni%ismto$r0s t.e ro6ress252st 20e$&s o' 3o0er(2t,* 2( (e&&o&' Norr2s !J+4 3,

e3.$s2sK

T.e &$st to 0ec$0es o' t.e ce(tur, rerese(t $( 2ro(2c 02st$(c2(6 'ro3 t.e e$r&2er re5ers$&

o' 5$&ues4 $ retre$t 2(to radi%a& s%epti%ism4 2t. t.e e26.t2es $s tr$(s2t2o($& 'ro3

ost3o0er(2s3 to postmodernity* L2ter$ture 2s s.o( to $rt2c2$te $($c.ro(2st2c$&&, %ut

cr2t2c$&&, 2( t.e eco(o32c $(0 0e3o6r$.2c c.$(6es o' t.e (2(etee(t. $(0 te(t2et.

ce(tur2es* It $&so %eco3es oss2%&e 'or cr2t2cs to $&&o t.e2r e>c&us25e 2(terest 2( &2ter$ture

to %e re&$ce0 %, $ 0r$st2c re0e'2(2t2o( o' t.e co(cet o' te7t* I( t.e (2(et2es t.ere 2sr$ct2c$&&, (o cr2t2c$& re$02(6 t.$t 0oes (ot e(6$6e4 e3%r$c2(6&, or o&e32c$&&,4 2t. t.e

2ssues o' t.e t.eoret2s$t2o( $(0 $c$0e32s$t2o( o' &2ter$r, stu02es9 t.eor, tur(s se&'-

re'&ect25e&, uo( 2tse&' $(0 .er$&0s 2ts o( e(0*

89 Ho 2s te>t 0e'2(e0 (o4 2( t.e $e o' t.$t re0e'2(2t2o(:

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32/50

ost3o0er(2s3 ce&e%r$tes 2t to e&2t2st t$ste 2t ooses ou&$r cu&ture to re$0er&, te>ts4

t.e r2ter&, to 'or3$& e>er23e(t4;ouissance$(0 &ot see Ro&$(0 B$rt.esK*

e*6* ere3, H$t.or( 02st2(6u2s.es %etee( 3o0er(2s3 $(0 ost3o0er(2s3 $&o(6 t.e

&2(es o' $ co33o( 'e$ture9 fragmentariness* T.us4 .2&e 3o0er(2s3 &$3e(ts t.e

'r$63e(t$t2o( o' co(sc2ous(ess $(0 rocee0s to see $tter(s to reor6$(2se t.e ercet2o(

o' t.e or&04 ost3o0er(2s3 re5e&s 2( 'r$63e(t$t2o(4 '2(0s 2t &2%er$t2(64 e(cour$62(6

&$,4 $ro0,4 $(0 $st2c.e !77-!7JK*

89 C$( ,ou t.2( o' $(, $tter(s1 or ($rr$t25e str$te62es 0e52se0 %, 3o0er(2st r2ters 2( or0er to

&e(0 co.ere(ce to t.e 'r$cture0 co(te3or$r, or&0:os2(6 t.e 2(s202ous

02scurs25e str$te62es o' oer 2( '2e&0s $s 5$r2e0 $s .2&oso.,4 .2stor2o6r$.,4 se>u$&

o&2t2cs4 $rt4 eco(o3, or 2(ter($t2o($& o&2t2cs*

$emem5er9

T.2s 2s4 to $ &$r6e e>te(t4 $ 3$tter o' 0e'2(2t2o(9 Post3o0er(2s31 c$( re'er to $( $rt2st2c tre(0esec2$&&, 2( t.e 7J


33/50

re3$2(s o(e o' t.e 3$or 'r$3eors o' curre(t t.ou6.t* e 326.t t.ere'ore s$, t.$t t.e

&$te te(t2et. ce(tur, $(0 e$r&, te(t,-'2rst 2s $( $6e o' o&2t2cs $(0 o' 20eo&o62c$&

co332t3e(ts* T.2s 0es26($t2o( 2s suorte0 %, t.e u(rece0e(te0 20esre$0 $$re(ess

o' $(0 2(5o&5e3e(t 2t. o&2t2cs t.$t .$s %ee( 2(0uce0 %, t.e 2(cre$s2(6 $ccess2%2&2t, o'

t.e 3$ss 3e02$4 $s e&& $s %, t.e 0e5e&o3e(t o' $ ost-2(0ustr2$& .e(ce4 ost-c$2t$&2stKeco(o3, 2( t.e est4 2( $r$&&e& 2t. t.e 0e32se o' co33u(2s3 2( E$ster( $(0 Ce(tr$&

Euroe*

T.e coe>2ste(ce o' 02''ere(ces $t t.e e(0 o' t.e te(t2et. ce(tur, 3$es 2t 3ore

use'u& to 02st2(6u2s. %etee( cr2t2c$& tre(0s 2( ter3s o' 'ocus $(0 20eo&o62es r$t.er t.$(

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.,ot.es2s $&o(6 t.ese &2(es9

e $re (ot 2( $ (e $r$0263* R$t.er4 t.ere $re (o $r$0263s or 3o0e&s o' (o&e06e t.$t

st$(0 $$rt 'ro3 t.e or&0 $(0 outs20e t.e &$, o' 2ts 3o5e3e(ts reet2t2o(4 02''ere(ce4

s$c2(64 e(er6et2cs4 $6o(2st2cs $(0 $(t$6o(2s34 $est.et2cs or '26ur$t2o(4 etc*K* e $re

s23&, 2( t.e or&0 e .$5e $&$,s %ee( 2( 2t.out (o2(6 2t4 2t.out %e2(6 $%&e to

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st$(0 outs20e4 etc*K* It c$( o(&, %e &25e0 2( (o2(6&,* +;;K

T.e to sc.o&$rs .2(t $t t.e 'u(0$3e(t$& oststructur$&2st t.es2s $ccor02(6 to .2c. .$t

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t.e (o2(6 su%ect* I( t.2s se(se4 oststructur$&2s3 3$rs (ot $ %re$ 2t.4 %ut $ retur(

to t.e roots o' &$(6u$6e4 re$so(4 20e(t2t,4 etc* 'ro3 2(s20e t.e 02scurs25e r$ct2ces t.e,

.$5e %ee( couc.e0 2(4 2( or0er to e>ose t.e $ssu3t2o(s $(0 str$te62es t.$t .$5e

co(02t2o(e0 t.e2r 0e'2(2t2o(s* It 2s 'or t.ese re$so(s t.$t I 6rou t.e cr2t2cs e>$32(e0 2( t.e

seco(0 $rt o' t.2s %oo 2( ter3s o' t.e o'te( e>tr$-&2ter$r,K e2ste3o&o62c$& re'ere(ce

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t.e r2t2(6/r2tte( su%ect4 t.e te>t $(0 2ts re$02(6 su%ect*

Postmodernism and Its ,is%ontents

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