Mobile Network Evolution to 5G 17052019 - Vaasan yliopisto · 2019-05-20 · • Exchanges of both Western Electric and LM Ericsson were build according this principle. Fine mechanical

Mobile NetworkEvolution to 5G

Vaasa goes 5G 17.5.2019

Matti KeskinenInternal ConsultantMobile Networks

NMTNordicMobile

Telephone

2

Mobile Networks Evolution in nutshell (Starting with old” Nokia solutions)

NMTNordic Mobile

Telephone

Analog Mobile Networks(”Old” Nokia solutions)

ARPAutoRadio

Puhelin

1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s ?1970s

Digital Mobile Networks

3rd Generation Partnership Project

…..10 years evolution cycle…..

Focustoday

3

4th Industrial Revolution Powered by 5G

Industrial change

Economic flexibility &social mobility

Social & human impact

2nd Industrialrevolution

Electricity

Massproduction

3rd Industrialrevolution

IT

PCs, automation

1st Industrialrevolution

Steam

Mechanization

4th “Industrial”revolution

5G

Artificial intelligence, cloud,robotics, VR

People &Things

1770 1870 1970 2020Enabler

Driver

4 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Source: GSMA – The Mobile Economy 2019

© 2016 Nokia5

Even 6G is knocking while 5G is just starting to ramp up

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6ubRoZCeVw

Let start with short view to future:

Some history materialFrom “old” Nokia

7

Automatic Telephone Exchange• Automatic Telephone exchange was invented by american

mortician Almon B. Strowger in year 1891. According thestory there was two funeral offices in same locality. Wife ofhis competitor was telephonist in the city exchange.Strowgler noticed quite fast, that he is forced to changeoccupation or invent automatic telephone exchange.

• Strowglers exchange used electromechanical selector,which were set one by one in right position using dial ontelephone set. So it was the caller, who steer exchangesselectors to right position from his own telephone set.When selectors were in proper position, connectionbetween A-subscriber and B-subscriber was formed.

• In year 1908 Western Electric employee McBerty inventedsolution, where caller itself didn’t control telephoneexchange directly, but number were stored on register.When A-subscriber dialled number, exchange stored it,compared number to information in register and formedconnection throug exchange according registerinformation.

• Exchanges of both Western Electric and LM Ericsson werebuild according this principle. Fine mechanical structure ofboth those exchanges was still different.

• These exchanges needed already primitive data-processing for dialled number conversion to physicalmovement of selectors.

• “Program code” and telephone numbers were hardcodedfor long time with help of different levers andelectromagnets literally to hardware level.

8

Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT900) based Switching System....1986....Nokia launched NMT900 based SwitchingSystem called ”MTX” = Mobile TelephoneExchangeRoaming between Nordic Countrieswas very huge milestone in Mobile Systemdevelopment.

DX200NMT900

1986PSTN

SW8 = Small 8 PCM switch matrix, which was used to connect base stations to DX200NMT exchange. In NMP there wasn’t HW GSM/WCDMA type adaptation layer (BSC,RNC) between base stations and exchange. Base stations were directly connected toDX200 NMT exchange with help of SW8.

DSP8 = (NMT modem). This PIU was first signalling processor made in Nokia CoreSystems. So this is in a way predessor of current DSP processors. Analog NMT radiochannel signalling (Hagelbarker coding) was implemented with this PIU and loadableDSP software. Analog inband Signalling use 64 bit frame, where it was possible tocorrect errors for some bits. There wasn’t separate signalling channel in NMT (commonchannel signalling), instead call signalling was implemented using this modem andanalog signalling was nicely using same “tube” as speech. That was the reason, thatcoding should be relatively reliable to not produce call signalling from speechinformation.

900 MHz

9

GSM (2G) – first Digital Mobile system....1991....• Radiolinja in Finland made the World First GSM Call with Nokia products• Three new network elements included in to GSM Network Architecture

- MSC (Mobile Switching Exchange)- HLR (Home Location Register)- BSC (Base Station Controller)- Base Statiosn BTS

DX200MSC

1991PSTN/PLMN

DX200BSC

DX200HLR

10

Mobile Packet Data started (SGSN and GPRS data connection)....2000....

New member for DX200 Family was born – SGSNfor Packet Switched Core (GPRS).

DX200MSC

2000PSTN/PLMN

DX200BSC

DX200HLR

DX200SGSN IP

GGSN

11

WCDMA (3G)....2002

DX200 based MSC launced for WCDMA network. IPA2800 platformwas the new base for RNC and MGW. DMX OS was used by IPA2800.

DX200MSC

2002

PSTN/PLMN

DX200HLR

IPA2800MGW

IPA2800RNC

12

2004 MSC Server architecture – Big Business success in CS Voicesegment

HLR

GCSor

MSSSIGTRAN

MGWC7 (ISUP)

H.248

MSCServer

SIGTRAN

MGW

H.248

MAP over IP(SIGTRAN)

PSTNSwitch

TRANSITSwitch

GMSC

C7 (ISUP)

C7 (ISUP)

ATM, IPor TDM

BICC/ISUP

MAP over IP(SIGTRAN)

OrTDM based MAP

ATM

IP

TDM

Iu-CS

ABSC

RNC

GSM

WCDMA

Radio R4 Mobile Core PSTN etc.

TDMIP

ATMPSTN

Switch

14

BSC

RNC

Packet Core

Voice Core

Data

Voice

3G(WCDMA)

2G(GSM)

4G(LTE, LTE-A)

Voice CoreIMS (VoLTE)

Voice

Evolved PacketCore

Network Architectures - high level view


2G and 3G still dominating Mobile Voice services

Source: Ericsson Mobility Report | June 2018

Mobile Subscriptions 8bn

2,3bnVoLTE subscriptions(Note: Many of them usingCS voice as well)

5,7bnsubscribers stillusing 2G&3G Voice

Note:Non 3GPP Voice Services(VoIP – like Whatsup…)not included

16

0

50

100

150

200

2017 2018

Mobile data per day [PB]

China India USA EU

Mobile Broadband – First Motivation for 5G Deployment(…but not the biggest one in long run)

China and India leading in total mobiledata traffic >150.000.000 GB/day

Finland #1 globally in terms of mobile data perperson >1 GB/person/day

Note:The picture is SIM baseddata usage. The SIMpenetration in Finland is200%. So the Mobile Datausage per person is 2 x is

5G “in big picture”&

Standarization status

© 2016 Nokia18

5G –Three Main Segments

Ultra Reliable< 10-5 outage

>15 yearson battery

100 Mbpswhenever needed

1.000.000devices per km2

10 000x more traffic

mMTCultra low cost

>10 Gbpspeak data rates

<1 msradio latency

Massivemachine type

communication(mMTC)

EnhancedMobile

Broadband(eMBB)

Ultra ReliableLow Latency

communication(URLLC)

Zeromobility

interruption

Range164 dB MCL

(MaximumCoupling Loss)

<4 msradio latency

© 2018 Nokia19 For Internal Use

3GPP 5G specification schedule

Q4

2018

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

5G NR NSACompletionOption 3 family

5G NR SACompletion

Option 2

Stage 3 completion forNon-Standalone 5G-

NR

NSA Option 3family ASN.1

Stage 3completion for

SA

NSA = Non Stand Alone = EPC core (“Options 3”) & LTE AnchorSA = Stand Alone = option 2 (NR + 5G Core) and option 5 (LTE + 5G Core)

2017

NSA Option 3family

ASN.1_June NSA Option 3family

ASN.1_September

Non BackwardCompatible changes

2019

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Rel-15 ASN.1 forSA

5G NR NSAoptions 4&7

Rel-15 ASN.1 foroption 4&7

5G Rel-16Stage 3 completion

First 5Glaunches

Several 5Glaunches

E-UTRA NR

EPC3A

E-UTRA NR

EPC3

E-UTRA NR

EPC3X

NRNR

5GC

2

E-UTRA NR

5GC4

E-UTRA

5GC7X

NSA 3x and SA 2 options will befirst deployments in 5G networks

NSA 3x SA 2

Note: NSA 3x device is not forwardcompatible with SA 2

20

Release 16 timeline20

Q2 Q3 Q4

2019

Q2 Q3 Q4Q1

2020

Q1

Rel-16 SI/WI phase

Rel-16L1 freeze

Rel-15 SA(option-2)

freeze Rel-15 latedrop freeze

2018

Q1

Rel-15NSA

(option-3)freeze

Rel-15 NSA(option-3)

ASN.1 Rel-15 SA(option-2)

ASN.1 Rel-15 latedrop ASN.1

Q2

Rel-16protocolfreeze

Rel-16ASN.1

ASN stands for ”Abstract Syntax Notation”

21

Release 16 key themes – 5G Radio

Industry 4.0, smartcity, Private networks

Deployment &operability

Efficiencyenhancements

Unlicensed 5G

NR based IoT UE categories

Enhancements for MIMO, dual connectivity & positioning

Industrial IoT, URLLC enhancements

Integrated Access & Backhaul

Fast Cell Access (MR-DC enh.), Dynamic TDD, RACHEnhancements

5GRel-16

Big Data Collection & utilization

22

3GPP Meeting Attendance has Increased with 5G

Slide by Qualcomm August 2017

23 © 2018 Nokia

134

56

61

68

41

79

3931

194

The quest for new value

Some growth, but not all for Telcos New DSP markets offer growthThe legacy problem!

* Western Europe, Canada, USA, Japan, South Korea,Singapore, Australia, and NZ. Source: Gartner

359

2015

CloudAdvertising

2019

VOD/streaming

Cloud Infra-aaS

SaaS

BPaaS

Health 1590

Factories

Worksites

Cities

Logistics& Transport

1660

850

1210

930

930

560

170

3700

Estimated 2025 value creation potential of the IoT- McKinsey Global Institute

Low Estimate High Estimate

Source: GartnerBPaaS = Business Processes as a Service

SaaS = Software as a Service

($B)($B) ($B)

1925

160

479556

234322

200 207

2015

1,000

556

234

207

2019

997

479

322

200

Data

Voice

TV

Most consumer focused operators facing long term stagnation – enterprise becomes a key focus

Confidential

We are reaching the limit ofconsumer value creation

New industrial, infra &enterprise value

© 2018 Nokia24

Nokia market view5G market will start with extreme mobile broadband

Massivemachine

communication

ExtremeMobile

Broadband

Criticalmachine

communication

M2M/MTC 5G markets to start todevelop 2022+• Early competition: NB-IoT/LTE-M• MTC IoT needs coverage layer, and

large volumes of low cost devices• Verticals not expected to be early

adopters for 5G (low expertise)• Earlier trials to test technology and define business models

20202018 2019 2021

>6GHz

0,4-6 GHz • Megacity capacity densification• 3 to 6GHz ~100MHz BW /

<1GHz ~20MHz BW• Dense urban grid

High capacity and coverageHigh capacity and coverageUltra high capacity5G Fixed Wireless Access

Extreme mobile broadband market starts E2E solutions for all three markets

5G Fixed Wireless Access• Extension of fiber access• cm/mmWave• Line of Sight (LOS)

• Ultra dense use cases• cm/mmWave• Short range

Ultra high capacity

5G Frequencies


Stretching urbanmobile data speeds

StretchingHot Spotdata speeds

700MHz

3.6GHz

eg 1-3 Gb/s over alltowns and cities

(mobile Gb/s society)

eg 10 Gb/s at railway stations,airports, sporting events,Factories etc “hot spots”

26 GHz

eg 100%coverageof roads

Stretching reliable coverage (rural)RSPG “PIONEER” BANDSRSPG = Radio Spectrum Policy Group

5G Spectrum & BandsHigh data rates up to 20 Gbps require bandwidth up to1 GHz which is available at higher frequency bands.5G is the first radio technology that is designed to operateon any frequency bands between 450 MHz and 90 GHz.

World RadioConference

2019

Capacity

Coverage

3,5GHz auction results inFinland (130 MHz/MNO):

Telia: 3,410-3,540 GHzElisa: 3,540-3,670 GHzDNA: 3,670-3,800 GHz

27

• All existing operators acquired 130 MHz of spectrum• Total price was lowest in EUR/MHz/pop out of all 3.5 GHz auctions so far• Telia paid most to avoid Russian interference issues and test frequencies (TTO). All

operators wanted to get the lowest block.• Licenses will be available 1.1.2019 and last for 15 years until 31.12.2033

3,5 GHz Auction Results in Finland

Telia 130 MHz Elisa 130 MHz DNA 130 MHz

3410 MHz 3540 MHz 3670 MHz 3800 MHz

30.3 M€(starting price 23 M€)



28

Frequencies of Test Network (”TTO” allocations) for 3,5 GHz34

10

3540

3800

3670

A Band 130 MHz B Band 130 MHz C Band 130 MHz

3620

3720

Area A1 100MHzArea A 60MHz

3640

3700

Area B 60MHzArea C 60MHz

3510

3570

Area D 60MHzArea D1 100MHz

3490

3590

Area A1 = KaraporttiArea A = Espoo AreaArea B = Hervanta (TTY)

Area D1 = RuskoArea D = Rusko + Linnanmaa

Area C = Nokia Campus Tampere (Indoor!!)

3410

3540

3800

3690

A1 Band 70 MHz C1 Band 60 MHz

3610

3730

Area A1 100MHzArea A 60MHz

3630

3710

Area B 60MHzArea C 60MHz

Area D 60MHzArea D1 100MHz

3480

3600

Area A1 = KaraporttiArea A = Espoo Area

Area B = Hervanta (TTY)

Area D1 = RuskoArea D = Rusko + Linnanmaa

Area C = Nokia Campus Tampere (Indoor!!)

B1 Band 60 MHz A2 Band 60 MHz C2 Band 70 MHzB2 Band 70 MHz

3660

3700

3760

3680

3780

Primary use

Secondary use

[MHz]

[MHz]

Hired band from DNA (year 2019)

Area A = Aalto University - Otaniemi

No decision yet!(Russian radar

problem)

Area A 60MHzArea A = VTT - OtaniemiArea A 60MHz

Area D 60MHz Area D = VTT - Oulu


5G Spectrum in USA – All 5G Flavors on the Table

Fixed wirelessaccess

28 GHz

Hot spot mobilecapacity

39 GHz

Macro capacitywith mMIMO

2.5 GHz

Nationwidecoverage

600 MHz

5G Key componentsand

more about Architecture

31

#2 Massive MIMO

5G Key Technology Components - Radio

#1 New spectrum

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

10 GHz

100 GHz

10 cm

1m

1 cm

3 mm

#3 Flexible frame design inphysical layer

User #3

User #2

User #5

User #2

User #4

Use

r #1

User #5

Use

r #1

time

frequ

ency

User #3

One tile corresponds to the smallest user allocation

Dt

Df

#4 Multi-connectivity

#5 Distributed architecture

Gateway

• Lean carrier• Flexible size, control,

TDD, bandwidth etc

Note: Growing complexityin BB (Note: L1, Soc)

5GLTE

Wi-Fi

3 cm

Millimeterwaves

Centimeterwaves

114 GHz

32 © Nokia 2018

Cloud-Native 5G Core + radio

Confidential

Service Based Architecture Stateless VNFs using SDL

VNF businesslogic

States & data

Programmable open ecosystem

Shared Data LayerAPI exposure

Control planeUser plane

Analytics

Micro-service architecture Network Slicing

Monolitic VMArchitecture

Vendor Middleware

Micro-servicearchitecture

Micro-service mapped tobuild Service Logic

App 1 App 2

Distributed cloud deployment

Infrastructure

Orchestrator

Platforms

Applications

Cloud infrastructure agnostic

D

BA

C

Vendorapplications

Operatorapplications Service

providers

Cloud infrastructure agnostic

Multivendor database API

CoreRadio

Centraldata center

Regionaldata center

33

5G Architecture Options in Release 15

Option 2 | SA 5G under 5GC

5G

5G coreOption 3x | LTE+5G under EPC

5G

EPC

LTE

Why Dual Connectivity with NSA? Why Standalone SA?

• Available 6 months earlier than SA• Existing EPC core used• Existing LTE idle mode used• Data rate aggregation LTE + 5G• VoLTE in LTE

• 5G end-to-end for new services• Lower latency without LTE leg• Lower setup time in 5G• No need for LTE network upgrades

NSA = Non-StandaloneSA = Standalone

20/05/201934Nokia Confidential

Option 3x OverviewDual Connectivity with EPC

SGW

VoLTE

PGW

eMBB

BearerSplitting

• Used in scenario where LTE coveragereach is superior to that of NR andleverages EPC

• LTE eNB acts as Master and controlswhich S1-U bearers are handled byeach radio( LTE/NR)

• Based on LTE eNB instructions MMEinforms S-GW where to establish S1-Ubearers towards i.e. LTE or NR

• If NR radio quality becomes sub-optimal S1-U bearer towards NR maybe either split at NR and sent entirelyover Xx to LTE or alternatively a PATHSWITCH may be triggered where allS1-U’s go to LTE eNB

HSS

MME

Xx

S1-US1-MME

S11

S5

S6a

Functional Overview

PathSwitching

VoLTEBearereMBB BearerControlPlane

LTE

NR

EPC

CP+UP

LTEeNB

NR gNBXx

Option 3xPDCP

RLC RLC

MC

Gbe

arer

SCG

split

bear

er

LTE eNB

MAC MAC

NR PDCP

NR RLC

NR MAC

gNB

S-GWEPC

Xx

S1 UP

12

34

12

34

UE

RB1 RB2 RB3

2 4

eMBBVoLTE

User Plane Overview

4G LTE 5G

PDCP =Packet DataConvergenceProtocol

Some details and comparisonbetween 4G - 5G

36 © Nokia 2017

5G Boosts Cell Capacity by 25x

100 MHz

3500 MHz

Up to 10 bps/Hz

Up to 1 Gbpscell throughput

5G withbeamformingantenna

1800 MHz

20 MHz

2 bps / Hz

40 Mbpscell throughput

Up to25 x

5x More Spectrum and 5x More Efficiency

4G LTE 5G

4G LTE withtwo transmitterantenna

37 © Nokia 2017

Innovations at Base Station Site with New Antennas and RF

2. Active antenna= RF + antenna

4. Massive MIMOwith many RF

1. Separate RFand antenna

1 2 4

3. Multi-band RFfor high integration

3 bands in20 liter

User specificbeamforming

Less site space, lower power consumption, better radio performance

3

38 © Nokia 2017

• Number of antennaelements defines theantenna gain whichcontrols coverage.

• More antenna elementsgives more coverage

• But more antennaelements increases thesize of the antennaespecially at lowfrequencies

8 vertical dipoles

+45o polarity

TRX1

TRX2

TRX63

TRX64

• Number of transmittersdefine the number ofsimultaneous beams thatcan be created.

• More transmitters givesmore capacity

• But more transmitters alsoincreases weight, powerconsumption & cost

Massive MIMO technology – Active Adaptive Antennas

3,5GHzAntennaFilters

3,5GHzAntenna

39 © Nokia 2017

Innovations for Low Latency Radio Transmission – 1 millisecond in 5G

2 ms

0.125 ms

Minimumtransmission time

1 msHSPA

LTE

5G 1 ms

Round trip time

10-15 ms

20-30 ms


Latency in Mobile Networks

• Strong evolution in latencywith new radios

• 3G HSPA latency 20-30 ms• LTE latency 10-15 ms• 5G latency 1 ms• Low 5G latency requires

new radio and also newarchitecture with local content

0

5

10

15

20

25

HSPA LTE 5G

ms

End-to-end latency

Transport + core

BTS processing

UE processing

Scheduling

Buffering

Uplink transmission

Downlink transmission

EPC/NGC

UE

Endpoint

Internet

∆

∆ represents the total latency

ℎ

3

42

5G Device Penetration based on LTE History

2012 2013 2014 2015

iPhone5 with LTESeptember 2012

AUS Dec2014

LTE

5G

2016

USA March2015

France2016

KoreaSep 2013

UK Dec2015

2020 2021 2022 2023

iPhone with 5G

2024

LTE penetration hits 50%

5G penetration hits 50%

5G device penetration will hit 50% in most markets during 2023-2024 if we simply follow LTE history

45

Supplemental Uplink for Enhanced Coverage

5G3500 downlink

5G3500 uplink

LTE1800 downlink

5G1800 uplink

• Uplink coverage is shorter thandownlink coverage. Therefore,uplink in weak signal should uselow band.

• Solution: 5G FDD for uplink and5G 3.5 GHz TDD for downlink

• 5G and LTE multiplexed in FDDin frequency domain

LTE1800 uplink

5G and LTE uplink shared in frequencydomain at 1800 MHz to match 3.5 GHzdownlink

UE BTS

46

Speed of Light is the Limit – Content Must be Close to the Radio

0,01

0,1

1

10

1000 km 100 km 10 km

ms

Round trip time in fiber • 5G target is 1 ms round trip time• 100 km two-way propagation delay in

optical fiber is to 1 ms• 10 km propagation delay to 0.1 ms

Content must be close to the radio (within a few 10 km) to get full benefit from the1-ms round trip time in the radio Þ Multi access Edge Computing (MEC/vMEC)

and Local break out will be needed

Edge CloudL1/

L2Low

UE gNB

L2/HighL3….

MEC

47

IAB – Integrated Access and Backhaul (Rel. 16)

© Nokia 2019

2018 2019 2020

5G chipsets and devices, launching commercially from 2019First wave Second wave

NSA Smartphone NSA+ SA Smartphone

NSA Mobile Hotspot

NSA CPE (sub6)

Chipset vendors targeting“early adoption”

Chipset vendors targetingthe volume market

NSA+SA CPE (sub6/mmwave)

CommercialchipsetsNSA

Commercial chipsetsNSA + SA

Commercial UENSA

Commercial UENSA + SA

NSA CommercialChip NSA+SA Commercial Chip

X

49

5G Device Chip Sets

QualcommX55

7 Gbps

TDD + FDD

QualcommX50

5 Gbps

TDD

2H/20192H/2018

IntelXMM8160

6 Gbps

TDD + FDD

2H/2019

MediatekM70

4.7 Gbps

TDD + FDD

2H/2019

Samsung5100

6 Gbps

TDD

2H/2018

Support 100 + 100 MHz

Radio going to Cloud

51

Current status of Telco Cloudification in rough level

Core Cloud(Voice & Data)

“Internet”

“PSTN/MN”

RadioControllers(2G & 3G)

Subs.Regs

Cloud RAN

Radio Netw.Evolution Trend

BB

BB

BB

Cloud RAN willbe devided to 1-3Cloud hierarcylevel

© 2019 Nokia52

Zero touch and full automation through open API intoanalytics, AI and xRAN controller

Open Interfaces allowing multi-vendor capabilities

Common cloud-native SW acrossall different product types

From classical to cloud – supporting all deployment strategies

All-in-CloudBTSRT functions incloud

Radios connected directlyto radio cloud

Ethernet

2 31 Adaptive Antenna Airscale System module w. real-time baseband Airframe with 5G VNF (non-realtime baseband)

54 Cloud optimized 5G RF +antenna (w. L1, L2 RT )

Airscale System module w. real-time and non-real-time baseband CPRI or Ethernet

ClassicalBTS

Stand alone solutionfor small scale 5G

Radios connected viaAirScale to radio cloud

Cloud BTS

RT/NRT L2 split

CloudoptimizedBTS

Radios connect directlyto radio cloud – RTfunction embedded in theAAS

Non cloud or virtualized

1 5

Adaptive antenna

Adaptive antenna

1

Open API

AI & AnalyticsManagement &Orchestration

xRANController

OpenEcosystemNetwork

Collaborate

Co-create

Innovate Customize

Adaptiveantenna

AirscaleRealTime BB

Adaptive antenna +L2RT BB Data Center or

Edge Cloud

21

4 3

F1

F1

E1

X2

Towards 4G

X2Towards 4G

Core Cloud –Data Center

Edge Cloud –RT enabled

53

Cloud RAN addresses growing need of 5G market opportunities at Edge

RegionalAggregated EdgeFar Edge C-RANFar edge D-RAN

Edge / Central data centersFar Edge data centers

Sites/Cells/Site 10000’s / 24 cells 100-1000’s / 96-1536 cells 10-100’s / 1000-10000 cells <10

Footprint Smallest Smaller Small Large

Power Very Low Low Medium Medium - High

Signaling drivenLowest latency / high throughput

Compact OpenRack or19” Rack-mount orOpen Edge

Open Edge, 3RU, 1/3-5Racks

Full size/compactOpenRack or 19”Rack-mount

Distance 0 km (<50us RTT) 20-40 km (240us RTT) 200-350 km (4-10 ms RTT) >10ms

Open Edge2RU, 2 Server

vRAN RT Function vRAN NRT Function

Fronthaul NRT F1

RTT Round Trip-TimeRT Real TimeNRT Non Real Time

Removes HW limitationwith Cloud enabledsolution

Optimized and harmonizedtransport networkArchitecture

Competitive Advantagewith 5G and Time tomarket

Enabler for new enterprisemarket at Edge Cloud

© 2019 Nokia54 Confidential

AEQA AirScale MAA 64T64R 192AE B42 200W5GC0005625G Adaptive Antenna System for optimized capacity and coverage

• 5G RF Unit with an integrated antenna• 192 antenna elements• Digital beamforming for multi-user MIMO• Operating bandwidth (Band 42): 3.4 GHz ... 3.6 GHz• Instantaneous bandwidth: 60, 80 and 100 MHz• Occupied bandwidth: 100 MHz• Max carrier bandwidth: 100 MHz• DL/UL modulation schemes up to 256 QAM /64 QAM• Number of TX / RX layer/ports per carrier: 64• Number of MIMO streams / beams: 16• Max output power: 35 dBm per TX (200 W in total)• Max EIRP: 77.5 dBm

• IP65 -40 … 55 °C• 47 kg• 79 liters• Natural convection cooling• -48 VDC nominal power


AEQD AirScale MAA 64T64R 128AE B43 200W5GC0006645G Adaptive Antenna System for optimized capacity and coverage

• 5G RF Unit with an integrated antenna• 128 element antenna• Digital beamforming for multi-user MIMO• Operating bandwidth (Band 43): 3.6 GHz ... 3.8 GHz• Instantaneous bandwidth: 60, 80 and 100 MHz• Occupied bandwidth: 100 MHz• Max carrier bandwidth: 100 MHz• DL/UL modulation schemes up to 256 QAM /64 QAM• Number of TX / RX layer/ports per carrier: 64• Number of MIMO streams / beams: 16• Max output power: 35 dBm per TX (200 W in total)• Max EIRP: 76 dBm

• IP65 -40 … 55 °C• 40 kg• 59 liters• Natural convection cooling• -48 VDC nominal power


AirScale System Module Indoor

ASIK & ABIL high capacity and connectivity

ABIL

ASIK

AMIA

• AirScale SM Indoor consist of• 1 AirScale Subrack AMIA

• Common with 2G/3G/4G• 8 Slots

• 1…6 AirScale Capacity ABIL• Capacity Unit• 16x8 100MHz MIMO layers depending on configurations• 2xQSFP28: 8x9.8 Gbps for CPRI fronthaul or 25GE for

eCPRI• 2x SFP28: 2x25 GE for eCPRI or 2x9.8 Gbps for CPRI

• 1…2 AirScale Common ASIK• Common Unit• 2x SFP28: for 1/10/25 GE backhaul interface• Sync IN and OUT, External Alarms and Controls, LMP• -48 VDC nominal power

• Installation options: 19 inch, pole and wall, outdoor cabinet• Dimensions 19” 3 U : H 128 x W 447 x D 400 [mm]• Weight: 10.1 kg minimum 23.5 kg maximum• Ingress protection IP20• Operational temperature range -5 °C to 55 °C

5GC000275 ASIK, 5GC000276 ABIL, 5GC000623 AMIA

57

Thank You

Matti Keskinen – Internal Consultant

Some Extramaterial


TDD = Time Division DuplexFDD = Frequency Division Duplex

TDD and FDD in nutshell

Uplink

Downlink

Time

UL DL

Time

UL DL

TDDFDD

UE

BTSDL

UL


Spectral efficiency and Throughput efficiency – some factors

Spectral efficiency is most important area to improve due to increasing wireless data andlimitation of spectrum. Here some factors related to spectral efficiency:

• Use of Orthogonal Frequencies• QAM modulation (QAM16, -64, -128, -256)• MIMO, mMIMO• Lean Carrier (an LTE carrier with minimized control channel overhead and cell-specific

reference signals• Interference Cancellation

Throughput efficiency (=Channel efficiency, not spectral efficiency related) factors:

• Carrier Aggregation• Dual-/Multi Connectivity• Wider bandwidth


Network throughput [bit/s/km²]

Formula of Network Throughput:Throughput [bit/s/km²] = Cell density [Cells/km²] x Spectrum [Hz] x Spectral efficiency [(bit/s)/Hz/Cell]

Coverage principles in Cellular Networks:• Radio Coverage area divided into cells• Users served by a base stations

12

N 1km

1kmX Hz

f f

Bit/s/Hz

For example factors like:• Use of Orthogonal Frequencies• QAM modulation (QAM16, -64, -128, -256…)• MIMO, mMIMO• Lean Carrier• Interference Cancellation

Documents

Mobile Network Evolution to 5G 17052019 - Vaasan yliopisto · 2019-05-20 · • Exchanges of both Western Electric and LM Ericsson were build according this principle. Fine mechanical