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Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to It's a long way to Tipperary, Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I To the sweetest girl I know! know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Farewell, Leicester Square, Square, Home by Home by Christmas! Christmas! No major war No major war in 50 years in 50 years Nationalism Nationalism

Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To

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Page 1: Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To

MobilizationMobilization

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 yearsin 50 years

NationalismNationalism

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 yearsin 50 years

NationalismNationalism

Page 2: Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

Page 3: Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To

German Invasion August 3, 1914: 1.5 million German

troops invaded Belgium & northern France

160,000 strong British Expeditionary Force embarked for northern France

Germany conquered Belgium by August 20

French transferred troops to their left wing

Moltke diverted troops from the German right wing to Russia

French and British armies conducted an orderly retreat, inflicting heavy casualties

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First Battle of the Marne

German army turned to the east of Paris

Thousands of reservists were moved to the front by 600 Paris taxis

German attack stalled near the River Marne, 25 miles from Paris, in early September

French and British launched a counter-attack (Sep 6-12)

Germans were forced to retreat to the River Aisne

General Moltke suffered and breakdown and was fired

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First Battle of Ypres

October/November, 1914: German army tried to outflank the Allies in western Belgium

BEF mounted brave resistance– Used many Indian troops

Germany flanking maneuver was stopped

By Christmas the front stabilized

Casualties in 1914– France: 995,000– Germany: 667,000– Britain: 96,000

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Battle of the Somme –1916

Battle of the Somme –1916

British offensive in northern France

60,000 British casualties in one day

Over 1,150,000 killed in 5 months

Allies advanced only 6 miles

British offensive in northern France

60,000 British casualties in one day

Over 1,150,000 killed in 5 months

Allies advanced only 6 miles

Page 7: Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To

New Practices New Practices & &

TechnologiesTechnologies

Page 8: Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To

Machine GunMachine Gun

Could fire 600 rounds of ammo per minute

Both sides used artillery and howitzers to fire shrapnel

French army switched to a more camouflaged uniform

Each soldier carried about 30 kg of equipment

All these factors made defense much more effective than offense

Page 9: Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To

Poison GasPoison Gas

New German Chief of Staff: Falkenhayn

Germany first used poison gas (chlorine) in April 1915

Inflicted 70,000 casualties in a few days

Both sides later used phosgene and mustard gas

Both sides quickly issued respirators

Poison gas proved ineffective in the long run

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Other New WeaponsOther New Weapons

1914: all armies began to use airplanes for reconnaisance

1915: both sides began mounting machine guns

1916: planes began to drop bombs Both armies began to construct

tunnels under enemy trenches and blow them up

Tanks were invented by the British in 1916

Early tanks were slow and prone to breakdowns

Didn’t become effective until 1918

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TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

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Battle of Tanenburg Battle of Tanenburg August 1914August 1914

August 1914: Russia invades eastern Prussia

2 divisions are transferred from the Western Front to Prussia

Smaller German army used superior technology and intelligence to defeat a larger Russian army

Superior generalship of Ludendorff 90,000 Russians surrendered Thousands of soldiers flee in panic,

leaving all equipment behind Russian general commits suicide

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Russia vs. AustriaRussia vs. Austria

August 1914: Austria invades Russia but is defeated by superior numbers

Fall 1914: Russia invades 150 miles into Austria

1915: Germany & Austria attack Russia and win decisively

– Russians suffer a shortage of guns, ammo and boots

1916 Brusilov Offensive: Russians attacked Austrian army and pushed them out of Russia

– Victory was squandered by the timidity of other Russian generals

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Russia’s Collapse (1917)Russia’s Collapse (1917) Soldiers became disillusioned

about the war and desertion rose Food shortages became severe in

1917 Government banned sale of vodka February 1917: citizens of

Petrograd revolted against the govt and the army refused to stop them

March: Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Provisional Government was established

June: Russian offensive failed miserably and major retreat began

December: signed armistice with Germany and Austria

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The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915The Gallipoli

Disaster, 1915

British, French, Australian, and New Zealand (Anzacs) force tried to knock Turkey out of the war by invading near Istanbul

Lost due to poor planning, difficult terrain, and courageous leadership of Mustapha Kemal

Allies eventually retreated First Sea Lord Winston Churchill was forced to

resign

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The Desert WarThe Desert War

1915: Turks attacked British & Indian troops in Iraq but were ultimately repelled

1916: British attack Turks in Palestine

Captain TE Lawrence organizes Arab guerilla warfare against Turkey– Arabs are promised

independence– Balfour Declaration

1917: Britain captures Palestine and Jerusalem

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Italian FrontItalian Front

1915: Italy joins the Entente in hopes to gain territory from Austria

1915-16: Italy repeatedly attacks Austrian positions in the Dolomite Mountains

– Gain very little territory but lose many men

– Poor leadership and equipment

1917: Austria launched major offensive and achieved a crushing victory at Caporetto

– 250,000 Italian soldiers surrender

Britain and France have to send troops to help defend Italy

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Total WarTotal WarTotal WarTotal War

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Allied BlockadeAllied Blockade

Allied navies far outnumbered those of the Central Powers

However, Britain was very vulnerable due to its large empire, vital trade, and troop transport

Mines and submarines equalized the balance

British navy blockaded German ports

This caused cold, hunger and disease in Germany and Austria

This lead to crumbling morale and bread riots by 1918

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The Naval WarThe Naval War

1914: isolated German ships sunk many British naval and merchant ships

1915: stalemate Battle of Jutland (1916)

– German navy attacked British navy in North Sea

– Britain lost 14 ships and Germany 11

– British naval blockade continued

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Submarine WarfareSubmarine Warfare

German U-boats were bigger and more powerful than British subs

1915: they began to torpedo all merchant shipping trading with Britain

This angered neutral countries like the US– Lusitania

1917: Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare

Allies gradually introduced convoys to protect trade

Caused US to join war in April, 1917

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Death & DevastationDeath & Devastation

Belgian refugees prepare to board ships to Britain (1914)

Malnutrition and disease caused mortality rates to jump

250,000 Belgian refugees fled to Britain

In war zones civilians often fled– Bombing by zeppelin

Occupied territories– Ban on news– Meager rations– Billeting of enemy soldiers– Confiscation of property– Forced labor – Concentration camps– Summary execution

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FranceFrance

Georges Clemenceau became Prime Minister of France in 1917– 76 years old– Brilliant journalist– Frequently visited the

trenches– Rousing speeches preaching

vengeance Recruited 76% of adult males

into army Govt introduced income taxes Govt borrowed and printed

money leading to high inflation

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BritainBritain

David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in 1916– Energetic and popular– Disagreed with General

Haig Began conscription in 1916 Imposed regulations on

alcohol consumption Food rationing began in 1918 Govt began welfare programs

to ease the burden

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GermanyGermany

Chancellor Bethmann usually agreed to all military demands

Paul von Hindenburg (Supreme Command) and Erich Ludendorff (Commander-in-Chief) established a kind of military dictatorship

Reichstag passed a peace resolution in 1917

The Kaiser became increasingly irrelevant

Entire economy was devoted to the war effort

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Propaganda & PacifismPropaganda & Pacifism

Censorship– to suppress undesirable

messages– to justify the nation’s cause

Newspapers, leaflets, postcards, beer mugs, board games, posters

Actors, teachers and clergy were asked to encourage patriotism

Pacifist groups in Britain and the US campaigned for military exemption– Conscientious objectors

Page 27: Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To

The Final The Final StagesStages

Page 28: Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To

Treaty of Brest-Treaty of Brest-LitovskLitovsk

November 1917: Bolshevik Revolution brought Lenin to power in Russia

– Immediately started negotiating peace with Germany

– Russian army was crumbling and Lenin had to accept a “robber peace”

March 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

– Lost Baltic provinces– Russia to pay 5 billion gold rubles– Surrendered virtually all of western

Russia to German control– Creates Finland, Estonia, Latvia,

Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine– Russia ¼ of population and industry,

and 9/10 of its coal mines

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American American EntryEntry

February-March 1917: unrestricted submarine warfare targets hundreds of US ships

April 1917: President Wilson persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany

President Wilson declared that “The world must be made safe for democracy.”

Americans rushed to enlist in the military and support for the Allies soared

General John Pershing was instructed to maintain separate units of American soldiers

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America Prepares for WarAmerica Prepares for War

US Army was small, poorly equipped and inexperienced

Air Force had only 1 squadron Navy was large and immediately

effective US industry quickly converted to war

production Mobilization was slow

– 4 million soldiers by March 1918– Only 31,000 had arrived in France– By June 1918, 10,000 American soldiers

were arriving per day

US soldiers possessed fresh energy, confidence and hope

– Nicknamed Yankees & Doughboys

Page 31: Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To

Playing the Last CardPlaying the Last Card

In early 1918 Germany possessed a brief superiority of numbers

Ludendorff Offensive– Included 3 separate surprise

attacks in March-May 1918– All 3 made impressive initial

gains but were eventually contained by stiff defense

– Allies held out because of more equipment and arrival of US forces in May

– 900,000 German deaths in 6 months

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Allied Counter-OffensiveAllied Counter-Offensive

Allied improvements– Integrated command structure– Improved morale– Better coordination with radio,

tanks, artillery and airpower August-September

– Allies launched short surprise attacks all along the line

– Gradually regained all lost territory– German morale quickly

plummeted– Allies still suffered heavy

casualties

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The Final DaysThe Final Days September 25: Bulgaria signs an armistice October: Yugoslavs, Poles, Czechs &

Hungarians declare independence from Austria

October 3: Ludendorff asks Wilson for peace terms but rejects them

October 26: Ludendorff resigns and flees to Sweden

October 27: German sailors at Kiel mutiny October 31: Turkey signs an armistice November 3: Austria signs an armistice November 9: Social Democrat Philip

Scheidemann declares Germany a republic; Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates

November 11: armistice is agreed at 11am

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Why did the Allies win?Why did the Allies win?

A. Germany’s allies were weak.

1. Armies poorly equipped and lead

2. Plagued by ethnic divisions

B. German Revolution

1. Widespread mutiny and desertion in last months

2. Major worker strikes and marches in 1917-18

C. Superior resources of the Allies (w/o Russia; w/ US)

1. 2.7 x more manufacturing

2. 2.2 x more steel production

3. 3.3 x more machine guns

4. 4.3 x more trucks

5. 80 x more tanks

D. Allied blockade

1. Caused major shortages of food, oil, steel and parts in German & Austria

Page 35: Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS


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