Mod 5Mod 5

Processing InformationIntersectionsIntersectionsCurves & Hills

PassingPassing

Processing InformationProcessing InformationBasic Requirements for DrivingBasic Requirements for DrivingBasic Requirements for DrivingBasic Requirements for Driving

DRIVER REQUIREMENTS

VISIBILITY... SPACE... TIME... SPACE... TRACTIONVISIBILITY... SPACE... TIME... SPACE... TRACTIONVEHICLE REQUIREMENTSVEHICLE REQUIREMENTS

TO MANEUVER TO MANEUVER SAFELYSAFELY

DriversDrivers need visibility, need visibility, space, and timespace, and time

ANDANDANDAND

VehiclesVehicles require time, require time, space, and traction space, and traction

Good searching techniqueGood searching technique…

• How, When, Where & What to search for

Field of VisionField of VisionArea a Driver Can See While Looking Straight AheadArea a Driver Can See While Looking Straight AheadArea a Driver Can See While Looking Straight AheadArea a Driver Can See While Looking Straight Ahead

Viewing Path of TravelViewing Path of Travel

Central VisionCentral Vision

Focus VisionFocus Vision

Peripheral Peripheral VisionVision

TargetingTargeting

(Reading Signs)(Reading Signs)

Motion & Color Motion & Color ChangesChanges

**90 percent of driving decisions are based **90 percent of driving decisions are based on information gathered with the eyes.on information gathered with the eyes.

SearchingSearchingLooking for Clues from Other DriversLooking for Clues from Other DriversLooking for Clues from Other DriversLooking for Clues from Other Drivers

Actions of the DriverActions of the Driver

Di t tiDi t ti

Vehicle SignalsVehicle Signals••TurningTurning

The brain must beDistractionsDistractions

••Cell PhoneCell Phone

••PassengersPassengers

••TurningTurning••BackingBacking••Hazard LightsHazard Lights

must be programmed as to what to

••PassengersPassengers

LostLost

ImpairedImpaired

••Hand SignalsHand SignalsHeadlightsHeadlightsHornHorn

look for, identifying potential ImpairedImpaired HornHorn

Brake LightsBrake Lights

phazards.

Position of VehiclePosition of VehicleS d f V hi lS d f V hi lSpeed of Vehicle Speed of Vehicle

Managing Visual SearchesManaging Visual Searches

44-- to 8to 8--Second Search AreaSecond Search Area• Immediate Path of Travel• Direct Response Area• Stopping Zone and Following Interval

2020-- to to 3030--sec.sec.

1212-- to to 1515--sec.sec.

44-- to to 88--sec.sec.

1-2 Seconds is INADEQUATE!

Managing Visual SearchesManaging Visual Searches1212 t 15t 15 S d S h AS d S h A

Search for Closed or Changing Path of Travel

1212-- to 15to 15--Second Search AreaSecond Search Area

Identify an Alternate Path of Travel or a Safe Stopping ZoneEvaluate Open Zones to the Sides and Rear

2020-- to to 3030--sec.sec.

1212-- to to 1515--sec.sec. 44-- to 8to 8--

sec.sec.

Managing Visual SearchesManaging Visual Searches

Search far ahead to identify potential conflictsSearch far ahead to identify potential conflicts

2020-- to 30to 30--Second Search AreaSecond Search AreaSearch far ahead to identify potential conflictsSearch far ahead to identify potential conflicts

• Objects in Path of Travel

• Limitations to Line of SightLimitations to Line of Sight

TargetTargetTarget Target AreaArea

2020 toto2020-- to to 3030--sec.sec. 1212-- to to

1515--sec.sec.44-- to 8to 8--

sec.sec.

Processing Highway ConditionsProcessing Highway Conditions

IntersectionsIntersectionsRoadway Roadway StructureStructure•Width•Width•Curbing•CurvesSl

HighwayHighway•Slopes

RoadwayRoadwayRoadway FeaturesRoadway Features

ConditionsConditionsRoadway Roadway SurfaceSurface•RoughnessSli k

•Shoulders

•Affixed Objects

Adjacent Buildings

AtmosphereAtmosphere

•Illumination•Slick•Wet Leaves•Mud

•Adjacent BuildingsIllumination

•Glare

•Precipitation•Sand

p

•Wind/Noise

Processing TRAFFIC CONTROL DevicesProcessing TRAFFIC CONTROL Devices

SignsSigns•Regulatory

SS•Warning •Guide•RR

Sensory Sensory Input to the Input to the BrainBrain

SignalsSignals

InterchangesInterchanges

•Stop/Go

•Lane Usage

•FlashingRoadway Roadway

Unmarked Unmarked IntersectionsIntersections

•Flashing MarkingsMarkings•Passing•Traffic Flow•CrosswalksCrosswalks

Motor VehiclesMotor Vehicles

TypeType••AutomobileAutomobile

Drivers must Drivers must understand the understand the handling handling h t i ti fh t i ti f••SUVSUV

••CamperCamper

Pi kPi k

characteristics of characteristics of other motor vehicles other motor vehicles sharing the roadway.sharing the roadway.

Road Handling Road Handling CharacteristicsCharacteristics

••PickPick--upup

••Motor HomeMotor Home

••MotorcycleMotorcycleyy

••Farm MachinesFarm Machines

••TractorTractor--TrailerTrailer

NonNon--MotorizedMotorized Users…Users…present special processing challengespresent special processing challenges

Bicycles

p ese t spec a p ocess g c a e gesp ese t spec a p ocess g c a e ges

Animals

• KIND AND SIZE

• NUMBERS

• AGE OF RIDER• AGE OF RIDER

• ACTIVITY

• RIDER ABILITY

In-Line Skates,Skateboards

PedestriansPedestrians

IntersectionsIntersections

Check left & right forCheck left & right for traffic & pedestrians.

Check ahead for oncoming traffic turning left.

Count to 3 to allow other vehicles to clear.

Crossing a two lane road takes about 6 sec.

Gaps in trafficGaps in traffic

If a vehicle is approaching at 30 MPH (45 FPS), you will need a gap of 270 FT to safely cross the intersection.

If a vehicle is approaching at 50 MPH (75 FPS), you a e c e s app oac g at 50 ( 5 S), youwill need a gap of 450 FT to safely cross the intersection

Understanding Lane MarkingsUnderstanding Lane MarkingsShared Left Turn LaneShared Left Turn LaneShared Left Turn LaneShared Left Turn Lane

Shared Left Turn LaneShared Left Turn LaneDrivers traveling in either Drivers traveling in either direction may use this lane for direction may use this lane for making left turns.making left turns.making left turns.making left turns.

Drivers may not travel further Drivers may not travel further than 150 feet in this shared than 150 feet in this shared lane.lane.

Driver may use the shared left Driver may use the shared left turn lane to enter a street from turn lane to enter a street from a driveway.a driveway.

Always turn from the lane that you are in to the lane that corresponds to that lane.Inside to inside

Outside to outside

What’s wrong with this picture?

Limited Line of Sight Through CurvesLimited Line of Sight Through Curves

Line of Sight Over HillLine of Sight Over Hill

Line of Sight isLine of Sight is Line of Sight is Line of Sight is Restricted Up and Restricted Up and Down Down

Car drifting over Car drifting over the center line, the center line, lane blockedlane blocked

Lane position 3 Lane position 3 provides the best provides the best space cushion space cushion

No escape routesNo escape routes

Curves & HillsAlways slow down before the curve!

Begin accelerating at the APEX, which will

Apex

help bring car out of the curveApexMust know what is behind you in case you must brake unexpectedly

Identifying a Safe and Legal Passing ZoneIdentifying a Safe and Legal Passing Zone

Determining Passing Time/Space NeedsDetermining Passing Time/Space NeedsIdentifying a Safe and Legal Passing ZoneIdentifying a Safe and Legal Passing Zone

Before you pass, you must determine:Before you pass, you must determine:

11 if you are in a legal passing zoneif you are in a legal passing zone1.1. if you are in a legal passing zoneif you are in a legal passing zone

•• broken line = pass with cautionbroken line = pass with caution

•• solid line = no passingsolid line = no passingsolid line no passingsolid line no passing

•• list other areas where passing list other areas where passing is prohibitedis prohibited

2. the timetime you will need to pass safely3.3. thethe spacespace you will need to safely pass the other vehicle

TRAVEL TIME = SPACE

Formula – Speed + ½ speed = feet per second (fps) traveled

60 mph 60 + 30 90 fps60 mph -- 60 + 30 = 90 fps

Determining Passing Time/Space NeedsDetermining Passing Time/Space NeedsJudging Time and Space Needed to Pass SafelyJudging Time and Space Needed to Pass Safely

2 sec. following distance = 120 ft.1 car length = 15 ft.

Distance traveled = speed + ½ speed in feet per second

Time to pass = distance traveled to complete pass, divided by difference in distance traveled per second

Judging Time and Space Needed to Pass SafelyJudging Time and Space Needed to Pass Safely

1 sec. gap = 60 ftTotal additional distance traveled = 195 ft.Time needed to pass:195 ft. /15 ft. = 13 sec.

divided by difference in distance traveled per second by each vehicle

RED car traveling 40 mph = 60 fps (40 mph X 1.5 fps = 60 fps)

195 ft. /15 ft. 13 sec.Total distance traveled:13 sec. X 60 fps. = 780 ft.

BLUE car traveling 30 mph = 45 fps(30 mph X 1.5 fps = 45 fps)

60 ft - 45 ft = 15 ft.

Total distance traveled: 13 sec. X 60 fps. = 780 ft.

Red car is traveling 15 fps faster than Blue car

2 Second Space 60 f X 2 120 ft

1 car length = 15 feet

1 Second Space

60 fps 1 = 60 ftfps X 2 = 120 ft. = 15 feet 60 fps x 1 = 60 ft

Judging the Relative Speed and Distance of Oncoming VehiclesJudging the Relative Speed and Distance of Oncoming Vehicles

Passing Time/Space Needs Passing Time/Space Needs —— Oncoming VehiclesOncoming Vehicles

Judging the Relative Speed and Distance of Oncoming VehiclesJudging the Relative Speed and Distance of Oncoming Vehicles

The example below is based on the approaching vehicle The example below is based on the approaching vehicle traveling at 40 mph.traveling at 40 mph.traveling at 40 mph.traveling at 40 mph.

Red Red vehicle will need 780 feet to complete the passvehicle will need 780 feet to complete the pass

Brown Brown vehicle will travel 780 feetvehicle will travel 780 feet

To complete a pass safely you must take ALL factors into accountTo complete a pass safely you must take ALL factors into account

Allows a minimum 200 ft. space cushionAllows a minimum 200 ft. space cushion

SpaceCushion

p p y yp p y y

13 seconds / 780 ft. 13 seconds / 780 ft.200 ft

TOTAL distance required to pass safely is 1760 ft (30 seconds).

Passing Considerations Passing Considerations —— Larger VehiclesLarger VehiclesDaylight Daylight

Passing a 90Passing a 90--foot tractor trailerfoot tractor trailer

•• Would require an additional 5 seconds Would require an additional 5 seconds for thefor the RedRed vehiclevehicle

y gy gHeadlight UseHeadlight Use

Enhances SafetyEnhances Safety• an approaching vehicle without for the for the Red Red vehiclevehicle

9090--foot truck + 15foot truck + 15--foot car = 75 feet additional foot car = 75 feet additional distance traveled = 5 seconds distance traveled = 5 seconds

pp gheadlights becomes visible at about 2,200 to 2,500 feet

• an approaching vehicle with headlights becomes visible at

•• 18 seconds x 60 fps = 1080 feet needed 18 seconds x 60 fps = 1080 feet needed by by RedRed vehiclevehicle

headlights becomes visible at distances up to 4500 feet

Passing on Multi-lane R dRoadways

• safer than on two lane roadways • head-on crashes are rare • will not feel rushed into returning

If there is an If there is an oncomingoncoming vehiclevehicletraveling 40 mph, the total clear traveling 40 mph, the total clear distance needed to pass safeldistance needed to pass safel

• will not feel rushed into returning to the lane

• can safely pass larger vehicles that require more time and

tdistance needed to pass safely distance needed to pass safely becomes 1360 feet (23 seconds)becomes 1360 feet (23 seconds)

1080 + 1080 + 200 (space cushion)1080 + 1080 + 200 (space cushion)

space to pass

Passing ProceduresPassing Procedures

2 – 3 Seconds

Prepare to Pass:Prepare to Pass:

P iti hi l t

Overtake the Ongoing Overtake the Ongoing Vehicle:Vehicle:

Return to Lane:Return to Lane:

• Position vehicle two to three seconds behind the vehicle to be passed.

• Accelerate into passing lane.

A l i kl

• Check rear-view mirror for the front of the vehicle being passedp

• Check mirrors, blind spot and oncoming traffic.

• Accelerate quickly to a legal appropriate speed.

• Monitor the path ahead.

passed.

• Signal intention.

• Change lanes and

• Check ahead for safe passing distance.

• Check the mirror for following vehicles.

maintain speed.

• Cancel turn signal.

• Signal intention.

5 Places Passing is NOT Permitted

1.Hills

2.Curves

3.RR crossings

4.Intersections

5.Solid yellow lines

Daytime Running Lights

They increase the chance ofThey increase the chance of others seeing you—making your car more visiblecar more visible

Safe to return to your lane after a pass?

When you can see the otherWhen you can see the other vehicles headlights or grill in your rear view mirrorrear view mirror.