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MODAL REVISON

What are Modal Verbs?

Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here are some important differences:

1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.

Examples:

He can speak Chinese.

She should be here by 9:00.

2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past.

Examples:

He should not be late.

They might not come to the party.

3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.

Examples:

He will can go with us. Not Correct

She musted study very hard. Not Correct

4. One modal may have more than one usage and each usage has different meanings.

Example: can

He can drive a lorry. (ability)

He can teach our history class, but its not certain yet. (certainty)

He can sit her. Its free. (possibility)

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Look at the table below and check the different usages of modals.

Expresses Modals Usage Examples

Ability can

be able to

We use can to talk about someones skill or general abilities. We use be able to to express ability. "Able" is an adjective meaning: having the power, skill or means to do something. If we say "I am able to swim", it is like saying "I can swim". We sometimes use "be able to" instead of "can" or "could" for ability. "Be able to" is possible in all tenses - but "can" is possible only in the present and "could" is possible only in the past for ability. In addition, "can" and "could" have no infinitive form. So we use "be able to" when we want to use other tenses or the infinitive.

- He can ride a bike. - He is able to speak Mandarin Chinese. - She will be able to speak English. - When I finish training I will be able to run a 5 minute mile. - Unfortunately, Jack hasn't been able to swim since his accident.

Past Ability could be able to

could can be used to refer in general that someone had a skill. In some cases it is possible to use both could and was able to, but usually there is a difference between two. We tend to use was able to if we are talking about what happened in a particular situation or are referring to a specific achievement:

- She could run a mile - My grandfather could play golf very well. - He could speak fluent French when he was 5. - The burglar was able to get in through the bathroom window. - He was able to climb Everest Mountain. - A: Were you able to speak to him before he left home? B: No, I'm sorry, I wasn't able to reach him

Possibility could

(present) %50

can %50

may %50

might % 50

must % 90

We can use these modal verbs (also called modals of deduction, speculation or certainty) when we want to make a guess about something. We choose the verb depending on how sure we are.

- He can forget the meeting. Write him a note. - She could be at the library. I dont know. - He may be right. Im not sure. - It might rain. - She is going to dive 900 miles alone. She must be crazy.

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POSSIBILITY PAST

may have might have could have

May, might and could + V3 express certainty with reference to past actions. Note: Using modal+have+V3 is also possible in conditional sentences, but it is different from modals of past possibility. For example:I could have caught the bus if I had hurried.

- She must have forgotten about our date. - She might have worked late. - She could have taken the wrong bus. - She may have felt ill. - That dress looks expensive. It must have cost a fortune. - A: How do you think the burglar got in?' B: 'He must have climbed through the window.

Impossibility can't

mustnt

Cant and mustnt is used to show that something is not possible.

- This can't be happening. - He cant see you right now. Hes at work. - She mustnt be doctor. She is afraid of blood.

Impossibility Past

cant have couldnt have

Cant or couldnt have + past participle shows that the speaker is very certain something didnt happen. Robin looks tired today. She cant have slept well last night. (This is the speakers best guess as to why Robin looks tired. Of course, other reasons are possible. For instance, she might be ill.)

- It can't/couldn't have been Carla you saw this morning. She is away on holiday. - It is impossible for them to have persuaded her. They could not have persuaded her - It was raining heavily. They couldnt have arrived on time.

Necessity/Obligation must

have to

need to

need (modal)

We use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.) We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.

- Everyone must pay taxes. She has to pass this test. - We have to wear a uniform at work. - Do you have to work until 7 p.m. - I have to go to Orlando this weekend. - You need to go to the hairdresser's. Your hair is very long.

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Necessity/Obligation Past

had to For past obligation we use only had to. Remember that must have +V3 is used for past probability. Question form of must is infrequent. We usually use the question form of have to. Need is a semi-modal verb because in some ways it is like a modal verb and in other ways like a main verb.

- I had to wear a school uniform when I was a child. - We had to memorize twenty words a day when I was a student. Need you leave straightaway? Can't you stay longer?

Lack of necessity dont have to

dont need to

(neednt)

dont have to/dont need to can be used to show the lack of necessity.

- You dont have to write it because it is written on the book. - You dont have to wear a tie in our office. You can wear a tie if you want to but its OK if you dont. - You dont need to dress up for the party. Wear whatever you feel comfortable in. - They don't need to speak English in their job. - We neednt wait. They will call us. - You needn't listen to him. Do what you want.

Lack of necessity Past

didnt need to didnt have to neednt have

When we say that somebody didnt need to do something, we are simply saying that the action was not necessary. Perhaps they did the action, perhaps they did not. When we want to say that something unnecessary has happened we use neednt have V3

- We went to a restaurant, but we didnt need to pay for the food because the boss paid. - You didnt have to leave early. It was opened until midnight. - You needn't have washed the dishes. I would've put them in the dishwasher.

Prohibition cant

mustnt

Both cant and mustnt are used to show that something is prohibited it is not allowed. Cant tells us that something is against the rules. Mustnt is usually used when the obligation comes from the person who is speaking.

- You cant enter the room. It is forbidden. - You mustnt smoke here, its my room.

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Advice should

ought to

We use should/ought to/shouldnt/ought not to/ 1. to express the view that something is the right

thing to do, because its morally correct, polite, or someones duty

2. to give or ask for advice or suggestions Ought to and should are similar in meaning. Should is more common than ought to. Ought to is more formal than should. The negative of ought to is not common. We usually use shouldnt or should not instead.

- She should pay more attention to her hair. - He ought to be more polite. - We ought not to have ordered so much food. - You look ill. You ought to see a doctor. - You should take a taxi. You cant find bus at night. - He ought to eat less meat.

Regret should have ought to have

We can use 'should have/ought to have' to talk about past events that did not happen. We can use ' should not have /ought not to have to speculate negatively about what may or may not have happened. Should can be used in the same way as ought to and is more common, especially in negatives and questions.

- I should have let her know what was happening but I forgot. - He should have sent everybody a reminder by email. - She shouldn't have left work yet. I'll call her office. - I shouldn't have shouted at you. I apologize. - You ought to have listened to the warnings. - I know I ought not to have taken the money.

Permission can

may

We use can when we give someone permission to do something. We also use may for permission. May is more formal and is used less often than can:

- Can I go out? You can use your dictionary in the exam. - Passengers may take one small bag on board the plane.

Asking for permission.

can may

We use Can I? / Could I? / May I to ask for permission. Can is informal or friendly. May is formal.

- Can I speak to John Wilson, please? - May I take one of these pencils?

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EXERCISE

A. Use must/mustnt/have to /dont need to to complete the sentences. 1. You __dont need to___ call him. I think hell be here in five minutes. 2. They _____must__ come to the meeting just on time. 3. I can hear you. You ___must__ shout. 4. We ____dont need to___ work a full day on Saturday because weve had a lot of orders this week. 5. Im glad that I ____dont need to____ work today. 6. You ______ dont need to ____ go to the post office. I can send the letter tomorrow. 7. I ______ dont need to __ meet him at the station. He can take a taxi. 8. I _____have to___ study now because I have an important exam tomorrow. 9. I ____have to__ work very hard now because I became ill last week. 10. I ___have to___ get up earlier in the morning. The boss was angry with me today. 11. You ____must___ wipe your feet whenever you come in the house. 12. The personnel __have to___ be at the office by 9. 13. The doctor says, I _____have to_ take two of these pills a day. 14. You ___have to_ make your bed when you get up. Im not your servant. 15. I __mustnt_ forget to take my key with me. This is the only key we have.

B. Complete the sentences with the correct option

1) He _______ be at the meeting, but I'm not sure. a) must b) may c) can't 2) Jack _______ be at home. His jacket is still here. a) might b) must c) can't 3) I _______ still have your book, but I'm not certain. a) might b) can't c) must

4) This _______ be the right answer. The others are definitely wrong. a) can't b) must c) could 5) That _______ be Maria. I'm sure she's got blond hair, not dark. a) may b) might c) can't 6) I'm not sure but the painting _______ be an original. a) could b) must c) can't 7) She's been working hard so she _______ be tired. a) may b) can't c) must

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C. Complete the sentences with the correct option 1) Teds flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He _____________be exhausted after such a long flight. a. must b. can c. should 2) The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we ___________read it if we dont want to. a. must not b. dont have to c. cannot 3) Susan ____________hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly. a. couldnt b. neednt c. cant 4) Kate: ___________hold your breath for more than a minute? Jack: No, I dont think so. a. Must you b. May you c. Can you 5) You ____________rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know havent got a penny to their name. a. dont have to b. shouldnt c. cant be 6) Ive redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book _____________be wrong! a. must b. should c. need to 7) You ___________________worry so much. It doesnt do you any good. Either you get the job, or you dont. If you dont, just apply for another one. a. shouldnt b. cant c. dont have to 8) You ____________________leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself. a. may b. should c. have to 9) At first, my boss didnt want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he ________________take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position. a. must b. can c. dont have to 10) You __________________ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time. a. dont have to b. couldnt c. mustnt

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D. A mysterious letter has arrived for Tom by special delivery. He is nervous about opening it. Add suitable MODAL VERBS to complete

the dialogue. He is with Jill, his wife.

Jill : _______Can____ I have a look at it? (permission)

Tom : I _______cant__ think who its from. (negative ability)

Jill : It ______must___ be important. (assumption)

Tom : ____Can____ you read the postmark? (ability)

Jill : It ______might/can/may__ be from the taxman. (possibility)

Tom : No, it ____cant___ be from him. He always uses a special envelope. (negative assumption)

Jill : It __could _ be from your bank manager (possibility), so you _should__ open it immediately. (advice)

Tom : Yes, I ___must_ stop putting it off (obligation). Now, lets see. Is it good news or bad?

E. Rewrite the sentences using the modals of CERTAINTY, IMPOSSIBILITY and POSSIBILTY:

Example: Im sure she reads adventure books a lot. ANSWERS VARY !

She must read adventure books a lot..

1. Perhaps Jane will lend Tom some money.

_______________________________________________________

2. Perhaps Jane lent Tom some money.

_______________________________________________________

3. It is possible that she wont invite you to the party.

_______________________________________________________

4. It is possible that she didnt invite him to the party.

_______________________________________________________

5. Perhaps she is asleep.

_______________________________________________________

6. Perhaps she was asleep.

_______________________________________________________

7. Im sure he isnt tired.

_______________________________________________________

8. Im sure he wasnt tired.

_______________________________________________________

9. It is impossible that Mary knows my phone number.

_______________________________________________________

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F. Fill in the blanks using MUST (HAVE), CANT (HAVE), MAY-MIGHT-COULD (HAVE):

1. She knew everything about our plans. She ___must have listened__ (listen) to our conversation.

2. He _____cant have eaten_____ (eat) the roasted beef when we were out. He is a vegetarian.

3. Mrs. White bought a new fur coat! She ______must have won____ (win) a lottery.

4. John said he would ring, but he hasnt. He _____must have forgetten____ (forget) all about it.

5. It is possible that he saw us together. He ________might have seen___(see) us together.

6. The children _____might study____ (study) in the library now, because they have a test tomorrow.

7. The singer has got a sore throat, so she __cant___ (sing) at the concert.

G. For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.

1) It's your birthday? You ______ have told me. I would have got you a present. A would B must C can D should 2) You ____ be joking! I'm not going to lend hime my new car. A might B must C could D should 3) I think you _____ at least offer to help me. After all I've done for you, it's only fair. A must B might C have to D would 4) I ________ do that , if I were you. There'll be all manner of trouble if you do. A mustn't B dont have to C can't D wouldn't 5) We _____ as well go home now. The shops are all closed. A must B can C might D could 6) _____ I have a quick word with you Brian? It's nothing serious. A May B Should C Would D Must

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7) You ____________ think that its too expensive to learn English, but thats not true. A might B should C may D could 8) Paul ____________ read when he was just four years old. A might B should C could D would 9) You're saying it was a mistake that they forgot about our party? You _____ have fooled me. I'm sure they didn't want to come. A would B could C can D should 10) Who ___ that be, knocking at the door at this time of night? Martin, I guess. A would B must C should D can 11) What's her sister's name? How on earth ______ I know? I didn't even know she had a sister. A should B would C can D might

H. Choose the correct option to complete the blanks.

1. Paul's class starts at 8:30. It's 8:45 and he's not here yet. He _________________________. It passed five minutes ago.

A. must have missed the bus. B. must be sick. C. might have missed the bus. D. must have been sick.

2. I don't know why he hasn't called me back. He __________________________________________________

A. might have forgotten my number. B. might forget my number. C. must have forgotten my number. D. might be forgetting my number.

3. My plants are dead. I ________________________________________________

A. can't have given them enough water. B. must give them more water. C. should have given them enough water.

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D. couldn't give them enough water.

4. My friend promised to pick me up at 7:00. It's now 7:25 and I don't see him. He _________________________________________ A. might be forgetting. B. must have forgotten. C. might have forgotten. D. might forget.

5. The hockey player's injury kept him out of the Stanley Cup Playoffs. He _____________________________________

A. might have been disappointed. B. must have been disappointing. C. must have been disappointment. D. must have been disappointed.

6. The twins have guilty expressions on their faces. They ________________________________________

A. might do something naughty. B. must do something naughty. C. might have done something naughty. D. should have done something naughty.

7. My white shirt now has green streaks in it. I ____________________________________________

A. can't wash it properly. B. must to wash it properly. C. must not have not washed it properly. D. can't have washed it properly.

8. Our son promised to clean his room, but it is still messy. He ___________________________________________

A. can't clean it. B. couldn't to have cleaned it. C. couldn't have cleaned it. D. cannot clean it.

9. Betty said she was hungry, but she didn't eat very much after all. She _______________________________________________ A. mustnt have liked the food. B. can't like the food. C. couldn't have been hungry.

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D. couldn't like the food.

10. Look! Our car isn't in the driveway! Somebody _________________________________________

A. must be stealing it. B. must have stolen it. C. might have stolen it. D. could have stolen it.

. Read the sentences below. Find and correct the errors. Two sentences are correct.

1) He able to run 5 km.

2) He couldnt spoke English when he started university.

3) The lesson might have finish.

4) She musnt smoke here.

5) You dont have to smoke indoors. Its forbidden.

6) He must have found another job.

7) May I asking a questions?

8) You not ought to come to work late.

9) Friends should help each other.

10) She have to go to work at 6 a.m.

11) She couldnt talk when the teacher is talking.

12) I was be able to finish the report at midnight.

13) Do I can help you?

14) We havent wake up early on Saturday.

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J. Put in mustn't or needn't.

1) I ___________________ take the umbrella. It won't rain.

2) I ___________________ cross this bridge. It's closed.

3) We ___________________ be late. The train will leave in 10 minutes.

4) You ___________________ hurry. We have plenty of time.

5) You ___________________ smoke in here. It's forbidden. Look at that sign.

6) We ___________________ have enough diesel, so we stop here.

K. Choose the correct answer.

1) You _____ do it if you don't want. a) do not need b) need not c) Either could be used here.

2) I didn't bother to confirm it because they said we ______ once we'd got the tickets.

a) didn't need b) didn't need to c) needn't have

3) I spent hours doing it and then they told me I _____.

a) needn't have bothered b) didn't need to bother c) needed bothering

4) We ______ to do it.

a) don't need b) needn't

c) Either could be used here. 5) I need ____ to the bank.

a) go b) to go

6) I ____ any more trouble.

a) needn't b) don't need c) Either could be used here.

7) If anything needs ____, just let me know.

a) do b) to do c) doing

8) Thanks a lot- you ____ it, though.

a) didn't need to do b) needn't have done

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ADVERBS OF DEGREE

Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity or degree of an action, an adjective or another adverb. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before

the adjective, adverb, or verb they are modifying, although there are some exceptions discussed below.

VERY

Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.

EXAMPLES

The girl was very beautiful.

The house is very expensive.

He worked very quickly.

She runs very fast.

If we want to make a negative form of an adjective or adverb, we can add "not" to the verb, we can use an adjective or adverb of opposite

meaning, or we can use "not very" with the original adjective or adverb. The meanings of the phrases are not identical. Usually the phrase using

"not very" is less direct, and thus more polite, than the other phrases.

EXAMPLES

Original phrase Opposite meaning with "not" Opposite meaning with "not very" Opposite meaning with an opposite word

The girl was beautiful. The girl was not beautiful. The girl was not very beautiful. The girl was ugly.

He worked quickly. He did not work quickly. He did not work very quickly. He worked slowly.

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DIFFERENCE IN MEANING BETWEEN "VERY" AND "TOO"

There is a big difference in meaning between "too" and "very". "Very" expresses a fact while "too" suggests there is a problem.

EXAMPLES

He speaks very quickly.

He speaks too quickly for me to understand.

It is very hot outside.

It is too hot outside to go for a walk.

Very and Too + adjective

1. The exam is very difficult, but Jim can complete it.

2. The exam is too difficult. Jim can't complete it.

Very difficult = it is difficult but possible for Jim to complete the exam.

Too difficult = It is impossible for Jim to complete the exam.

Remember that Too implies a negative result.

Too + adjective + infinitive

Alex couldn't play basketball because he was too short.

Alex was too short to play basketball.

We are too tired to go to the gym.

Mary was too ill to finish her food.

Too + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive

I can't walk to Valparaiso because it is too far.

Valparaiso is too far for me to walk.

It is too late for me to go out.

The soup is too cold for Tim to eat.

The price of the ticket is too expensive for Mike to fly to

Europe.

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Enough + noun

Enough (pronounced "enuf")

There was sufficient food for everybody at the party.

There was enough food for everybody at the party.

I had enough money to pay for dinner with my girlfriend.

Is there enough time to finish the test?

Adjective + Enough

Everybody notices her because she is very pretty.

She is pretty enough for everybody to notice her.

My friend lives close enough to my house to walk.

Last summer it was hot enough to go swimming every day.

Enough + infinitive

When she lost her dog, it was enough to make her cry.

He was sick enough to stay home from work today.

I arrived at the airport early enough to make my flight to New York.

FAIRLY

Fairly is an adverb of degree. It generally modifies adjectives and adverbs.

He can speak English fairly well.

Fairly does not suggest a very high degree.

How was the film? Fairly good. (Not the best one I have seen this year.)

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QUITE

Quite suggests a higher degree than fairly.

How was the film? Quite good. (You ought to watch it.)

QUITE CAN MODIFY ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, VERBS AND NOUNS.

She speaks English quite well.

He is quite tall.

He is quite a scholar.

I quite enjoyed myself at the party.

quite has two meanings: I feel quite tired today (= fairly tired). With adjectives that describe an extreme state (non-gradable adjectives) it

means completely or absolutely: I feel quite exhausted. With some adjectives, both meanings are possible. The speakers stress and intonation

will show you which is meant: Your essay is quite good (= fairly good it could be better); Your essay is quite good (= very good, especially when

this is unexpected).

RATHER

Rather is stronger than quite. It suggests ideas such as more than is usual, more than was expected or more than was wanted.

I think I should close the window. It is rather cold.

Do you see that rather tall boy standing over there.

How was the film? Rather good. (I was surprised.)

Rather can modify adjectives, adverbs, verbs and nouns.

It was rather a success.

I rather think we are going to lose.

PRETTY

Pretty is similar to rather.

She is a pretty good girl.

How is things? Pretty good.

Pretty can modify adjectives and adverbs. It cant modify nouns or verbs.

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Intensifiers with strong adjectives:

Strong adjectives are words like:

- enormous, huge = very big

- tiny = very small

- brilliant = very clever

- awful; terrible; disgusting; dreadful = very bad

- certain = very sure

- excellent; perfect; ideal; wonderful; splendid = very good

- delicious = very tasty

We do not normally use very with these adjectives. We do not say something is "very enormous" or someone is "very brilliant".

With strong adjectives, we normally use intensifiers like:

absolutely completely totally utterly

really exceptionally particularly quite

The film was absolutely awful.

He was an exceptionally brilliant child.

The food smelled really disgusting.

A. Complete with TOO or ENOUGH and the adjective in brackets: 1) Peter is __too short___ to become a police officer. He's only 1.65 cm tall. (short) 2) I'd like to buy a new car and a good house, but I'm just not __rich enough___ to do it. (rich) 3) My school is ___too far___ from my house to go on foot. So, I cycle to school every morning. (far) 4) Kelly is ___too young__ to drive a car. She's only 14. (young) 5) That skirt you are wearing is ___too tight_ for you. You need a bigger size. (tight) 6) David is quite a fast runner, but he isn't ____fast enough__ to beat the Italian runner, who is considered to be the best. (fast) 7) I'm a good swimmer, but I'm not _____good enough__ to enter a championship. (good) 8) The beach was______too crowded_ yesterday, so we decided to go somewhere else. (crowded) 9) We wanted to go to Paris last weekend, but the plane tickets were____too expensie__ , so we stayed at home. (expensive)

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B. Answer the questions with too or enough using the words in parenthesis. Answers might vary! Possible answers. 1) Can he go to the casino? No, he can't. (old) He isn't__old enough___ . 2) Are we going to Hawaii this summer? Unfortunately not. (money) We don't have ____enough money__this year. 3) Can he lift the table? Yes, he can. (strong) He is__strong enough________________________ . 4) Can Sally go to the party? No, she can't. (tired) She is_______too tired______ . 5) Can he climb the tree? No, he can't. (old) He is_too old______ . 6) Can she fit in that dress? Yes, she can. (thin) She is ___thin enough______ . 7) Do you think he understands you? Yes, he does. (mature) He is _____is mature enough_______. 8) Can he go to a private university? I don't think he can. (expensive) Those are ___too expensive__ to pay. 9) Are you going to the beach? No I'm not. (hot) It is ______too hot_____ today.

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C. Fill the gaps using the best words in brackets. 1) She finished the day ______really__ exhausted. ( really / totally ) 2) Tammy Payne isn't a good singer. She's ____absolutely__ fantastic. ( absolutely / very ) 3) The Serrano Towers in Valencia are _____pretty___ high. ( absolutely / pretty ) 4) Jerez de la Frontera is an ____quite__ interesting place. ( quite / rather ) 5) That boy of yours is _____extremely____ lazy. ( absolutely / extremely ) 6) It was ____really ___ freezing this morning. (really / absolutely ) 7) Victoria, in my opinion, is __completely__ mad. ( completely / rather ) 8) Scarlett Johansson looked ______ totally ____ gorgeous at the Golden Globe Awards ceremony. ( absolutely / totally ) 9) Mara is ___really____ nice. ( absolutely / really ) 10) Godella is a _______quite__ pretty town. ( quite / rather ) 11) Ecuador is a ______really__ great country. ( really / very ) 12) It was a ___quite__ simple invention. ( quite / slightly) 13) Samantha is a ____highly___ skilled computer technician. ( completely / highly ) 14) Sean lives a ___quite___ stressful life. ( quite / very ) 15) Gerard cooks ____fairly__ well. ( absolutely / fairly ) 16) The concert was _____extremely_ wonderful. ( absolutely / extremely ) 17) Rodin's sculptures are __very____ well-known. ( absolutely / very ) D. Choose the best word to complete the following sentences. 1) I'm _____ sleepy. I'm going to bed. a) incredibly b) absolutely c) totally d) utterly 2) It was _____ impossible to decide what to do. a) extremely b) absolutely c) incredibly d) rather 3) I bought some ____ cheap shoes at the weekend. a) extremely b) absolutely c) very d) totally 4) Sam's got a very ____ nose. a) enormous b) huge c) large d) massive

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5) I was ______ disappointed by the food in the new restaurant. a) much b) terribly c) completely d) totally 6) The painting he bought was very ______. a) expensive b) priceless c) valuable d) pricey 7) Your children are ____ noisy! I wish they'd be quiet! a) enough b) totally c) completely d) incredibly 8) The meal Sarah cooked for us was absolutely _____. a) delicious b) tasty c) nice d) good 9) Frank's girlfriend was wearing ____ short skirt. a) a completely b) an awfully c) a quite d) a totally 10) Don't ask Simon to help - he's _____ useless. a) completely b) very c) extremely d) awfully 11) It's very ____ that we try to solve this problem quickly. a) crucial b) essential c) vital d) important

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GERUNDS (VERB-ING) & INFINITIVES (TO + VERB)

There are certain words in English that are usually followed by an infinitive or gerund. When we use verbs followed another verb, we usually use

either to + VERB or VERBing. There is not a certain rule for gerund and infinitive so you have to look it up when you are not sure whether the

verb takes gerund or infinitive.

Infinitive= to + VERB

Examples: I expect to pass the exam

She seemed to leave Konya.

They have chosen to stay at home.

Gerund = VERB + ing

Examples: He loves playing golf.

We enjoy learning English.

You should avoid eating junk food.

Prepositions are usually followed by a gerund (VERB+ing).

He is good at playing football.

They give up working here.

I am tired of waiting you.

Some verbs are followed by Gerunds OR Infinitives, but have different meanings

begin She began singing.

She began to sing.

When "begin" is used in non-continuous tenses, you can either use a

gerund or an infinitive.

She is beginning to sing.

When "begin" is used in continuous tenses, an infinitive is

used.

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forget She forgot reading the book when she was a kid.

When "forget" is used with a gerund, it means "to forget that you

have done something." The sentence above means that she read the

book when she was a kid, and that she has forgotten that fact.

She forgot to pay the rent this month.

When forget is used with an infinitive, it means "to forget

that you need to do something." The sentence above means

that she forgot that she needed to pay the rent.

regret I regretted being late to the interview.

"Regret" is normally used with a gerund.

We regret to inform you that your position at the company

is being eliminated.

"Regret" is sometimes used with infinitives such as "to

inform." In the sentence above, "We regret to inform you"

means "We wish we did not have to tell you (bad news)."

remember I remember mentioning the meeting yesterday.

When "remember" is used with a gerund, it means "to remember that

you have done something." The sentence above means that I

mentioned the meeting, and that I remember the fact that I did that.

He remembered to turn off the lights before he left.

When "remember" is used with an infinitive, it means "to

remember that you need to do something." The sentence

above means that he remembered that he needed to turn

the lights off.

start Marge started talking really fast.

Marge started to talk really fast.

When "start" is used in non-continuous tenses, you can either use a

gerund or an infinitive.

Marge is starting to talk really fast.

When "start" is used in continuous tenses, an infinitive is

used.

I started to learn Russian, but it was so much work that I

finally quit the class.

In other situations, an infinitive means that you did not

complete or continue an action.

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stop He stopped smoking for health reasons.

"Stop" is normally used with a gerund.

He stopped to rest for a few minutes.

When "stop" is used with an infinitive, the infinitive takes on

the meaning of "in order to." In the sentence above, he

stopped in order to rest for a few minutes.

try She can't find a job. She tried looking in the paper, but there was

nothing. She tried asking friends and family, but nobody knew of

anything. She also tried going shop to shop, but nobody was hiring.

"Try + gerund" means to try or to experiment with different methods

to see if something works.

She tried eating the snake soup, but she didn't like it.

"Try + gerund" is often used when you experiment with something,

but you do not really like it or want to do it again.

She tried to climb the tree, but she couldn't even get off the

ground.

When you "try to do" something, you want to do it, but you

do not succeed in actually doing it. In the sentence above, an

infinitive is used because she cannot successfully climb the

tree.

Try not to wake the baby when you get up tomorrow at 5

AM.

An infinitive is also used if you are asking someone to try

something they may or may not be able to accomplish.

go on Go on + gerund means to continue with the action in the gerund.

Go on + infinitive means to do the next action, which is often the

next stage in a process described in the context.

He went on speaking for two hours.

I can't go on working like this - I'm exhausted.

After making dinner, I went on to set the table.

When you're done with your soup, you can go on to serve

the main dish.

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EXERCISE

A. Complete the sentences using the correct verb patterns. 0 Esra / enjoy / work / at hotel. Esra enjoys working at the hotel._____ 1) Scientists / seem / know / the cure for cancer. Scientists seem to know the cure for cancer. 2) I / look forward / meet / you. Im looking forward to meet you. 3) You / need / say / more / about / this topic. You need to say more about this topic. 4) I / not / like / swim / in winter. I dont like swimming in winter. 5) The body / keep / work / 24 hours / a day. The body keeps working 24 hours a day. 6) The Americans / succeed / land / on the moon / 1969. The Americans succeeded to land on the moon in 1969 7) You / manage / find / the answer / to my question. You managed to find the answer to my question. 8) Babies / tend / sleep / on their backs. Babies tend to sleep on their backs. B. Complete the sentences with the -ing form or the infinitive of the verb in brackets. Example: She left without closing (close) the door. 1) I love walking (walk) in the rain. 2) I need to buy (buy) some new shoes. 3) I sent Tom an email because I wanted to tell (tell) him about the party. 4) It isnt easy to learn (learn) a language. 5) Hes very good at talking (talk) to new people. 6) I dont really like dancing (dance). 7) Its best to learn (learn) a foreign language when you are young.

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C. Put the underlined words into correct order to make a meaningful sentence.

1) / for / talking rudely /apologize/ You / have to /. You have to apologize for talking rudely.

2) / in the class / should/ avoid /speaking/ Turkish/ You /. You should avoid speaking Turkish in the class.

3) / expect / from the final exam / I / to get/ a high grade/ dont /. I dont expect to get a high grade from the final exam.

4) / stamps /have / for a long time / interested in/ collecting/ I / been /. I have been collecting stamps for a long time.

5) / learn / Chinese /like to/ I / would /. I would like to learn Chinese.

6) /We/ the country / leaving/ were thinking of /. We were thinking of leaving the country.

7) / worker / to find / suggested /another/ They /. They suggested to find another worker.

D. Add the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1) Miranda stopped __watching__ (watch) the horror film as it was getting too scary.

2) I was late for work because I stopped ___to talk___ (talk) to some friends.

3) We regret ___to inform_ (inform) you that our hotel is fully booked until the end of August.

4) Max regrets ___going to_ (go) to the meeting. It was a waste of time.

5) I clearly remember ____seeing__ (see) Grace at the party. She was talking to Charlotte and Amy.

6) Remember __to phone___ (phone) your grandmother tomorrow. It's her birthday.

7) Don't forget ___to pack__ (pack) your swimsuits! There's a lovely pool at the hotel.

8) Amanda will never forget __seeing_ (see) George Michael in concert. What a great night out!

9) Real Madrid tried very hard ____to score__ (score) an equalizing goal but they just couldn't get through Barcelona's defense.

10) For a delicious alternative try ____adding___ (add) grilled halloumi cheese instead of feta to a Greek salad.

11) The minister went on _____talking_____ (talk) for two hours.

12) After discussing the economy, the minister then went on ____to talk_____ (talk) about foreign policy.

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E. Put the verb into the gerund or the infinitive:

1) I couldn't sleep so I tried ___drinking__ (drink) some hot milk.

2) She tried ____to reach__ (reach) the book on the high shelf but she was too small.

3) They tried ____to get___ (get) to the party on time but the bus was delayed.

4) We tried _____opening_ (open) the window, but it was so hot outside it didn't help.

5) He tried _______to get__ (get) a job in a newspaper firm but they wouldn't hire him.

6) He tried _____getting___ (get) a job in a newspaper firm but he still wasn't satisfied.

7) You should stop___smoking__ (smoke), it's not good for your health.

8) We stopped ____to study_ (study) because we were tired.

9) They will stop __to have____ (have) lunch at twelve.

10) We stopped____to have_ (have) a rest because we were really sleepy.

11) Oh no! I forgot ____buying_ (buy) milk.

12) Please don't forget ___to pick up___ (pick up) some juice on your way home.

13) I forget __locking__ (lock) the door, but I'm sure I must have locked it.

14) Have we studied this before? I've forgotten___learning__ (learn) it.

15) Please remember _____to bring_____ (bring) your homework.

16) I remember ___going___ (go) to the beach as a child.

17) Finally I remembered_____to bring__ (bring) your book! Here it is.

18) Do you remember ____eating___ (eat) steak in that little restaurant in Rome?

19) I regret __to tell____ (tell) you the train has been delayed.

20) I regret __telling_____ (tell) Julie my secret; now she has told everyone.

21) We can't go on _____living___ (live) like this. We need to find a job.

22) When you finish the exercise, go on _to read___ (read) the next chapter.

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F. Underline the correct words.

Gerald had a great idea for a business. He was hoping (1) going / to go into business with a friend, but the friend pulled out. I wouldnt have

minded (2) helping / to help him, but he didnt ask me. Instead, he asked his parents (3) lending / to lend him some money. I advised him (4)

thinking / to think carefully about mixing family and money, and offered (5) lending / to lend him the money myself. Gerald agreed, and now our

company has become a huge success.

PRESENT PERFECT FOR (amount of time) & SINCE (specific beginning in the past)

A. Make sentences using the present perfect and since or for.

0 I / be / a painter / 1989. I have been a painter since 1989.____________ 1 The / light / not worked / Tuesday. The light hasnt worked since Tuesday. 2 The charity / work / with children / 25 years. The charity hasnt worked with children for 25 years. 3 you / hear / from Mark / March? Have you heard from Mark since March. 4 This / country / be / a republic / a century. This country has been a republic for century. 5 They / not drive / the car / three days. They havent driven the car for three days. 6 Peter / not cook / a long time. Peter hasnt cooked for a long time. 7 Professor Jones / give / any lessons / last week? Has professor Jones given any lessons since last week? 8 They / not meet / Graham / the last conference. They havent met Graham since the last conference.

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B. Fill in the blanks with For or Since

1) I haven't phoned home since Christmas.

2) We've been here since nine o'clock.

3) I have worked for International House for more than eight years.

4) I haven't visited my home town since I left school.

5) I haven't been to the cinema for ages.

6) I have studied non-stop since 9.15.

7) I have had a driving license since I was eighteen.

8) She hasn't had a day off since 1999.

9) Johan has been in England for more than two weeks now.

10) Peter has been my best friend since we were nine.

A. Substitution drills. Fill in the blanks to make sentences. 1) ______________________________________________________ for four months. 2) ______________________________________________________ since I was born. 3) ______________________________________________________ since last September. 4) ______________________________________________________ for ten years. 5) ______________________________________________________ since I started university. 6) ______________________________________________________ for three hours. 7) ______________________________________________________ since 2010. 8) ______________________________________________________ since 1997. 9) ______________________________________________________ for several times.

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Present Perfect: Just, Already, Yet These words are often used with the present perfect tense. Just Just is usually used only with the present perfect tense and it means a short time ago. Ive just seen Susan coming out of the cinema. Jacks just called. Can you ring him back please? Have you just taken my pen? Where has it gone? In the present perfect, just comes between the auxiliary verb (have) and the past participle. Yet Yet is used to talk about something which is expected to happen. It means at any time up to now. It is used in questions and negatives. It is usually used at the end of the sentence. Have you finished your homework yet? The speaker expects that the homework will be finished. I havent finished it yet. Ill do it after dinner. Yet usually comes at the end of the sentence. Already Already is used to say that something has happened early or earlier than it might have happened. Ive already spent my salary and its two weeks before pay day. The trains already left! What are we going to do? Already usually comes in mid-position.

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EXERCISE A. Complete the sentences using YET, JUST or ALREADY.

1.Has Tom had his lunch ___yet______ ?

2.If only you'd called a minute before! Jack has _____just____ gone out.

3.She hasn't learnt how to speak English ___ yet _____ .

4.What time is he coming? He's ___already______ come. He's at my place now.

5.It's rather late so Julie has ____ already _____ gone to bed. She is sleeping now.

6.We haven't started tea _____ yet ____ .

7.We know each other. We've _____already____ met before. You don't need to introduce me.

8.Don't hang up! Bill has _____ just ____ come in. You can speak to him.

9.Have you finished your work ______ yet ___ ?

10.I've ____ just _____ eaten my lunch and I'm so full.

11.Do you fancy watching that movie? No, I've ____already_____ seen it. Even twice.

12.I haven't tried a lobster _____ yet ____ .

13.I don't want to go to France. I've ____already_____ been there once.

14.It says that the bus leaves at 1:10. It's 1:12 now. Oh no! It has _____just____ left!

15.Has she found a boyfriend ____ yet _____ ?

16.You didn't miss much. The play has _____just____ started.

17.Haven't you done a bungee jump _____yet____ ? You've got to try. Ive done it and I loved it.

18.It's not too late. You can still join us. We've ____just_____ begun the game.

19.She's ___already______ been to Africa so now she knows how to prepare for the journey.

20.I haven't told her about our wedding ____ yet _____ .

B. Complete the dialogues with just, already, or yet.

Example: A Ive just made some coffee. Would you like some?

B No, thanks. Ive just had a cup.

1 Tom Have you finished that book 1 ____yet_____?

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Jan Ive 2 _____just____ read the last page. I finished it two minutes ago!

2 Bob Ive 3 ____already_____ seen this film. It was on TV last month.

Bill Dont tell me the ending! I havent seen it 4 _____yet____!

3 Ann I havent written to Paul 5 ___yet______. What about you?

Ted Ive 6 ____already_____ written five times!

C. Correct the mistakes. Each sentence has only one mistake and there might be more than one possible correction.

1) Have finished the report just? Have finished the report yet?

2) She just have had lunch. She is not hungry. She has just had lunch. She is not hungry.

3) We have graduated from the university yet. We havent graduated from the university yet.

4) I already have watched that film. I have already watched that film.

5) The bus hasnt arrived already. The bus hasnt arrived yet.

6) I've just been to Moscow, in 1998. I don't want to go again.

I've already been to Moscow, in 1998. I don't want to go again.

D. Put the words into correct order to make a meaningful sentence.

1) / your / you/ yet / have / finished / homework /? Have you finished your homework yet?

2) / salary / my /already /spent/ have / I /. I have already spent my salary.

3) / breakfast /haven't /had/ I /yet/. I havent had my breakfast yet.

4) / just / he / turned on/ TV / the /has/. He has just turned on TV.

5) / seen /have /already / we / twice / this film. I have already seen this film twice.

6) / work /has /already/ left / Kim /. Kim has already left work.

7) / arrived / just / has / the train /. The train has just arrived.

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FUTURE FORMS

"Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily (willingness). A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

I will send you the information when I get it.

I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.

Will you help me move this heavy table?

Will you make dinner?

I will not do your homework for you.

I won't do all the housework myself!

A: I'm really hungry. B: I'll make some sandwiches.

A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep. B: I'll get you some coffee.

A: The phone is ringing. B: I'll get it.

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"Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

Examples:

I will call you when I arrive.

If I am elected President of the Turkey, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.

I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.

Don't worry, I'll be careful.

I won't tell anyone your secret.

Will is used for predictions and sudden decisions about future. If there is not a prior plan at the time of speech we use will and when there is a prior plan before the time of speech, we use be going to

I'll call Jenny to let her know. Sarah, I need Jenny's number.

I'll come and have a drink with you but I must let Harry know.

"Be going to" to express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.

Examples:

He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.

A: When are we going to meet each other tonight? B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.

I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.

Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.

They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.

Who are you going to invite to the party?

A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake? B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

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Simple Present for Future Meaning.

The present simple tense is usually used to refer to future events that are scheduled (and outside of our control).

Hurry up! The train departs in 10 minutes.

I leave Frankfurt at 5 o'clock in the morning and arrive in New York at midnight the next day.

She has an appointment with the headmaster after school today.

There's no need to hurry. The train doesn't leave for another 30 minutes.

When does the meeting begin?

Present Continuous for Future Meaning.

The present continuous tense is used in talking about arrangements. (An arrangement is is a plan for the future that you have already thought

about and discussed with someone else.)

I'm meeting my mother at the airport tomorrow.

Our grandparents are visiting us this Christmas.

Sorry, I can't stay after school today; I'm playing tennis with Jun-Sik.

My sister's going to the dentist tomorrow.

I'm not returning home for the holidays, so I can come to your party after all!

Are you doing anything on Sunday morning?

Do you know if he is going to the dance with Maiko next week?

Future Continuous

Future Continuous (Progressive) with will

I

you

he

she

it

we

they

will ('ll) be

will not (won't) be looking

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Firstly, we use the Future Continuous to talk about predicted or planned events that start at some unspecified time in the future and are still

occurring at a given time in the future. In this sense it is often used with time adverbials beginning this time next... or a precisely specified time.

Since this sounds rather complicated it may be better to illustrate this with a diagram and a couple of examples.

This time next week I'll be lying on a beach in Hawaii.

Another example of this is:

We'll be watching the TV at 9:00. (It is not known when we will start, but at 9:00 we will be in front of the TV and we will probably

continue to watch after 9:00.)

You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

Dont ring at 8 oclock. Ill be watching Who Wants to be a Millionaire.

This time tomorrow well be sitting on the beach. I cant wait!

EXERCISE

A. Put the verbs into most appropriate form using each tense once. (will, be going to, simple present or present progressive, future continues)

1) The train ____arrives__ (arrive) at 11:20.

2) Wait! I _____will help__ (help) you.

3) As we want to get better marks in English, we ______are going to study___ (study) harder in the future.

4) Josh ____is going___ (go) to the cinema with his friends tonight.

5) I think they ____will be having___ (have) their lunch in Toronto at this time tomorrow.

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B. Choose the most appropriate form to complete the blanks.

1. Masako: Are you free for lunch tomorrow? Chris: Sorry! __________ tennis with Yong Soo. A. I'm playing B. I play C. I'll play 2. Masako: There's no milk in the fridge. Chris: Really? __________ some tomorrow. A. I'll get B. I'm going to get C. I'm getting 3. Masako: What time should we go to the airport? Chris: The plane __________ in half an hour. I think we should leave now. A. will land B. lands 4. Masako: Have you decided what to do about your broken washing machine? Chris: Yes. __________ tomorrow. A. I have it fixed B. I'll have it fixed C. I'm going to have it fixed 5. Masako: How many books did you buy? Chris: I don't know. __________ them. A. I'll count B. I count C. I'm counting D. I'm going to count

6. Masako: It's starting to rain. Chris: Don't worry. __________ you my umbrella. A. I'll lend B. I'm lending C. I lend 7. Masako: Joe borrowed your car. Chris: WHAT? __________ him. I need it! A. I'm killing B. I'll kill C. I kill 8. Masako: What time does the History class start tomorrow? Chris: __________ at two-thirty. A. It will start B. It starts C. It is going to start 9. Masako: Has Sue made up her mind about university yet? Chris: Yes I spoke to her last night. __________ to Calgary. A. She's going to go B. She goes C. She will go 10. Masako: Have you ever been to Paris? Chris: No, but __________ next year with my parents. A. I go B. I'm going C. I'll go

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C. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct future tenses. Use will-future, going to-future, Simple Present or Present Progressive.

1) The train ___leaves____ at 11:45. (to leave) 2) We______are having___ dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday. (to have) 3) It _______will snow___ in the mountains tomorrow evening. (to snow) 4) On Sunday at 8 o'clock I____will be meeting___ my friend. (to meet) 5) They _____are flying___ to London on Friday evening. (to fly) 6) Wait! I ______will drive____ you to the station. (to drive) 7) The English lesson ______starts____ at 8:45. (to start) 8) I _____am going to see___ my sister in April. (to see) 9) Look at the clouds - it____is going to___ in a few minutes. (to rain) 10) Listen! There's someone at the door. I ___will open____ the door for you. (to open)

D. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with suitable future forms of the verbs. (Simple Present / Simple Future/ Present Continuous / Future Continuous) 1) Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I (watch) ____will be watching__ TV as well. 2) Tomorrow after school, I (go) ___am going___ to the beach with Jack. 3) I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do) ___are doing__ paperwork and_____talking______ (talk) to annoying customers on the phone, I _____will be lying___ (lie) on a sunny, tropical beach. Are you jealous? 4) We (hide) ______will be hiding___ when Tony (arrive) _____arrives_____ at his surprise party. As soon as he opens the door, we (jump) ______are jumping___ out and (scream) _____screaming___, "Surprise!" 5) We work out at the fitness center every day after work. If you (come) ______come________ over while we (work) ___are working___out, we will not be able to let you into the house. Just to be safe, we (leave) __will leave____ a key under the welcome mat so you will not have to wait outside. 6) While you (study) _______are studying_____ at home, Magda (be) _____will be___ in class. 7) When you (get) ____get____ off the plane, I (wait) _____will be waiting___ for you. 8) I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) ___wake___ up tomorrow morning, the ___will be shining___sun (shine). 9) If you (need) ____need____ to contact me sometime next week, I (stay) _____will be staying__ at the Sheraton in San Francisco.

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FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

The future perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and use. The future perfect tense talks about the past in the future.

How do we make the Future Perfect Tense?

The structure of the future perfect tense is:

subject + auxiliary verb WILL + auxiliary verb HAVE + main verb

invariable invariable past participle

will have V3

Look at these example sentences in the future perfect tense:

subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb

+ I will have finished by 10am.

+ You will have forgotten me by then.

- She will not have gone to school.

- We will not have left.

? Will you have arrived?

? Will they have received it?

In speaking with the future perfect tense, we often contract the subject and will. Sometimes, we contract the subject, will and have all together:

I will have I'll have I'll've

you will have you'll have you'll've

he will have

she will have

it will have

he'll have

she'll have

it'll have

he'll've

she'll've

it'll've

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we will have we'll have we'll've

they will have they'll have they'll've

How do we use the Future Perfect Tense?

The future perfect tense expresses action in the future before another action in the future. This is the past in the future. For example:

The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.

The train will have left when you arrive.

past present future

Train leaves in future at 9am.

9 9.15

You arrive in future at 9.15am.

Look at some more examples:

You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.

They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.

"Mary won't be at home when you arrive."

"Really? Where will she have gone?"

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A. Fill in the blanks verbs in brackets in Future Perfect. 1) Anne ____________________ her bike next week. (to repair) 2) We ____________________ the washing by 8 o'clock. (to do) 3) She ____________________ Paris by the end of next year. (to visit) 4) I ____________________ this by 6 o'clock. (to finish) 5) Sam____________________ by next week. (to leave) B. Fill in each blank with the correct words to change each present continuous tense sentence into a future perfect tense sentence: EX: I am reading a book --> By this time tomorrow, I will have read the book.

1) I am writing a book. By this time next month, I _______________________________ the book.

2) Maria is preparing a report. By this time tomorrow, Maria _______________________________ the report.

3) Martha is learning German. By this time next year, Martha_______________________________ German.

4) They are inviting all their friends. By this time tomorrow, they _______________________________ all their friends.

5) We are bringing our stuff to our new apartment. By this time tomorrow, we _______________________________ all our stuff to our new apartment.

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C. Fill in each blank space with the correct future verb tense (simple future, future continuous, or future perfect): 1) Tomorrow I ________ (paint) all day. a) will be painting b) will paint c) will be paint

2) By the time we get there, the store ________ (close). a) will close b) will have closed c) closed

3) I ________ (see) you tomorrow at 3:00 PM. a) will see b) see c) will be seeing

4) After we finish this video, I ________ (see) all of this director's movies. a) will see b) will be seeing c) will have seen

5) A: Can I come over in an hour? B: No, I ________ (clean) the house. a) will clean b) will have cleaned c) clean

6) This time next week I ________ (drink) wine in Argentina. a) will drink b) drink c) will be drinking

7) She doesn't realize what kind of person he is, but she ________ (find out). a) will find out b) will be finding out c) will have found out

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8) She insulted me. I ________ (speak) to her again! a) will never speak b) will never be speaking c) will have never spoken

9) If he continues drinking so fast, he ________ (drink) the whole bottle by midnight. a) will drink b) will have drunk c) will be drinking

10) She ________ (tell) me when her birthday is. a) will not have told b) will not be telling c) won't tell

11) I ___________ (call) you tomorrow at 5:00 PM. a) will call b) call c) will be calling

12) When she comes here, she ________ (be) disappointed. a) will have been b) will be c) is

13) If I watch this episode again, I ________ (see) it three times. a) will have seen b) see c) will be seeing

14) A: What will you be doing at 6:OO PM? B: I ________ (watch) a movie with my boyfriend. a) watch b) will watch c) will be watching

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15) She thinks he's telling her the truth, but eventually she ________ (realize) that he's lying. a) realizes b) will realize c) will be realizing

16) A: Do you want to meet me in half an hour? B: No, I can't, I ________ (study) with my sister. a) will study b) study c) will have studied

17) By this time tomorrow, I ________ (finish) this book. a) will have finished b) will be finished c) will finish

18) A: Are you going to tell me or not? B: Ok, fine, I ___________ (tell) you. a) will tell b) tell c) will have told

19) By the time he gets out of jail, he ________ (forget) how to function in the real world. a) forgets b) will have forgotten c) will be forgetting

20) I _____________ to let you know as soon as I can. a) will be trying b) try c) will try