Modal Verbs- In Theory and Practice

7/28/2019 Modal Verbs- In Theory and Practice

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INTRODUCTION

As well as making simple statements or asking

questions, we may sometimes want to express our

intentions and attitudes, talk about necessity and

possibility, or make offers, requests, or suggestions. In

English these uses of language are usually expressed by

a set of verbs called modals.

Modal verbs are considered special verbs in the

English grammar, as they express such concepts as

capability, possibility, necessity and obligation. Modal

verbs give additional information about the mood of the

main verb that follows.

Modal verbs have no meaning by themselves as they

help other verbs to express a meaning.

These verbs have some common characteristics:1. Modal verbs are defective verbs because some of their

forms are missing, meaning they dont have long infinitive

forms, they lack -ing forms and they dont have forms

for all tenses.

2. Modal verbs are uninflected, they never add -s or1


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es in the third person singular, Present Simple.

e.g. He can play tennis.

3. Modal verbs are never used with other auxiliary verbs.

The negative is formed by simply adding not after the

verb and the interrogative is formed by inversion of the

modal verb and the subject.

e.g. Can I use your phone?

She might not have even known we were going to be

here.

In the case of can the negation is written together with

the modal verb:

e.g. They cannot do that.

4. Modal verbs are followed by short infinitives, with theexception ofought to:

e.g. I might play tennis on Sunday.

You ought to tell her the truth.

5. In passive structures, a modal is followed by be or

have been and a past participle:e.g. He ought to be disqualified.

The door might have been locked when you came.

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CAN&COULD

Can is used:

To express a present or future mental and physical

ability.

e.g. My aunt can speak four foreign languages.

Can you hear me?

John can help us tomorrow.

To ask or give permission for something , in

informal English:

e.g. Can I smoke here?

No, you cannot smoke here, but you can smoke in the

garden.

To ask somebody to do something; but this is not a

real question, since we do not really want to know if

that person is able to do something, we expect them

to do it.

e.g. Can you open the window, please?

Can you be quiet?

To express a polite request:

e.g. Can you give me a piece of advice?

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Can I have a glass of water?

With verbs of perception, such as see, smell, hear,

feel:

e.g. Dont shout at me. I can hear you.

To express present or future possibility:

e.g. Smoking can seriously damage your health.

Anyone can become rich and famous.

Learning a language can be a real challenge.

To express possibility within certain circumstances:

e.g. If the weather is fine, we can go for a walk.

If she comes, we can come to visit you.

To express impossibility or disbelief:

e.g. That man cant be your brother!

Im afraid I cant come to your party.

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Couldis used:

To express mental or physical ability in the past:

e.g. I could play the piano well when I was 10

Could is used for general ability in the past. But when

we talk about one special occasion in the past, we

normally use be able to (positive) and couldnt

(negative).

e.g. A man fell into the river yesterday and the police

were able to save him.

My five year old niece disappeared last week. The

police couldnt find her.

I could speak Chinese when I was younger.

To express a polite request ( more polite than can)

e.g. Could I borrow your book?

Could you speak up a bit please?

To express past possibility:

e.g. Mike could have been killed in the car crash.

To express general possibility:

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e.g. Women couldnt vote until just after the First World

War.

Could is sometimes used in the same way as might

ormay, often indicating something less definite.

e.g. When I leave university I might travel around a bit, I

might do an MA or I suppose I could even get a job.

To make a suggestion:

e.g. We could go for a walk.

We could go to London tomorrow, but the forecasts

not brilliant.

To express criticism:

e.g. You could at least apologize.

To make logical assumptions:

e.g. He couldnt be your teacher!

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May&Might

Mayis used:

To express formal permission:

e.g. May I open this window?

You may go out after you have your cleaned your

room.

In this case maycan be replaced by to be allowed to /

to be permitted

e.g. You were allowed to leave the table after you

finished your dinner.

You are not allowed to use mobiles in the

examination room.

To express present or future possibility:

e.g. He may be in the next bus.

Kate may be studying in her room.

Jack may get upset if you don't tell him the truth.

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In this case maycan be replaced by perhaps/maybe/

it is possible:

e.g. Maybe it will rain later.

To express a polite request:

e.g. May I have one more lump of sugar, please?

May I make a phone call?

May I use your bathroom?

To express prohibition:

e.g. You may not smoke in here.

To express uncertainty:

e.g. Who may that old man be?

In subordinate clauses of concession:

e.g. You may be right but its too late to express your

point of view.

To express wishes or hope:

e.g. May all your dreams come true!

May & might sometimes have virtually the same

meaning; they are used to talk about possibilities in the

past, present or future

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May is sometimes a little bit "more sure" (50% chance),

whereas might expresses more doubt (maybe only a

30% chance).

Mightis used:

To express present/future/past possibility:

e.g. She might be on the bus. I think her car is having

problems.

Grandpas glasses might be in the living room.

She might have taken the bus. I'm not sure how she

got to work.

She might take the bus to get home. I don't think Bill

will be able to give her a lift.

To express a Conditional:

e.g. If I had entered the contest, I might actually have

won.

If I won the lottery I might travel all around the world.9


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To express a request:

e.g. Might I have something to drink?

To express a suggestion:

e.g. You might try the cheesecake.

They might visit the botanical gardens during their

visit

To express uncertainty;

e.g. I wonder who that boy might be.

Two of the more troublesome modal verbs are mayand

might. When used in the context of granting or seeking

permission, might is the past tense of may. Might is

considerably more tentative than may.

May I leave class early?

If I've finished all my work and I'm really quiet, might I

leave early?

In the context of expressing possibility, may and might

are interchangeable present and future forms and might

+ have + past participle is the past form:

She might be my advisor next semester.

She may be my advisor next semester.

She might have advised me not to take biology.

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Avoid confusing the sense of possibility in may with the

implication ofmight, that a hypothetical situation has not

in fact occurred. For instance, let's say there's been a

helicopter crash at the airport. In his initial report, before

all the facts are gathered, a newscaster could say that

the pilot "may have been injured." After we discover that

the pilot is in fact all right, the newscaster can now say

that the pilot "might have been injured" because it is a

hypothetical situation that has not occurred. Another

example: a body had been identified after much work by

a detective. It was reported that "without this painstaking

work, the body may have remained unidentified." Sincethe body was, in fact, identified, mightis clearly called for.

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MUST

Must is used:

To express obligation, command or necessity:

In this case must can be replaced by have to. The

difference in meaning between the two is that

whereas mustexpresses an internal obligation, that

is imposed by the speaker, have to expresses an

external obligation imposed by circumstances that

the speaker cannot control.

e.g. Ive put on a lot of weight lately. I must go on a diet.

(internal obligation- Im obliged because I say so)

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Ive put on a lot of weight lately and the doctor said I

have to go on a diet. (external obligation- Im obliged

because the doctor says so)

I must buy a new coat.(internal obligation-I say so)

He has to put some petrol in his car.(external

obligation, coming from outside the speaker)

I must write to Anne: I havent written to her for ages!

(the speaker personally feels that he or she must do it)

I have to go to my dentist. (I have an appointment)

You must show me your driving licence.(command)

Mark must study really hard if he wants to pass his

exams.(necessity)

To express a strong recommendation:

e.g. You must take some time off and get some rest.

You mustn't smoke so much. It's not good for your

health.

To express a deduction, a logical assumption:

e.g. That must have been the right restaurant. There are

no other restaurants on this street.

That must be Jerry. They said he was tall with brown

hair.

To express prohibition, in negative form:

e.g. You mustnt park your car here.13


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You must not walk on the grass.

SHALL&SHOULD

Shall is used:

To indicate future action. It is commonly used in

sentences with "I" or "we," and is often found in

suggestions, such as "Shall we go?" Shall is also

frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. In

formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future

events often expresses inevitability or

predestination. Shallis much more commonly heard

in British English than in American English;14


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Americans prefer to use other forms, although they

do sometimes use "shall" in suggestions or

formalized language.

e.g. Shall we dance?(suggestion)

I shall be there by the time you arrive. (future action)

To express volunteering:

e.g. I shall take care of everything for you.

I shall make the travel arrangements. There's no

need to worry.

To express a future action that is inevitable:

e.g. Man shall explore the distant regions of the universe.

We shall overcome oppression.

In England, shallis used to express the simple future for

first person Iand we, as in "Shall we meet by the river?"

Will would be used in the simple future for all other

persons. Using will in the first person would express

determination on the part of the speaker, as in "We will

finish this project by tonight!. Using shallin second and

third persons would indicate some kind of promise

about the subject, as in "This shall be revealed to you in

good time." This usage is certainly acceptable, although

shallis used far less frequently. The distinction between

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the two is often obscured by the contraction 'll, which is

the same for both verbs.

Should is used:

To express obligation, advice, recommendation in

the opinion of the speaker; this obligation is weaker

than the one expressed by must:

e.g. People with high cholesterol should eat low-fatfoods.

You should learn this poem by heart.

He should have locked the door when he left the

house.

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Sarah shouldn't smoke so much. It's not good for her

health.

We should return the video before the video rental

store closes.

Should also expresses something between

recommendation and obligation. "Be supposed to"

expresses a similar idea and can easily be used in

the past or in negative forms.

To express supposition:

e.g. If he is in town he should be here by now.

Susan should have arrived in New York last week.

Let's call her and see what she is up to.

Father should be in Chicago by next week. His new

job starts on Monday.

In direct object clauses after verbs such as: to

suggest, to propose, to recommend, to advise, to

insist:

e.g. I insist that you should be present at the meeting.

I insist that they should leave.

In subject clauses after impersonal constructions

such as it is/was essential/ advisable/ important/ fair/

better/ necessary:

e.g. It is necessary that he should arrive here by noon.17


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It is essential that we should make a decision right

now.

In conditional clauses to emphasize the fact that it

is unlikely for the action to happen:

e.g. If you should see my brother, will you give him this

message?

To omit ifin conditional sentences:

e.g. You would buy that book if mother gave you money.

Should mother gave you money, you would buy that

book.

After expressions such as: dont know why/ see no

reason why/ cant think why:

e.g. She doesnt see any reason why you should make

such a requirement.

In British English and very formal American English,

should can be used with the first-person pronouns in

expressions of liking such as "I should prefer spring

mineral water and in tentative expressions of opinion

such as:

I should imagine they'll vote Conservative.

I should have thought so.

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OUGHT TO

Ought to is used to advise or make

recommendations. Ought to also expresses assumption

or expectation as well as strong probability, often with the

idea that something is deserved. Ought not(without "to")is used to advise against doing something, although

sometimes it is preferred the less formal forms should not

orhad better not.

Ought to is used:

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To express duty or moral obligation:

e.g. You ought to mind the traffic rules.

We ought to phone our parents at once.

The advice constructed with ought to is much less

forceful than the one constructed with must.

e.g. You ought to mind the traffic rules.

You must mind the traffic rules.

Ought to followed by Perfect Infinitive may express

an unfulfilled duty:

e.g. Sue ought to have called her mother for her birthday.

Ought to and had betterare synonymous with one of the

senses ofshould: it is used to express an ideal behavior

or occurrence or suggested obligation. In dialects that

use shall commonly, should has a wide array of

meanings, so ought is very common (as it is more

precise), as is ought not (or oughtn't). In other dialects,

ought may or may not be common, but ought not is

generally quite rare: the opposite of "You ought to tell him

how you feel" is generally "You should not tell him how

you feel," or "You had better not tell him how you feel."

There is no negative contraction for had better. Had

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better not is used at all times. In speech, the had in had

betteris generally disregarded.

To express something that is probable or

something that is expected:

e.g. The weather forecast says it ought to be fine today.

In this case when ought to is followed by Perfect

Infinitive it refers to something expected in the past

which was or was not accomplished.

e.g. . She ought to have received the package yesterday.

There ought to have been lots of people at the

meeting.

This sentence may have two meanings: the first one

could be that indeed there were many people at the

meeting and that was what I had expected, or the second

one could be that there were not many people and this

was not what I had expected.

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WILL &WOULD

Will is used:

To express promises:

e.g. I promise that I will marry you.

I wont tell anyone your secret.

To express future voluntary actions:

e.g. I will prepare dinner tonight.

I will take care of everything for you.

I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep. I'll get you some

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To make predictions about the future:

e.g. Mother thinks it will rain.

The river will overflow its banks every spring.

To express a request:

e.g. Will you help me with this problem?

The contracted form 'll is very frequently used for

will.

Would is used:

To express polite requests:

e.g. Would you pass me the salt please?

Would you be so kind as to help me with this suitcase?

The requests built with wouldare considered more polite

than the ones with will.

To express a desire followed by the verbs to like or

to care.

e.g. I would like to read that novel.

Jane would like to visit you.

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To express preference, followed by rather/sooner:

e.g. I would rather watch a film than go out.

To express a habit, a repeated action in the past:

e.g. After classes I would meet my friend for a walk in

the park.

He would wash his car every week.

Would is preferred when willingness is implied.

Therefore in some case it is inappropriate to change it

with used to

To express probability:

e.g. This man would be your neighbour.

To build Future In the Past:

e.g. I already said I would help you.

He promised he would be here by noon.

Afterwish or if only:

e.g. If only I would be taller.

In conditional phrases:

e.g. If I were you I would accept that offer.

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DARE

When this verb is used in affirmative sentences it is a

normal verb.e.g. We dared him to do it again.

When dare is used in interrogative or negative

sentences it may either be used as a normal verb or

as a modal one.

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e.g. She doesnt dare to ask me the answer to that

question. (normal verb)

He dare not himself in front of us. (modal verb)

I dare not answer him back. (modal verb)

She dare not ask her mother to lend her money.

(modal verb)

Dare we write to them and complain? (modal verb)

Dare say/daresay is used with the first person

singular ant it has two different meanings:

I dare say means I suppose.

e.g. He hasnt arrived yet, but I dare say he will be here

by noon.

I daresay means I accept what you say, although it

doesnt make any difference to me.

e.g. I am a member of this club.

I daresay you are, still you must show me your

identity card.

NEED

The verb needcan function both as a full verbs or as

a modal verb.

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As a full verb needmeans to require orto be in need

of.

e.g. We need to buy some bread. There isnt any left.

My sister needs a new pairs of shoes.

In this case the interrogative and negative form are

made up with the auxiliary do:

e.g. You dont need to hurry. Well get there in time.

Did grandmother need her glasses yesterday?

As a modal verb needmeans to have to. It has the

same form for all persons and it is mainly use in

interrogative and negative sentences.

e.g. We neednt finish that report today.

Need she get up early?Needcan occur in affirmative sentences with words

such as never, hardly, scarcely:

e.g. She scarcely need to tell the truth, since we all knew

it.

Both Do I need..? and Need I...? expressobligation or necessity, but there is a difference

between them. The former expresses a habitual

action, while the latter is used for a temporary action:

e.g. Do I need to exercise every day?

Need I exercise now?27


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There is also a distinction between Didnt need to

and Neednt have+ Past Participle. The former

construction shows that the action was not

necessary and it did not occur, while the latter shows

that although the action was not necessary it still

happened.

e.g. We didnt need to buy any sugar. It was plenty.

You neednt have bought any sugar. There was

plenty.

Nowadays, dare and need are not commonly used as

auxiliaries, but formerly, both were. "He dare not do it" is

equivalent to today's "He does not/will not/would not dare

to do it," while "It need not happen today" is equivalent totoday's "It does not need to happen today" or "It might not

happen today." Nonetheless, needas an auxiliary is still

somewhat in use today, while dare is now quite rare.

Need as a modal is quite common in American English

when used in the positive form and acts like the modalsmustand have to:

e.g. I need to lose weight/I must lose weight/I have to

lose weight.

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EXERCISES

1. Change the following affirmative statements intoquestions:

e.g. I may go.

May I go?

We could have found it.

Could we have found it?29


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1. I must leave at six o'clock.

2. He might be leaving for work now.

3. We can do the exercise.

4. You should have called him.

5. They could have been waiting for the bus.

6. He has to water the plants.

7. You will have finished the book.

8. We should be making the arrangements.

9. She would like to know the answer

10. They can explain what happened

2. Change the following affirmative statements intonegative statements:

e.g. I can answer the question.

I cannot answer the question.

He shall be sorry.

He shall not be sorry.

1. You must come with us to that party.

2. It may be cloudy tomorrow.

3. She could have won the race.30


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4. We might be right.

5. You would have liked that film.

6. They can dance very well.

7. She might be finishing school now.

8. He should have been walking to work.

9. I shall be happy to see him again.

10. You will have been working all night.

3. Complete each black with the correct form:

1. They (can/might)________________ be away for the

weekend but I'm not sure.

2. You (may/might)________________ leave now if you

wish.3. (Could/May)________________ you open the window

a bit, please?

4. He (can/could)________________ be from Sheffield,

judging by his accent.

5. (May/Can)________________ you swim?6. Listen, please. You (may not/might not)__________

speak during this exam.

7. They (can't/may not)________________ still be out!

8. You (couldn't/might not)________________ smoke on

the bus.31


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9. With luck, tomorrow (can/could)________________ be

a cooler day.

10.You (can/might)________________ be right but I'm

going back to check the times.

4. Complete each blank with:

can, could, have to, must, might, should or their

negative forms:

1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours.

He ____________be exhausted after such a long flight.

2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is

laid out, you _____________walk downtown and explore

the waterfront.3. Hiking the trail to the peak ____________be

dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic

weather changes.

4. When you have a small child in the house, you

_____________leave small objects lying around.5. Dave, ______________ you hold your breath for

more than a minute?

6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It

_____________have cost a fortune.

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7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone.

If they don't get enough water, they ____________die.

8. I _____________speak Arabic fluently when I was a

child and we lived in Egypt..

9. The book is optional. My professor said we

____________read it if we needed extra credit.

10. You _______________ take your umbrella along

with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's

a storm north of here and it ____________rain later on

this afternoon.

5. Use modal verbs where possible. If a modal verb

can't be used with a certain tense, use itssubstitute:

1. You (must) ___________ get up early tomorrow.

2. You (not / need) ____________ call a baby sitter.

3. We (may) ______________watch the film tonight.

4. He (not / can) ______________ see me yesterday.5. She (must)______________ stay at school yesterday

afternoon.

6. (may / you)_____________ go to the disco yesterday?

7. He (not / must)_____________ sleep now.

8. You (not / need)______________ answer.33


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9. He (ought to)_____________ give evidence at the

court yesterday.

10.Since he bought the new car he (not / can)

____________sleep.

6. Complete with mustntorneednt:

1. The teams ____________have more than 11 players

on the field during a match.

2. But there _____________even be 11 players playing

for each team.

3. Players _____________wear anything which might

injure another player.

4. Players _____________play the ball with their feetonly.

5. Substituted players _____________return to the

game.

6. Players ____________leave the game without the

referee's permission.7. Players ____________hold an opponent.

8. The referee ____________send a player off if he has

committed foul play.

9. However, if a player is sent off during the game, he

____________be replaced.34


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10.A period ____________be over after exactly 45

minutes.

7. Complete with the appropriate modal verb:

1. He ______________go skating because he broke his

leg

2. Many children in Britain ____________wear school

uniforms.

3. I'm not sure but Jane ____________come to see me

this afternoon.

4. Didnt you see the sign? You _____________drive

more than 30 miles.

5. He speaks a lot of languages but he____________speak Chinese.

6. It ______________ rain. It is rather cloudy.

7. You _____________drive on the right in Britain.

8. He is a good boxer. You _____________be careful.

9. Smoking ______________in his house.10.This test will be very difficult. So you

_____________learn a lot.

8. Complete the blanks with might, must, should:

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1. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her anything for her

birthday, but I really think you _____________at least get

her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine.

2. Debbie said she was really busy this week, but I think

she ______________show up at the party if she doesn't

have to work overtime on Friday.

3. Nina said she would come over right after work, so

she _____________be here by 6:00.

4. Oh my God, he's unconscious! Don't move him! He

_____________have internal injuries.

5. You ______________be kidding! That can't be true.

6. Dan: Where's the remote control? I want to change the

channel.

Fiona: I don't know. It _______________be under the

sofa

7. Experts agree that to make the most of your language

learning experience, you _____________practice the

language regularly.8. New research suggests that exercise can reduce the

chance of heart disease as well as cancer. That's why I

told my father that he ____________start walking once a

day.

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9. We should invite Sally and her husband to come to

the picnic on Saturday. We haven't seen them in weeks,

and they _____________really enjoy a nice day at the

beach.

10. We had better call Tony to see if he's at home before

we go over to his house. He _____________be there

and we don't want to drive all the way over there for

nothing.

9. Rewrite the following sentences, putting the

underlined verbs into the future:

e.g. They can explain the situation to us.

They will be able to explain the situation to us.May they leave whenever they wish?

Will they be allowed to leave whenever they wish?

She must obtain a license.

She will have to obtain a license.

1. She can describe it to you.

2. You must lock the doors when you leave.

3. He can follow the instructions.

4. May they stay overnight?

5. We must remember to buy groceries.37


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6. She can finish the work on time.

7. Must he take his glasses with him?

8. Can they buy the tickets in advance?

9. She must learn to be more careful.

10. You may choose your own seat.

10. Complete with would/should/ought to/might +

have + past participle:

1. I had gone to the sales, I'm sure I _______________

something. (to buy)

2. Clare was very upset you didn't go to her birthday

party. You ___________________ . (to go)

3. No one's answering the phone. They ___________out.(to go)

4. The lights are out. They ___________________ to

sleep. (to go)

5. We ___________________ Dave to the party if we

had known he was in town. (to invite)6. You ___________________ at Samantha. She'll

never forgive you. (to shout/not)

7. I ___________________ to have done some acting

when I was younger. (to love)

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8. You ___________________ to the cinema on

Saturday. We had a great time. (to come)

9. She ___________________ her mind. I'm not sure.

(to change)

10. You ___________________ so much money on

clothes. You'll have problems getting to the end of the

month now. (to spend/not)

11. Complete each of the following sentences with

the modal verbs may, might or must. Use may or

might when the event described seems somewhat

probable, and use must when the event described

seems very probable.e.g. You ___ be right; we shall have to wait and see.

You may be right; we shall have to wait and see.

That ____ be our landlord; I would recognize him

anywhere.

That must be our landlord; I would recognize himanywhere.

1. Although it _________ be true, it seems unlikely.

2. That _________ have been the number 10 bus,

because no other39


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bus runs on this street.

3. We __________ have to wait a long time for a bus,

because they do not run very frequently.

4. That ________ be the right answer; there is no other

possibility.

5. Tell me your problem; I _________ be able to help

you.

6. It _________ have been he who answered the phone,

because no one else was at home.

7. Since we have never been to this store before, we

_________ have difficulty finding what we want.

8. You _________ be pleased that you are doing so well

in your new job.9. I _________ go downtown tomorrow; it depends on

the weather.

10. Although he is a very careful worker, it is possible

that he _________ have made a mistake.

12. Match the sentences in column A with those in

column B:

A

I could work on Saturdays.

I must work on Saturdays.40


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I need to work on Saturdays.

I have to work on Saturdays.

I mustn't work on Saturdays.

I couldn't work on Saturdays.

I don't have to work on Saturdays.

I shouldn't work on Saturdays.

I should work on Saturdays.

I might work on Saturdays.

B

It's absolutely necessary for me to work on Saturdays.

It's absolutely necessary for me to work on Saturdays

and someone forces me to do so.

I'm unable to work on Saturdays.

It isn't necessary for me to work on Saturdays.

It's possible for me to work on Saturdays.

It's a good idea for me to work on Saturdays.

It's important for me to work on Saturdays.

It's a good idea for me to work on Saturdays.

It's forbidden for me to work on Saturdays.

It's a possibility that I might work on Saturdays.

13. Circle the correct answer:

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1. Are you going swimming? ______ I come with you,

please?

a) Should

b) Can

c) Must

d) Will

2. I'm not going to pay five pounds for a coffee.

You ______ be joking!

a) can

b) might

c) must

d) should

3.This is a hospital. People are resting, so you ______ bequiet.

a) will

b) ought

c) should

d) can4. It ______ rain, so take an umbrella.

a) might

b) must

c) should

d) can42


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5. ______ I have a quick word with you? Something

important has happened.

a) Must

b) Could

c) Would

d) Should

6. You ______ smoke here. It's a no-smoking area.

a) couldn't

b) wouldn't

c) mightn't

d) mustn't

7. You ______ come and visit us when you are next in

London.a) could

b) might

c) would

d) must

8. I'm sure you ______ love this film. It's brilliant.a) could

b) can

c) might

d) would

9. I ______ imagine why she married him. He's so43


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stupid!

a) can't

b) mightn't

c) mustn't

d) shouldn't

10. What ______ you do in my situation? I need your

advice.

a) would

b) must

c) could

d) should

11. This is the most important thing - you ______ forget

to take the food out of the oven at seven o'clock.a) wouldn't

b) can't

c) mustn't

d) couldn't

12. They left London at three o'clock so they ______ behere by now.

a) could

b) should

c) would

d) can44


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14. Choose the right option:

1. Im not really sure where Ann is. She..in the

living room, or perhaps shes in the backyard.

a) might have sat

b) might be sitting

c) might sit

d) cant sit

2. Mac ..the video we rented on his way to

work. It was on the table but now its gone.

a) must not have returned

b) must return

c) must have returned

d) must returned

3. You ..the air pressure in your tires. You dont want

to have a flat tire in your trip.

a) ought to check

b) ought to checked

c) ought to be checking

d) oughtnt to check

4. The computer isnt working. It..during

production.

a) should have been damaged45


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b) can be damaged

c) must have been damaged

d) must be damaged

5. The package. tomorrow afternoon. It was sent

by express mail this morning.

a) must have been delivered

b) should be delivering

c) should be delivered

d) should have been delivered

6. We the tickets for the play in advance they

sell out quickly.

a) have to be booked

b) has to bookc) have to book

d) mustnt

7. You cant mean that. You.

a) must joke

b) have to have jokedc) have got to be joking

d) have to joke

8. If Nick hasnt come home yet, hefor us in

the coffee shop.

a) must still have waited46


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b) must still wait

c) has to wait

d) must still be waiting

9. Mike decided not to join us for lunch. He.at work

to finish the marketing report.

a) should have been staying

b) should have stayed

c) had to stay

d)should be staying

10. If I had gone with my friends to California,

I..on a white sandy beach right now.

a) would have lain

b) would liec) would be lying

d) am lying

11. ItSam who called and didnt leave a

message on the answering machine. He said he wanted

to get together with us this weekend.a) might have been

b) ought to be

c) might be

d) should have been

12. If she was cryingvery upset.47


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a) must have been

b) must be

c) would have been

d) shall be

13. If I hadnt taken a taxi, I for you at the train

station for hours.

a) had to have waited

b) might have been waiting

c) ought to have been waiting

d) must wait

14. You ..me a hand. It took me a lot of time to

solve the problem.

a) must have givenb) might have given

c) mustnt have given

d) shouldnt have given

15. Its your own fault, you .to bed so late.

a) cant have goneb) shouldnt have gone

c) might have gone

d) cant go

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15. Complete the following sentences with must,

have to, can, cant, mustntand could:

1. I______________ brush my teeth twice a day to have

a beautiful smile.

2. You ____________ cross the street when the traffic

lights is red.

3. John_____________ dance beautifully when he was

younger.

4. Dan, you ____________ do your homework.

5. ______________ hold that box, please?

6. I_____________ tell Marys secret. She trusts me.

7. You ___________ pay the bill, even if you dont want

to.

8. I_____________ swim, so I wont come with you to the

swimming-pool.

9. My father told me yesterday that I _____________ to

water the flowers.

10. If I want to become a good doctor, I _____________

study hard.

16. Have a look at the following excerpts taken of

literary works and especially at the underlined words.

49


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Try to find out why they were used and then try to

replace them with the appropriate paraphrases.

I sometimes think it might prove useful to some and

entertaining to others, but the world may judge for

itself(Anne Bronte-Agnes Grey)

I could not possibly bring her to regard the matter on its

bright side as I did; and indeed I was so fearful of being

charged with childish frivolity or stupid insensibility, that I

carefully kept most of my bright ideas and cheering

notions to myself; well knowing they could not be

appreciated.(Anne Bronte-Agnes Grey)

And thus the mind preyed upon the body, and disordered

the system of the nerves, and they in turns increased the

troubles of the mind, till by action and reaction his health

was seriously impaired and not one of us could convincehim that the aspect of our affairs was not half so gloomy,

so utterly hopeless.(Anne Bronte-Agnes Grey)

To save the expense of a gardener, Mary and I

undertook to keep the garden in order, and all the50


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cooking and housework that could not easily be

managed by one servant girl was done by my mother or

my sister.(Anne Bronte-Agnes Grey)

No love, you cannot indeed-theres nothing here you

can do. Go and help your sister or get her to take a walk

with you-tell her she must not sit so much and stay so

constantly in the house as she does-she may look thin

and dejected(Anne Bronte-Agnes Grey)

Help me you cannot, Agnes and I cannot go out with

you-I have far too much to do.

Mamma, I should be delighted if you think they could be

sold and for anything worthwhile.

I wish I could do something; said I.(Anne Bronte-Agnes

Grey)

But my darling, we could not spare you. And a tear

glistened in his eye as he added.No, no! afflicted as we

are, surely we are not brought to that pass yet.(Anne

Bronte- Agnes Grey)

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17. Complete with: must; have to; mustnt; do not

have to; should; shouldnt:

1. When you enter the building you ___________showthe guard your pass.

2. You really _____________stop smoking.

3. You ____________wear a uniform at this school, its

not necessary.

4. You _____________drink and drive.

5. We ____________check the gas before we leave.

6. Its really a good film. You _____________go and see

it.

7. You ____________take pictures here. Its forbidden.8. I _____________finish this work today.

9. You ______________cross now. The light is red.

10.You still have plenty of time. You ___________finish

this paper today.

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

52


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BaseForm

Past Simple Past Participle Traducere

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Come Came Come A veniCost Cost Cost A costaCreep Crept Crept A se tr

Cut Cut Cut A tiaDare Dared/Durst Dared A ndrzni

Deal Dealt DealtA trata, a seocupa de

Dig Dug Dug A spaDo Did Done A faceDraw Drew Drawn A desena

DreamDreamt/Dreamed

Dreamt/Dreamed

A visa

Drink Drank Drunk A beaDrive Drove Driven A conduceDwell Dwelt Dwelt A locuiEat Ate Eaten A mncaFall Fell Fallen A cdeaFeed Fed Fed A hrniFeel Felt Felt A (se) simiFight Fought Fought A (se) luptaFind Found Found A gsi

Flee Fled Fled A fugi

Fly Flew FlownA zbura,a pilota

Forbid Forbade/Forbad Forbidden A interzice

ForecastForecast/Forecasted

Forecast/Forecasted

A prevedea

Foresee Foresaw Foreseen A prevedeaForetell Foretold Foretold A preziceForget Forgot Forgotten A uita

Forgive Forgave Forgiven A iertaFreeze Froze Frozen A ngheaGet Got Got/Gotten A obineGive Gave Given A daGo Went Gone/Been A mergeGrind Ground Ground A mcinaGrow Grew Grown A crete

Handwrite Handwrote Handwritten A scrie demn

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Hang Hung/Hanged Hung/Hanged A atrnaHave Had Had A aveaHear Heard Heard A auzi

Hide Hid Hidden A(se) ascundeHit Hit Hit A loviHold Held Held A ineHurt Hurt Hurt A dureaKeep Kept Kept A ineKneel Knelt/Kneeled Knelt/Kneeled A ngenunchiaKnit Knit/Knitted Knit/Knitted A tricotaKnow Knew Known A ti

Lay Laid LaidA pune,

a aezaLead Led Led A conduceLean Leant/Leaned Leant/Leaned A se aplecaLeap Leapt/Leaped Leapt/Leaped A sriLearn Learnt/Learned Learnt/Learned A nvta

Leave Left LeftA pleca,

A prsiLend Lent Lent A mprumutaLet Let Let A lsa

Lie Lay Lain A zcea, a seafla

Light Lit Lit A aprindeLose Lost Lost A pierdeMake Made Made A faceMean Meant Meant A nsemnaMeet Met Met A (se) ntlniMelt Melted Molten/Melted A (se) topiMistake Mistook Mistaken A grei

Misunderstand

Misunderstood Misunderstood A nelegegreit

Overtake Overtook Overtaken A preluaPay Paid Paid A pltiProve Proved Proven/Proved A dovediPut Put Put A puneQuit Quit Quit A renunaRead Read Read A citiRid Rid/Ridded Rid/Ridded A elibera

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Ride Rode Ridden A clriRing Rang Rung A suna

Rise Rose RisenA rsri,a se ridica

Run Ran Run A alerga

Saw Sawed Sawn/SawedA tia cufierstrul

Say Said Said A suneSee Saw Seen A vedeaSeek Sought Sought A cutaSell Sold Sold A vindeSend Sent Sent A trimite

Set Set Set A fixaSew Sewed Sewn/Sewed A coaseShake Shook Shaken A tremura

Shave Shaved Shaven/ShavedA (se)brbieri

Shine Shone Shone A strluciShow Showed Shown A arta

Shrink Shrank ShrunkA (se)micora

Sing Sang Sung A cnta

Sink Sank SunkA (se)scufunda

Sit Sat Sat A staSlay Slew Slain A ucideSleep Slept Slept A dormiSlide Slid Slid/Slidden A alunecaSling Slung Slung A se furia

Slink Slunk Slunk

A (se)

strecuraSlit Slit Slit A despicaSmell Smelt/Smelled Smelt/Smelled A mirosi

Sow Sowed SownA planta, asemna

Speak Spoke Spoken A vorbiSpeed Sped/Speeded Sped/Speeded A grbi

Spell Spelt/Spelled Spelt/SpelledA vrji, aortografia

Spend Spent Spent A petrece, a

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cheltuiSpill Spilt/Spilled Spilt/Spilled A vrsaSpin Span/Spun Spun A toarce

Split Split Split A despicaSpoil Spoilt/Spoiled Spoilt/Spoiled A rsfaSpread Spread Spread A se ntindeSpring Sprang Sprung A ni

Stand Stood StoodA sta npicioare

Steal Stole Stolen A furaStick Stuck Stuck A lipiSting Stung Stung A nepa

Stink Stank Stunk A mirosi urtStride Strode/Strided Stridden A piStrike Struck Struck/Stricken A lovi, a bateSwear Swore Sworn A jura

SweatSweat/Sweated

Sweat/Sweated A transpira

SweepSwept/Sweeped

Swept/Sweeped A mtura

Swell Swelled Swollen A (se) umfla

Swim Swam Swum A notaSwing Swung Swung A (se) legnaTake Took Taken A luaTeach Taught Taught A predaTear Tore Torn A rupe

Tell Told ToldA spune, apovesti

Think Thought Thought A gndiThrow Threw Thrown A arunca

Thrust Thrust Thrust A nfigeUnderstand

Understood Understood A nelege

Upset Upset Upset A (se) supraWake Woke Woken A treziWear Wore Worn A purtaW W W A
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Documents

Modal Verbs- In Theory and Practice