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Fault finding/Trouble shooting of automotive engines sub components
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Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
MO
DEL-
BASE
D F
AUL
T DE
TECT
ION
AND
DIAG
NOSI
S-
Stat
us a
nd A
pplic
atio
ns -
1. In
trod
uctio
n
2. M
odel
-ba
sed
faul
t det
ectio
n m
etho
ds
3. F
ault
diag
no
sis
met
hods
4. A
pplic
atio
ns
-Ca
bin
pres
sure
out
flow
valve
-D
rivin
g be
havio
r of p
asse
nge
r ca
r-
Com
bust
ion
engi
ne
Rol
f Ise
rman
nD
arm
stad
t Uni
vers
ity of T
ech
nolo
gy
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Over
all p
roce
ss a
utom
atio
n sy
stem
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Supe
rvis
ion
met
hods
:
lim
it ch
ecki
ng:
sim
ple,
relia
ble,
rela
tive
larg
e to
lera
nces
di
rect
ly m
easu
red
sign
als
, onl
y de
tect
ion
ofl
arge
faults
n
o d
iagn
osis
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Supe
rvis
ion
met
hods
:
lim
it ch
ecki
ng:
sim
ple,
relia
ble,
rela
tive
larg
e to
lera
nces
di
rect
ly m
easu
red
sign
als
, onl
y de
tect
ion
ofl
arge
faults
n
o d
iagn
osis
ad
van
ced
faul
tdet
ectio
n m
etho
ds:
requ
irem
ents
?
e
arly
dete
ctio
nof s
mal
l fau
lts
fa
ult
diag
nosi
s in
com
ponents
(actu
ators
, pro
cess
, se
nso
rs, c
ontro
ller),
at l
east
with
an in
dica
tion
of s
mal
lest
ex
chan
geab
le u
nit
fa
ult
dete
ctio
n in
clo
sed
loo
ps
fa
ult
dete
ctio
n in
tran
sien
t sta
tes
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Supe
rvis
ion
with
faul
t dia
gno
sis
and
faul
t man
agem
ent
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Supe
rvis
ion
with
faul
t dia
gno
sis
and
faul
t man
agem
ent
Su
perv
isio
n-lo
op
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Met
hods
for
Fau
lt de
tect
ion
Sign
al b
ased
faul
t de
tect
ion
Mod
el-b
ased
Fau
lt de
tect
ion
Lim
it va
lue/
tren
dch
eck
Traje
cto
ry
supe
rvis
ion
Plau
sibi
lity
che
ckAn
alys
is o
f sig
nal
mo
dels
Anal
ysis
of p
roce
ss
mo
dels
Para
met
er
estim
atio
nSt
ate
es
timat
ion
Parit
y
equa
tions
Corr
elat
ion
Four
ier
anal
ysis
Wav
elet
anal
ysis
Stat
istic
alev
alua
tion
Even
tTim
e su
perv
isio
n Surv
ey o
f fau
lt de
tect
ion
met
hods
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Faul
t det
ectio
n ba
sed
on
sig
nal m
odel
s
Cha
nge
dete
ctio
n
Sign
al-b
ased
faul
tdet
ectio
n
Nor
mal
beha
viour
sAn
alyt
ical s
ympt
oms
Thre
shol
d-pl
ausi
bil.-
chec
k
Vibr
atio
nsi
gnal
mo
dels
Proc
ess
Faul
ts
Act
u-at
ors
Sen-
sors
UN
Y
Rol
f Ise
rma
nnF
ault
dete
ctio
n a
nd
diag
nosi
s w
ith s
igna
l mo
dels
and
pr
oces
s m
ode
ls
Cha
nge
dete
ctio
n
Faul
tdia
gno
sis
Dia
gno
sed
fau
lts
Sign
al-b
ased
faul
tdet
ectio
nPr
oces
sm
ode
l-bas
edfa
ultd
etec
tion
Nor
mal
beha
viour
sAn
alyt
ical s
ympt
oms
f
Thre
shol
d-pl
ausi
bil.-
chec
k
Vibr
atio
nsi
gnal
mo
dels
Proc
ess
Proc
ess
mode
l
Feat
ure
gen
era
tion
Faul
ts
Act
u-at
ors
Sen-
sors
UN
Y
Feat
ures
xr
,
,
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
MO
DEL-
BASE
D F
AUL
T DE
TECT
ION
AND
DIAG
NOSI
S-
Stat
us a
nd A
pplic
atio
ns -
1. In
trod
uctio
n
2.Pr
oces
smo
del-b
ased
faul
t det
ectio
n m
etho
ds
3. F
ault
diag
no
sis
met
hods
4. A
pplic
atio
ns
-Ca
bin
pres
sure
out
flow
valve
-D
rivin
g be
havio
r of p
asse
nge
r ca
r-
Com
bust
ion
engi
ne
Rol
f Ise
rman
nD
arm
stad
t Uni
vers
ity of T
ech
nolo
gy
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Gen
eral
sch
eme
of p
roce
ss m
ode
l-bas
ed fa
ult d
etec
tion
an
d di
agno
sis
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
(a) S
ISO
(sing
le-inp
ut sin
gle-ou
tput);
(b) S
ISO
with
interm
ediat
e mea
sure
me
nts
; (c)
SIM
O (si
ngle-
input
mu
lti-o
utpu
t); (d)
MIM
O (m
ulti-in
putm
ulti
-out
put)
Proc
ess
conf
igur
atio
n fo
r m
ode
l-bas
ed
faul
t det
ect
ion
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
(a) ab
rupt
;(b)
inci
pien
t;(c)
inte
rmitt
ent
Tim
e-de
pend
ency
of f
aults
Rol
f Ise
rma
nnadd
itive
fau
lts
mu
ltipl
icativ
efa
ults
Basi
c m
ode
ls of
faul
ts
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Faul
t det
ectio
n o
f a n
on-lin
ear
stat
ic p
roce
ss v
ia p
aram
ete
r es
tima
tion
fo
r s
tead
y s
tate
s
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Line
ar d
ynam
ic p
roce
ss m
odel
s an
d fa
ult
mo
delli
ng
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Faul
t det
ectio
n w
ith p
aram
eter
est
ima
tion
me
thod
s fo
r dy
na
mic
pro
ces
ses
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Faul
t det
ectio
n w
ith o
bser
vers
for
dyna
mic
pro
cess
es
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Faul
t det
ectio
n w
ith p
arit
y equ
atio
ns fo
r dyn
am
ic p
roce
sses
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Proc
ess
mod
el-b
ased
met
hods
:
para
met
er e
stim
atio
n:
ada
ptive
par
am
.pa
rity
equa
tions
:
fix
ed p
aram
eter
so
bser
vers
, Kal
man
filte
r: fix
ed p
aram
eter
s
Proc
ess
Faul
t-D
etec
tion f^
Faul
tdet
ectio
n
App
licab
ility
:Pa
ram
eter
es
timat
ion
: -
prim
aril
y m
ulti
plica
tive
faul
ts,
-in
put e
xcita
tion
requ
ired,
-1
inpu
t an
d 1
ou
tpu
tsuffi
cient(S
ISO)
-sm
all f
aults
dete
ctab
le
Parit
y eq
uatio
ns-
prim
arily
add
itive
faul
tso
bser
vers
:-
no
inpu
t exc
itatio
nfo
r add
itive
faul
tsatt
he in
put
and
ou
tput
,but
for s
ome
mu
ltipl
icativ
e fa
ults
-in
gen
era
l mor
e in
puts
and
outp
uts
requ
ired
(MISO
, MIM
O)
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
MO
DEL-
BASE
D F
AUL
T DE
TECT
ION
AND
DIAG
NOSI
S-
Stat
us a
nd A
pplic
atio
ns -
1. In
trod
uctio
n
2. M
odel
-ba
sed
faul
t det
ectio
n m
etho
ds
3. F
ault
diag
no
sis
met
hods
4. A
pplic
atio
ns
-Ca
bin
pres
sure
out
flow
valve
-D
rivin
g be
havio
r of p
asse
nge
r ca
r-
Com
bust
ion
engi
ne
Rol
f Ise
rman
nD
arm
stad
t Uni
vers
ity of T
ech
nolo
gy
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Met
hods
of f
ault
diag
nosis
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
MO
DEL-
BASE
D F
AUL
T DE
TECT
ION
AND
DIAG
NOSI
S-
Stat
us a
nd A
pplic
atio
ns -
1. In
trod
uctio
n
2. M
odel
-ba
sed
faul
t det
ectio
n m
etho
ds
3. F
ault
diag
no
sis
met
hods
4. A
pplic
atio
ns
-Ca
bin
pres
sure
out
flow
valve
-D
rivin
g be
havio
r of p
asse
nge
r ca
r-
Com
bust
ion
engi
ne
Rol
f Ise
rman
nD
arm
stad
t Uni
vers
ity of T
ech
nolo
gy
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Actu
ator
ser
vo-d
rive
for c
abin
pre
ssur
e co
ntro
l
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Red
unda
nt D
C m
oto
r dr
ive
syst
em
for
the o
utfl
ow v
alve
IIII
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Theo
retic
al m
ode
l of t
he a
ctua
tor
Theo
retic
al m
odel
of t
he a
ctua
tor
El
ectr
ical
par
t: B
rush
less
DC
mot
or
-
M
echa
nica
l par
t:-
Torq
ue b
ala
nce
for
mot
or a
nd
gear
with
dry
fric
tion
-Lo
ad
torq
ue
in d
epen
den
ce o
n p
ositi
on
-kn
ow
n pa
ram
ete
rs:
G
ear
ratio
:-
12
31
23
22
()
()(
)()
()()
33
E
rE
r
Rk
UR
RR
It
tR
It
kt
=+
+
+
+
+
=
+
1442443
1442
443
()()
sign
(()
)()
Tr
rfr
ict
rlo
ad
kI
tJ
tM
tM
t
=
+
+
&
()(
)lo
ads
gM
tc
f=
,Tk
J
()()
/
=
gr
tt
n
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Sign
al fl
ow d
iagr
amA
ctua
tor i
n cl
osed
loop
Dire
ctly
m
easu
rabl
e si
gnal
s:
brid
ge v
olta
ge U
br
idge
cur
rent
I
mo
tor p
ositio
n/sp
eed
(halls
enso
rs)
r,
r
shaf
t pos
ition
(poten
tiome
ter)
gSi
gnal
flow
di
agra
m o
f the
act
uato
r
-- -
I
r
r
p
r
g
Brus
hles
sD
Cm
oto
r
1 R1 Js
r
k T
UM
A
Mload
Mfric
f(.)
P
con
trolle
r
k E
1 s1 n
M
-M
gear
-
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Rec
ursi
ve p
aram
eter
es
timat
ion
()
()=
Ty
tt
Pr
oces
s m
odel
R
ecur
sive
par
amet
er e
stim
atio
n: (t=
kT0)
El
ectr
ical
su
bsys
tem
M
echa
nica
l sub
syst
em
(
1)(
)(
)[(
1)(
1)(
)]+
=+
+
+T
kk
ky
kk
k
()()
()[(
)()
]
[
]=
=
=
Tr
TE
yt
Ut
tI
tt
Rk
()
()(
)()
()[si
gn()
]
()
[]
f
Ts
gr
r
Tr
Tfri
ctf
yt
kI
tc
fJ
t
tt
tc
Mc
=
= =
&,
(),
)T
sg
rk
cf
J
(know
n para
me
ters
:
Rec
ursi
ve
para
met
er e
stim
atio
n o
f the
act
uato
r
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Parit
y eq
uatio
ns fr
om th
eore
tical
der
ived
pro
cess
mod
els
1 2 3 4()
()()
()()
()()
sign
()(
)
()()
(()
()
sign
()()
)
()()
()/
=
=
=
++
+
=
&E
r
Tr
rf
rs
g
rr
sg
fr
Er
T
gr
rt
Ut
RI
tk
t
rt
kI
tJ
tc
tc
fR
rt
Ut
Jt
cf
ct
kt
kr
tt
tv
g
U I
allb
utg
a
ssu
me
d to
be
cor
rect
r
Inde
pen
den
t on:
Parit
y eq
uatio
ns w
ith th
e ac
tuat
or m
odel
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Dis
cre
te ti
me
pro
cess
mo
del
15 g
ener
ated
fe
atur
es
Dia
gnos
is s
yste
m
3 eq
uatio
ns
3 pa
ram
eter
estim
ates
thro
ugh
recu
rsiv
e pa
ram
eter
est
imat
ion
5 re
sidu
als
from
pa
rity
equa
tion
s
furth
er fe
atur
es
Man
ual d
esig
ned
fuzz
y sy
stem
fo
r ref
eren
ce
Auto
mat
ic o
pera
ting
fuzz
y-n
euro
sys
tem
SE
LECT
(Fs
sel 2
002)
ar
mat
ure
resi
stan
ce
flu
x lin
kage
ea
chin
depe
nde
nt o
n o
ne
sen
sors
ign
al
5
varia
nces
of r
esid
ual
s
3 fe
atu
res
from
halls
enso
r fa
ult d
etec
tion
Mod
el b
ased
fau
lt de
tect
ion
Faul
t det
ectio
n an
d di
agno
sis
algo
rithm
s
REk
dr
yfri
ctio
n
fc
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Test
ben
ch
Test
ben
ch fo
r the
out
flow
ac
tuat
or
Pow
er s
upp
ly
actu
ato
r
PC D
evel
opm
ent
syst
em
Mic
ro-
con
trol
ler
ana
log
low
pass
fil
ters
Sens
or fa
ult
sim
ulat
or
proc
essi
nte
rfac
e an
dFa
ult
gen
erat
ion
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Res
ultin
g s
ympt
oms
from
pa
ram
eter
es
tima
tion
an
d pa
rity
equa
tions
by
mea
surin
g U(
t), I(t
),(t)
,g(t
) and
r(t)
Arm
atu
rere
sist
ance
frict
ion
vo
ltage
Shaf
tpo
sitio
ncu
rren
tAr
mat
ure
resi
stan
cefri
ctio
nv
olta
geSh
aft
posi
tion
curr
ent
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Para
met
er es
timat
esRe
sidua
l par
ityeq
uatio
nsFa
ults
R
Ek
fc
1r2r
3r4r
incr
. R+
00
+0
+0
incr
. cf
00
++
+--
++
0of
fset
U
++
0+
+0
++
0of
fset
g0
00
+0
00
offs
et
bI+
+-
--
++
++
0--
(0 no
signif
icant
cha
nge;
+ in
crea
se; +
+ la
rge
incre
ase;
- de
crea
se; -
- la
rge
decr
ease
Para
met
er de
via
tion
s an
d pa
rity
equ
atio
n re
sid
ual
s fo
r di
ffere
nt a
ctu
ato
r fa
ults
Faul
t-sym
ptom
tabl
e fo
r the
out
flow
val
ve
D.C
. mot
or a
ctua
tor
Al
l fau
lts c
an b
e is
olat
ed w
ithbo
thm
eth
ods
(diag
nose
d)
con
stan
t inp
uts:
on
ly pa
rity
equ
atio
ns
use
d, bu
t fa
ults
in
Ua
nd
Rn
ot d
istin
guis
habl
e
iffa
ults
dete
cted
bypa
rity
equ
atio
ns
: sh
ort
inpu
t exc
itatio
nan
dpa
ram
ete
r es
tima
tion
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
MO
DEL-
BASE
D F
AUL
T DE
TECT
ION
AND
DIAG
NOSI
S-
Stat
us a
nd A
pplic
atio
ns -
1. In
trod
uctio
n
2. M
odel
-ba
sed
faul
t det
ectio
n m
etho
ds
3. F
ault
diag
no
sis
met
hods
4. A
pplic
atio
ns
-Ca
bin
pres
sure
out
flow
valve
-D
rivin
g be
havio
r of a
pa
sse
nger
car
-Co
mbu
stio
n en
gine
Rol
f Ise
rman
nD
arm
stad
t Uni
vers
ity of T
ech
nolo
gy
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Conc
lusi
ons
for v
ehic
le s
uper
visi
on:
3
mea
sure
d si
gnal
s: s
teer
ing
angl
e, v
eloc
ity, y
aw ra
te
1
calc
ula
ted
para
met
er (fe
ature
): cha
ract
eris
tic ve
loci
ty
A
pplic
atio
n fo
r driv
er a
ssis
tan
ce s
yste
ms
(ESP
, act
ive
front
stee
ring)
and
driv
er w
arn
ing
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
)(00
)()(
)(10
)(01
)()()(
)()(
)()(
)()(
)()(1
)()(
)(
)()(
)()(
)()(
)(
222
t
mi
ctt
tm
v
lc
lc
m
tv
mc
ct
ytt
tt
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t
iJ
lc
it
mvc
tt
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lc
lc
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cl
ct
mv
lc
lc
tm
v
tv
mc
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tt
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tt
t
stFF
FR
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F
stz
FF
st
F
z
FF
RR
z
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RR
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RR
RF
+
++
=
+
=
+
+
++
=
+
=
&&
&&&
&
&
&&&&
Dx
C
y
Bx
A x
Stea
dy-st
ate-
repr
esen
tatio
n o
f one
-tr
ack
mo
del
Inpu
t:
Stee
ring
whe
el a
ngl
e
Out
put:
Side
-slip
ang
le
Yaw
ra
te
Late
ral a
ccel
eratio
n
2n
do
rder
no
n-li
nea
r m
ode
l
Valid
ap
pro
x. u
ntil
0.4
g
mm
ass
of v
ehi
cle
c F
front
co
rne
ring
stiff
nes
s
c F
rea
r co
rner
ing
stiff
ne
ss
l Fle
ngth
fro
m fro
nt a
xle
to C.
G.
l Rle
ngth
fro
m re
ar ax
le to
C.
G.
vve
loci
ty
One
-tr
ack
mo
del
y&&&
v
Intr
oduc
tion
Veh
icle
Mod
elC
oncl
usio
nsSt
abi
lity
CV
SI
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
Stab
ility
of v
ehic
le d
ynam
ics
1
The
char
acte
rist
ic e
quat
ion
for
the
late
ral v
ehic
le dy
nam
ics:
det
(sI-A
)=0
lead
s to
Stab
ility
re
quir
es:
a1>
0
a0>
0
1.a
1>0
isalw
ays
sa
tisfie
d!
2.a
0>0
isn
ota
lway
s sa
tisfie
d!, i
.e.
a
0>0:
Sta
ble (
i.e. u
nde
rste
erin
g be
havi
our)
a
0=0:
Sta
bilit
y lim
it: D
ef. o
f the
chara
cter
istic
vel
ocity
:
a
0
++
+R
Rz
FF
zc
ml
Jc
ml
J
0)
()
(!
'2
2'
>
++
FF
RR
RF
RF
lc
lc
mv
ll
cc
22
0: o
ver
steer
ing
0: n
eutr
alst
eerin
g(
)0:
u
nde
rste
erin
g
FR
ch
RR
FF
cc
lv
mc
lc
l
<
=
=
>
Intr
oduc
tion
Veh
icle
Mod
elC
oncl
usio
nsSt
abi
lity
CV
SI (is
basic
ally
a c
onst
an
t pa
ram
eter
of
a v
ehic
le, ho
wev
er d
epen
ds
on
co
rner
ing
stiff
nes
sc
(t) )
Rol
f Ise
rma
nn
CVSI
Stab
ility
0st
abl
e
brak
ing
/ acc
elera
ting
unde
r -
split
-1
un
sta
ble
-u
nde
rste
erin
g1
sta
ble
ov
ers
tee
ring
3s
tabl
e
high
o
ve
rste
erin
g4
indi
ffere
nt
bre
aki
ng
aw
ay
5u
ns
tabl
e
2st
abl
e
str
aig
ht
run
nin
g
co
rne
ring
Sign
al p
roc
es
sin
gDr
ivin
g s
itua
tion
ne
ura
lste
erin
g
()
() 0
2>
v
thre
sst
st
()
thre
s
&
&