ModelingI - Universitetet i oslo · ModelingI Class modeling ... The History Lesson Tooling – Papyrus The MAGIC of UML – Class modeling 2. ... Making OO Popular and Commercial

Technology for a better society 1

Modeling I

Class modeling – the MAGIC with UML

Ketil StølenBased on slides prepared by Prof. Øystein Haugen, HiØ & SINTEF

Technology for a better society

Overview of lecture

Modeling– What is it?– Why do we do it?– Modeling and Programming – sides of the same coin?

The History LessonTooling

– Papyrus

The MAGIC of UML– Class modeling

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ModelModelingSystem

3


What's a Model?

Term Phenomenon

Concept

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• In which corner does threat belong?

• What would you put in the two other corners?

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Exercise: Explain threat in the setting of the previous slide


• In which corner does risk‐value belong?

• What would you put in the two other corners?

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Exercise: Do the same for risk‐value


Sustainable Knowledge of Informatics

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Models Frameworks Patterns Algorithms

DSLGPL Formal Visual ....Programming

CompilersEditors Simulators Apps ....Verifiers


Modeling a system

A system is a part of the world– which we choose to regard as a whole, separated from the rest of the world during some

period of consideration, a whole which we choose to consider as containing a collection of components, each characterized by a selected set of associated data items and patterns, and by actions which may involve itself and other components

Mental systems– Systems existing in the human mind, physically materialized as states of the cells of our

brains

Mental and manifest models– when a limited set of properties is selected from a system

These definitions are from K. Nygaard and his DELTA team (in 1977)

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History Lesson

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A history of modeling languages

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FORTRANAlgol Pascal

CNorwegian Computing Center

SIMULA(Nygaard, Dahl)

Xerox PARCSmallTalk (Kay)

AppleMacIntosh

OOA(Yourdon)

Objectory(Jacobsson) Booch

OMT (Rumbaugh)

UML 1.x (Rational/OMG)

SDL-88

MicrosoftWindows

Hoare-logic

CSPHoare Jones

VDMMilnerCCS

LOTOS (ISO)

COBOL

SQL

ER-model

SDL-92 (ITU)

Bell LabsC++

Sun

OODB

JAVA

Broy/StølenFocus

Corba

UML 2.0 (OMG)

SDL-2000 (ITU)

MSC-2000 (ITU) EJB Web services

MSC-92 (ITU)ROOM

(Objectime)


Focusing on Languages

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FORTRANAlgol Pascal




AppleMacIntosh

OOA(Yourdon)


OMT (Rumbaugh)


SDL-88

MicrosoftWindows

Hoare-logic

CSPHoare Jones

VDMMilnerCCS

LOTOS (ISO)

COBOL

SQL

ER-model

SDL-92 (ITU)

Bell LabsC++

Sun

OODB

JAVA

Broy/StølenFocus

Corba

UML 2.0 (OMG)

SDL-2000 (ITU)


MSC-92 (ITU)ROOM

(Objectime)

Conceptual base of OO:Classes with Inheritance,Polymorphism (virtual),Co-routinesGarbage Collection


Making OO Popular and Commercial

12

FORTRANAlgol Pascal




AppleMacIntosh

OOA(Yourdon)


OMT (Rumbaugh)


SDL-88

MicrosoftWindows

Hoare-logic

CSPHoare Jones

VDMMilnerCCS

LOTOS (ISO)

COBOL

SQL

ER-model

SDL-92 (ITU)

Bell LabsC++

Sun

OODB

JAVA

Broy/StølenFocus

Corba

UML 2.0 (OMG)

SDL-2000 (ITU)


MSC-92 (ITU)ROOM

(Objectime)

Experimental programming:Runtime checksGraphical in/out

Effective programming andEfficient programs:Explicit memory control


The Three Amigos

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FORTRANAlgol Pascal




AppleMacIntosh

OOA(Yourdon)


OMT (Rumbaugh)


SDL-88

MicrosoftWindows

Hoare-logic

CSPHoare Jones

VDMMilnerCCS

LOTOS (ISO)

COBOL

SQL

ER-model

SDL-92 (ITU)

Bell LabsC++

Sun

OODB

JAVA

Broy/StølenFocus

Corba

UML 2.0 (OMG)

SDL-2000 (ITU)


MSC-92 (ITU)ROOM

(Objectime)

Visual LanguageAnalysis phaseStandardization


Influences on UML 2.0

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FORTRANAlgol Pascal




AppleMacIntosh

OOA(Yourdon)


OMT (Rumbaugh)


SDL-88

MicrosoftWindows

Hoare-logic

CSPHoare Jones

VDMMilnerCCS

LOTOS (ISO)

COBOL

SQL

ER-model

SDL-92 (ITU)

Bell LabsC++

Sun

OODB

JAVA

Broy/StølenFocus

Corba

UML 2.0 (OMG)

SDL-2000 (ITU)


MSC-92 (ITU)ROOM

(Objectime)

Class diagrams,Use Cases

Internal structure(Parts and Ports)Improved State Machines

Structured Sequence Diagrams Improved Components


Exercise: How do the other languages you have beenthought fit in the previous picture?


What language(s) to use?

Must have good mechanisms for abstraction– In the eighties, Simula was a very obvious choice

Must have adequate tooling– This was always the problem with Simula

• and still is a serious problem with UML

– This may now be reasonable argument in favor of Java

Must preferably be in use in "real systems"– This depends very much on what reality we are aiming at– Real systems are seldom made with only one language

• Multi‐language modeling / programming will increase

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Why make a language?

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Papyrus UML Tool on Eclipse

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Eclipse4.5 Mars

Papyrus

Get it!https://www.eclipse.org/

papyrus/


MAGIC

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MAGIC of object orientation and modeling with UML

MetaAggregateGenerationIdentityConcepts

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Class

Type

Pattern

Method

Function

Datatype

Object

Instance

Entity

Method call

Function call

VariablePrototype

Concepts (C in MAGIC)

Clone

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A small story about Courses

The Software Engineering Course is a special CourseCourses contain LecturesThe lectures may generate questions

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What are the boxes (Relata) ?

What are the arrows (Relations) ?course

SWEcourse

lectures

questions

is-a-special

consists-of

generates

A small Story with Boxes and Arrows

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A small Story with UML class diagram

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Class

Association

MemberEnd

Composition

NavigableMultiplicity

Generalization


A Small Story with Papyrus

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Palette

Property view

Diagram canvas

Browsers


A Small Story of UML details

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Exercise:

• Can Software Engineering course (SWEcourse) be held without lectures?

• Can there be lectures without questions asked?

• Can the very same lecture be given in two different courses?

• Can the very same question be posed to several lectures?

• If a course is cancelled, will all remaining lectures also be cancelled? (or "terminated")

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A small story of UML instances

• Instance specifications are not classes

• Instance diagrams can be used to illustrate what kind of situations a class model may induce

• Instances are the manifestations of classes– Having a class does not mean

you have instances, but if you have an instance it needs to be an instance of (say) a class

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Identity modifiers:

GeneralizationSubclassDerived ClassesExtension

Interface

ParametersOverloading

Redefined operationsVirtual proceduresVirtual functionsOverriding methods

Pointers to functions

Languages:

UMLSimulaC++Java

UML, Java

FORTRAN, Pascal, Algol, ...C++, Java

UMLSimula, SmalltalkC++Java

C, C++

Identity (I in MAGIC)

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Subclassing or Inheritance

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Generalization

SWEcourseinherits from

Course

Operation

redefined operation


A small story in Java

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class Course {public abstract Grade exam() { };}

class SWECourse extends Course {public final Grade exam() { /* here we describe the concrete exam */ }}


FORTRAN Algol LISPSimulaSmalltalkJava

C++

NONE( only staticvariables)

PUSHon onestack generate

from heap

a stackand aheap

attermination POP

GarbageCollection

implicit(stack)andexplicit(heap)deallocation

Generation

Destruction

UMLStateMachines

UMLInteractions

send signals,create object

signals: at reception.state machine object: on final stateother objects: DestroyObjectAction

lifelines(i.e. theirrepresents)

at destruct

Generation (G in MAGIC)

• In O‐O systems the generation and destruction of objects are of great importance• Differences in memory management:

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Generation depicted as an association

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Navigable association

Questions are notowned by Lecture


objectaggregaterelation

Conceptaggregaterelation

Aggregate (A in MAGIC)

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Composition

HiofSWCourse owns lecture_on_class_diagrams


Aggregate (Java)

Courselecture

Lecture

class Course {public abstract Grade exam() { };public Lecture[ ] lecture; /* the set of Lectures to be held here */

public Course(int nlectures) {lecture = new Lecture[nlectures]; /* create array of Lecture pointers */for (int i=1; i<nlectures; i++) { lecture[i] = new Lecture; } /* creating the actual Lecture objects */}}

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Composite structure diagram

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Property (part)

Port

Connector


Metamodel

Model

Defines

ChangeObserve

ProgramExecution

DataStructure

ModelingEnvironment

• Editor• Compiler• Interpreter• Debugger• Model database• Simulator• Validator• Text generation

Meta (M in MAGIC)

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ModelingLanguage

describes defines


• What is the meta‐model?

• What is the modeling‐language?

• What is a model?

• What is program execution?

• What is the data structure?

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Exercise: Explain the previous slide wrt the languageEnglish


The 4‐level meta hierarchy

Lev UML model Language Programming Language

M3 MOF metamodel MOF Grammar of BNF BNF?

M2 UML metamodel MOF Grammar of Java BNF

M1 UML user model UML Java user program Java

M0 Execution of user model

Execution of java program

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A piece of the UML Metamodel

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Exercise: Try to explain what is expressed on the previousslide


Reflection / Metamodel (Java)

Course

lectureLecture

Class

getClass()

Class

“Course” “Lecture”

Method“exam”

getMethods()

Lecture

getClass()

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MAGIC of UML (Summary)

M Meta metamodel and the meta hierarchyA Aggregate composition – the black diamondG Generate dynamic object creation, signalingI Identity generalization, redefinitionC Concept classes and associations

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Exercise: Represent the drawing below in UML

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Asset

Vulnerability

Threat

Consequence

Unwanted incident

Likelihood

Risk

Party

Treatment


Resources on UML: http://www.uml.org/

The standards organization that maintains UML:– www.omg.org– Object Management Group

Recommended and cheap textbook– Pilone, Dan: UML 2.0 in a Nutshell, 2005. O'Reilly Media. ISBN: 0‐596‐00795‐7

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ModelingI - Universitetet i oslo · ModelingI Class modeling ... The History Lesson Tooling – Papyrus The MAGIC of UML – Class modeling 2. ... Making OO Popular and Commercial