Modern Challenges.docx

8/18/2019 Modern Challenges.docx

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Modern Challenges

Western Imperialism and Muslim Response.

School of thougt (4 muslim’s responses to modernization)

Responses to the challenge : raditionalism

Responses to the challenge : Islamic modernism

Responses to the challenge : Secularism

Responses to the challenge : Islamism

In !"#$% almost all of the muslim &orld &as under the political control or influence of

'uropean countries. Some &ere ruled directl as colonies some &ere protectorates or

*nati+e states, some &ere nominall independent -ut su-ect to restrictions and effecti+e

pressure. /nl central 0ra-ia and afganistan retained genuine independence. Muslim

responses had sometimes -een militar or popular resistance% unsuccessful in the long run%

and sometimes more or less reluctant cooperation &ith the 'uropeans% complicated - the

fact that some elements in the muslim populations found cooperation to -e in their interest

&hile others did not. 0fter !"#$ political and militar imperialism retreated% though

une+enl. Some countries% such as 'gpt% ur1e% Iran% gained su-stantial independence

after the first &orld &ar &hile others areas found themsel+es under mandates for a time.

he elements of imperialism :

2olitical

Militar

'conomic

Cultural

Cultural Imperialism. When &e tal1ed a-out imperialism there is a cultural

imperialism. What is cultural imperialism3 Cultural imperialism is such a things as the

introduction of modern% i.e Western% technolog% medicine% and pu-lic health% education%

administrati+e methods% political ideologies% ne&spapers and others mass media% clothes and

entertainement (including plas% opera% no+els). e& professions &ere created% such as

ournalism% la&% engineering% and medicine. 0ll of this has -een +ie&ed - 'urope as part of

its *ci+ilizing mission, or the &hite man’s -urden, and has -een seen as a ustification for


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imperialism. 0lthough &e la-el it *imperialism,% cultural imperialism has -een dri+en as

much - the desire of muslims for &estern cultural goods as - the &estern effort to spread

them. 5rom the -eginning the muslim elites &anted to learn the secrets of &estern succsess

and for a time man accepted that he needed a period of 'uropean tutelage.

Modernization% &esternization% secularization

Modernization and de+elopment refer in the first instance to the technolog that

increase human control o+er the phsical en+ironment and then% - e6tension% to such areas

as education and politics. It’s also includes certain attitudes% such as openness to change and

inno+ation. he mth of progress encourages the -elief that change &ill -e for the -etter.

Westernization underlines the fact that +irtuall all of these things come from the &est% so

that to modernize has almost al&as meant to &esternize. Secularization means in particular

to shift interest from the spiritual &orld or the future life to thi secular &orld% to dra& one’s

+alues and -eliefs primaril from human rather than di+ine sources% and to limit the influence

of religious institutions on societ% often - separating them from other institutions -ut not

necessaril see1ing to destro them.

0 maor effect of these changes has -een to strengthen enormousl the po&er of the

state - gi+ing it the phsical means to e6tend its po&er and technological means to

accomplish certain social goals. 0nother effect has -een a decrease in mortalit rates and

dramatic rise in populations due to the introduction of &estern medicine and pu-lic helath.

2re Modern reform

Waha-i mo+ement &as founded - Muhammad i-n 0-d’ al7Wahha- (!8$97!8"#)%

and admirer of i-n amia% &ho preached a strict interpretation of the ur’an and

sunna and reected rigid talid to later interpretations. ;e reected popular sufi

practices as -id’a and% indeed% shir1% and his mo+ement destroed the tom-s of &alis

and also of Shi’I imams &hen it raided the shirne cities in southern Ira. It too1

control of Mecca in !on other reform mo+ements. It sur+i+ed out of the limelight during the rest of the

nineteenth centur and resurfaced in the t&inti&th to -ecome the official doctrine of


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Saudi 0ra-ia. Wahha-is do not call themsel+es Wahha-is -ut simpl mu&ahiddun%

people of ta&hid.

Shah &aliullah of =elhi (!8$!7!8>#) &as a nasha-andi sufi in the line of 0hmad

Sirhindi and opposed &hat he considered the compromises &ith non islamic practices - -oth rules and sufis. ;e also stressed itihad o+er unuestioning talid. ;e called

for economic reforms and &as concerned to heal di+isions &ithin the cpmmunit. ;e

undertoo1 to reconcile Sirhindi’s &ahdat al7shuhud &ith I-n 0ra-i’s &ahdat al7&uud.

;e had considera-le influence on later thin1ers in india of +arious persuasions. /n of

his successors led a ihad against the Si1hs in the earl nineteenth centur and 1ater

his follo&ers fought against the -ritish.

KEMUHAMMADIYAHAAN


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Prepared By :

Astri Istyawati

20140610439

UNIE!"I#Y $% MUHAMMADIYAH Y$&YAKA!#A

%A'U(#Y $% (A)

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM OF LAW AND SHARIAH

201*

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Modern Challenges.docx