Modern English1800-2005

English 1720

British Colonies 1763

Declaration of Indepence 1776

British Colonies 1815

British Empire 1918-1939

Languages of India

English-speaking countries 2000

British Empire 1918-1939 English-speaking countries 2000

English in Europe

English in North America

English in the Caribbean

English in Africa

English in Asia and the Pacific

English as a world language

English is the language of all

international affairs: politics, economy,

culture, science, air traffic, sports.

Globalisation

• Political dominance of the US

• World wide trading relationships

• Increasing mobility

• The Internet

The Future of English

Will the world end up with only one language?

Will English become the native language of the world?

The growth of the vocabulary

English has acquired many new words for new scientific and technological concepts.

The bulk of the new vocabulary is only known to the specialst, but some words have become part of the everyday language.

Transportation

automobile traffic lightcar windshield train freewaytruck clutchplane gearshiftrailroad to parkairport to tune up

Electronic media

cinema videotapemovie VCRfilm DVDbroadcast stereotelevision radiocable TV soap operatelephone antennacell phone microphone

Computer

computer PCsoftware modemhardware RAMmouse bytecursor internetdownload emailto surf the internet hackervirus firewallspam mail CD-ROM

Medicine

AIDS proteinsAntibiotics cholesterolvaccine carbohydrateclinic EKGinjection DNAhormones x-raysaspirin schizophrenicinsulin immune system

Food

chili Goulashenchilada tofutaco mueslinachos pizzajunk food coca colaFrench fries pepsipotato chips gyroshamburger muffin

French

chef chauffeurmenu couponbeige elitegourmet garagerestaurant genreau pair semantics

Spanish

gringo nachosmustang enchiladaranch chilibronco taco

Italian

lasagna mafiapasta fiascosalami inferno

Japanese

judo bonsaitycoon karatekaraoke geishakamikaze hara-kiri

Yiddish

kosher to schlepbagel to schwitz

German

German

kindergarten leitmotifzeitgeist angstgestalt festschriftpretzel weltanschauungschnaps poodlestrudel to yodel

Compounding

fire extinguisher streamlinelipstick skylinerailroad airplanejet lag airportjunk food space shuttlelifestyle to skydiveroller blades to outsource

Affixation

transoceanic postmodernismtranscontinental postcolonialismtrans-Siberian postgraduate studytransliterate post docprenatal decodepreschool defrostpreregistration deflateprehistoric debunk

Blends

brunch Friscomotel Amtrackchunnel trafficator smog fantabuloussnark chortle

Brand names

sandwich shrapnelkodak boycottcola limousinecamembert tabasco

Acronyms

Radar radio detecting and ranging)

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrom

OPEC Organization of Petrolium

Exporting Countries

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Metaphor

hardware garbage can

mouse desktop

memory file

language window

program email

spyware firewall

virus antivirus

Phonological changes

Flapping of [t] in American English:

laddermatterwriter

Spelling pronunciations

foreheadclapboard

calm, psalm, palm, balm

chalk, folk

Strong-weak verbs

OLD NEWabide abode abidedmow mew mowedsaw sew sawedstrive strove strivedswell swoll swelledThrive throve thrived

Relative pronoun

1.Which can no longer be used with a human antecedent.

2. Which and that mark the contrast between restrictive and non-restrictive relatives.

3. In SUBJ-relatives, the relative pronoun is obligatory.

(1) *He talked to the man __ bought our company.

(2) He talked to the man Jack met __ on the street.

Prepositions and conjunctions

(1) granted, pending(2) in front of, on the basis of

(3) assuming that, given that(4) on grounds that, in view of the fact that

Standard use New common useconvince of convince aboutmarried to married withtake charge of take charge overin search of in search for

Passive progressive

(1) My car is being broken.(2) My house is being painted.(3) This problem is being discussed at today’s

meeting.

(1’) My car is repairing.(2’) My house is painting.(3’) This problem is discussing today’s meeting.

Get passive

(1) The walls were painted.

(2) The walls got painted.

Gonna future

I am going to marry Bill. [i.e. I am leaving in order to marry Bill]

I [am going [to marry [Bill]]].

>>> I [[[am [going to]] marry] [Bill]]

Lexical expressions and grammatical markers

Lexical Grammaticalnoun prepositions

verbs conjunctions

adjectives pronouns

auxiliaries

bound morphemes

Grammaticalization

Source Target: AUX

go (motion) gonna

will (intention) will

have (possession) have

Grammaticalization

Source Target: P

during (verb) during

in front of (PP) in front of

a-gone (PRE-verb) ago

Grammaticalization

Source Target: CONJ

by cause (PP) because

DEM while SUB while

given given

Grammaticalization

Source Target: PRO/ART

some body (NP) somebody

one (numeral) the one

one (numeral) a

Grammaticalization

Source Target: Discourse

do you know y‘know

I think (I) think

I guess (I) guess

Grammaticalization

Source Target: Bound

NOUN -ly

NOUN -hood

did -ed

Grammaticalization

Grammaticalization is cross-linguistically

so pervasive that some linguists

suggested that all grammatical

expressions are eventually derived from a

lexical source.

The grammaticalization of demonstratives

There is at least one other class for the development of grammatical markers: demonstratives.

Demonstratives provide a frequent historical source for a wide variety of grammatical expressions: articles, relative and third person pronouns, sentence connectives, copulas, directional preverbs, focus markers etc.

The grammaticalization of demonstratives

Hans bemerkte, dass jemand, den er heute noch nicht gesehen hatte, zu Franz hinüberging, nachdem dieser den Raum betrat.

The grammaticalization of demonstratives

Hans bemerkte, dass jemand, den er heute noch nicht gesehen hatte, zu Franz hinüberging, nachdem dieser den Raum betrat.

The grammaticalization of demonstratives

There is no evidence from any language

that demonstratives developed from lexical

expressions.

The grammaticalization of demonstratives

Are demonstratives grammatical markers?

The grammaticalization of demonstratives

Demonstratives function to establish

joint attention, which is one of the most

fundamental functions of human

communication.

The grammaticalization of demonstratives

Demonstratives have a special status in

language: They are part of the basic

vocabulary of every language.

The grammaticalization of demonstratives

lexicallexical expressions demonstratives

grammatical markers

Grammaticalization and linguistic theory

Grammaticalization is of central signifiance for

the theory of language:

1.Challenges rigid division between lexicon

and grammar.

2.Suggests that grammar is a dynamic model.

3. Supports the hypothesis that grammatical

categories have a prototype structure.