Modern Philosophy

Modern PhilosophyPART THREE

Historical BackgroundThe Enlightenment

Introduction The Age of Enlightenment Philosophy & Science

Four Pillars of the Enlightenment Nature Reason Education & Experience Progress

Newton Background

Background Newton Hero

Science The end of Aristotelian science Empirical Rejection of speculative theory

Newton Impact

Newtonian Model for Philosophy Philosophers Influenced by Newton Julien La Metrie Influence on Epistemology & Philosophy of Mind

Newtonian Science & Religion Reaction Newton & Religion God in the Gaps

The Rise of Disbelief

Theism Reduced Theism Deism The Skeptics Naturalistic Atheism

The French

The Philosophes Philosophes Social Criticism Influences Encyclopedie

John LockeBackground

Background Early years & education Public life Revolution Works The End

Locke’s Project Age of enlightenment Motivation & task

Methodology Ideas Historically plain method

John LockeEmpirical Epistemology Critique of Innate Ideas

Goals Innate Ideas Universal Agreement Universal Knowledge Moral Principles

John LockeEmpirical Epistemology Theory of Simple Ideas

Origin of Knowledge Newtonian Influence Simple Ideas Type of simple ideas: Ideas of Sensation Type of simple ideas: Ideas of Reflection Only two sources of ideas.

John LockeEmpirical Epistemology Theory of Complex Ideas

Origin of Complex Ideas Classification of Complex Ideas Compounding Abstracting & Abstract Ideas

Primary & Secondary Qualities Qualities Primary Qualities Secondary Qualities Powers Locke’s general reasoning for the distinction

John LockeEmpirical Epistemology Representative Realism & Judgment

Representative Realism Judgment The Mohneaux Problem

Degrees of Knowledge Knowledge Intuitive knowledge Demonstrative knowledge Adequate Practical Approach

John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity Substance

Idea of substance Locke’s elephant story Ideas of material substance & spiritual substance

The Identity of Living Things Living creatures

Man Identity of Man What is Man?

John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity Consciousness & Personal Identity

Person Consciousness

Consciousness makes Personal Identity Forgetting Clothing analogy & hand argument

Personal Identity & Immaterial Substance Is it the same person through change of substance? Two distinct persons & one immaterial substance? Example: Nestor

John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity Memory & Personal Identity

Resurrection The Prince & the Cobbler Language

Self Depends on Consciousness Consciousness The Little Finger

John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity Reward & Punishment

PI and Justice The Little Finger Personal Identity Objection & Reply

A Problem about Punishment Drunk, Asleep & Judgment Day

Odd Cases Two & One

John LockeMoral Theory

Morality Moral Ideas Pleasure & Pain Law Three Kinds of Law

Locke’s rationalist account of ethics Moral demonstration Locke’s empirical account of ethics Locke’s mixed bag

John LockePhilosophy of Religion

Empirical Ideas of God Introduction Source of the idea of God Rejection of the perfection argument

Proving God’s existence Proving

Deism Deism Locke’s view Impact

John LockePolitical Philosophy

Background Background

The State of Nature The state Locke’s assumptions Differences from Hobbes’ state of nature The qualities of the state of nature


Natural Laws & Rights Natural law theory Common property The basis of property & Locke’s proviso Limits of property Right of punishment & reparation Right of self defense Slavery


Social Contract Motivation1: the state of nature lacks established,

settled, known law Motivation 2: the state of nature lacks a known

and indifferent judge Motivation 3: in the state of nature there is a lack

of power to enforce sentences The contract & consent Majority rule Express & tacit consent


Limits of government Powers given up in society Limits of power Extent of the legislative power Natural law remains Branches of government

Tyranny & Resistance Tyranny Resistance

John LockeProblems & Impact

Innate Ideas Straw man? Intellect

Representative realism Problem of the external world Locke’s proposed solution Problem

Tyranny of the majority Majority rule

John LockeProblems & Impact

Impact & Significance Politics Philosophy

George BerkeleyBackground

There was a young man who said, "God Must think it exceedingly odd

If he finds that this tree Continues to be, When there's no one about in the quad."

Dear Sir, your astonishment's odd I'm always about in the quad,

And that's why the tree Continues to be, Since observed by,

Yours faithfully, God

George BerkeleyBackground

Background Life Impact on American Education

George BerkeleyOpposing Skepticism & Atheism

Berkeley’s Project Treatise Three Dialogues Newtonian Science Matter Idealism Against skepticism The philosopher of common sense

George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation

Locke to the logical conclusion Locke

Theory of Ideas Ideas

Criticism of Abstract Ideas Locke’s theory of abstract ideas Berkeley’s criticism General ideas Language problem Rejection of abstract ideas: rejection of matter


Arguments from Mental Dependency Meaning Argument Idea argument Objection & reply

Argument from Pain & Pleasure The argument Heat & pain Objection & reply


Arguments from Perceptual Relativity Hot & Cold Argument Taste & Odor Argument Sound Color Results


Primary & Secondary Qualities Arguments Primary & Secondary Qualities Contradiction argument Inseparability Argument Extension Argument Objection: extension & matter in general Number Argument Dream Argument Distance Argument


Imagination Argument Imagination Argument

Criticism of Representational Realism Locke Objection Primary & secondary qualities

George BerkeleyMetaphysics

The World Objection: banishing the real Reply Dreams vs. Reality Existence Samuel Johnson Seeming Absurdity


Cause of Ideas Goal Ideas cannot Cause Ideas Material Substance Substance

Spirit & Ideas Spirit There can be no idea of soul or spirit The active mind Ideas of sense


Proof of God’s Existence Knowledge of other spirits Argument from design God: another proof & cause

God the Perceiver Perceiver

Refutation of Deism Deism Refutation


Problem with God The Problem Hylas’ Dilemma Berkeley’s Reply Hylas’ Reply

George BerkeleyScience & Laws of Nature

Science in an Immaterial World Berkeley’s View The Laws of Nature Causation Science & Religion Scriptural Argument Time & Space

George BerkeleyProblems & Impact

Trilemma Trilemma Solipsism Representative Realism Pantheism

Other Problems Perceiving & Conceiving Notion Common Sense Hume Theists

George BerkeleyProblems & Impact

Impact Impact

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Modern Philosophy