Modern World History

Modern World History

From the Age of Discovery

to the Present

Sources:

The Wealth and Poverty of Nations Landes, 1999

The End of Poverty Sachs, 2005

Wikipedia

Agricultural Revolution

• Haves– Plants easy to domesticate– Animals easy to

domesticate– East-west continent

orientation• Similar climate

– Crops move easily

– Culture follows– Successful Agriculture

• Population explosion– Metallurgy– Ships– Writing– Fierce warfare

• Have-nots– No

– No

– No

– No• Or later

Industrial Revolution• Haves

– Many competing countries

– Expanded trade• Without regulation

– Raw materials• Colonies• Iron, coal

– Individual freedoms• Ideas, science• Literacy, books• Economic, social

– Technologies• Power: coal, water• Optics• Machinery• Big guns

• Have-nots– No

– No• Government control

– No• Or undeveloped

– No• Conservative religion• Social, economic hierarchies

– No

http://www.askasia.org/images/teachers/display/41.jpg

Age of Discovery: 15th-16th century

http://www.hyperhistory.com

Doctrine of Discovery

• Originated as a Papal Bull in 1455– To allow Portugal to conquer

West Africa

– And other non-Christian lands

• Extended later– To include Spain’s conquests

• Basis of later European claim to colonies – and American expansion

Columbus

http://amylivelydotcom.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/landing_columbus_70226_1.jpg

Early World Powers: Portugal and Spain

• Portugal – Discovers Brazil

• By sailing south around tip of Africa to find India

– Dominant force in Indian Ocean

– Early Monopoly on Spice Trade

• Spain– New World Colonies extracted

for wealth: gold

– Plantation system

– Slavery

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Bartolomeu_dia_cape_of_good_hope.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bartolomeu_dia_cape_of_good_hope.jpg

Colonies: 1700s

Colonial Economic System

Empire

Colonies

Wealth, Taxes

Conquest

Food, Resources

New World Slave Trade

http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/chimage.php?image=2007/2043/triangle_map.jpg

Slave Trade Triangle

• Slaves captured or bought in Africa

• Shipped to Caribbean to work on Sugar plantations

• Slaves traded for sugar• Sugar traded in Europe

for manufactured goods• European manufactured

goods traded in Africa for slaves

Slave Trade Triangle

http://www.geocities.com/ks3history/c_map.jpg

Slave Trade

Caribbean

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worlds/images/map4_3.jpg

African slaves in the New World

http://i97.photobucket.com/albums/l213/blackcuz727/African_Slave_Trade.gif

Government

IdeologyEconomy

Agricultural Slavery Economy

Religion Justified Slavery

Legalized Slavery

Agriculture depends on Slavery

Religious Justification for Slavery

• Noah cursed Ham’s son: "Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves will he be to his brothers. He also said, 'Blessed be the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem. May God extend the territory of Japheth; may Japheth live in the tents of Shem and may Canaan be his slave'. " Genesis 9:25-27

• Descendents of Ham were thought to inhabit Africa

• This was used to justify African slavery

Curse of Ham

http://bp0.blogger.com/_mo-4yOXmj64/SB3TSHotapI/AAAAAAAAABo/TyhSyVUY5Q0/s1600-h/HamLeavesNoah.jpg

Agricultural Slavery Economy

Owners

Slave Population

LaborFood Production

Slavery in Islamic Countries• Slavery permitted in Koran

– Muhammad owned slaves• Non-Muslims enslaved in Jihad• Freeing of slaves encouraged

• More women enslaved– For domestic help, harems

• Sex outside of marriage permitted with female slaves

• Not primarily for agriculture– Men often castrated

• Some used as warriors

• Breeding of slaves not common– Needed to be constantly imported

• Millions from Africa over 14 centuries

– Death tolls high

• Abolished in 20th century– Persists in Sudan, Mauritania

Zanzibar Slave Market, 1860s

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=78400&rendTypeId=4

Protestant Reformation: 16th century

• Germany, Netherlands, England– Freedom from

authority of Church

– Reading Bible in common language

– Triggers new thought and science

– Where the industrial revolution began

Martin Luther

http://truereligiondebate.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/martin-luther.jpg

Protestant Reformation

http://www.lincolncs.org/5-6/Studies/images/armada/Map%20of%20Reformation.gif

Counter Reformation

• Spain, Portugal, Italy– Repression of new ideas– Ban on foreign books

• education suffered

– Heresies punished • to preserve Church

– Inquisition: • Protestants, Jews, Moslems

– Fell behind in technology

http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/3231/Jewish-Community-Of-Malta/torture.png

Long term effect on literacy

• Literacy in 1900– Britain : 97%

– Italy: 52%

– Spain: 44%

– Portugal: 22%

http://z.about.com/d/denver/1/0/p/3/-/-/InspiringImpressionism_Fragonard.jpg

Galileo

• Italian experimental scientist:– Showed that earth must revolve

around sun

– Published in Italian, not Latin

• Condemned by the Church for heresy: 1633– Forced to confess error

– Huge blow for Italian science

– Church finally forgave Galileo 1981

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0110/galileo_sustermans.jpg

Isaac Newton

• English scientist – born the year Galileo died, 1642

• Invented calculus

• Discoveries in:– Optics, Gravitation, Motion,

Mechanics

• Built on discoveries of :– Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo

• Founder of modern physical science

http://astronomy.meta.org/monatlich/0601_monatsthema.html

http://astronomy.meta.org/monatlich/0601_monatsthema_k.jpg

Why Early Leaders Declined

• Spain and Portugal – very wealthy in 16th century

• from New World gold

– Spent money on wars and luxuries

– Did not have to make things• could buy them

– Did not have to improve agriculture

• could buy food

– Eventually money ran out

http://www.dover-kent.co.uk/people/images/pic_elizabeth_i_armada.jpg

Why Early Leaders Declined

• Italy was a renaissance center of trade and manufacture– But no colonies in

New World

– Old power structures prevented change

Venice, Italy

http://www.univie.ac.at/Anglistik/aaas/route66/class/travel/613venice.jpg

http://www.cosmeo.com/images/pictures/player/ef6d4a81-0aae-84f2-dd21bf9627f59efc.jpg

Dutch East Indies Company1602-1798

• Netherlands– Half the population lived in

cities: industrial– Prosperous shipping, trading:

Middlemen– Money lending allowed– Protestant

• Spain wages war on Protestantism in Netherlands

• Dutch send own ships to Indian Ocean: – Dutch East Indies Company

http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1275/737549497_ba36f06860.jpg?v=0

Dutch East Indies Company1602-1798

• Soon dominant in Spice Trade

• Virtual Monopoly on spice Islands of Indonesia

Dutch East Indieshttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/c/c2/DutchEmpire.png

British Rise

• British pirates– better ships, guns

• American Colonies– settled by dissidents to start a new

life

• Britain ahead of Europe in– Textiles– Iron– Coal– Agriculture– Roads– Freedoms

http://keidahl.terranhost.com/Spring/EUH3501England/ImagesElizabethI.htm

Queen Elizabeth, 1600

Industrial Revolution• Started in England late 1700s

– cotton spinning

• Produced goods for the masses• Fortunes made

– age of unrestrained capitalism

• Raw materials came from colonies. – Manufactured in Europe – Colonies were guaranteed markets

for manufactured goods

Trade with colonies

Industrial Revolution

• Spawned abuses of labor: – women, children

– sometimes chained to machines

• Rich became richer: dominated world

• Inequity of wealth – led to Socialism,

Communism in Europe

http://www.teacherlink.org/content/social/instructional/industrialrevolution/childmillworker.jpg

Why England?

• Open society– Individual initiative

– social mobility

• Political liberty– Open debate

– Property rights

• Center of scientific revolution– Isaac Newton

• Principia Mathematica, 1687

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/newton/lega-02.html

Isaac Newton

Why England?

• Geographical advantages– Island nation

• Extensive sea trade• Less risk of invasion

– Navigable rivers• Internal trade

– Good agricultural climate– Proximity to N. America

• Raw materials

– Coal abundant• Fueled Industrial Revolution

http://www.culturalresources.com/images/maps/EngIndRevBig.jpg

Fossil FuelsMade Industrial Revolution possible

• Coal powered steam engines– Transportation – Industrial production on huge scale

• Textiles, clothes• Steel• Fertilizer • Chemicals• Pharmaceuticals

• By 20th Century– Service industries– Communications– Electrification

Effect of the Industrial Revolution

British in India

• Set up trade in India

• Corrupt Mogul Empire in India – ignores British gains

• British soon control India

• Export cotton from India to Britain

• Machine cotton spinning in Britain – starts industrial revolution

• British empire expands– Africa, Asia, Australia

http://www.india-history.com/images/maps/india-in-1857.gif

British Imperialism

British Imperialism

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British EmpireAt its peak controlled one sixth of humanity

http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/brit_emp.gif

Government

IdeologyEconomy

Religious and cultural justification

Domination of Resources and Markets

Military domination

Imperialist Expansion

Russian Empire

European Imperialism1700s-1800s

• Other European countries scramble to set up colonies all over world– France

– Belgium

– Germany

– Denmark

http://001yourtranslationservice.com/translations/jobs/pics/Africa-European-Colonies.png

African Colonialism

• “When the missionaries came to Africa they had the Bible and we had the land. They said, 'Let us pray.' We closed our eyes. When we opened them we had the Bible and they had the land.”

• – Bishop Desmond Tutu

Bishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel Prize winner 1984 http://www.canal-st.co.uk/resources/168/4219/61/Tutu.jpg

Ethnic Groups in Africa

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/01/09/weekinreview/09sudan-map.html?ref=sudan

Spanish Colonies: South and Central America

• “Spain transmitted to us everything it had: – its language, – its architecture,– its religion, – its dress and its food, – its military tradition and– its judicial and civil

institutions; – wheat, – livestock, – sugar cane, – even our dogs and chickens….

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Catedral_de_M%C3%A9xico.jpg

Spanish Colonies

• “But we couldn’t receive from Spain Western methods of – production and

– distribution,

– technique,

– capital, and the

– ideas of European society,

• because Spain didn’t have them.”

--Juan Bosch, first democratically elected president of the Dominican Republic

Westward Expansion of the U.S.A.

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Native Americans

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U.S. Policies toward Native Americans

• “The immediate objectives are the total destruction and devastation of their settlements. It will be essential to ruin their crops in the ground and prevent their planting more”– President George Washington

http://www.visitingdc.com/images/george-washington-picture.jpg


• “If it be the Design of Providence to Extirpate these Savages in order to make room for Cultivators of the Earth, it seems not improbable that Rum may be the appointed means”– Benjamin Franklin

http://www.elcivics.com/images/benjamin-franklin.jpg


• “This unfortunate race, whom we had been taking so much pains to save and to civilize, have by their unexpected desertion and ferocious barbarities justified extermination and now await our decision on their fate”– President Thomas Jefferson

http://sttheresaschool.org/history/images/thomas-jefferson-picture.jpg


• “What is the right of the huntsman to the forest of a thousand miles over which he has accidentally ranged in quest of prey?– President John Quincy

Adams

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• “The hunter or savage state requires a greater extent of territory to sustain it, than is compatible with the progress and just claims of civilized life … and must yield to it.”– President James Monroe

http://davidostewart.com/blog/home/ftp-stewart/www/davidostewart.com/blog/james-monroe-picture.jpg


• “They have neither the intelligence, the industry, the moral habits, nor the desire of improvement which are essential to any favorable change in their condition. Established in the midst of another and a superior race, and without appreciating the causes of their inferiority or seeking to control them, they must necessarily yield to the force of circumstances and ere long disappear”– President Andrew Jacksonhttp://www.franklin.ma.us/auto/upload/schools/fhs/639-andrew-jackson-picture.jpg


• “The tribes of Indians inhabiting this country were savages, whose occupation was war, and whose subsistence was drawn from the forest…That law which regulates, and ought to regulate in general, the relations between the conquerer and conquered was incapable of application to a people under such circumstances. Discovery [of America by Europeans] gave an exclusive right to extinguish the Indian title of occupancy, either by purchase or by conquest.”

– Chief Justice John Marshall (served 1801-1835)

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/images/Fall2002/Marshall.jpg


• “Is one of the fairest portions of the globe to remain in a state of nature, the haunt of a few wretched savages, when it seems destined by the Creator to give support to a large population and to be the seat of civilization?”– President William Henry Harrison

http://www.visitingdc.com/images/william-henry-harrison-picture.jpg


• "The buffalo are disappearing rapidly, but not faster than I desire. I regard the destruction of such game as Indians subsist upon as facilitating the policy of the Government, of destroying their hunting habits, coercing them on reservations, and compelling them to begin to adopt the habits of civilization." – Secretary of the Interior Delano, 1874

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CDelano.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a2/CDelano.jpg


• “If I would hear that every Buffalo in the northern herd were killed, I would be glad.”

• “The only good Indians I ever saw were dead.”

– General Philip Sheridan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Philip_Sheridan.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Philip_Sheridan.jpg


• “The settler and pioneer have at bottom had justice on their side; this great continent could not have been kept as nothing but a game preserve for squalid savages.”– President Theodore Roosevelt

http://www.roac.nl/roac/_pictures/general/Theodore%20Roosevelt.JPG

Government

IdeologyEconomy

Religious and cultural justification

Western land and resources

Policies toward Native Americans

U.S. Westward Expansion

Age of Imperialism

Mark Twain

• “All the territorial possessions of all the political establishments in the earth--including America, of course-- consist of pilferings from other people's wash. No tribe, howsoever insignificant, and no nation, howsoever mighty occupies a foot of land that was not stolen.”

-- Mark Twain

http://thezaz.nationallampoon.com/files/2009/08/42-mark-twain-mustache.jpg

Age of Imperialism

• Diffusion of wealth occurred– From Britain to its colonies

• USA, Australia, New Zealand

– From N. Europe to S. Europe• Railroads built• Serfdom ended• Industry financed by capital

– From Europe to the world• Latin America• Asia• Africa

http://www.jimwegryn.com/Photos/Photos.htm

Age of Imperialism

• European wealth = power• Exploitation of Africa, Asia

– Forced Africans to grow cash crops– Head taxes forced Africans to work

in mines and plantations• Sometimes hundreds of miles away

from family

– Natural resources taken– Private armies ensured compliance

• With military force from home country as backup

British cannon used to execute rebels in India, 1857

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1862/february/british-atrocities-india.htm

WWI: clash of imperialist powers

• Germany

• Russia

• France

• England

• U.S.

• Ottoman Empire

http://mysite.verizon.net/alankh/akhblog/WWI-trench.jpg

WWII: Reaction to WWI

• Germany

• Japan

• Britain

• France

• U.S.

• Russia

• ChinaAxis Powers

http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/427maps/Axispowers1942isu.jpg

Independence after WWII

Cold War: Reaction to WWII

• First world: Western Europe and allies

• Second world: Russia, China and allies

• Third world: former colonies in Africa, Asia, Americas

Iron Curtainhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/images/hi07003.gif

U.S. Dual Course after WWIICompeting with USSR for Influence in Third World

Promoted Ag in Third World -- Green Revolution

Military Intervention --Korea, Vietnam, etc.

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http://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/news/the_golden_wheat_1.jpg

Inequity

First World

Third World

Wealth Food, Resources

Terrorism: Reaction to Inequity• Powerlessness

– Economic– Military

• Desperation– Nothing to lose– Religious motivation

• State sponsored– Cuba– Iran– North Korea– Syria– Sudan

911

http://blogmeisterusa.mu.nu/archives/2006_02.php

Hunger Today

Colonialism, economic domination, and repressive governments have had a huge impact on World Hunger.

Documents

Modern World History