Modernization and Transformation of China

Chapter 3 Early Attempts in Modernization

What is modernization?

•Changes•In what aspects? Political?

•It refers to the process in which a traditionalSociety is transformed into a modern society.•It has been taking place in different parts ofThe world since modern times

•In what aspects?•Modern industries and technologies wereDeveloped.•Political systems became more democratic•What about thinking?•A free way of thinking was also promoted•Where did the modernization start?•It started in Europe, US and spread to Asia•When did it start in China?•It started in mid 19th century.

China in 1900Why did China start the modernization?What problems did China face in the early 20th Century?

1. Internal Instability-increase in population-heavy rents and taxation-land shortage-failure of the reforms-Taiping Uprising

2. External Invasion-First & Second Anglo-Chinese War (1839-42, 1856-58)-Sino-French War (1870)-Sino-Japanese War (1894-5)-Scramble for Concessions (1895-99) (DBQ)-Boxer Uprising (1900) (DBQ)

Late Qing Reform

(Manzhu Reform)

All reforms in China:1. Self-strengthening Movement 1860-95By Zheng Guofan, Li Hongzhang

2. Hundred Day’s Reform 1898By Kang Yuwei, Liangqichao

3. Late Qing ReformBy Cixi, Ronglu, Zhangzhidong, Yuan ShikaiLiu Kunyi

The Late Qing Reforms 1901-11

Background (Why did Cixi initiate a reformProgramme in 1900?)

1. Military defeat-First & Second Anglo-Chinese War (1839-42, 1856-58) China had open treaty ports andGranted many rights to Britain.-Sino-French War (1870) Annam was ceded.-Sino-Japanese War (1894-5) China had to Cede land and paid indemnity. Her industryWas affected.-Scramble for Concessions (1895-99)China was nearly partitioned, e.g. ShandongWas given Germany, Guangzhou Bay &Guangxi were given to France.

-Boxer Uprising 1900 allied expedition (text)humiliating escape of CixiBoxer Protocol (text)completeReorganization and strengthening

DBQ1. He represents China (1 mark)He dressed like a Qing officer. (1 mark)

2. Yes, 1860-1911, China was like the Officer being torn by others. The foreignPowers divided China into spheres of influence, Getting land, indemnity, most favouredNation treatment and extra territorial rights. (2 marks)

No, China had started some refroms:SSM, Hundred Days’ and Late Qing reformsTo strengthen China.

The Chinese initiated uprisings:Moslem uprisings, Taiping Uprising, Boxer Uprising, 1911 Revolution to overthrowThe Qing rule. (3/3 marks)

3. China had external problems only?Internal problems:•Growing population•Shortage of land•Heavy taxation•uprisings•regionalism

DBQ1. Pig is the foreigners, leader of the church (1 mark) Goats are the Christian followers.

2. The artists criticized and looked down Upon them. How? • Drawing them as animals• Some tied on the cross and some killed on theGround.

3. –harsh treatment towards the foreignersDuring the Boxer Uprising-caused the hatred of the foreigners->alliedExpedition 1900-China was defeated and signed the Boxer Protocol. China lost a lot (text).

2. The rise of regional powers(decentralization)-When was it known?-Boxer Uprising, the provincial governorsOf southeast China ignored the central order and Refused to attack the foreigners in their Provinces. -too independent!-reform to check the growing powerOf the regional authorities

3. The spread of revolutionary ideas-Sun set up Xingzhonghui and Tongmenghui to overthrow Manzhu.-Sun asked for financial support fromOverseas countries and spread the ideasBy starting some uprisings—gainedPopularity.-Cixi knew that she should start reform to maintain the Manzhu rule

4. To follow the examples of Meiji Japan

•Japan carried out the Meiji Modernization(constitutional monarchy was set up and Westernized reforms were carried out)•Japan became a world power•Defeated China in the S-J War and R-J War•China wanted to follow Japan as example.

Objectives

-prevent national decentralization/disintegration Arising from revolutionary force, Anti-Qing sentiment, independent provincial Officers.-prolong the Manzhu rule

Implementation-in two stages1. 1901-5: more than 30 imperial edicts wereIssued. Political, military, economic and socialReforms were introduced.

2. 1905-11: demand for constitutional Monarchy grew stronger•Sent five ministers abroad to study theConstitutions of different countries•Issued the Outline of Constitution•Announced in 1911 that a parliament would•Be held in 5 years’ time (not 9 years)

Reform Programmes

1. Constitutional reforms-mission-After Russo-Japanese War 1904-5,Chinese wanted a constitution similararto Meiji Constitution-nine-year programme of constitutional Preparation (provincial and national Assemblies) -1911, Cabinet consisting of 13 members (8-Manzhus)

2. Administrative reforms-11 ministries to replace 6 Boards-sinecures were abolished-abolished the sale of offices

3. Educational reforms-the eight legged essay examination was abolished-a modern school system with a mixed curriculum-old civil examination was abolished-Thousands of students were sent abroad to study

4. Military reform-the Beiyang army was established under Yuan-Military examination were abolished-Military schools in western style

The Significance of the Late Qing Reforms inThe modernization of ChinaPositive1. The introduction of modern politicalInstitution (offices/ departments)• Constitutional reform promised to grantConstitutional government after 9 years• Eleven new ministries to replace oldDepartments

2. The modernization of military reform/creation of new army•Yuan Shikai modernized army•Sent army to attend military colleges andCreated academies to train new army•Size doubled –became the leading army in Northern China•Army became independent of the central control.

3. The modernization of education,establishment of modern education•Abolition of civil service examination—Gentry’s (scholar) ties with the state broke off. •The establishment of modern schools & sendingStudents abroad.•People began to regard other sources of status, E.g. western learning…

4. The modernization of legal system/Legislation for economic activities•Many industrial and commercial laws and Regulations were drafted•Provided a legal base for the enterprise ownersTo do business in China•Marked the Chinese attempt at modernizingThe legal and economic systems.

5. The modernization of society/Transforming the society•Lifted the ban on intermarriage betweenThe Manzhus and Hans•Foot binding was abolished•The opium smoking was prohibited•The farmlands were granted to the EightBanners

Negative / Limitation of the reforms(Why were the forms unable to save the QingDynasty?)

1. The creation of a new type of intellectuals-people who were influenced by westernEducation, e.g. returned students.

2. The spread of revolutionary ideas in the army-New army (soldiers & officers) educated inWestern military schools or abroad

3. The disappointment in insincere political reform

-9 years for preparing the constitution

-Royal Cabinet (8/13 Manzhus)

4. Aims only at prolonging the Manzhu rule5. Preventing the Han officials from gainingPower• 4/6 units of the Beiyang New Army wereTaken away from him• Yuan and Zhang Zhidong were deprivedOf military power• A “Royal Cabinet” was formed (8/13 membersWere Manzhus)

6. Serious corruption•The Late Qing Reform introduced no measuresTo solve this problem.•Cixi, I Kang who were the leadersOf the reform, were corrupt too.

7. Severe financial difficulty•Indemnities caused by unequal treaties+Paid 450 million taels as compensation•The scope of reform was limited: militaryTraining was only applied to army not the navy.The government lacked the resources to finish The whole training programme.

8. The lack of capable leaders/ POOR LEADERSHIP (NOTES)-Kang & Liang?-Yuan? Was retired by Prince Chun 1909-Liu, Li and Zhang? died-Cixi & Guangxu?

9. The lack of funds

Where has the money gone?-Boxer indemnity-foreign loan-corruption-Railway projects borrowed loans from the banks

10. The lack of sincerity/CONSERVATIVEOPPOSITION (NOTES)

Who lacked the sincerity?Where can you see that the government did notHave sincerity?-constitution preparation has to take 9 years-->too long a period!

11. The rising popularity of the revolutionaryMovement-Tungmenghui under the leadership of Sun

12. The lack of mass support-Manzhu disliked a thorough reform-Conservative scholar officials opposed theAbolition of the civil service examination-Regional officials opposed the policy on Centralization of power and nationalizationOf railwaymany turned to the revolutionaries.

13. Too late!

14. Lack of favourable environment for reform

What made the Late Qing Reform differentFrom the last two reforms? (notes)1. The reforms was more comprehensive.Very special is that it attempted to introduce Institutional changes and constitutionalReforms.

2. Constitutional reforms implies that Cixi Was willing to share power with others and makeHer rule more democratic.

2. It was first started by Cixi. Over the years,She was anti-progress and objected reforms& changes.