Health Science 1101

Medical Terminology

Module 2Body Structure

Body Structure

Smallest to largest structures

Location of structures

Position of structures in reference to each other

How we visualize structures

Levels of Organization

• Chemical• Atomic• Molecular

• Cellular

• Tissue

• Organ

• System

• Organism

Nucleus nucle/o

Cell cyt/o

Tissue hist/o

Location of StructuresBody Cavities

Dorsal

-Cranial

-Vertebral

Ventral

-Thoracic

-Abdominopelvic

Body Cavity/Structure Terms

spin/o

thorac/o

abdomin/o

crani/o

dorso/o

cervic/o

chondr/o

Medical Terminology Simplified, 4th edition

Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

The 9 Abdominopelvic RegionsGastr/o

Ili/o

Inguin/o

Lumb/o

Umbilic/o

Pelv/i

Body Planes

Sagittal

-midsagittal

Frontal (coronal)

Transverse (horizontal)

Body Position

Anatomical Position

Serves as a reference point for location and position of body parts

Positions

Superior 2 Inferior

Medial 2 Lateral

Proximal 2 Distal

Anterior 2 Posterior

Ventral 2 Dorsal

Cephal/o 2 Caud/o

Position TermsAnterior (Anter/o) Posterior

(Poster/o)

Dorsal (Dors/o) Ventral (Ventr/o)

Lateral (Later/o) Medial (Medi/o)

Caudal (Caud/o) Cephalic (Cephal/o)

Inferior (Infer/o) Superior (Superi/o)

Distal (Dist/o) Proximal (Proxim/o)

Body Movements

Flexion

Extension

Pronation

Supination

Abduction

Adduction

http://tle.westone.wa.gov.au/content/file/969144ed-0d3b-fa04-2e88-8b23de2a630c/1/human_bio_science_3b.zip/content/003_musculo_skeletal_support/page_11.htm

Visualizing Structures AKA: Imaging Techniques

Scan: Technique for carefully studying an area, organ or system by recording and displaying multiple images of the area.

Ultrasonography (US): Imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves, ultrasound, that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an organ or tissue.

Radiography: Production of captured shadow images on photographic film through the action of ionizing radiation passing through the body from an external source.

More Imaging TechniquesFluoroscopy: Radiographic procedure

that uses a fluorescent screen instead of a photographic plate.

Radiopharmaceutical: Drug that contains a radioactive substance that travels to an area or a specific organ that will be scanned.

Nuclear Scan: Diagnostic technique that produces an image by recording the concentration of a radiopharmaceutical called a radionuclide which is detected by a scanning device.

Even More Imaging TechniquesTomography: Any technique that

produces a film representing a detailed cross section of tissue structure at a predetermined depth.

Computed Tomography (CT): Radiographic technique that uses a narrow beam of x-rays, rotating in a full arc around the patient to image the body in cross sectional slices.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Radiographic techniques that use electromagnetic energy to produce cross-sectional images of the body at many planes.

Still More Imaging TechniquesPositron Emission Tomography (PET):

Radiographic technique which combines computed tomography and the use of radiopharmaceuticals (radioactively labeled drugs). Good for disorders like stroke, epilepsy and Alzheimer's.

Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomorgraphy (SPECT): Type of nuclear imaging study to scan organs after an injection of a radioactive tracer. Like PET scan but typically produces 3D images.

Endoscopy: visual examination of interior of organs using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope.

Other Body Structure TermsAdhesion: Band of scar tissue binding

surfaces that are normally separate from each other.

Anastomosis: 1. Connection between two blood vessels or 2. Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels or bowel segments.

Cauterize: Process of burning tissue by thermal heat, electricity, laser, or dry ice.

More Other Body Structure TermsInflammation: Protective response of body

tissues to infection or allergy.

Signs include:

Sepsis: Inflammatory response to infection characterized by fever, elevated heart and respiratory rate and low blood pressure.

Chapter 2 PrefixesEpi- : above, on

Hypo- : under, below, deficient

Medi- : middle

Super- : upper, above

Trans- : through, across

Chapter 2 Suffixes-ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -ous, -iac, -ic, -ior:

Pertaining to

-ad: toward

-logy: the study of

-ologist: specialist in the study of

-lysis: serparation, destruction, loosening

-toxic: poison

-verse: turning

Chapter 2 AbbreviationsRUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ:

Bx: biopsy

PA: posteroanterior

AP: anteroposterior

Lat

CXR: chest x-ray

U/L, U&L: upper and lower

Spelling TermsChondromaCytometerHistolysisNuclear

AnteriorCaudadDistalDorsalInferiorLateralMedial

PosteriorProximalSuperiorVentral

MediadHistologistCytologyCytolysisCytotoxic

AbdominalCephaladCervicalCranialGastricIliacInguinalLumbarPelvimeterPelvicSpinalThoracicPeriumbilical