Module 2b - casindo.info

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Module 2b

Biomass gasification

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Training course on Renewable Energy

Outline

Process

SOTA

Problems

Needs

Outlook

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Thermal treatment of biomass with air, steam,and/or oxygen), resulting in a combustible gas

“Staged combustion”: usually gas is producedwith the intent to burn it later

“Flaming pyrolysis”

What is gasification?

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What is gasification?

char

tars

Gasification

Pyrolysis

Catalyst

H2O (steam)

O2 (air)

COCO2

H2

Heat

Biomass permanent gases

tars

ash

tars

Heat

CO2

H2O

Combustion

O2 (air)

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Market drivers biomass gasification

1900: “town gas” – lighting, gas engine

1940: “transportation” fuel

1970-80: oil crisis, CHP, heat application (distrit heating,industrial application)

1990: awareness of climate change effect, search for highefficiency, Kyoto, policy measures, directives, etc.

1994: IGCC “targetted“ projects (limited success)

2000: CHP, co-firing, syngas, BtL, H2, chemicals

2005: Waste to Energy (WtE) or Energy from Waste (EfW)

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Advantages

Possibility to transport in pipelines

Ease of control and continuous operation

Clean combustion of gas– impurities can be removed– gas volume is smaller compared to flue gas volume– Exact required air can be mixed for optimal combustion

Gas can be used in engines/turbines withhigher efficiencies over steam devices

Gas can be used for syngas and chemicalsynthesis of fertilisers or transporation fuels

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Classification of BGP technologies

Reactor type– Fixed bed, fluid bed, staged, entrained flow

Gasification agent– air, oxygen, steam

Heat supply– Allothermal (heat transport media or heat exchangers)– Autothermal (internal partial combustion)

Reactor pressure– atmospheric, pressurized

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Classical and “new” designs

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Allotherm gasification processesproduct gas flue gas

biomass

steamair

product gas flue gas

biomass

steamair

FICFB

LT-CFB

Milena

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Gasification products

Product gas

CO, H2, CH4, CxHy

Biosyngas

CO, H2

SNG Electricity

FT diesel Methanol / DME Ammonia Hydrogen Chemical industry Electricity

hightemperaturegasification

(1200-1400°C)

BIOMASS

lowtemperaturegasification

(800-1000°C)

Two biomass-derived gases via gasification at different temperature levels:‘biosyngas’ and ‘product gas’ and their typical applications.

Source:ECN

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State of the art: heat gasifiers

Lurgi - Rüdersdorf PRM Energy – Rossano Bioneer - Finland

Many in developing countries for agricultural / food drying / industrial heat

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Commercial processes

More than “5 installed” systems:– Bioneer– Co-firing– Biomass engineering, UK– Eqtec, Spain– Xylowatt, BE– Mothermik, DE– Pyroforce, CH– Güssing concept, AT– Volund (DK, DE, Japan, Italy))– India, China (thousands, but unfavourable emissions)

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State of the art: Co-firing

Lahti – Finland

Amer – The Netherlands

Ruien – Belgium

Bottomash

Gasifier

Coal

540 °C/170 bar

Processing

Biomass

Fly ash

Pulverized coal flames

Gas flame

Natural Gas

60 MW

350 GWh/a -15 % fuel input

1850 GWh/a -80 %

360 MW

100 GWh/a -5 %

Power* 600 GWh/aDistrict Heat* 1000 GWh/a

Bottomash

Gasifier

Coal

540 °C/170 bar

Processing

BiomassBiomass

Fly ash

Pulverized coal flames

Gas flameGas flame

Natural Gas

60 MW

350 GWh/a -15 % fuel input

1850 GWh/a -80 %

360 MW

100 GWh/a -5 %



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State of the art: Staged gasification

Physical separation pyrolysis – gasification– DTU – Denmark (Viking)– TUV – Austria (Güssing)– TKE – Denmark– TUG – Austria– Xylowatt – Belgium– LT-CFB – Denmark– Waste to Energy gasification processes– (Choren, SVZ, …)

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State of the art: Entrained flow

Czech Republic (tar destruction)

Choren – Germany (Carbo-V)

Future Energy, (now Siemens)

Shell, Texaco: co-gasification at power stations(NUON)

Chemrec – black liquor

Schwarze Pumpe - Germany (SVZ)

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State of the art: Germany

Plants in operation in

Germany

March 2008:

Concerning plantsreported

by manufacturers and

operators, only.

© FEE. No claim for

completeness

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Tars: 160 years of trouble and not yet solved!

Recovery: • smoke and aerosol formation

• contamination with ash and char fines

Conversion: • higher temperature cracking

- cracked tars moreresistant to furthercracking

- char formationfouling

• catalytic cracking- char and fouling- deactivation: carbon deposition

entrained ash and ash vapours

C

t

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Recovery: • smoke and aerosol formation

• contamination with ash and char fines

Conversion: • higher temperature cracking

- cracked tars moreresistant to furthercracking

- char formationfouling

• catalytic cracking- char and fouling- deactivation: carbon deposition

entrained ash and ash vapours

C

t

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Main technical problems: tar

O2 Steam

Biomass

O2, Steam

Cat

Externalcatalytic

O2 Steam

Biomass

Cat

Internalcatalytic

O2 Steam

Biomass

“Physical”separation E.g.

- wet scrubbing- adsorption- centrifugation

Tar-freegasification

O2 Steam

Biomass

O2

Externalthermal

Tar conversionelimination

concepts

Steam

O2 Steam

Biomass

O2

Internalthermal

O2

O2 Steam

Biomass

Externalreverseflow

SteamO2

Biomass

Ultra highgasificationtemperature

O2 Steam

Biomass

O2, Steam

Cat

Externalcatalytic

O2 Steam

Biomass

O2, Steam

Cat

Externalcatalytic

O2 Steam

Biomass

Cat

Internalcatalytic

O2 Steam

Biomass

Cat

Internalcatalytic

O2 Steam

Biomass



O2 Steam

Biomass



Tar-freegasification

O2 Steam

Biomass

O2

Externalthermal

O2 Steam

Biomass

O2

Externalthermal

Tar conversionelimination

concepts

Steam

O2 Steam

Biomass

O2

Internalthermal Steam

O2 Steam

Biomass

O2

Internalthermal

O2

O2 Steam

Biomass

Externalreverseflow

O2

O2 Steam

Biomass

Externalreverseflow

SteamO2

Biomass


SteamO2

Biomass


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Main technical problems

Ash melting (slag formation)

Low gas heating value (power de-rating, flame stability)

Sustainable feedstock supply (characteristics, price,pretreatment, logistics, long-term contracting,standardization, quality-control)

Gas cleaning (technical/economic evaluation ofoptions)

Prime mover (unclear specs, strict emission limits)

Reliability (lack of confidence, operating experience)

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Main non-technical problems

Financial aspects– High initial investment– Limited private investments– Remuneration of CHP– Feedstock availability– Small subsidies are not stimulating

Permitting procedures & emission limits– Complex, time consuming– Unknown technology to authorities– Strict emission limits from incineration– No one common legislation

Safety, health & environment– Which directive is valid to gasification?– Guideline for safe operation and construction is needed

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Needs: advanced gas cleaning

•Heat (kilns)

•Co-firing

•Gas engines

•Gas turbines

•Stirling engines

•

• ppb

ppm

mg/m3•Heat (kilns)

•Co-firing

•Gas engines

•Gas turbines

•Stirling engines

•

Fuel cells•

Syngas

ppb

ppm

mg/m3

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Needs: feedstock and feeding

Infrastructure to ensure supply as– Quantity + Quality– Availability (price, long-term contracting)– Seasonal availability

Logistics / fuel delivery

Awareness of the HSE risks– Self-ignition– Dust explosion– Smell/odour, noise– Back-firing, gas escape from gasifier reactor

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Needs: Favourable regulations

There is no specific regulations for BGP’s– Gasification is often treated similarly to other thermal

processing technologies such as combustion orincineration, which hampers the market penetration ofsmall to medium scale BGPs

BAT does not exist in gasification– what is the benchmark?

WID, BAT, etc.:– Propose annual load (kg/yr) instead of concentration

(mg/Nm3)

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Needs: favourable emission limits

Contaminatedheterogeneous

solid fuel

Flue gas

(CO, NOx, PAH)

Exhaust gas

(CO, NOx)

Furnace

Boiler

Gasifier

Cleaning

Gas

Engine

Steam

turbine

Cleanhomogeneousgaseous fuel

Hot

flue gas

Flue gas

(CO, NOx, PAH)

Exhaust gas

(CO, NOx)

“bad” combustion

“clean” combustion

1. Difference between combustion/incineration2. Equal treatment of exhaust gas independent for fuel origin

Combustion versus gasification

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Proposed new IPPC Directive:COM (2007) 844 of 21.12.2007 Proposed new IPPC Directive (Dec. 2007) includes all

biomass gasifier plants– would subject all new BGPs to licensing in Europe in a few years– emission limit values (ELVs) to be based on best available

techniques (BAT) would become mandatory

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Emission limit values for biomassgasification in Europe

In most European states, emission limit values (ELVs)specific to biomass gasification plants with gasengines have not been defined yet

Denmark: ELVs for gas engine exhaust gas in biomassgasification plants (reference state: dry exhaust gas at STP, 5% O2)

NOx: 550 mg/m3

Uncombusted hydrocarbons,UHC: 1500 mg C/m3 (valid for 30% electrical efficiency)

CO: 3000 mg/m3

Smell: 20000 smell units/m3

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Need for Awareness of Health,Satefy & Environment hazards

Powerto Local Grid

GasUtilization

Gasifier

GasCooling

Exhaust gasto Chimney

Biomass

Agents(air, steam etc.)

Waste Water&

CondensatesCondensates

Flare

GasCleaning

Gas Engine

WasteWater

TreatmentWaste Water

to Canalisation orDisposal

Heatto District Heating

Process Automation

GeneratorHeat

Int. Demand

Dusts

Gas firedBoilers

Powerto Local Grid

GasUtilization

Gasifier

GasCooling

Exhaust gasto Chimney

Biomass

Agents(air, steam etc.)

Waste Water&

CondensatesCondensates

Flare

GasCleaning

Gas Engine

WasteWater

TreatmentWaste Water

to Canalisation orDisposal

Heatto District Heating

Process Automation

GeneratorHeat

Int. Demand

Dusts

Gas firedBoilers

www.gasification-guide.eu

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Need for Guideline on HSE hazards

1. A guideline and harmonization of regulations willhave a positive impact on the overall economics

2. Project developers, bankers, investors and insurancecompanies demand safe equipment, meaning thatHSE hazards much have been considered anddocumented properly

3. Immature products will harm the technology ingeneral and should be avoided entering the market

4. HSE hazards and RA need to be respected at alltimes irrespective the economics

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Need for Standardization

Harmonization of legislative aspects

Simplication of permitting procedures

Which directives are valid / how to interprete

Share information of common interest

Modular design, no “special gasifier” for a client

Acceptance tests, guarantee measurements

Defining “conditions” for commercial implementation

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Need for financial support

High initial investment

Limited private investments

Remuneration of CHP– Italy: 300 €/Mwhe for 15 yrs for < 1 MWe

Feedstock availability and price increase

Material prices increase (steel)

Reduce risk for ‘first-of-its-kind’

Subsidies tend to decrease

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Needs for favourable condition (1)

Leading EU BGP manufacturers that respect clientdemands for safe equipment, CE marking and riskassessment are close to full commercialisation ofsmall to medium scale biomass gasificationtechnology

Streamlining of BGP permitting procedures andharmonization of existing BGP regulations withinthe European Community is considered crucial for theaccelerated deployment of biomass gasificationplants

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Technology implemented must be mature– Proven prototype models– Long-term duration tests

Adequate infrastructure– Local manufacturing capacity– After-sale service– Training facilities– Sustainable feedstock supply

Motivated & skilled labor– Operators, Management– Incentives


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Information & knowledge exchange– Performance, limitations, opportunities– Evaluation with competing options– Set-up monitoring program of successes in India, China

Clear regulations– Permitting procedures– Emission according to “ALARP”– Health, Safety & Environment

Sale of electricity and heat– Any legal obstacle should be removed– Long-term fixed price is prerequisite


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Product quality must meet client specifications– Technical performance– Financial/economic performance– Operational performance– Gaining confidence

Certification– stimulation– product must meet defined quality standards

Scale-up, demonstration, replication, optimization– Economy of numbers (instead of economy of scale)– Reduced capital costs– Improvement from learning by doing


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Do not repeat the mistakes from the past– learning by doing and not by a scientific approach

(cooperation is prefered)– too optimistic approach of the economics, efficiency and

availability, projections: 7000 hrs of operation in 1st year– no optimal cooperation of the ownership-consortium and

conflicting interests (who is responsible for what).• Manufacturer versus plant owner• Plant owner/technology supplier versus permitting authority


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Networks are important instruments for informationexchange and identifying R&D needs

– IEA Bioenergy Task 33 Gasification (www.ieatask33.org)– ThermalNet (www.thermalnet.co.uk/)– Fördergesellschaft Erneuerbare Energien e.V. (www.fee-ev.de)

Stuttgart January 2009– International Seminars on Gasification, Swedish Gas Centre

Needs for Networking

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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

ho

urs

of

op

era

tio

n

gasifier

engine

Need for availability data Güssing

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Need for availability data Harboore

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Trends

Waste to Energy concepts

High temperature slagging gasifiers– Decentral waste processing / energy production in

competition with large scale incineration– Recycling of metals

Plasma gasification– More than 20 suppliers worldwide– De-central waste processing and syngas production– Inertization of bottom ashes, electronic scrap, etc.

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Trends: liquid fuels from syngas

steam

biomassgasifier secondary

converter

heat input from external combustion(e.g. part of the biomass)

MCV gas

O2

syngasFischer Tropsch liquid fuels

air

biomass

H2O gasifier

Fischer Tropschor Methanol

liquid fuelsN2 dilutedsyngas

separator

Fischer Tropsch

N2

liquid fuels

N2

oxygen

biomass

(steam) gasifiersyngas

Fischer Tropschor Methanol liquid fuels

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steam

biomassgasifier secondary

converter

heat input from external combustion(e.g. part of the biomass)

MCV gas

O2

syngasFischer Tropsch liquid fuels

air

biomass

H2O gasifier

Fischer Tropschor Methanol

liquid fuelsN2 dilutedsyngas

separator

Fischer Tropsch

N2

liquid fuels

N2

oxygen

biomass

(steam) gasifiersyngas

Fischer Tropschor Methanol liquid fuels

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Gasification at BTGPyrolysis oil gasification for syn-gas

Staged gasification of biomass for fuel gas

On-line tar measurement by PID

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Gasification at BTG

10 kWth test facility “biomass gasification in supercritical water”

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For information contact:

H.A.M. Knoef

[email protected]

Phone +31-53-4861190

Mobile +31-6-52560040

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

TERIMAH KASIH

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Module 2b - casindo.info