UHF 6033: DYNAMICS OF LEADERSHIPProf. Abu Bakar Hashim03

Leadership Behavior and Motivation

Learning OutcomesUniversity of Iowa leadership stylesUniversity of Michigan and Ohio State University leadership modelsOhio State University leadership model and the leadership gridThree content motivation theoriesFour types of reinforcementContent, process, and reinforcement theories

What is leadership style?

Leadership StyleThe combination of traits, skills, and behaviors leaders use as they interact with followers.

University of IowaLeadership StylesAutocratic...........................Democratic

Source: K. Lewin, R. Lippett, and R.K. White (1939)

The University of MichiganLeadership Model: Two leadership styles, one dimension

Source: R. Likert, 1961, New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill.Employee CenteredLeadership StyleJob CenteredLeadership Style

The Ohio State University Leadership Model: Four leadership styles, two dimensionsOhio State UniversityHigh

Low StructureHigh StructureandandHigh ConsiderationHigh ConsiderationLow StructureHigh StructureandandLowLow ConsiderationLow Consideration

Initiating StructureLow HighCONSIDERATIONSource: R. Likert, (1961), New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill.

What is the best leadership style?

What is the best leadership style?The one which works for the individual leader in a specific time and in a specific environment

Which leadership style do workers think is best?

Although there is no one best leadership style in all situations, employees are more satisfied with a leader who is high in consideration.

Blake, Mouton, & McCanse Leadership Grid

CONCERN

For

PEOPLE1LowCONCERN for PRODUCTION High 9LowHigh1,9Country Club1,19,19,95,5ImpoverishedTeam LeaderMiddle of the RoadAuthority-Compliance

Team Leadership (9,9)The goal in leadership developmentFew ever reach itSimilar to the philosophy of U.S. Army Training Command . . .Mission First, People Always.

What is Motivation?

Anything that affects behavior in pursuit of a certain outcome

Motivation ProcessPeople go from need to motive to behavior to consequence to satisfaction or dissatisfaction

The Motivation Process Need Motive Behavior Consequence Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction Feedback

Major Motivation Theories

Classification of Motivation Theories1.Content motivation theories

2.Process motivation theories

3.Reinforcement theorySpecific Motivation Theory

a. Hierarchy of needs theoryb. Two-factor theoryc. Acquired needs theory

a. Equity theory b. Expectancy theory c. Goal-setting theory Type of Reinforcement a. Positiveb. Avoidancec. Extinctiond. Punishment

What Are Content Motivation TheoriesFocus on explaining and predicting behavior based on peoples needs

3Content MotivationTheories

What is a Hierarchy of Needs Theory?

Hierarchy of Needs TheoryProposes that people are motivated through levels of needs which begin a basic life sustaining needs and progress to life and work satisfaction needs

What is the Best Known Hierarchy of Needs Theory?

Self-ActualizationEsteemSocialSafetyPhysiologicalMaslows Hierarchy of Needs

What is Herzbergs Theory of Motivation?

Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory of MotivationMotivator FactorsIntrinsicSatisfied or not satisfiedMaintenance (Hygiene) FactorsExtrinsicDissatisfied or not dissatisfied

What is the Acquired Needs Theory of Motivation?

Acquired Needs Theory(employees are motivated by their need for:)Affiliation PowerAchievement

What is the Equity Theory of Motivation?

Equity Theory=Others input (contributions)Others outcomes (rewards)Our inputs (contributions)=Our outcomes (rewards)(proposed that employees are motivated when their perceived inputs equal outputs.)

What is the ExpectancyTheory of Motivation?

Expectancy TheoryProposes that employees are motivated when they believe they can accomplish the task and the rewards for doing so are worth the effort.

What is the Goal-setting Theory of Motivation?

Goal-setting TheoryProposes that specific, difficult goals motivate people

How Does a Leader Set Meaningful Goals & Objectives to Motivate Subordinates?

Criteria for ObjectivesSingular result One end resultSpecific Exact performance expectedMeasurable Observe and measure progressTarget date Specific completion date

Other Criteria for ObjectivesDifficult but achievableParticipatively setCommitment of employees

What is Reinforcement Theory?

Reinforcement TheoryAlso known as behavior modificationBased on studies of B.F. SkinnerMajor topic of study in PsychologyDepends on reinforcementPositiveAvoidanceExtinctionPunishmentReinforcement can be ContinuousIntermittent

You get what youreinforce, not alwayswhat youreward!

How Can a Leader Motivate Using Reinforcement?

Motivating with ReinforcementSet clear objectivesEmployees must understand what is expectedUse appropriate rewardsMust be seen as rewardsUse the appropriate reinforcement scheduleDo not reward unworthy performanceLook for the positive Give sincere praiseDo things for your employees

Which Motivation Theory is the Correct Model?

Which Motivation Theory is the Correct Model?All of themNone of themNone works in all environments, in all situations, or for all peopleLeader must be flexibleKnowledge of all theories will help in determining the correct way to motivate in a given situation

Discussion Question #1How is leadership behavior based on traits?

Discussion Question #2Do you agree with the University of Michigan model (with two leadership styles) or with the Ohio State model (with four leadership styles)?

Discussion Question #3What are three important contributions of the University of Michigan and Ohio State University studies?

Discussion Question #4What are three important contributions of the Leadership Grid and high-high research?

Discussion Question #5What is motivation, and why is it important to know how to motivate employees?

Discussion Question #6Which of the four content motivation theories do you prefer?Why?

Discussion Question #7Which of the three process motivation theories do you prefer?Why?

Discussion Question #8Reinforcement theory is unethical because it is used to manipulate employees. Do you agree with this statement?Explain your answer.

Discussion Question #9Which motivation theory do you feel is the best?Why?

Discussion Question #10What is your motivation theory? What major methods, techniques, and so on, do you plan to use on the job as a manager to increase motivation and performance?

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