MODULE 4MODULE 4

ExcavationExcavation(Trenching & Shoring)(Trenching & Shoring)

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• Excavating is one of the most hazardous forms of construction activity due to the possibility of cave-ins.

• Excavating emergencies are more likely to result in a serious injury or fatality than any other construction accident.

• Trench accidents result in approximately 100 fatalities per year.

By Law all underground hazards shall be identified before work begins.

Utilize ONE CALL – 811

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• Proposed Excavation• Temporary Survey

• Electrical • Gas

• Communications • Potable Water

• Irrigation• Sewer

APWA Color Codes

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• Site workers are those employees working on a site or location that has an excavation project.

• Excavation Workers are those employees working on the excavation project

• Site workers are not authorized to work on the excavation project.

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• A competent person is defined as one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees and who has the authority to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• Inspections– Inspections must be performed by the competent

person• Prior to start of work• As needed throughout shift• Daily• After rainstorms• Other hazard changes• Exposure reasonably expected

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• Work Practices– Methods to prevent cave-ins

• Shielding and shoring• Relies on mechanical structures

– Sloping and benching• Based on soil type

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• Work Practices– Good work practices shall include proper training

of all employees on dangers associated with trenching and shoring.

– No employee shall be allowed on or around an excavation without proper personal protective equipment including atmospheric monitoring devices.

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• No employee shall be allowed on or around an excavation that does not have a protective system in place, if necessary.

• Atmospheric testing shall be done before entering the trench. Additional monitoring shall be done as per company requirements.

• Means of exit must be within 25 feet of lateral travel if greater than four feet in depth.

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• Employees shall not work in excavations where there is an accumulation of water unless precautions have been taken to protect employees.– Precautions should include but are not limited to:

• Special support or shield systems• Water removal or control• Safety harness with lifeline

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• Hazards– Oxygen deficient atmospheres.– Loose rocks or soil.– Overhead loads being carried/lifted by digging

equipment.

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)– Respirators – employees must be fit tested and

have proper training before use.

• Hazardous Atmospheres– <19.5% or >23.5% Oxygen (MN 5207.300)– Combustible gas >10% LEL (LFL)– Concentrations of toxic materials > TLV

established by ACGIH

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• Some trenches qualify as a confined space. Therefore compliance with the Confined Space regulations would be required.

• Atmospheric testing shall be done:– Before employees enter the area– Periodically to ensure the atmosphere is still safe– Periodic testing shall increase if you are

operating equipment in the trench.

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

Emergency & Non-Entry Rescue•In the event of an emergency situation requiring rescue, personnel SHALL NOT attempt to enter an unprotected trench to perform rescue.– Call emergency services in your area.– Rescue services that can be performed safely

from outside the excavation, such as hoisting a harnessed victim, shall be undertaken.

Excavation – Trenching & ShoringExcavation – Trenching & Shoring

• Other rescue equipment shall include:– Breathing equipment– Basket stretcher– Attendees

Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen SulfideHH22SS

Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide

• Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) gas is deadly in relatively low concentrations.

• H2S gas is created by the decomposition of animal or vegetable matter.

• H2S gas may be found in oil and gas wells, storage tanks, sewers, mines, gas plants and refineries.

• What you don’t know can hurt you!

Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide

• Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) gas is referred to by many names:– Rotten egg gas– Stink gas– Sour gas– Sulfureted Hydrogen gas– Sewer gas– Devil’s breath

Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide

• Greatest danger is inhalation• SPECIFIC TRAINING IS REQUIRED• Use of respirator• Signs posted• Areas monitored

Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide

• (H2S) Properties and Characteristics– Toxic– Colorless– Offensive odor– Soluble– Corrosive– Heavier than air– Flammable– Produces toxic bi-products

Possible Symptoms of H2S Exposure:

• Eye irritation• Fatigue• Throat irritation• Skin irritation• Headache• Nausea

• Dizziness• Loss of

consciousness• Vomiting• Irrational behavior• Coughing• Excitement

Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide

Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide

• Toxicity Levels:– 20 ppm Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)– 15 ppm Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)– 100 ppm Immediately Dangerous to Life and

Health (IDLH)– 1000 ppm Dead Right There (DRT)

Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide

• If the event of an H2S alert and the monitor alarm sounds, employees are to evacuate quickly moving up wind or cross wind, to high ground.

• Check the wind sock or guy wire flags to determine wind direction.

Fire Safety Fire Safety &&

Emergency EvacuationEmergency Evacuation

Fire Safety – Prevention and ProtectionFire Safety – Prevention and Protection

• Actions to be taken:– Prevent or reduce likelihood of a fire– Alert the presence of a fire– Enable survival– Reduce damage– Know the level of training of each employee– Respond only to the level of training

Fire Safety – Prevention and ProtectionFire Safety – Prevention and Protection

• Four Elements of a Fire:– Air– Fuel– Heat– Chemical Reaction

• All four elements are needed.• When one leg of the fire triangle is removed

combustion stops.

D

K

Fire Safety – Prevention and ProtectionFire Safety – Prevention and Protection

• Class A Fires & Extinguishers• Work by cooling the fire.

• Class B Fires & Extinguishers• Work by blanketing the fuel.

• Class C Fires & Extinguishers• Work by displacing oxygen, smothering the fire.

• Class D Fires & Extinguishers• Work by separating the fuel from the oxygen.

• Class K Fires & Extinguishers• Work by blanketing the fire with surfactant.

• Extinguishing Agents

Class Contents

A Water

AB Chemical Foam or Gel

BC Carbon Dioxide

BC Dry Chemical

BC Liquefied Gas

ABC Dry Chemical or Halon Substitute

K Sodium or Potassium Bicarbonate

Fire Safety – Prevention and ProtectionFire Safety – Prevention and Protection

Fire Safety – Prevention and ProtectionFire Safety – Prevention and Protection

• Remember the PASS System–Pull

–Aim

–Squeeze

–Sweep

Fire Safety – Prevention and ProtectionFire Safety – Prevention and Protection

• Pull the Pin– This will allow you to

discharge the extinguisher.

• Aim – Aim at the base of the fire

instead of the flames.

Fire Safety – Prevention and ProtectionFire Safety – Prevention and Protection

• Squeeze the Handle– This will release the

pressurized extinguishing agent.

• Sweep – Sweep from side to side

until the fire is out.

Fire Safety – Prevention and ProtectionFire Safety – Prevention and Protection

• HOT WORK– Examples

• Welding• Flame Cutting• Grinding Using a torch

• Obtain Hot Work permit prior to performing any Hot Work activity

Fire Safety – Prevention and ProtectionFire Safety – Prevention and Protection

• FIRE WATCH– Duties

• Have appropriate fire extinguisher readily available• Ensure conditions of permit are enforced• Remain at hot work area for at least 30 minutes after

completion of the hot work• Prior to beginning work, discuss the Emergency Action

Plan.

• The immediate and rapid movement of people away from the threat and immediate danger.

• Emergency evacuation should be planned prior to any type of emergency that could exist in your field of operation.

Emergency EvacuationEmergency Evacuation

Emergency EvacuationEmergency Evacuation

• All employees shall be trained and familiar with the emergency evacuation program.

• The program shall be displayed in an accessible area for all employees.

• Keep all exits clear of obstructions.• Know your assembly point in the event of an

evacuation.• Be familiar with the company notification

protocol.

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

• Electricity is a silent and invisible force that can kill without warning if ignored – treat with respect and caution.

• Electricity takes multiple paths, flowing through the path of least resistance.

• The body can act as an excellent conductor since it is made up of water, chemicals and minerals.

• The body can bridge the gap between two voltage levels resulting in an electric shock.

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

Electrical Hazards– Sparks from static or equipment

• Fires• Explosions

– Faults in lines or equipment• Fires• Explosions• Shocks

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

• Causes of Electrical Hazards– Hazardous conditions

• Wet surrounding• Outdoor Activities• Cramped spaces• Explosive atmospheres• Arcing• Equipment wear and tear

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

• Safe Work Practices– Lockout/Tagout– Proper Authorization– Electrical protective equipment– Keeping a safe distance from energized circuits– Equipment Inspection– Using proper tools (GFCI, Insulated tools)

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

• Working Near Exposed Parts– Energized Equipment – anything connected or

contacted to an electrical source. Has the power on!

– De-Energized Equipment – being free from any electrical connection to a source. Has the power disconnected from the source!

Example: lockout/tagout

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

De-Energized Parts•Treat any conductors and parts of electric equipment as energized that have been de-energized.•Lockout/Tagout should always be used.

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

Energized Parts– Only qualified employees:

• May work on or with exposed energized lines or parts of equipment.

• May work in areas containing unguarded, un-insulated energized lines.

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

Overhead Line Safety– Don’t operate equipment around overhead power

lines unless you are authorized to do so.– If an object must be moved in the area of

overhead power lines, appoint a competent worker as a spotter.

– Never touch an overhead line. – Never assume lines are dead.

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

– When a machine is in contact with overhead lines, DO NOT allow anyone to come near or touch the machine.

– Never touch a person who is in contact with a live power line.

– If you are in a vehicle that is in contact with an overhead power line, DO NOT LEAVE THE VEHICLE and do not touch any metal parts within the vehicle.

– Avoid storing materials under or near overhead power lines.

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

– Portable equipment is not part of a fixed installation but when used is connected to a fixed installation by means of a flexible cable, plug and socket.

– Never raise or lower by cord– Ensure there are grounding prongs– No exposed or repaired wiring– Approved portable electrical equipment– Use a portable GFCI

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

• Inspection– Portable Electrical Equipment

• Ensure ground connection on plug ends• Ground prong is not removed• Inspect prior to use• Avoid long extension cords• Use approved couplers• Replace damaged extension cords

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

• Inspection– Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters

• Best protection from electrical injury• Interrupts circuit• Protects people, not equipment• Test periodically• Installed between extension cord and load

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

• Inspection– Welding cable

• Inspect prior to use• No splices within 10 feet of holder• Repair or replaced if damaged• Connect appropriately• Never wrap around body part

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

• Avoiding the hazards– Never use broken or faulty equipment– Electrical PPE

• Must be inspected• Includes

– Gloves - Covers– Matting - Line hoses– Blankets - Sleeves

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

• During well servicing operations, grounding is to be provided between the rig and wellhead with a grounding cable securely connected in the casing.

• Derrick personnel must vacate the derrick during thunderstorms and all workers are to move away from the derrick.

Lockout/TagoutLockout/Tagout

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

• Lockout is the process of blocking the flow of energy (electrical, fluid, air etc.) from a power source with a blocking device to eliminate the power to disable the equipment.

• A lockout device may be a lock, chain, block or special locking device that keeps the power in an “off” position.

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

• This program does not apply to handheld power tools or stationary equipment whose electrical power may be controlled by the unplugging of equipment from the energy source.

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

• Types of Energy Sources– Kinetic Energy – the force caused by the motion

of an object.– Potential Energy – the force stored in an object

that isn’t moving.

Energy sources may include any one or combination of the following:

– Electrical– Mechanical– Hydraulic– Thermal/steam– Gravitational– All forms of potential

stored energy

– Fluid under pressure/oil, water

– Gases– Pneumatic– Nuclear– Chemical

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

• Employees are to be trained in LO/TO procedures.

• Training must be done prior to participation in the program, and if a change occurs.– Authorized Employee: person who physically

locks and tags equipment for maintenance or servicing.

– Affected Employee: person who may operate or work in areas where equipment is subject to the LO/TO process.

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

Roles and responsibilities– Authorized Employees involved in the lockout

must be knowledgeable of the type and magnitude of the energy, the hazards of the energy to be controlled, and the method or means to control the energy before turning off equipment.

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

• Authorized Employees will notify all Affected Employees (before and after) the LO/TO and the prohibition of attempts to restart or energize equipment.

• Equipment shall be turned off or shut down using the established procedures.

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

• Lockout the equipment with a personal lock used by the Authorized Employee in charge.

• The tag placed on the equipment should be dated and signed by the person performing the work.

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

• The Authorized Employee must affix lockout or tagout devices to each energy source or isolating device.

• The device shall be attached in a manner that will hold the energy isolating devices in a “safe” or “off” position.

• Turn the power source on to assure the power source has been deactivated.

• Always look for hidden energy sources.

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

• No lock shall be affixed without a tag dated and signed by the person performing the isolation and stating the reason for the lockout.

• It is policy to use locks whenever possible. If this is not possible, a tag may be used.– Tags must clearly state that movement of energy

isolating devices from the “safe” or “off” position is prohibited.

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

– Where tagout devices are used with devices that are capable of being locked, the tag attachment shall be fastened at the same point at which the lock would have been attached.

– Where a tag cannot be affixed directly to the energy isolating device, the tag shall be located as closely and safely as possible to the device.

– Guards and interlock devices cannot be used as a substitute for lockout devices.

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

• Group Isolation: When a crew or group performs service or maintenance, they must use a procedure that provides ALL employees a level of protection equal to that provided by a personal LO/TO device.– Each employee attaches a personal

LO/TO device to a group lockout mechanism.

– Each employee will test at the start station to ensure equipment is inoperable.

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

• Every power source has its own procedure for lockout.

• The procedure may include:– Pulling a plug– Opening a disconnect switch– Removing a fuse– Closing a valve– Bleeding a line– Placing a blind in a line

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

– Always look for hidden energy sources, since some equipment has more than one power source.

– After ensuring that all personnel are clear, the equipment must be tested to verify that it is properly isolated and will not operate..

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

• The following energy sources may be encountered:– Electrical –

• motors controllers, capacitors, circuit breakers

– Pneumatic– Hydraulic– Fluids and gases– Mechanical– Blinding of Pipe

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

• Restoring Power to Equipment– Individual locks may be removed

after each phase is complete by the Authorized Employee.

– Clear the work area of non-essential employees and equipment.

– Take a headcount to ensure all employees are clear.

– After removal of lock and tag devices, notify the Affected Employees.

Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout

Locking & Tagging Device– Each unit should provide standardized tags and

individually keyed or combination locks as required to execute the LO/TO process.

– Tag devices must be of a non-reusable type, attachable by hand, self-locking.

– Critical systems locked and tagged should include identity and job title of person installing the lock and tag.

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